Royal Women, Intercession, and Patronage in England, 1328-1394
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Royal Women, Intercession, and Patronage in England, 1328-1394 Louise Tingle School of History, Archaeology and Religion Cardiff University Thesis submitted to Cardiff University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2019 Abstract Recent scholarship on medieval queenship has focussed to a great extent on 'exceptional' queens such as Isabella of France and Margaret of Anjou. This study bridges the gap between those queens by focussing on the inconspicuous queens Philippa of Hainaut and Anne of Bohemia, with comparison to Joan of Kent, not a queen but the mother of Richard II. Comparison of queens with the mother of a king allows for examination of the queenly offices, such as the uses of influence with the king. This thesis focusses on the areas of intercession and patronage in particular in order to investigate queenly use of ‘soft power’ and influence. The first chapter analyses literary depictions of intercession with its focus on motherhood, while the next chapter compares the petitionary activity of queens, finding that despite the emphasis of literary instances on pregnancy and childbirth, Philippa in particular actually participated in less intercessory activity during those times. The third chapter focusses on the queen's revenues, particularly the custom of queen's gold, which maintained an indirect link between intercession and the queen's benefits, by which she could fund her patronage activities. The next chapters focus on material culture, such as jewellery, and queenly representations including seals, effigies and depictions in manuscripts. The use of symbols and heraldry, as well as gift-giving, demonstrates that although queens were expected to assimilate into their new marital families, in practice they maintained links and identities with their birth families. Finally, the thesis examines queenly literary patronage in the late fourteenth century and the lasting legacies of Philippa, Anne and Joan. Acknowledgments I am extremely grateful to my supervisors, Dr Bronach Kane and Professor Helen Nicholson, for their conscientious advice and guidance. I am also thankful to Dr Paul Webster for his meticulous feedback and Dr Lisa Benz for her advice at the outset of this project. I would also like to thank the Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature for their funding to undertake the research on queen’s gold. Thanks must also go to my parents for their unwavering support and their acceptance that my passion for history is all their fault, and also to my husband, Ben, despite his causing long delays in the completion of this thesis. DECLARATION This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed ……………………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………….…………….……… STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ………(insert MCh, MD, MPhil, PhD etc, as appropriate) Signed ………………………………………….…………… (candidate) Date …………………………….…………… STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated, and the thesis has not been edited by a third party beyond what is permitted by Cardiff University’s Policy on the Use of Third Party Editors by Research Degree Students. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. 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Signed ……………………………………………..……… (candidate) Date ………………………………….……… Louise Tingle Royal Women, Intercession, and Patronage in England, 1328-1394 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................ iii List of Figures ........................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ............................................................................................................ vii Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Queenship and Historiography ................................................................................. 3 Historical Writing on Philippa, Anne and Joan ..................................................... 14 Sources ................................................................................................................... 14 Structure ................................................................................................................. 23 Chapter I: Intercession and Motherhood .............................................................. 34 Pregnancy and Intercession .................................................................................... 36 Motherhood and Childlessness .............................................................................. 51 Intercession in Literature ........................................................................................ 63 Performative Intercession ....................................................................................... 70 Chapter II: Pardons and Influence ........................................................................ 86 Queenly Influence .................................................................................................. 87 Pardons and Pardoners ......................................................................................... 105 Household and Influence ...................................................................................... 115 Religious Patronage ............................................................................................. 125 Chapter III: Queen’s Gold and Revenues ........................................................... 138 Household and Revenues ..................................................................................... 139 Queen’s Gold ....................................................................................................... 150 Household and Debt ............................................................................................. 169 Chapter IV: Material Culture and Patronage .................................................... 180 Gift-Giving and Queenship .................................................................................. 183 Jewellery and Crowns .......................................................................................... 194 Livery and Badges ................................................................................................ 206 Chapter V: Artistic Representations .................................................................... 222 Seals and Queenly Symbols ................................................................................. 223 Effigies ................................................................................................................. 240 Manuscripts as Objects ........................................................................................ 258 i Louise Tingle Royal Women, Intercession, and Patronage in England, 1328-1394 Chapter VI: Literary Patronage .......................................................................... 278 Queens as Literary Inspiration ............................................................................. 279 Queens as Literary Patrons .................................................................................. 292 Language and Learning ....................................................................................... 304 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 313 Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 322 ii Louise Tingle Royal Women, Intercession, and Patronage in England, 1328-1394 List of Abbreviations BL British Library, London BnF Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris CCR Calendar of Close Rolls, 1234-1396 (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1896-1925). CPL Calendar Entries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland: Papal Letters, 1198-1521, ed. W. H. Bliss et al, 20 vols. (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1893- 2005). CPMR Calendar of the Plea and Memoranda Rolls of the City of London, ed. A. H. Thomas and P. E. Jones, 6 vols. (London: Cambridge University Press, 1926-61). CPR Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1272-1413 (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1891-1905). JRULM John Rylands University Library of Manchester TNA The National Archives, Kew CIPM Calendar of Inquisitions post mortem and other analogous documents preserved in the Public Record Office, ed. J. E. E. S. Sharp et al, 23 vols. (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1904- 2004). SA Shropshire Archives iii Louise Tingle Royal Women, Intercession,