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Rethinking the Role of Bicycle Parking at Western Michigan University

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Rethinking the Role of Bicycle Parking at Western Michigan University Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 6-2019 Planning for a Sustainable Future: Rethinking the Role of Bicycle Parking at Western Michigan University Gregory J. Carlton Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geography Commons Recommended Citation Carlton, Gregory J., "Planning for a Sustainable Future: Rethinking the Role of Bicycle Parking at Western Michigan University" (2019). Master's Theses. 4589. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4589 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PLANNING FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE: RETHINKING THE ROLE OF BICYCLE PARKING AT WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY by Gregory J. Carlton A thesis submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Geography Western Michigan University June 2019 Thesis Committee: David Lemberg, Ph.D., Chair Lucius Hallett, IV, Ph.D. James Lewis, Ph.D. Copyright Gregory J. Carlton 2019 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to extend a special thanks to my thesis chair, Dr. Dave Lemberg for his helpful guidance and mentorship throughout the course of my research. It is with Dr. Lemberg’s guidance that I found my calling in recreation planning. I will be forever grateful for the direction that he has given me. I also would like to thank Dr. Lucius Hallett and Dr. James Lewis for sitting on my committee and working with me on this research. I would also like to acknowledge Western Michigan University’s Landscape Services and Facilities Management departments for their help with this project and for providing me with an internship that allowed me to begin my data collection. I would like to especially acknowledge Kevin Agema, the university GIS specialist, for providing me with ideas and feedback during the early portions of this research. I also would like to thank Mark Frever and Sylvia Horton for supporting me with my data collection, and for providing me with an opportunity to grow professionally. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge all of the top-notch faculty and staff members of the Western Michigan University Geography Department who provided me with support during my time as a graduate student, and my friends and family who provided me with emotional stability during this thesis writing process. Thank you everyone for your help. Gregory J. Carlton ii PLANNING FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE: RETHINKING THE ROLE OF BICYCLE PARKING AT WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY Gregory J. Carlton, M.S. Western Michigan University, 2019 Sustainable transportation planning focuses on addressing the needs of current users, without jeopardizing the needs of future users (Black 1997, Richardson 1999, Balsas 2003). A popular mode of sustainable transportation is the bicycle, which is frequently used by college students. One aspect of bicycle transportation that remains underexplored within the United States and on university campuses, is bicycle parking. By using rack conditioning assessments, bicycle theft density analysis, bicycle parking counts and a formative stakeholder survey of the bicycle parking at Western Michigan University’s campus, recommendations were able to be created for campus officials for use in their planning efforts. This study established a relationship between bicycle rack type and condition grade, determined that bicycle theft most densely occurs in campus residential neighborhoods, and found that bicycle parking use decreases as the seasons change. Results from this study may also be useful for researchers who are researching bicycle parking at other universities, and in countries where cycling culture is still developing such as the United States. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKOWLEDGMENTS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ii LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. vi LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................... 4 Bicycle Parking and Planning.................................................................................... 4 Bicycle Planning in the United States…………………………………………………………….. 4 The State of Bicycle Parking Research in the United States……………………………. 8 Insights from International Bicycle Parking Research…………………………………….. 11 Bicycle Parking in the American University Setting………………………………………... 14 Bicycle Racks and Lockers……………………………………………………………………………… 17 Parking Site Planning and Design....................................................................... 22 Bicycle Parking Research Methodology and Topical Areas of Relevance................. 23 Bicycle Parking Conditions and Maintenance ................................................... 23 Bicycle Theft Studies.......................................................................................... 25 Bicycle Parking Counts....................................................................................... 27 III. STUDY AREA.................................................................................................................. 29 Western Michigan University.................................................................................... 29 Bicycle Parking on Campus....................................................................................... 32 Distribution of Bicycle Parking on Parkview Campus......................................... 33 Distribution of Bicycle Parking on East Campus................................................. 34 iii Table of Contents – Continued CHAPTER Distribution of Bicycle Parking on West Campus.................................................. 37 Other Bicycle Parking on Campus......................................................................... 56 Bicycle Parking Capacities..................................................................................... 56 IV. METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................. 58 Bicycle Rack Conditioning Assessment...................................................................... 58 Bicycle Theft Assessment........................................................................................... 63 Parking Use Estimation using Bicycle Counts............................................................. 65 Survey Methodology........................................................................................... 65 Student and Faculty Questionnaire........................................................................... 68 V. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS................................................................................................. 70 Bicycle Rack Conditioning Assessment..................................................................... 70 Bicycle Theft Assessment......................................................................................... 78 Parking Use Estimation using Bicycle Counts........................................................... 84 Student and Faculty Questionnaire.......................................................................... 96 VI. PLANNING RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................. 111 Maintenance Recommendations............................................................................. 111 Bicycle Rack Conditioning................................................................................. 111 Snow Removal.................................................................................................. 114 Anti-theft Measures......................................................................................... 116 Infrastructure Replacement Recommendations..................................................... 119 iv Table of Contents – Continued CHAPTER At Academic and Student Service Buildings..................................................... 119 At Residential Buildings.................................................................................... 122 At New Construction Projects.......................................................................... 124 Recommendations for Further Study...................................................................... 125 VII. CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................ 127 APPENDICES............................................................................................................................ 129 A. HSIRB Approval and Survey Questions.......................................................................... 129 B. Bicycle Rack Inventory................................................................................................... 136 C. Bicycle Rack Count Multiplots and Proportion Analysis Table....................................... 179 D. Survey Responses to Question 11.................................................................................. 192 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................................
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