Saurashtra University Re – Accredited Grade ‘B’ by NAAC (CGPA 2.93) Tiwari, Rachana, 2009, “A Study on the Habitat Use and Food Habits of Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli duvauceli) In Jhilmil Jheel Conversation Reserve, Haridwar Forest Division, Uttarakhand”, thesis PhD, Saurashtra University http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/id/eprint/587 Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Saurashtra University Theses Service http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu [email protected] © The Author A STUDY ON THE HABITAT USE AND FOOD HABITS OF SWAMP DEER (Cervus duvauceli duvauceli) IN JHILMIL JHEEL CONSERVATION RESERVE, HARIDWAR FOREST DIVISION, UTTARAKHAND THESIS SUBMITTED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN WILDLIFE SCIENCE BY RACHNA TEWARI WILDLIFE INSTITUTE OF INDIA POST BOX 18, DEHRADUN-248001 UTTARAKHAND, INDIA JUNE 2009 “Be an opener of doors for such as come after thee.” - Ralph Waldo Emerson Dedicated to my Parents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Since the conception of the idea for the thesis to what has been achieved today I would like to thank a lot of people for their co-operation, valuable ideas, time and assistance. I am thankful to Mr. P. R. Sinha, Director, Wildlife Institute of India for supporting my candidature as an external candidate for research work. I am grateful to Dr. V. B. Mathur, Dean, Faculty of Wildlife Science, WII, for supporting, guiding, and encouraging me throughout this research work. I am sincerely thankful to Dr. K. Shankar, Research Coordinator, Wildlife Institute of India, for his support and encouragement. I am indebted to Dr. G. S. Rawat, for not just being a guide but being the cause of my goal itself. I admit here that his persona was what attracted me towards wildlife studies. From the time of M.Sc. I had heard about his sincerity, honesty and dedication for nature studies. As I always longed for a teacher with sheer passion towards science, his geniuses brought me to this institute. He has been such an inspiration that any hurdle in my work never deterred me from my determination. Over the last three years, I have gained enormously from his experiences in the field. He has provided a constant source of encouragement and guidance right from formulating my Ph.D. synopsis, my very first experiences with field work and right upto the analysis for this study and final submission of my thesis. I gratefully acknowledge all his help, support and guidance. I am also thankful to Rawat Madam for the affection she has showered upon me. I thank PCCF Uttarakhand for allowing me to work in the project on ecology of swamp deer in Jhilmil Jheel Conservation Reserve, which eventually became part of this thesis. I also thank the Uttarakhand Forest Department for providing necessary funding for the work. The entire forest department right from the forest guards to the Divisional Forest Officers was helpful during this study. Two names are worth mentioning here, first is of former DFO (Haridwar), Dr. S.P. Subuddhi, and second of former RO (Chidiyapur), Mr.G.C.Belwal. They were very cooperative and supported me a lot. Hemraj and Kartar, field assistants in swamp deer project, were helpful to me in many ways. Their mother and wife bore the trouble of providing me with food., at the same time, their children were a delight to be with. To all of them, I owe my gratitude. They provided a homely environment in my basecamp. I would also like to thank my other field assistants Karan, Sanjay and Ishwar for their help in various ways. I thank the people of Tatwala for their friendliness and hospitality. I would like to thank my colleague, Dr. Radheyshyam for discussions and help in many ways in the field. I owe a special debt to frontline staff of Banganga wetland. Forester of Khanpur block-Adhikari ji, Forest guard of Marabela chowki-Pant ji and our delightful boatman- Daataaram. They also ensured that my stay is safe in such a crime prone area. I add a special note of gratitude for the coordinator of the swamp deer project, Dr. S. P. Sinha. He constantly guided me about the minute details of swamp deer field study, supported me with the logistics and enlightened me with his experiences. Thanks are also due to little Juhi. Words are inadequate in thanking Qamar sir who actually contributed in shaping up my thesis to what it is. He was always there to listen to me, give advice, help with the analysis and make sure that data collection and analysis went smoothly. Despite of his busy schedule, he never denied for any help. I am deeply grateful for the interest he took in my work. I generously thank him as without his help I don’t think I would have ever completed my thesis. Discussions with Dr.Y.V.Jhala and Dr. K. Vasudevan were also very fruitful. At WII I thank the entire staff, particularly the ever friendly and ever co- operative administration and academic sections, the RISO room, the laboratory, library, computer, herbarium personnel for providing me help whenever required. Mr. Rajesh Thapa, Mr. Sukumar, Dr. Manoj Agrawal, Mr. Lekhnath Sharma, Dr. J.S. Kathayat, and Mr. Muthu Veerappan helped me at the computer section. Our whole library staff –Mr. Y.S. Verma, Mr. M.M. Uniyal, Ms. Shashi, and Mr. Kishan were always cheerfully cooperating. Mr. Babu, Mr. Saklani and Mr. Shyamlal (WII herbarium) helped me with identification of plants. To Mr. Virendra I am thankful for cheerfully printing and binding the thesis. Mr. Vinod Thakur, Mr. Rakesh Sundariyal, Mr. Ajay Sharma, and Chitrapal ji helped with the pellet analysis. Acknowledging Gajendra (gurubhai) and Dr. Pankaj is not just a formality but are words coming out from the depth of truth. I thank them, both for their moral and academic support. It is a long list to mention of the favours I got from them. Gajendra was there in every hour of need. Thank you for being such a caring friend. Dr. Pankaj was always there to solve any problem that I might encounter. I knew that Dr. Pankaj will be around if things did not worked out. I am deeply grateful to him. He also meticulously refined my plant list. Deepti never let me feel that I am away from my parents. Her family was a home away from home. Almighty has obliged me with a friend like her. I would like to thank her for being such a great friend and for having seen me through all the ups and downs through these years. I am fortunate enough to have competent, cooperative seniors and friends at WII. I received invaluable help from Dr. Ramesh in different aspects. Every dialogue with Meena was worth it. It always had some suggestion, some comments, or some criticism in it. She had been very affectionate to me. I thank Upamanyu for teaching me the intricacies of SPSS. Chandan helped me with identification of reptiles particularly serpents whereas Ninad and Vinay identified the butterflies. I am grateful to Ngailian, Chongpi and Parobita for giving a good company at the hostel. My ever-cool husband patiently bore all my irregularities and never complained about me not being a good and dutiful wife. He has always been with me in the hour of joy and sorrow. Words cannot express the help, company and support provided by him. I thank him for his patience and positive attitude. I am also grateful to my parent-in-laws who have never complained about my work and have always encouraged me. I take this opportunity to thank my God on earth (my parents), brother, sister, husband and parent-in-laws for letting me work in the forests and in the hostile environment of terai and for having unshaken confidence on me. They encouraged me in all my endevaours and academic pursuit. Finally I would like to acknowledge my ‘determination’ which kept me going inspite of the discouragement I received from a lot of people associated with me during the course of this research work. A study on the habitat use and food habits of Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli duvauceli) in Jhilmil Jheel Conservation Reserve, Haridwar Forest Division, Uttarakhand Summary Habitat use and food habits of the swamp deer (Cervus duvauceli duvauceli) were studied in and around Jhilmil Jheel Conservation Reserve (JJCR), Uttarakhand, during June 2006 and June 2008. This population of swamp deer was recently rediscovered in the state and warranted an ecological study and conservation initiative because the habitat around this study area is heavily fragmented due to expansion of agriculture, habitation and various other land use practices. Therefore, this study was initiated. The major objectives were: i. To study seasonal variation in habitat use pattern and food habits, ii. Activity pattern, iii. Population structure and habitat condition, and iv. Identify threats and suggest conservation measures The JJCR is a saucer shaped wetland located between Haridwar – Najibabad highway and the River Ganges in Chidiyapur Forest Range of Haridwar Forest Division, Uttarakhand. The study area is located at the junction of the Bhabhar and Terai formations representing a unique and species rich ecosystem which encompasses spectacular landscape and mosaic of short and tall grasslands, tropical mixed moist deciduous forests and secondary scrub.