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Rejuvenations and Satyricons of Yesterday

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REJUVENATIONS AND SATYRICONS OF YESTERDAY By PAN. S. CODELLAS, M.D. SAN FRANCISCO Whence and Whithe r ? and hard labour and exhausting diseases, HEN the grey matter in which the Fates give to men; they lived the human cortex began to like Gods with a soul not touched by sorrow, far away from labour and grief; develop and establish sen- there was no miserable senility; for always sation, perception, emo- the arms and legs were strong and inde- tions, instinctive, purposefulfatigable, or ra - enjoying merry feasts beyond tionalW reactions towards a desired the reach of all evils. They died as if they objective, association, memory, gen- were subdued into sleep.” [Hesiod’s eral intelligence, judgment, then man “Works and Days,” 90 seq.] began to realize environment and attempt to control it. The early man Impos ition of Death in his later intellectual infancy prob- ably was imbued with the curiosity Death was the subject of numerous to answer the question of the origin speculations as to its origin. Among of his earthly appearance and dis- the earliest primitive theories we appearance, of Life and Death. find it commonly thought to be a To primitive intellect human in- trick. At a later period it appears itium and exitus were not two op- to be due to the malevolence of posing ends as they are to maturing demons craving human flesh and for more advanced mind. this inflicting death to men. To some The earliest men thought of life death was the separation of the soul as a natural, normal condition, be- from the body, which was the result cause they realized by it in the male of sorcery. In higher, yet barbarian an increase of man-power and in the mentality, it was imposed as punish- female an added productivity of the ment upon mankind as the penalty tribe, while death was considered for some transgression, for the sin of as an abnormal, terrible misfortune. some fellow being that disobeyed the Therefore death early and gradually tenets of a god or gods, or from the began to assume a more vital and stupidity, overzealous curiosity or greater importance. envy of some lower animal.11 Man’s short route of beliefs and The tradition of ancient peoples, explanations responded promptly to primitives in the past and present, the his surrounding natural phenomena. Old Testament, and folk lore supply ample examples of the cause for which The Golde n Rac e death was engrafted upon mankind.1 The poet sings that there was a time To appease the imposed catastrophe when man enjoyed a blissful, eternal of death, to which even the gods, at juvenility, free of uncertainty, care, least of Egypt, are subject, primitive disease and disability. thought instituted the paregoric con- During the reign of Cronos then lived ception of continued life after the the Golden Race of men, free from ills, corporeal dissolution. Lon gev ity gives another classification by na- The development and retrogression tionality or race, wherein he mentions of the human body and its concomi- Scythians, Romans, Illyrians, Egyp- tant usefulness must have been noted. tains, Arabians, Brachmans, Persians, In prehistoric and ancient times Parthians, Bactrians, Arians, Chros- there must have been individuals of manians, Saccs, and Medes. unusually long life, to whom tradition It is reported that the seer Tiresias naturally added more years as it lived to be six generations old. handed their stories down to posterity, The most noteworthy is the people although we have no written records of Seres in India, who reach an age of them. of more than 300 years. Lucian gives Thus another life problem faced as cause of this long life, plain, simple the emerging human mind, which and rather scanty diet. For the Seres had to be accommodated as well, it is thought by some to be due to the Old Age and Longevity. air, by others to telluric influences or This founded the feasibility of at- to diet or any two of these. The people taining a prolongation of the allotted of the nation of Seres are reported as number of years. Once longevity be- drinking water all their lives.5 came a yearning with an established The Roman statistics that cover basis for support, human ingenuity the times of Vcspcsian show that six with unbridled imagination willingly individuals were 150 years old or more encountered the task of adding more when they died.8 Pliny mentions an years to an individual’s life with Illyrian of 500 years, also a Cyprian expected surety of success. king more than 160 years of age. The Old Testament gives long Litorius of Aetolia is said to have ages among which may be mentioned attained the age of 200 years. Among Noah’s of 150 years, Abraham’s 175, the surviving literature we find several Isaac’s 180 and Jacob’s 147 years. cases of even multiccntenarians. In To the Greeks and Romans lon- the rather recent writings also very gevity was not unknown. Onisicritus advanced old ages are reported, some states that some Greeks, even whole of which appear authentic. families, stayed youthful for centuries; The following is taken from the one named Papalius reached the age works of Dr. William Harvey and is of 500 years.6 given almost in full, as being, I believe Strabo relates that in Punjab some the one case of such prolonged age people live to be more than 200 years with an autopsy: old.6 Lucian’s “Longaevi,” addressed to The anatomical examination of the Quintillus, is an exposition of a de- body of Thomas Parr, who died at the age of one hundred and fifty-two years; tailed study of longevity, an excellent made by William Harvey, others of the treatise on the subject with a very king’s physicians being present, on the systematic and thoroughly method- 16th of November, the anniversary of the ical digestion of the data. He divides birth-day of her serene highness Henrietta his material according to professions Maria, Queen of Great Britain, France, and occupations, among which he and Ireland. includes emperors, generals, philoso- Thomas Parr, born near Winnington in phers, historians, rhetoricians. He the county of Salop, died November 14th 1635, lived 152 years, nine months, was socially organized groupings, we may presented to his majesty the King, by the say that there is no agreeing dis- Earl of Arundel, made an examination position towards senescence, it de- of the body of this aged individual by pends upon the individual, facing command of his Majesty, . the afternoon of life and nearing the His body was muscular, chest hairy, setting down, and his aspects, vanities, . The organs of generation were healthy, the penis neither retracted nor experience and philosophy. extenuated, nor the scrotum filled with Generally the Greeks had a gloomy any serous infiltration, as happens so com- stare at old age and a pessimistic tend- monly among the decrepid; the testes, too ency. Aphrodite, addressing Odysseus, were sound and large; so that it seemed represents the Olympian view on not improbable that the common report old age, “Age that is pitiless, and was true, viz., that he did public penance ruinous, and weary, and weak, and under a conviction for incontinence, after that cometh on old men, and that is he had passed his hundred years; and his hateful to the gods.” wife, whom he had married as a widow in Hesiod calls age destructive and his hundred-and-twentieth year did not conceives it as “the offspring of Black deny that he had intercourse with her Night” (“Theogony,” 224, 225). To after the manner of other husbands with him the cause of old age is the modern their wives, nor until twelve years back had he ceased to embrace her frequently. complicated mode of living and its The cartilages of the ribs were not found hardships, “for in misery men grow harder or converted into bone in any old” (“Works and Days,” 109). greater degree than they are in ordinary Age is personified as a Ker, a Fate, man; on the contrary they were soft and an unavoidable condition. The ap- flexible. The cause of death seemed fairly pended illustration depicts Herakles referrible to a sudden change in the non- in the act of dealing a deadly blow on naturals, the chief being connected with the head of Geras, or Old Age, as the the change of air, . And then for one figure with the cane is inscribed, thus hitherto used to live on food unvaried in settling its identity.3 kind, and very simple in its nature, to be Theognis, the Megarian,2 sheds set at a table loaded with variety of vi- tears, “I weep the exhausting old ands, tempted not only to eat more than wont, but to partake of strong drink, it age”; “the destructive and ugly old must needs fall out of the functions of age overhangs our heads.” He prays all the natural organs would become to Zeus: “Keep far away from me the deranged ... no wonder that the soul, evil Keres, defend me from wasting little content with such a prison, took its Old Age and the end of Death” flight.4 (1015, 1128). To Archilochus, the Parian,2 “the highway of old age is Long life is often the object of charms. Most religions have prayers killing” (Ixv). Simonides, the Coan,2 thinks of “old age as unenviable” for long life. The greater number of good wishes of man to man are for an (ccxxxi). Mimnermus, the Colopho- increase in the number of years of nian,2 lends his lyricism to a dirge, “what is life without the Joyful life.
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