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Bicycle Parking in Copenhagen

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Bicycle Parking in Copenhagen Bicycle Parking in Copenhagen Analysis and Recommendations for Improved Bicycle Parking in Copenhagen, Denmark An Interactive Qualifying Project to be submitted to the faculty of Worcester Polytechnic Institute in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science Submitted by: Christian Banker Christine Keches Megan Murphy [email protected] Submitted to: Project Advisor: Ruth Smith Project Liaison: Allan Carstensen, Danish Cyclist Federation May 7, 2006 Abstract This project, sponsored by the Danish Cyclist Federation, deals with enhancing the bicycle infrastructure in Copenhagen and specifically focuses on improving bicycle parking facilities at Nørreport Railway and Metro Station. The current parking situation, the opinions and behaviors of cyclists, and potential parking solutions are analyzed through field studies at Nørreport Station, interviews and a survey. Recommendations for the best improvements are made so that the city of Copenhagen can continue to promote cycling as an alternative mode of transportation. i Executive Summary This project aids the Danish Cyclist Federation in promoting bicycle infrastructure in Copenhagen by conducting a study of bicycle parking at Nørreport Railway and Metro Station. Bicycle parking at major train and metro stations tends to be disorganized and haphazard due to factors such as the lack of space and shortage of racks. The trend in bicycle parking at Nørreport Station is to park as close as possible to the platform, bus stops, shopping areas, or kiosk, even if this means forgoing an actual parking space to toss the bicycle on the ground. The main problem lies in the overall bicycle parking system as well as the cyclists’ behavior in relation to it. Improved parking facilities would provide convenience to cyclists, enhance aesthetics, improve safety and accessibility, and prevent theft. The most important factor in developing effective and sustainable solutions to this problem is the opinion and acceptance of the various stakeholders. The stakeholders in this project include the commuting cyclists, government officials, the Danish railway system, the community, and the Danish Cyclist Federation. Feedback from these groups displays that cyclists are dissatisfied with the parking situation overall. They find several rack types to be ineffective or unattractive so they choose not to park their bicycle in them. Additionally, many are simply not aware of the different variety of parking options that are available. To accompany the stakeholder analysis, an extensive field study of Nørreport Station is conducted to determine patterns of bicycle parking, number of bicycles, and the layout of the bicycle parking areas. On average there are more parking spaces than bicycles at the station, yet cyclists complain that there is never a place to park. This indicates a problem with the ways cyclists are choosing their parking spaces, and is supplemented by the presence of abandoned bicycles or bicycles parked long-term. We conclude that there are four main problems at Nørreport station. These include a lack of convenient bicycle parking, an abundance of abandoned bicycles, a poor accessibility of bicycles to trains and metro, and the attitude of cyclists. Based on the studies performed, a range of recommendations and solutions are proposed to help improve the parking situation at Nørreport station. The solutions fall into four broad categories, each addressing one of the parking problems at the station. The solutions addressing each aspect of the problem range from very simple and inexpensive to large-scale construction projects and implementing major policy ii and attitude changes. In some cases there are multiple options that would produce similar results to provide alternatives at different levels of expense. Many of the bicycle parking problems that exist at Nørreport station are also occurring throughout Copenhagen at various other stations. The majority of the recommended solutions could effectively be applied to other stations and parking areas exhibiting similar general problems to maintain cycling as a main form of transportation. By improving parking facilities, cyclists are encouraged to continue traveling by bicycle as part of their daily routine. iii Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Background ................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Bicycles in Urban Transport Systems................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Copenhagen, City of Cyclists ........................................................................................ 4 2.1.2 Danish Cyclist Federation.............................................................................................. 8 2.1.3 Nørreport Railway and Metro Station............................................................................ 9 2.2 Social Implications of the Bicycle Parking Problem .......................................................... 12 2.2.1 Convenience for Cyclists ............................................................................................. 12 2.2.2 Social and Political Commitment to Cycling............................................................... 13 2.2.3 Aesthetics..................................................................................................................... 16 2.2.4 Safety and Accessibility............................................................................................... 17 2.3 Design Considerations ........................................................................................................ 18 2.3.1 Bicycle Characteristics................................................................................................. 18 2.3.2 Types of Bicycle Parking............................................................................................. 21 2.3.3 Case Studies................................................................................................................. 26 Chapter 3: Methodology ............................................................................................................... 29 3.1 Evaluating Stakeholder Needs ............................................................................................ 30 3.2 Assessing the parking problem ........................................................................................... 31 3.3 Determining Potential Solutions......................................................................................... 33 Chapter 4: Analysis....................................................................................................................... 34 4.1 Commuting by Bicycle ....................................................................................................... 34 4.2 Bicycles and Public Transportation .................................................................................... 35 4.3 København Kommune: Local Government........................................................................ 36 4.4 Nørreport Station ................................................................................................................ 37 4.4.1 Parking at Nørreport Station........................................................................................ 37 4.4.2 Patterns of Bicycle Parking.......................................................................................... 38 4.4.3 Number of Bicycles ..................................................................................................... 40 4.4.4 Available Parking......................................................................................................... 41 4.5 Design and Aesthetics......................................................................................................... 43 4.6 Parking Solutions at Other Stations .................................................................................... 44 Chapter 5: Conclusions................................................................................................................. 47 5.1 Lack of Convenient Bicycle Parking .................................................................................. 47 5.2 Abundance of Abandoned Bicycles.................................................................................... 48 5.3 Poor Accessibility of Bicycles to Train and Metro............................................................. 48 5.4 Attitude of Cyclists ............................................................................................................. 49 Chapter 6: Recommendations....................................................................................................... 50 6.1 Creating and Restructuring Ease of Bicycle Parking.......................................................... 50 6.1.1 Reorganizing Parking................................................................................................... 50 6.1.2 Creating Additional Parking ........................................................................................ 52 6.1.3 Replacing and Improving Racks.................................................................................. 54 6.1.4 Enhancing Underground Parking................................................................................. 55 6.2 Removal
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