Waldensians at the Turn of the Fifteenth Century In

CEU eTD Collection WALDENSIANS AT THETURNOFFIFTEENTH PERCEPTION OF HERESYANDACTIONAGAINST PERCEPTION CENTURY INTHEDUCHYOFAUSTRIA. MA Thesis in Medieval Studies in Medieval Thesis MA Central Central University European Silviu Ghegoiu HERETICS May 2008 Budapest CEU eTD Collection PERCEPTION OFHERESY ANDACTIONAGAINSTHERETICS WALDENSIANS AT THE TURN OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY IN THE Central Central University,European in Budapest, partial fulfillmentof requirementsthe Thesis totheDepartment submitted of MedievalStudies, Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU ______of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies Chair, Examination Committee Examination Chair, DUCHY OFAUSTRIA. Thesis Supervisor Silviu Ghegoiu (Romania) May 2008 Examiner Examiner Budapest by ii CEU eTD Collection PERCEPTION OFHERESY ANDACTIONAGAINSTHERETICS WALDENSIANS AT THE TURN OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY IN THE Central Central University,European in Budapest, partial fulfillmentof requirementsthe Thesis totheDepartment submitted of MedievalStudies, Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU ______of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies DUCHY OFAUSTRIA. External Examiner Silviu Ghegoiu (Romania) Budapest May 2008 by iii CEU eTD Collection Budapest, 26May 2008 forinstitution of an higher education academic degree. I any other form to inthis submitted hasbeen of thesis the nopart that declarealso copyright. institution’s or person’s any on infringes thesis the of part no and others, of made work of the illegitimate usewas and nounidentified that bibliography. Ideclare my research and only such on information as external based properly in notes credited and work, own my is exclusively thesis present the that herewith declare I, the undersigned, I, the Silviu Ghegoiu , candidate for the MA degree in Medieval MA in forthe , candidate Studies Medieval degree iv ______Signature CEU eTD Collection APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUSIONS AND SOPRON INQUISITION UNDER PETER ZWICKER IN THE DUCHY OF AUSTRIA 3. CHAPTER THE PERCEPTION OFAND THE ACTION AGAINST HERETICS 2. CHAPTER WALDENSIANS IN FOURTEENTH-CENTURY SOUTH GERMAN LANDS SOUTH GERMAN INFOURTEENTH-CENTURY WALDENSIANS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS F 3.2. 3.1. 2.2. T 2.1. T 1.2. T 1.1. T 2. T 1. A IGURE 2.1.3. Peter Zwicker’s Treatise...... 24 2.1.2. Treatises against Waldensians...... 20 2.1.1. Treatises against ...... 17 heretics C S ETTING THESTAGE INQUISITORIAL ASES FROMTHE IN INQUISITIONS HE AIM OF MY RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY N OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON OFTHE LITERATURE N OVERVIEW 1. HE HE HE HE SUCCESSFUL M ...... 51 ...... 9 A P A AP OF THE REGION OF ...... 31 ...... 16 ERCEPTION CTION USTRIAN LANDS ...... 31 ...... 42 ...... 46 ...... 3 : T HE INQUISITORIAL PROCEDURES TABLE OFCONTENTS : W T ...... 2 HE ALDENSIAN CONTINUITY ...... 13 T REATISES S TEYR S TEYR AND ...... 32 ...... 51 ...... 16 W ALDENSIANISM S OPRON ...... 10 ...... 6 ...... 27 : 1395-1398, ...... 3 1401...... 35 ...... 16 ....9 CEU eTD Collection know that I’m not the only one stressed out. stressed one only the not I’m that know lettingÁdám for me Tolar thank and Edina Tanja to want I especially and colleagues meBudapest. before coming Last, butnot to least, Iappreciate the friendship of all my goto on fieldthis ofstudy, and Maria to Cr English grammar and style. My gratitude goes also to Ovidiu Ghitta, who encouraged me with the Latin translation of the sources, and to Judith Rasson for her correction of my during on theperiodthis Iworked Cristian thesis.Iam to grateful Ga First of all, tothankmy supervisorGábor Klaniczay Iwant for his andpatience advice ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ă 2 ciun and Andreiciun Adrian Rusu forsupporting ú par forme helpingpar CEU eTD Collection Church in Medieval Europe Valdesi evaldismi medievali dei valdesi et mort d’une dissidence (xiie-xvie) Cambridge University 1999)Press, (originally published in French in1989 as Audisio, (Turin: Claudiana,1974) (hereafter: Gonnet Molnár, and 1 to local developments, like the works of Gabriel Audisio and Christine Thouzellier on the Middle Ages, few books can be considered as standard reference. later the in dispersion European Western generalized almost its with Still, important. nevertheless but latter, the than movement dissenting quieter much a being Catharism, of that than attention less substantially received has Waldensianism of history The them. among betraced can that realities the and perceptions the bring together isto My intention historian imagesthe facts and can find among constructed refutations.stereotyped actual on Waldensianism should identifiedshift a Waldensian heretic. If these were more amythaltogether. than a reality then the research Lookingabhorring killing, the such themarkers and manyothers, were by aninquisitor which with an attentive eye in oaths,authority,hidden places, rejecting Church’s Refusingthe at totake preaching the sources The most important until today remains JeanGonnet and Amedeo Molnár, 1. More intenseMore among have preoccupations ofWaldensianism scholars been related An overview of the literature onWaldensianism The Waldensian Dissent: Persecution andSurvival c.1170-c.1570 , vol. 1: Dalle origini all’adesione allaRiforma (Oxford:Blackwell, 2000). (Turin: Claudiana, 1984); EuanCameron, ) (hereafter: Audisio, (hereafter: ) INTRODUCTION 3 The Waldensian Dissent LesVaudois (Turin: Claudiana, 1974); Grado G. Merlo, ). Otherworks include Gabriel , tr. Claire Davison (Cambridge: Waldenses: Rejections ofHoly 1 Les ‘Vaudois’: naissance, vie Les Vaudois au Moyen Âge ); Amedeo Molnár, Amedeo ); Storia CEU eTD Collection 6 other articles from Biller. 1979) (hereafter: Kieckhefer, (hereafter: 1979) Ashgate Variorum, 2001)(hereafter: Biller, de Beverly M. Kienzle, M. Beverly de Actes du9e colloque d’Études duCentre Cathares /René Nelli Couiza, 26-68 août 1996sous ladirection WaldensianSisters,” in (republishedidem, in infirmos 5 (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1984). in 13. und beginnenden 14. Jahrhundert 4 3 Paris, de Humaines Sciences et valdéisme en Languedocà la fin du XIIe et au début du XIIIesiècle. like suit, followed century.Others sixteenth caseinthe the later was as institutions, even not such, as institution an as not did and justice, inquisitorial the out carrying of functions was nosuch a thingas (1460-1560) d'Etudes VaudoisesHistoriques et du Luberon, 1984); idem, inquisition; orthe the Waldensians themselves. of and correspondence in literature also butthe treatises, and accounts inquisitorial the anthropological andsociological bulk andthe approaches of preserved in notonly data the between makeconnections the necessary historians to requires research still tackled in the 1980s by scholars like Romolo Cegna and Peter Biller. and tackled Cegna likeRomolo Peter inthe1980sbyscholars hasthere been a needintegrated amore for approach. places, in different life Waldensian of details about information of deal a great brought Peter Segl related to the Waldensians and Cathars in Austria. regions of Provence and Languedoc, and Provence of regions 2 Richard Kieckhefer, Richard Romolo Cegna, Peter Segl, Peter Grado G. Merlo, Gabriel Audisio, : The Medieval Waldensian Practice of Medicine,” of Practice Waldensian Medieval The : The other major field of research that pertains to my current investigation is the is investigation current my to pertains that research of field major other The Such subjects as the ethics of the Waldensians, or their practice of were medicine of their practice or Waldensians, the as of ethics Such subjects the (Turin: Deputazione (Turin: storiasubalpinapatria, di1989); Christine Thouzellier, Ketzer in Österreich: Untersuchungen über Häresie und Inquisition im Herzogtum Österreich Eretici e inquisitori nella società piemontese del Trecento Fede edetica valdese nelquatrocento Les vaudois duLuberon: Une minorité enProvence (1460-1560) repression of heresy of repression Repression of Heresy in Medieval Germany The Waldenses, 1170-1530:Between Order aReligious andaChurch Heresis La prédication surunmonde dissident: Laïcs, femmes hérétiques…(XIe-XIVe) Repression ofHeresy Repression Sé the Inquisition 30 (1999): 137-68 (republished idem,in rie “Recherches,” Vol. 27 (Paris, 1965). 27 (Paris, Vol. “Recherches,” rie , Quellen und Forschungen aus dem Gebiet der Geschichte, vol. 5 2 of Grado Giovanni Merlofor Piedmont, , asRichard Kieckhefer asserts. He notes that there The Waldenses , 6 ), 3-10. because it existed only as mere offices, or 4 (Turin: Claudiana,1982); PeterBiller, “ Studies inChurch History Une grande migrationen alpine Provence ), 49-67); idem, “The Preaching of the (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, Publications de la The Waldenses (Turin: Claudiana, 1977). 4 Although these studies (Mérindol: Association Faculté 19(1982): 55-77 , 125-58); and the 5 This path of Catharism et 3 (Aldershot: or that of des Lettres des Curate , CEU eTD Collection Anonymus Germaniae historica, vol. 22 (Stuttgart: Anton Hiersmann, 1968) (hereafter: Patschovsky, Sammelwerküber Ketzer, Juden,Antichrist aus der Mitte des 13.Jahrhunderts Quellen zur Geschichte der Waldenser Kirchen- und Theologiegeschichte 18 (Gütersloh: GütersloherVerlagshaus Gerd Mohn,1973) (hereafter: 12 (1958): 3-22. Hussites,” the and Austria of Prague, “Jerome idem, and “Heresy”); Bernard, (hereafter: (Munich, 1887) (hereafter: Preger, Abhandlungen der historischen Classe der königlich bayerischen Akadamie der Wissenschaften 18. 11 10 Haupt, “Waldenserthum” II). Mitte des 14.Jahrhunderts,” “Waldenserthum” idem,“Waldenserthum I);and und Inquisitionsüdöstlichenimim Deutschland der zeit Jahrhunderts,” 9 “Misconceptions:” 440. 8 Church History Abuses,” and Misconceptions of Heresy: Prosecution the and “Inquisition Kelly, Ansgar Henry in cited presented analyses that still Paul Bernard hold uptoday. presented analysesthat also but them, left that inquisitions the from materials valuable collected only not Edward Peters, whoarguedfor theexistence Peters, “myth of of Edward a Inquisition,” the 7 Bohemian Waldensianism. perceptionthe ofheresyin thirteenth-century Austria onfourteenth-century and Selgeimpacts Later,AlexandermadeHaupt. andKurt-Victor significant on Patschovsky documents from fourteenth the century,surpass done butnotenough work the by to from the late nineteenth century, starting with Herman Haupt both perspectives involved:those of the inquisitors and accused alike. history the any of but maintainingof repression dissentingthe with contact group, close completely. Hamilton, he although doesnot subscribe tothesuggestion abandoningof theterm itself HermanHaupt, “Waldensertum und Inquisition imsüdöstlichenDeutschland bis zurMitte des 14. Bernard Hamilton, Edward Peters, Edward PaulP. Bernard, “Heresy Fourteenthin Century Austria,” Wilhelm Preger, Wilhelm Quellen zur Geschichte der Waldenser Concerning in inquisition the southern lands,German the some was work done ); Quellenzur Böhmischen Inquisition im 14.Jahrhundert 8 These considerations may and must be taken intoaccount when dealing with 50, No. 4(1989) (hereafter: Kelly, “Misconceptions”): 440. Deutsche Zeitschrift fürGeschichtswissenschaft Zeitschrift Deutsche Inquisition Ueber dasVerhältnis derTaboriten zu denWaldesiern des 14.Jahrhunderts The Medieval Inquisition (New Press, Free 1988) York: (hereafter: Peters, Deutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 12 An important contribution also had Peter Biller, with his with Biller, Peter had also contribution important An Ueber das Verhältnis... , ed. Alexander Patschovsky and Kurt-Victor Selge, Texte zur Texte Selge, Kurt-Victor and Patschovsky Alexander , ed. ); Alexander Patschovsky, (London: Arnold,Edward 1981),citedKelly, in 9, 5 ). Medievalia et Humanistica 1(1889): 285-330 (hereafter: Haupt, 11 9 and Wilhelm Preger, Der Passauer Anonymus. Ein gave his interpretation gavehisinterpretation of , ed. Alexander Patschovsky, Alexander ed. , 3(1890): 337-411 (hereafter: , Schriften der Monumenta Inquisition Church History 10 (1956): 50-63 ), 1-7,122-315, 7 Der Passauer orBernard 10 who 27 , CEU eTD Collection (hereafter: Biller, “Aspects”). Biller, (hereafter: 13 century. fourteenth the of writings polemical important most the of one on view the changed treatise anti-heretical tothe referring dissertation Ph.D. HermanBoehlaus Nachfolger, 1979) (hereafter: Patschovsky, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Quellenzur Geistesgeschichte des Mittelalters, vol. 11(Weimar: the Kingdom Kingdom the of Hungary; (3) Episcopal sentand papalletters to inquisitors and secular inquisitorial century from protocols turn inthe Austria duchy and fifteenth of the the of (2) lands; German-speaking in the century fifteenth the of turn the at used were that centuries fourteenth and compiled thirteenth inthe or heresywritten Waldensian the Kingdom of Hungary. the turn of the fifteenth century in Upper and Lower Austria and in the western part of the Zwicker at by monk Peter conducted attheinquisition Celestine look the bewill aclose againstthem ininquisitorial scope proceedings The century. geographical fourteenth the The focus of this thesis will be the perception of German-speaking Waldensians and the I am trying to do with the present research. Waldensians, and theirinteractions with the inquisitors, and with each other. This is what the and Waldensianism better understand to attempt in an approaches, new less Peter Biller, “Aspects of the Waldenses in the 14 the in Waldenses the of “Aspects Biller, Peter 2. The sources I will be dealing with are: (1) treatises on heresy and, in particular, on The aimof my research andmethodology and new the with discoveries new these together bring to is today challenge The 13 6 th Century,”Ph.D. dissertation (Oxford, 1971) Quellen Cum dormirent homines ). , which CEU eTD Collection Mittelalters 16 ‘Les Belles Lettres,’ 1964) (hereafter: Gui, (hereafter: 1964) Lettres,’ Belles ‘Les Inquisitor,”in idem, ofan View The Century: Fourteenth Later the in Areas German-speaking in “Waldensians idem, 15 “Aspects.” of Its Author,”1395 and idem, in Tudensis de Bigne,la 28vol.(Lyons: de la Bigne, 1677-1707), vol.25, 277G-299C (hereafter: Gretser, contra contra sectam Waldensium Waldensians heretics. chronicles) with dealing (letters, secular writings heresy; (4)and this rulers concerning 14 heresy, for Looking inquisitors. useby suggested and questions techniques the andon the view, Waldensian in the characterize, authors’ that the recurringfocusingthe patterns on I will make heretics. aclose Waldensian of the perception (or official) on. so and inquisitors, the and accused the between relation the from, came heresy of suspects background the social regarding the thatcanbeasked questions particular areother there questions these with Along them? apply they did extent what to and they, were what yes, inquisitors have?Did in some identifying Waldensians? patterns they apply of errors If Kingdom of Hungary (in Sopron). during thehe trials in in conducted 1398 and1401,both Austrian the andduchies the 24). inquisitorial manual Haupt, “Waldenserthum”401-11; II: J. IgnazvonDöllinger, Bernard Gui, The treatise was published by Jacob Gretser, Jacob by published was treatise The 15 The inquisitorial protocols were mostly written inquisitorial Zwicker The protocolsbyPeter inquisitor were mostly written the ). Analysis of the treatise in Peter Biller, “The Anti-Waldensian Treatise ‘Cum dormirent homines’ From the treatises, the most relevant for my analysis are the treatise about treatise for myanalysis are the relevant most the From treatises, the The treatises about the Waldensian heresy will give a clear picture of the general the of picture a clear give will heresy Waldensian the about treatises The heresydidthe image Waldensian the of What be are: addressed to The questions , vol. 2 (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1890) (hereafter: Döllinger, Manuelde l’Inquisiteur Cum dormirenthomines The Waldenses Practica inquisitionis pravitatis heretice (Ingolstadt,1613); republished in The Waldenses , 271-91 (hereafter: Biller, “An Inquisitor’s view”); see also Biller, 16 , ed. and tr. Guillaume Mollat, 2 Manuelde l’Inquisiteur written written by Zwicker (1395), Peter Lucae Tudensis episcope Scriptores aliquot succedanei , 237-69, (hereafter:“Cum Biller, dormirent homines”); 7 Maxima Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum , ed. Mollat). Beiträge Beiträge zur Sektengeschichte des nd byBernardGui (1323- ed., (Paris: Société d’Édition ), 346-51. reading of them, of reading 14 and the and , ed. M. Lucae CEU eTD Collection to draw the proper conclusions. proper the to draw will beable make which and upthepatterns I on asked.phrases will Therecurring words themselves and their conduct by the inquisitors, with reference to the questions that were practices, beliefs, their regarding heretics Waldensian andthe heresy Waldensian the characterized activities from the protocolsand in the last chapter, which deals with the trials conducted by Zwicker. social and from treatises the data will compare the I his hersituation. of or understanding better status.about the suspect’s background,inquisitorial her hisor history anythingfor relevantor a Thereevolution and particular events thatis occurred along the way, looking for informationalso the data manuals. inquisitorial the from taken concerning questioning of and the patterns Waldensian heresy, of the identify suspected to those proceedings his in applied inquisitor an errors of the patterns the define to try will I heretics, trialsat thetreatises and the inquisitorial dealing protocols heresy with and Waldensianthe The data I will be dealing with is made up primarily of words and phrases that main their describe will I trials, inquisitorial of character the of a view get To 8 CEU eTD Collection 485. 2 (Manchester: ManchesterUniversity Press, 1967)(hereafter: Leff, Gordon Leff, Gordon Waldensian Dissent to the Reformation missionary zeal, throughout Western, Southern and Central Europe. Central and Southern Western, throughout zeal, missionary initiated through by Waldes grewexceedingly, movement layman Lyons of the asthe thecenturies over tothe Scriptures connection preaching andclose poverty, The Waldensians, Lyons, alive originally called thePoor of kept the of principles 17 –the leaders by sect’s traveling the supported communities close within society of lower strata the proselytizing energy,the movementcontinued during the fourteenth century in usually an environmentfromunderground middlethe of thirteenththe century,its havinglost fifteenth century fifteenth andfifteenth. beginningcentury atthe of the Zwicker’sinquisitor Austrian Waldensians prior around tothe turn Peter of activity the the be on will emphasis The lands. German southern the across century fourteenth WALDENSIANS IN FOURTEENTH-CENTURY SOUTH GERMAN SOUTH IN FOURTEENTH-CENTURY WALDENSIANS About the Aboutgeneral the history of Waldensianism see Gonnet Molnár, and In this chapter I will deal with the evolution of the Waldensian movement in the movement Waldensian the of evolution the with deal will I chapter this In Heresy inthe Later Middle Ages: magistri , 2 ; Malcolm Lambert, nd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994)(hereafter: Lambert, . Medieval Heresy: PopularMovements from the Gregorian Reform CHAPTER 1. LANDS The Relation of Heterodoxy Dissent, to c.1250–c.1450 9 Heresy inthe Later Middle Ages Medieval Heresy Les Vaudois 17 Already moving in moving Already ; Audisio, ), 147-171; ), 452- , vol. , The CEU eTD Collection 21 unrest was somewhat eased, the anti-heretical efforts increased during the period between touched. barely movement Waldensian the left in empire morethe favorable to Germany of presence prelates the and vacancy interdicts were in leavinglittleopposition,continuous time for preoccupations than other emitting and waging wars. The weakness of the central power during of devil,the work the wasdueto heresy perspective, the imperial social,and withinit. theFrom political; sectchurch’s the outside and economic inconclusive. were Waldensianism against activity inquisitorial the of results look toinvestigate and punish heresy,but the overall impression is long-term thatthe action Roman attention from required a close it Attimes didand strong the Church. take For the strength of the Waldensians in South German lands seeLeff, lands German South in Waldensians of the strength the For 20 19 strengthening the sect, the strengthening in played leaders Waldensian the role the realized inquisitors, as active were who those of Church, especially the prelates the Nevertheless, asdemonic. been regarded links going as back as the middle of the thirteenth century. of backthemiddle links as thirteenth as the going with society, embeddedwithin the strongly were Waldensians –the adjacentregions the In the German territories – southern Germany, eastern Germany, Austria, Bohemia, and also Biller, “Cum dormirent homines,” 239; Audisio, 18 Lambert, Kieckhefer, Lambert, Lambert, 1.1. On the political level, from On politicalthe level,from thirteenththe papacy century,and the emperor canbeenumerated: movement Waldensian the successof the for Many causes The successful Waldensian continuity Medieval Heresy Medieval Heresy Medieval Heresy Repression ofHeresy Repression 20 and win tried to them for orthodoxy. , 148;see also Haupt, “Waldenserthum” I. , 4. , 156. For this continuity in Bohemia see also Patschovsky, , 58; Lambert, , 58; 21 In the fourteenth century, when the political the when century, fourteenth the In Medieval Heresy 10 The Waldensian Dissent Waldensian The 19 and any success it had might have might had it success andany , 157. Heresy inthe Later Middle Ages 18 This was a situation that , 68. Quellen , 81-82. , 468; CEU eTD Collection idem, For an extended discussion on the subject see subject the on discussion extended an For oration and, if they were not taught in Latin, they definitely knew how to read and write in the vernacular. Valdes to c.1400,” inibid.,112-136; PeterBiller, “The Literacy Hudson(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994)(hereafter: Biller Hudson,and 25 24 See Patschovsky, Bohemia around inquisitionthe ledby ofGallus (Jind Neuhaus 453, 483) beenhas strongly challenged, mainly by discoveriesthe madeby Patschovsky Hlava I. and Waldensianism spread exclusively among the poor (see for instance Leff, instance for (see poor the among exclusively spread Waldensianism 23 expansion occurred earlier, in the thirteenth century, together with German with the together century, in thirteenth the earlier, occurred expansion but amongcommunities during travels German-speakingacrossCentral this Europe, their even helped from or grandparents, Waldensianism Theseearlier times. expand traders Strasbourg. Many held beliefsthem inherited from Waldensianof their parents, from wealthy involvedpersons in cloth the trade especially in likeAugsburg cities and persisted in the polemical treatises against them. literate in vernacular and sometimes in Latin, although the inLatin, although andsometimes invernacular literate Italy. in northern and in Lyon development Waldensian movementfrom endthe of thirteenth the century its initialafter urban the even point this At one. poorer the than level rather wealthier atthe middle class, the belong to and villages havevillages, evenbigleading to They small tended in towns. roles towns or their affect substantially Waldensian movement,the however. the Councilthe of Vienne (1311-12)andthe Council of Constance (1414-18). 22 Leff, Audisio, Lambert, Kieckhefer, The Waldenses, ). ForWaldensian literacy see AlexanderPatschovsky, “The literacy of Waldensianism from Heresy inthe Later Middle Ages In in fourteenth late the century Germany,Waldensians financial received support Socially, the Waldensians formed communities of peasants or craftsmen from craftsmen or of peasants formed communities Waldensians Socially, the The Waldensian Dissent Medieval Heresy Repression ofHeresy Repression Quellen 169-190 (hereafter: Biller, “The , for the results of their investigation. of their results the for , magistri , 153; Gonnet Molnár,, 153; and , 36-37. , 9. were simple people, a trait characteristic of later the of characteristic atrait people, weresimple , 453,484., The Heresy andLiteracy, 1000-1530 11 24 Lacking a strong education, they were still Topos Topos 25 Les Vaudois magistri of and Reality of the Heretic as Heretic ofthe Reality and illiteratus Ĝ ich Ĥ would have known at least the art of v Hradec) between1335 c.1353.and , 148. The , 148.The outdated impressionthat ”). Heresy inthe Later Middle Ages topos , ed. Peter Biller and Anne and Biller Peter ed. , of ydiote et illiterati 22 This did not illiteratus Heresy and þ ek in ,” in ,” 23 , CEU eTD Collection Valdesi Manuscripts,”idem,in (Budapest:Central EuropeanUniversity, 1993),21-28. See also idem, MA Thesis Poland,” Medieval Late in Heretic of the Image the and of Heresy Concept the in Study 29 [Hussites infifteenth-century Poland], (Lublin: Tow.Nauk. Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego,1998). historiam illustrantia vol.3 (1311-1333), ed.Josef (Prague,Emler 1890),178-181; 28 one sent to Thomas, the voivode,Poland andletters, surroundingAmong areas. these twoconcerns Transylvania proper, and another to Solomon,inquisitorsappoint because hereticshad the kingdom entered coming from Germany, the count of Bra he inand in askedtheprior which to Dominicansthe of February 1, 1327, Hungary look after in home place. theircommunity to presence in Poland, the fact that they were they fact that the in Poland, presence 27 captured twelve of list in a found Poland, from Johann and Nicholas names, two the are there colonization in Bohemia, and further east. andfurther in Bohemia, colonization 26 least border. the along at impact, have hadan might Silesia and from Pomerania Oder(1327). the Waldensians across incursions of the about of Gniezno archbishop (2)warnthe preventive character; (1318)with a Cracow dioceseof ininquisition the (1)establish an occasions to: and Transylvania. Poland, to east, the to further even reached movement the that hints are there Hungary, western century, ofthe turn at the and, Moravia, Silesia, in Pomerania, Waldensians Döllinger, Leff, Gonnet and Molnár, and Gonnet Lambert, 103 (1982): 51-55) (hereafter: Biller, “The 1391 Lists”). Heresy in the Later Middle Ages For Transylvania there are letters from Pope John XXII, dated October John dated letters from Transylvania For 1,1326 Pope thereare XXII, For Poland, the pope sent letters to clerics and secular authorities on two magistri Medieval Heresy Beiträge , vol.1, ed. Augustin Theiner (Rome, 1861), 297 ff. from from 1391. , 367-369.See PeterBiller, “The 1391 Lists of ‘Magistri.’Waldensian Further Three Les Vaudois The Waldenses , 149. For the expansionsee also Audisio, , 147; 29 Although isa clearthis not indication of Waldensian , 233-236 (originally published in , 463-464; Pawel Jacek Kras, “Heretics in the Christian Society. A Regesta diplomatica necnonepistolaria Bohemiae etMoraviae 27 The close vicinity with the active Waldensians 12 26 magistri Together with the attested presence of Vetera monumenta Poloniae etLithuaniae suggests that they had at least a The Waldensian Dissent Husyci w pi Bollettino della Società di Studi Ċ tnastowiecznej Polsce ú ov, asking , 65,69-73. 28 Then , CEU eTD Collection Preger, 149-150; Leff, 32 Historiques 31 Române, 1953-1955),212-214, 384-385. Romania, Fourteenth century,C. Transylvania], vol.2 (1321-1330) (Bucharest: Editura Academiei and 1341 burnt between inKrems.Then, 1327 stake someheretics atthe with in conducted Steyr, Krems,andelsewherein (including Vienna), 1311and1313-1315, formal teaching of Scriptures was given to believers. Anonymous (1260/66) The first indication of a strong Waldensian presence in Austria is the account of Passau anonymous alsomentionsauthor existence of Waldensian the ten The Vienna. of west km 40 c. Anzbach, at “bishop” Waldensian a and bank, southern shows the presence of Waldensians in 42 places in these territories along the Danube’s them to give help to the inquisitors. 30 any languageother group.” from whatever of sort heretics any were there than century in fourteenth the Waldensians more German-speaking “there were that Lerner state made This Robert success story. part of Kingdom of the Hungary. reached easternmost the case of Transylvanianthe German-speaking officials, ofWaldensians areto groups who the in least at references, these that believe to incline I expansion, Waldensian of context Patschovsky, Documente privind istoria României, veaculXIV,C. Transilvania 1.2. Rapports, Comité international des Sciences Historique Ueber das Verhältnis... From the beginning of From beginningof the areaccounts ofinquisitions fourteenth the century there The Austrian lands The widespread presence of Waldensians in Central Europe can be ofWaldensiansThe widespread inCentral presence Europe seen a as , I (Stuttgart,1985), 360-2, cited in Lambert, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages Der Passauer Anonymus 32 relating aninquisition to conductedin Austria, Lower which , 30. 31 . See Haupt, “Waldenserthum” I: 285; Lambert, 285; I: “Waldenserthum” See Haupt, . 30 Taken into consideration the aforementioned the consideration into Taken , 459, 476; Gonnet and Molnár, 13 Medieval History , XVI , [Documents Relating to the History of Congrès international des Sciences , 156. scholae Les Vaudois Medieval Heresy , where the where , , 148-149; , CEU eTD Collection presence of the to presence referring as account the takes 59, “Heresy:” Bernard, 233-236. Lists,” 1391 “The Biller, see details preserved this list, both in a shorter version, as is the case with this one, and also in a longer version. For 39 qui fuit Radispone etportavit crucem de heresi convictus nec vero deficit 38 time. at that Waldensian 37 36 chapter. last the in cases these 35 as Styria. 34 Medieval Heresy sacraments, andothers. sacraments, preaching, lay denial of existencethe of confession,purgatory, of rejecting Church the Olomouc to conduct a series of trials in Steyr. them testify to the certainty of the Waldensian identity of those charged with heresy. ininquisitions Klosterneuburg, arereported Eng, and Steyr, all althoughnot Lorch, of 33 illiterati men were of these majority the that is specified it Moreover, andothers. shearer, occupations of the cross in Regensburg, of the sign heretic wearthe was to sentenced once who nearKrems, of Dickhartz village ( leader, awoolworker Johann, Waldensian nameofanAustrian one missionary activities among their former communities. their among activities missionary abjuring the heresy. some Waldensians his activity,some of with results about testimonies later are there but there are accounts of accounts are there Ibid., 368. About the Döllinger, See page 12above. partialThe Latin textis Döllinger,in Kieckhefer, Haupt, “Waldenserthum” II: 404. See also Gonnet andMolnár, Bernard, “Heresy:” 58; Gonnet and Molnár, and Gonnet 58; “Heresy:” Bernard, Kieckhefer, Between 1360 and 1370, Duke Albert III of Austria asked inquisitor Henry Henry III Austriaof of Between and 1370,DukeAlbert askedinquisitor 1360 The list of arrested list of The , 39 and the charges against them were specific for the Waldensian heresy: private forWaldensian the were specific them against andthecharges Beiträge magistri Repression ofHeresy Repression Repression of Heresy of Repression , 150-52; Bernard, “Heresy:”50-57; Haupt, “Waldenserthum” I: 304-6, 309-15. , 367: in Austria which he interprets as an indication of a major convention of the magistri topos 35 38 A significant fact is Asignificantfactin that period, 1360s, the this andaround 1374, but relapsed but Waldensianism. and to returned gives text the The …item lanifex quidam Johannes de Dickhartz villasita circa Chrems in Austria magistri of illiterati magistri – three peasants, two cobblers, two blacksmiths, one cloth- , 58; Lambert, , 58; , 53-54;Leff, converted to Catholicism, of whom some enrolled in enrolled some whom of Catholicism, to converted see Biller, “The seeBiller, already mentioned, from 4, 1391, from mentioned,September already Les Vaudois Medieval Heresy 14 Heresy in the Later Middle Ages 34 Topos The accounts of his inquisition are lost, , 150, erroneously give the name of the location Beiträge of 36 illiteratus , 156-157; Döllinger, Les Vaudois , 367-369., Several manuscripts have . .” , 150, 153. I will deal with lanifex , 476-77;Lambert, Beiträge ) from the from 37 , 355-62. gives 33 CEU eTD Collection of inquisitorial activity emerged in Upper Austria. in Upper emerged activity inquisitorial of report of the inquisitor Peter Zwicker. See also Kieckhefer, See also Zwicker. Peter inquisitor of the report the in included year, that in committed violence of ofacts accusations general some on only based 1395 Inquisition of the Middle Ages in Lea C. of Henry interpretation the rejecting 1393, year the to to refer by Bernard thought involving setting fire to a priest’s belongings,41 one in 1393 and anotherRepression inof Heresy 1395. The incident in this casewith itin the isnext chapter. Forfurther informationon Martin’s inquisitorial activity, see Kieckhefer, truth405). The is thatHaupt did not ascribe document year1391, the to butletitundated.Iwillthe deal ascribeddocument alater ofand Peterto presentMartin the (Haupt,inquisition “Waldenserthum”404- II: of wasPrague assistedby inquisitorPeterthe Zwicker thisin 1391 inquisition, and believes (Haupt) he that case. Also, innote1onpage 60Bernard voices suspicion his about Haupt’s supposed that inference Martin referring ofto Martin Amberg (of asappointedPrague) inquisitorSteyrin 1391,in butthis was notthe 40 fatigued by ongoingthe they persecutions to. were subjected This mighthave a sign been of somea rebellious attitude took Waldensians over time, warning, they also hanged ahalf-burned brandand a bloody knife on towngates. the burned belonging abarn apriest in who to had theinquisitors hishouse.As received a frominvolving out reported in1393,one of agroup September 8 peopleof who, anger, preserved, evidence inquisitionof an Waldensians against inappears some incidents Haupt, “Waldenserthum” II:372-373; Bernard, “Heresy:”60. Haupt speaksabout two acts ofviolence Haupt, “Waldenserthum” 372-373; II: Bernard, “Heresy:” 59-60,interprets Haupt’s documents as Under the new Bishop of Under von newBishop the of Passau, Georg Hohenlohea new (1388-1423), wave , 55, esp. note 13. , vol.2 (NewYork, 1900-1902),399, who places incidentthe the inyear 15 Repression ofHeresy Repression 40 Although no inquisitorial records are , 64. A History of the 41 CEU eTD Collection Erforschung des Mittelalters Alexander62; and Patschovsky, “WaldenserverfolgungSchweidnitz in 1315,” Geschichtedie Mittel- und Ostdeutschlands Ketzergeschichte der Mark Brandenburg und Pommerns vornehmlich im 14. Jahrhundert,” Goetz des Ketzers in mittelalterlicherAnschauung,” in heresy- the About of Toronto Press, 1994)(hereafter: R.I.Moore, Ages. 42 asthe perceptions of this complex called historians Some concerningand behavioral doctrines andpractices andthose traits psychological patterns. and had of heretics thinkers concerning and discussingheresies, their their aspects churchmen image orthodox deal the Iwill with heretics perception of the Speaking about another. one on influences reciprocal the emphasizing them, between interconnections the show to try will I them. against conduct to were inquisitors the trials dealing with heretics, for theprocess of elements two the present is to chapter this of objective The main namely the image churchmen had of religious dissenters and the illuminate thisilluminate issue: as far back as the times of Saint Paul. One prophetic passage of his is enough to THE PERCEPTION OF AND THE ACTION AGAINST HERETICS AGAINST OFANDTHEACTION THE PERCEPTION For perceptions of heresy see R. I. Moore, (Leipzig, 1927), 91-107 (hereafter: Grundmann, “DerTypus des Ketzers”); Dietrich Kurze, “Zur 2.1. The Perception: The Treatises ThePerception: 2.1. 42 This image (or the images) of heretics had deep roots in early Christianity, haddeeproots going images) of heretics the (or Thisimage depart from the faith, giving heed to seducingfrom of and heed spirits, depart giving doctrines to faith, the Now the Spirit speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some shall topos see Biller, “AnInquisitor’s view”,275-279; also Herbert Grundmann, “Der Typus 36 (1980): 149-158. CHAPTER 2. CHAPTER 16/17 (1968) (hereafter: Kurze, “ZurKetzergeschichte”): 52- The Origins of European Dissent The Origins Kultur- und Universalgeschichte Festschrift für Walter 16 ), 8-20; and Lambert,), 8-20; topos ofheresyin theMiddle , 3rd ed. (Toronto: University (Toronto: ed. , 3rd Medieval Heresy Deutsches Archiv für Jahrbuch für , 3-5. CEU eTD Collection 46 University Press, 1991) (hereafter: Wakefield and Evans, and Wakefield (hereafter: 1991) Press, University Sacconi in Sources Translated and Annotated and advise other churchmen, and especially inquisitors, about the characteristics of characteristics the about inquisitors, especially and churchmen, other advise and inform to inparticular, heresy one heresies or in general, about knowledge and education enough with figures lay even or ecclesiastical by written were works literary These Treatises against heretics 2.1.1. heretics. and medieval heresies information about of amount way, largest the and distorted middle of the thirteenthcentury are givenby James Capelli in 45 on. so and another, from items some out picking author one heresies, with dealing writings invarious the during MiddleAges perpetrated doctrineheretical and were practice 44 to observe the same practice, along with others mentioned earlier. mentioned others with along practice, same the to observe said were Cathars century the thethirteenth In stereotypes. these perpetuate them helping heresies,Augustine remarkAgeson to contemporaneous writingsof highthe the Middle about them refusing to eat meat. eat meat. Even Augustine, Manichaeism,heresy, speaks of denouncingis to refusal the One item that appears here, which was always considered through the centuries as a sign 43 Lambert, This issue appears in many tracts and treatises dealing with the Cathars. Two such examples from the R.I. Moore, 1Timothy 4: 1-3. 46 The writings themselves, treatises or treatises themselves, writings The believe and know the truth. the know and believe which hath be God created receivedto them with thanksgiving of which meats, from abstain to commanding and marry, to Forbidding iron; hot devils; Speaking lies in hypocrisy; having theirconscience seared with a Summa deCatharis et Pauperibusde Lugduno Medieval Heresy The Origins The Bible , 8. , 3-4;Gui, , King James Version. , King , ed. Walter L. Wakefield and Austin P. Evans (New York: Columbia Manuel de l’Inquisiteur 44 43 Then was item this taken again by in writers diverse summae 17 Heresies , in , , give historians, although in abiased Heresies of the High Middle Ages. Selected , ed. Mollat, vol 1,xvi-xxv. Summa contra haereticos ), 306 and 330. and 306 ), 45 These patterns of and by Rainerius CEU eTD Collection connections between the treatises and the questions used in trials. in used questions the and treatises the between connections 50 49 48 identifyingheretics havingand abasis on which to build interrogations. proper operations of an inquisition, among the concerns of the inquisitor were those of Inthe heretics. in aninquisition caseof the required different them, procedures the and combat to arguments andgave doctrines heretical the They described heresies. different 47 found invarious hasledtreatises historians some conclude thatto treatises the be can heresy one about statements identical that fact the Also, heresy. of traits general stated above, information was also transmitted from one work to another when it came andwitnesses. suspects of interrogation systematic andfrom to the themselves, heretics of writings the to orthodoxy, of converts from confessions the collected Waldensians. and Cathars both two thirdsabout with one and third Cathars with the deal only 1200 and1250, about between written were half more than today, extant treatises of number total the From contents: their on based be distinguished, can trials.later, during wereclosely these show the connected Ibid. Iwill deal with the interrogation procedures at the end of this chapter, where I will also analyze the Ibid., 61. Ibid., 60. Wakefield and Evans, and Wakefield c. b. a. According Wakefield to and Evans, tracts which describe heresies only, without any attempt at rebuttal. defense of orthodox doctrines, with no descriptions or heretical arguments; givingtracts lists biblical of in only undertexts headingsfor use the philosophical references; scriptural and based on arguments these arefutation of giving also arguments, andits heresy describingthe – tracts tracts “full-scale” Heresies , 59-62. 49 Usually, the information included in the treatises was treatises in the included information the Usually, 48 18 three groupings of these polemical writings 47 50 As I will But, as But, CEU eTD Collection 57 56 Wakefield and Evans, and Wakefield della biblioteca Malatestiana di Cesena appendicefilosofico conin ‘Disputationes nonnullae adversus haereticos,’ codiceinedito desecoloXIII 55 Ricchini (Rome, 1743). Translated passages in Wakefield and Evans, and Wakefield in passages Translated 1743). (Rome, Ricchini 54 “AnBiller, Inquisitor’s View,” 272-273. 53 attention to the Waldensians in the fifth book. Studying this Studying book. fifth in the Waldensians the to attention of the period, Cremona, 1241(beforearound 1244). written and its five books deal primarily with the Cathars, giving only brief much moderate tone and at times refutes the popular rumors about Cathars. about rumors popular the times refutes andat tone much moderate Capelli, of James in one itthe common with has manypassages that historians discovered others, entitled one the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The most popular tract of the thirteenth century was Grundmann’s argument. source. a common from working were or another from one information wereborrowing of tracts these authors the is that similarities, these of in in of whichappears both heretics wording same the treatises. “customs” the about passage long is a tracts two the between connections the of example one. astereotyped was heretics historians, though,starting HerbertGrundmann, with corroborate each other, and this was seen as a sign of reliability of these sources. Other 52 51 Ibid., 302-303, note 14. Ibid., 301. The editionof Capelli’s The only edition is Wakefield andEvans, Wakefield and Evans, and Wakefield Ketzers.” des Typus “Der issue on the article his See Evidence for these two methods appeared in research on the treatises from from the treatises the in on methods appeared research two these for Evidence Summa contrahaereticos Adversus Catharos et Valdenses Monetae Cremonensis adversus Catharos etValdenses libri quinque Heresies Heresies Heresies Summa , 301-306. , 61; Lambert, , 61; , 61.See also Gui, in the appendix of Dino Bazzocchi, 52 (Bologna:Licinio Cappelli, 1919, 1920).Translated passages in The conclusion generally accepted today, regarding accepted generally Theconclusion (written 1240), around (written Medieval Heresy 19 Manuell’Inquisiteur de 54 Thisis the most complete polemical work of the Dominican friar Moneta of , 4. 51 53 argued that the general viewon general the arguedthat Buteither supports way, this Heresies 55 even though Capelli uses a La Eresia catara: Saggiostorico summa , 307-329. , ed. Mollat, vol.1, xviii-xiv; in connection with connection in 57 Whether these Whether , ed. Thomaso A. 56 One CEU eTD Collection 59 challenged by the followers of Waldes. followers by of the challenged argumentsthe for andlay againsttheir of points (3) various other preaching; doctrine (2) pope; the Church and of the prelates the oftoobey Waldensian refusal the error the Church, other.the on The main of parts treatisethe aroundare grouped these issues: (1) Roman andthe of hand, one the of on Lyons, of Poor the between delegates by adebate 840. The prologue and the headings are given in Wakefield and Evans, and Wakefield in given are headings the and prologue The 840. Patrologiae cursus completus, latina series 204, ed.J.-P. Migne(Paris: J.-P.Migne, 1841-1857), coll. 793- purgatory. denialof This the women, and lay preaching, even Waldensiansof werethe Fontcaude. century. endfourteenth of the the upuntil Waldensians early of the characteristics thestereotyped of perpetuation the or century, to from of century heresy evolution the either the show treatises the activated, Waldensians longerof time the the and,becauseof period tracts, the between connections casethe in this mainly. see also can One with those or Cathars, dealing with those only than fewer substantially are treatises The group. dissenting this about have historians that information of majority the give Waldensians with dealing writings polemical The 2.1.2. Treatises against Waldensians is yetsettled. not source common a using both from or Capelli, from borrowing Moneta to due are similarities 58 Ibid., 211. Bernardi abbatis Fontis callidi, ordinis praemonstratensis, Adversus Waldensium sectam liber One of the first treatises preserved is from around 1190, written by is 1190, written of Bernard from around Onetreatises preserved of first the Adversus Waldensium sectamliber 59 From the issues debated, the ones specific to onesspecific the issues debated, From the 20 58 is a work based is work on material a provided the Heresies , 211-213. , CEU eTD Collection 62 Anecdotes historiques Bourbon, dominicain duXIIIe siècle Marche, la de Lecoy (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers n.v., 2007) (www.brepolis.net; accessed 20May 2008); see also Albert prima pars)et analysis of the inquisitorial procedures, Iwill take a closer look at it: in my an Becausethis isimportant oath. totake refusal the characteristics: Waldensian offices. its and chanting Church of condemnation and general; in killing of and penalty death the of rebuttal authority; Church of of foundsins here inquisitor (although the divergencesamong Waldensians); these denial usual Waldensian denial ones: lay purgatory; of confession, consecration and absolution described arealsocharacteristics the Rhone between 1232 and1249.Among different which he during encountered his activity as inquisitor in valleysthe of Saône the and of and features practices doctrine heardit and from heothers origins of sectas had the Cathars. on tracts the as detailed as not is it although Bourbon, heretics refusedunder tothe inquisitors practice the this examination. Later, heretics. and churchmen between debates of of early practice the isaproof treatise 61 60 Lecoy, The newest edition is in Stephanus de Borbone, de Stephanus in is edition newest The Ibid., 60. their lies by wiles and sophistries. and bywiles lies their disguise and excuse they since a sin, it think they do nor perjury, commit who are not perfected to lie those fear it for is heardunder of say of death them some permissible that and to take oaths. They themselves Ihave is the same.However, every liemortal an sin and oath that isa believe They them. do against lie testifying and witnesses from also and believers, under oath, written verbatim from the lips …I have know comemuch to through of andfrom questioning confessions the Perfect as well as of their atOneis noted thebeginningofStephen’s specific trait description of the A very detailed account about Waldensians found about of A veryin is thework of account Stephen detailed Anecdotes historiques Tractatus de diversismateriispraedicabilis , ed. J. Berlioz and J.-L. and , ed.J.Berlioz Eichenlaub, 2002, LibraryTexts (CLCLT) of Latin by CTLO ). Translated passages in Wakefield and Evans, and Wakefield in passages ). Translated Anecdotes historiques, légendes etapologues tirées du recueil inédit d’Etienne de , 292; Wakefield and Evans, (Paris: Société de l’histoire de France, 1887) (hereafter: Lecoy, (hereafter: 1887) France, de l’histoire de Société (Paris: 62 Tractatus de materiis diuersis praedicabilibus (prologus 21 Heresies 61 (written 1261), between 1249and (written His exposition is an account of the of account an is exposition His , 346. Heresies , 208-210, 346-351. 60 CEU eTD Collection 67 66 65 64 Waldensians, instructed perhaps by Waldensians, instructed their the that seems it inconvenient, as this Realizing suspects. heresy of bulk the from As Waldensians take inprincipleoaths,refused weremore to identifiable they easily Taking in an frontoath of inquisitorthe was requiredfor all witnesses and allsuspects. 63 itselffocusing below, only now on section the dedicated Waldensians tothe from the and validity its spoken independed on words vernacular. Eucharist, the consecrate could a woman, even sin, without those only them, For these. regarding the sacraments of the of Passauone (c.1260/66). Anonymous Church and gives scriptural references for refutation oath. an take to reluctant so been of have not would they be toasin,not it if considered indeedfor they ismalicious, above cited in passage the oaths, granted they wouldfor dopenancethem. especiallyand oath, the considered a they falsealthough so, doing In beliefs. their one, regarding oaths false a deadly sin, they were given permission for a number of false impact on the inquisitions of the fourteenth century. fourteenth the of inquisitions the on impact the his work of hands, which was a trait of Catharism. Waldensianism thirteenth-century uncharacteristic for the byimposition – the rebaptism Gui, Gui, Quellen zur Geschichte der Waldenser Quellen zur Geschichte der Waldenser Quellen zur Geschichte der Waldenser Inquisitor’s Manual Manuel de l’Inquisiteur Manuel de l’Inquisiteur Another treatise from the thirteenth century dealing with Waldensians is work the Waldensians with dealing century thirteenth from the treatise Another Among the treatises about Waldensians is description Among in about alsoBernardof Gui the the treatises Practica inquisitionis heretice pravitatis . It is a compilation of diverse materials which had an important an had which materials diverse of is acompilation It . , ed. Mollat, 2 vol.; Wakefield and Evans, , ed. Mollat, vol.1, 70; Wakefield and Evans, and Wakefield 70; vol.1, Mollat, , ed. , 81. , 82; Leff, , 77-103; Patschovsky, 66 64 magistri Heresy in the Later Middle Ages He analyses shortly the Waldensian tenets Waldensian the shortly analyses He 22 63 Evidently, the last remark of the author the of remark last the Evidently, , finished in 1323-1324, and knownas , tried to escape convictions by taking 67 Der Passauer Anonymus I will speak about the compilation the speakabout Iwill 65 Heresies One feature stands out as out stands feature One Heresies , 373-445. , 459. , 400. . CEU eTD Collection crimen inexpiabile et peccatum inSpiritum Sanctum prodere Manuel deManuel l’Inquisiteur vitanda seu 72 edited by Wilhelm Preger, by Wilhelm edited 71 perform the consecration of the body Christ. of body of blood and the consecration the perform is a sinner. Their beliefEucharist, he beingpresents itWaldensians void as forif priestthe theMass celebrating was that every righteous the of sacrament the in Concerning trials. escape conviction to Waldensianstried the man, even a lay community life organized aroundvisitations meals;and common and the ways in which man or woman, can characteristics of Waldensianism, observations drawn from his own experience as such inquisitor. an as the ritual some changes in the information by provided thisor andtreatise also addedhis own method for celebrating Mass; a Preger, historischenKlasse königlichen derbayerischen Akadamie Wissenschaftder 14(Munich, 1878)(hereafter: sinful,because God forbade it. But, he states that: Franciscan Augsburg,(Pseudo-)David of description. of followed Stephen Bourbon’s the most important. For the account of the origins and early history of the sect, Gui fifth part of Gui’s work. Among his sources for the Waldensian heresy, two stand out as 69 68 70 Gui, Gui, above. 61 Seenote Wakefield and Evans, and Wakefield …ipsi Valdenses Manuel de l’Inquisiteur Manuelde l’Inquisiteur Der Traktat His description Waldensianthe of heresy is detailed, focus the being on several sect. the Holy Spirit is to betray any perfected member [= betray is any Holy to the perfected Spirit secrets of hissect. For they say that the unforgivable crime and sin against keep frombetraying orrevealing the hisassociates andalso to death, their number Waldenses…these relax prohibition the by on oaths anyof permitting to swear in order to avoid or prevent his be it to considered Waldensians Gui the that emphasizes Regarding the oath, own or another’s evadenda 72 ). dispensant etetiam , ed. Mollat, vol. 1, 40 (The bolded words are those borrowed from David of David from borrowed those are words bolded (The 40 1, vol. Mollat, ed. , Heresies Der Traktat desDavid von Augsburg über die Waldesier , ed. Mollat, vol. 1, 42; Wakefield and Evans, , ed. Mollat, vol. 1, xxii-xxiii; Wakefield and Evans, and Wakefield xxii-xxiii; 1, vol. Mollat, ed. , ne alios in juramento utpossitinter eos quisjurare , 374-375. complices prodat aut secretum De inquisitione hereticorum De inquisitione 23 68 The other source was the work of the aliquem de secta sua perfectum 71 secte sue 70 magister Heresies pro morte revelet Heresies , 390. , ] of their 69 , Abhandlungender . butGuimade Dicunt sua vel alterius , 374. Treatise , 374. enim . Gui, . esse CEU eTD Collection 75 74 Heresy of safety, and privacy andin afew their instances to posed some of converts themthese retaliated danger bythe killing realized renegade Waldensians remaining The communities. previous coreligionists, some of these converts evenengaging inmissionary activities among theirformer Catholicism inthe Germanareas, who collaborated withthe inquisitors by divulging some names of their who knew aboutthis itswas its unclearexistence, authorship,passed overbyhistorians in medieval theirinvestigation heresy.of main The reason for and tountil be recently, the itwork was generally of one considered Peter by those of Pilichdorf, a secular 73 above. 63 note also See Middle Ages.” later from the Waldensians on the literary text important be“the most to considered atreatise wrote Celestines, of the theOrder of provincial the Zwicker, Peter territories, German-speaking in the inquisitor a tireless century fourteenth the of end the At Peter2.1.3. Zwicker’s Treatise indeed in a crisis, as Richard Kickhefer has argued. indeed inKickhefer asRichard a crisis, were communities Waldensian the betrayal, their with more, even and leaders, these the impulse for the religious life of these communities, then faced with the conversion of leaders whogave remain for decades,protecting the strong Waldensian communities to testifying against their of converted accounts the this does betray fitwith leaders, how sin” to the their by instructed believed, they If oaths. false with this taking attention problem requires of appears along aspectthat Another Augsburg’s treatise, Preger, Biller, “Cum dormirent homines,” 237. Gretser, Ibid., 53-73. For the periodthe For between1360s and 1390s there are accounts of Waldensian , 57-58. 75 The treatise, entitled Thetreatise, credentes Der Traktat Der ? 73 , 208);Englishtranslation Wakefieldin andEvans, Starting from an instruction that may have helped the helped have may that instruction an from Starting Cum dormirent homines Cum dormirent Lucae Tudensis 24 magistri 74 , that is an “unforgivable crime and . magistri , was for a long time . Kieckhefer, . magistri Heresies converted to converted Repression magistri , 389. CEU eTD Collection of Waldensians in trials. way, literature itself,Waldensian weredrawnfrom on their and statements doctrines the in abiased history although Waldensian of relies, licentious account The practices. about in Austria, author. the Zwicker was that doubt no was there concluded that Biller Peter of Pilichdorf, and Peter Zwicker Peter both to relating sources from and extant manuscripts forty-five the from Capelli, and their refutations based biblical on passages. doctrines listformulated of precisely extensive areas,andalsoan in these Waldensians geographical north distribution of statethe of Alps,the inquisitionthe against of the literary tradition of this type of writings. of type this of tradition literary of the inquisitorial inactivity Brandenburg at Pomerania and beginningthe of 1390s. the much drawnfrom information the hisof Zwicker hadwasfirst-hand, previous because primarily dominant, not are they but case, this in Waldensian the heretic, the of clergyman memberand of University the Vienna.of 81 80 79 78 77 76 See page 19 above. 19 Seepage Idem, “AnInquisitor’s View,”271. Biller, “Cum dormirent homines,” 240. Iwill discuss his activity in the region in the last chapter. Ibid., 253-261. Biller, “Cum dormirent homines,” 243, 247-251. Written in 1395, when Zwicker was at the beginning of in Written his beginning inquisitor Zwicker wasatthe activity 1395,when of as The polemical treatisenot followdoes the standard descriptions ofWaldensians 81 an interest in rejecting the extreme, Luciferan, stereotypes ofWaldensians stereotypes Luciferan, in extreme, the aninterestrejecting 77 78 the treatise gives information about the Waldensians’ history and their 25 79 80 There are, of course, stereotyped views There stereotyped of course, are, There is, as was the case with James with case the was is, as There 76 After puttinginformation together CEU eTD Collection fourteenth fourteenth century dealing with German-speaking Waldensians, primarily polemical the from later sources the with isin accordance This statement Eucharist. the consecrate to not confessions, hear and preach to was norm the and them, reject not did they that out points He Church. the of sacraments the on held Waldensians views the about continuously on the road, visiting community after community of engagedthey inevangelizingwere not Catholics. among Nevertheless, they were and not the Waldensian sect. Waldensian the not and church, true is the catholicism and orthodoxy of Church the is why That do. Waldensians should be open and manifest, like in the Roman Church, and not secret as the extant manuscripts from from manuscripts there. extant found,judging paucity from the the of Alps)it rarely of wherein was aregion the (north oaths. All these led Biller to conclude that Zwicker had direct access to Moneta’s treatiseof saints, the rejection of ecclesiastical chanting, of images, of excommunication, and of themes indiscussedliketreatises, appear both thedenial non-invocation the of purgatory, heresy onscriptural and grounds aparticularmodel text of organization.many Also, of Cremona, Moneta 85 84 83 page 19 above. 82 Ibid., 281. Idem, “AnInquisitor’s View,”276. Biller, “Cum dormirent homines,” 258-261. Biller, “Cumdormirent homines,” 258-261; idem,Inquisitor’s“An View,”OnMoneta’s276. treatise see An example of the first hand experience of the inquisitor is seen in his remarks his in is seen inquisitor the of experience hand first the of example An Central to Zwicker’s polemic is the argument that the preaching of faith Zwicker’s thethat is preachingof Central polemic true the theargument to One strong influence, argues Biller,wasthe influence,argues One strong 82 which shares with the treatise of Zwicker the model of rebutting of model the Zwicker of treatise the with shares which 84 83 The magistri 26 ’s preaching was only to their followers, their ’s preachingwasonly andto Adversus CatharosetValdenses Adversus credentes . 85 by CEU eTD Collection XIIIe siècle Raoul Manselli, “De la the inquisitors in order to bring the European University,heretic 2005)(hereafter: Bueno, back in the Church: See Bueno, also Irene of “Two Inquisitors Declining the MA Catharism,”Thesis (Budapest:Central 89 (hereafter: Given, Society: Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc were preferred to condemnations, to were preferred was and practices, in As useful social dissenters. contexts trackingthe down conversions eradication, down to heretics of number the the diminish and beliefs heretical correct wasto concern palpable results: and about information conversions heretics.inquisitors’ The main in tobe toobtain conducted order asitsupposed on was focus inquisition Here Iwill the stereotype could frame.” this which reality of observation the and of heretic the stereotype literary-theological the between “relationship complicated the of an example be Itcan as taken also Europe. speaking Waldensianism endat the of fourteenththe in century Central and Northern accounts of trialsthe Zwicker conductedin from 1394.Stettin 1392 to writtenletters by Waldensians andin ex-Waldensians 1360s the and 1370s,andthe 88 87 86 I will below. discuss confession and an abjuration heresy.of This wasachieved following specific steps, which As seen above in note 73 on page 24, the information provided by the converted R.I. Moore, R.I. Ibid., 240. Biller, “Cum dormirent homines,” 246. 2.2. TheAction: inquisitorial procedures Thus, the treatise appears as a well documented, up-to-date account of accountof German- up-to-date documented, as awell appears Thus, the treatise , Cahiers de Fanjeaux 6 (Toulouse : Privat, 1971), 175-197; and Peters, 88 The Origins and, having this inmind, any heretics,information about their beliefs, Inquisition and Medieval Society persuasio , 20. See also Peters, 20. Seealso , 87 à la à coercitio 89 inquisitorial procedures emphasized needfor a inquisitorial the procedures ,” in ,” Two Inquisitors ). Inquisition 27 Le Credo, lamorale etl’inquisition en Languedoc au ; (Ithaca: CornellUniversity Press, 1997) James B. Given, B. James persuasio ), 44-45. Two methods were employed by and coercitio Inquisition andMedieval Inquisition 86 magistri . On this subject see was priceless. , 40-73. CEU eTD Collection above. 94 investigation of the person accused of accused of person heresy and of witnesses. the investigation the of 93 92 abjuration, ifabjuration,do so; subjectwaswillingthe to and the imposing of penance. subject, (b) about their interrogation, sections:three backgroundof the the dividedintoquestions (a)about with relationship withand and were witnesses theof interrogated, sequence individual inquiry:an the oath; the the sect, (c) about the of involved. statements people the beliefs of the sect;inquisition; (2) complete records of trials,the included which all andall questions the the the (1) shortprotocols bynotaries, trials,of findingsthe written which summarized the of an inquisitions in be categories: Ages, the Middle the of material grouped can two preserved from personalheresies, either of specific characteristics the hadabout he knowledge andthe concerns experience,main inquisitor’s the identify can one these Through given. were answers what and or from records, on otherthe hand,format, showwhat duetotheirquestions theinquisitor used, the treatises he read. secular and canonical forms of forms andcanonical secular 1323-1324). Gui’s was Bernard indirectly, formularies of oaths and sentences, and so on. circulated that dealt with the technical details of the inquisition: questions to be asked, 91 vii. 2001), Variorum, 90 Gui, R.I. Moore, Ibid., 63. Kieckhefer, Henry Ansgar Kelly, Ansgar Henry Manuell’Inquisiteur de In the fourteenth century the treatise almost every used,directly inquisitor or century every treatise almost In thefourteenth The inquisition ( inquisition The The Origins Repression ofHeresy Repression 94 In the preface to the final part Gui final Inthepreface the and some gives general remarks to advice part Inquisitions andOther Trial Procedures intheMedieval West , 18. inquisitio , ed. Mollat, 2 vol.; Wakefield and Evans, , 62-63. Practica heretice inquisitionis pravitatis ) was a type of from ) wasatype of prosecution criminal different the 91 These protocols give a picture of how the suspects accusatio 28 and denunciatio 93 In addition, some Inaddition, works Heresies . It implied. It thorough , 373-445.See page 22 90 (Aldershot: Ashgate From From many the (completed in (completed 92 The CEU eTD Collection questionnaires as “a little stereotyped,” in Gonnet and Molnar, and Gonnet in stereotyped,” “alittle as questionnaires 98 97 96 others, thus others, to avoidwere not that incriminating. answers from or experience from their own learn this pattern to an opportunity heretics give the be used in the case of every heresy, in the order mentioned above. mentioned order the in heresy, every of case the in used be to of questions hegivesaset though of even again, over overand questions same pattern background of backgroundinvestigation. of subjectunder the social the or status, the health, the as such conditions, different on depending utilized,” be to ought method suitable and many, or beone aparticular there whether each, investigation, and examination beto employed for all heretics of the various sects, but for inquisitors. the were unsuccessful the times game ofmanipulation questionsthrough and was answers played onboth sides, andmany the is that asense there of trials, accounts the Reading answers. elaborated skillfully by or errors managedescape giving by conviction denying either ones interrogated the to Here the author stresses a problem inquisitors had, especially with the Waldensians, when inquisitors should be aware of: proceeding heaspectabout proper Atone the point underlines animportant that a trial. of 95 See page 28 above. Jean Gonnet and Amedeo Molnar describe the influence of the manuals and of and manuals ofthe influence the describe Molnar Amedeo and Gonnet Jean above. 28 page See Gui, Given, Gui, Manuel de l’Inquisiteur Manuel de l’Inquisiteur Another issue he tackles is that there is no one “method ofquestioning, is “method no one issuehe isthat there tackles Another replies. their of ambiguity slipping of cleverly cunningout theirhands by sly the andtortuous by are further encouraged they how observing eludelearnedmen, thus heretics] [those is that this of result The subtleties. contrived and carefully escape byverbal to trickery prove their becausetheymanage cannot guilt, in theScriptures men versed even them, than confess rather openly errors disguise their to andseekcovertly endeavor heretics modern Because Inquisition and Medieval Society , ed. Mollat, 8;Wakefield and Evans, , ed. Mollat, 4-6; Wakefield and Evans, and Wakefield 4-6; Mollat, , ed. 95 , 163.He suggests that this was the andrule, not the exception. 96 29 97 Guiadvisesinquisitors use the not to the Les Vaudois Heresies Heresies , 125. , 378. 98 , 377. This was so as notto CEU eTD Collection 101 239. des Mittelalters Erforschung für Archiv 100 literature.” polemical the “misconceptions derived from with by inquisitors out been carried have might interrogations that possibility the was there all, of First conclusions. certain Two Inquisitors Hereticalia. Temi e discussioni Middle Ages or not. see, among other things,if such adaptation was what Peter Zwicker employed in his trials to inorder a series at of look trials acloser will I take chapter nextIn the interrogated. each individual to adaptation variation and of necessity the stressed Bernard Gui various articles of belief on imbedded with precisely formulated doctrines. people with differentwhoalso, argued that confessionsthe in a trialmighthave beenbased on questions beliefs for Grundmann aconcern was heresy. This adifferent indicated mighthave that answers in actuality. them and nuances in he pattern applied wasasking,the of to neglecting questions the be used in a trial from treatises such as the 99 Wakefield and Evans, and Wakefield Biller, “Cumdormirent Biller, homines,” 255;see Robert Lerner, Herbert Grundmann, “Ketzerverhöre des Spätmittelalters als quellenkritisches Problem,” Secondly, the question lists question Secondly, in have provided the “stamp” could been treatises used to heresies Comparing of of and theto descriptions andtheset questions procedures (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972),4-5. 99 In this case, the inquisitor might have taken standard beliefs of one heresy one of beliefs standard taken have might inquisitor the case, this In , 34. Heresies (Spoleto: Centro italiano di studisul’ Alto Medioevo,205; Bueno, 1995), , 62; see also Gabriele Zanella, “Tra eresia e metodologia,” in Idem, in e metodologia,” eresia “Tra Zanella, Gabriele also see 62; , 21 (1965): 519-575, cited in Biller, “Cum dormirent homines,” 30 100 Inquisitor’s Manual The ‘Heresy’ of the ‘Free Spirit’ in the LaterThe ‘Heresy’of‘FreeSpirit’ the in , historians arrived at arrived , historians 101 That is That why Deutsche CEU eTD Collection 103 Later Middle Ages Molnár, and 102 in Austria, where he resided until his death. After the turn of the century, he also engaged in Austria. achievements later his unlike stake, of results Waldensianism,noneat the burnt the whom was of for he reveal, 443suspects tried remaining asthe 1394. There, documents inquisition in search of Waldensians from Brandenburg and Pomerania between 1392 and alarge-scale Stettin he conducted he where after went to which of Prague), Amberg (or Germany. convent in Oybin nearZittau Upper Lusatia of forhis provincial and of Order to his and suspects similarities in Waldensians’behavior.the chapters, Iwill try to reveal the extent towhich an inquisitor applied the patterns of errors alreadyPuttinginformation in in available the presented contexts previous the century. fifteenth the of beginning and fourteenth the of end the at Hungary and Austria in Zwicker conducted thetrialsand some Peter Iwillof In this chapter analyze present Kieckhefer, “Waldenserthum” Haupt, II: 345; Biller, “Cumdormirent homines,” 254-55.For activity his see Gonnet INQUISITION UNDER PETER ZWICKER INTHEDUCHY OF ZWICKER PETER INQUISITION UNDER Peter Zwicker, a Celestine monk from Wormditten in Prussia, was the prior of the 102 Les Vaudois He started hisin He activity inquisitorial Martin of started at Erfurt 1391, alongside Repression ofHeresy Repression , 460-64, 478-80; Kurze, “Zur Ketzergeschichte.” , 150, 152-54;Kieckhefer, 103 In heIII Albertact asinquisitor1395 wascalledby to Duke AUSTRIA ANDSOPRON AUSTRIA , 64; see also Leff, see also , 64; CHAPTER 3. CHAPTER Repression of Heresy 31 Heresy in the Later Middle Ages , 55-56, 64-65; Leff, , 480. Heresy inthe CEU eTD Collection View,”271, 286; Bernard, “Heresy:”60. 106 105 161-188. Oktober 2003 in Bekämpfung,” und Reiser und die ‘waldensisch-hussitische Internationale:’Verbreitung Akten derTagung Ötisheim-Schönenberg, 2. bis 4. Organisationsform, Lehren, um 1400: Österreich in Waldenser and Molnár,and dormirent homines his materialsZwicker couldneededfor havefound all treatise necessary the where library, arich with Garsten, of monastery Benedictine the was Steyr Near house. Zwicker’s deputy, Zwicker allowed and his and aides ( inquisitorial as acted who Frederick, priest, parish Benedictine the and Jelkingen, of Heinrich localthe authorities in having theorganizing trials, the athisside castellan of Steyr, Zwickerinstalled his intribunal in Steyr, UpperAustria, with1395. Therehe co-operated success. their for explanations the of be one might movement their initiative own and used episcopal the authority inonly need. on places different to went heresy or of repression for the local calls to who responded commissioned by popeorbishops.the They self-motivatedwere itinerantinquisitors, ones usual the from different was Angermeier), Henry and Amberg of (Martin (1403), and Buda(1404). in inquisitions Hartberg in (1401), Sopron Styria (c.1401-c.1404),possibly Vienna 104 Haupt, “Waldenserthum”II: 370-71;Biller, “Cumdormirent homines,”idem,Inquisitor’s 256; “An Kieckhefer, Haupt, “Waldenserthum” II: 365-80, 401-11; Döllinger, 3.1. Setting the inquisitorial stage His activity, together with those of other two inquisitors in the German lands German in the inquisitors two other of those with together activity, His Les Vaudois , ed.Albert deLange und Kathrin UtzTremp. (Heidelberg: Verlag regionalkultur, 2006), Repression ofHeresy Repression , written towards the end of the year. , 152-53; Leff, 104 , 55-56; Lambert, Heresy in the Later Middle Ages 32 Medieval Heresy Beiträge 106 , 305-10,, 330, 346-51; see also Gonnet , 158. , 478-80; Peter Segl, “Die familia 105 This freedom of ) to live in his live to Friedrich Cum CEU eTD Collection dolentissimum serenissimi principis et domini domni Alberti non tam dilateocculte starequamcontemptibiliter et temerarie dominarimaxime postobitum 110 109 österreichischen Spätmittelalter 1994), 61-62; Günther Hödl, delayed following year. until the 108 107 III. Albert of death the after in spread especially region, to the started in and fires region, the setting violently, acted years. fifty and hundred one for there survived had he wrote, which, IV of Further Austria. his cousins, dukesWilliam of AustriaInner (Carinthia, Styria and and Carniola), Leopold addressed clergythe to and newduke,Albert the IVof Austria and (Austria to proper), emperors, kings, princes,landgraves, margraves, dukes,barons, judges, jurors, and other places; (12) opposition to the concept of monasticism; (13) rejection of the authority of venerate holy images and relics; usefulnessthe (11) denial of holy pilgrimagesof to to a refusal (10) services; religious at music liturgical using of a rejection (9) Eucharist; the of consecration a priest’s validity of the of (8)denial unnecessary; being consecration church, the of gathering for place as serve may house any that claim the (7) Purgatory; by confirmation, hands; (6)denial existence the laying-on the of substituted of of day itbegan toaccumulate possessions under Sylvester; Pope (5)denial of validitythe of primacy of Peter among the apostles; (4) the belief that the Church was damned from the lay confession; (2) denial of the authority of the pope and of the bishops; (3) denial of the of practice (1)the asfollows: be grouped which can heretics, Waldensian the ascribed to Döllinger, Döllinger, Jean Bérenger, Haupt, “Waldenserthum“ II: 373; Bernard, “Heresy:”60. On August 29 of On August 29 of samethe Duke AlbertIII died, year, and the inquisition was At the beginning of the letter he stated Waldensians in 1395,the September that he letter stated the of beginning Atthe Beiträge Beiträge A HistoryA of theHasburg Empire, 1273-1700 , 305-311. See also Biller, “An Inquisitor’s view,”271-272. , 305: 108 He warned them about the danger of the Waldensian heresy, Waldensian the of danger the about them warned He contumaciter incepit cumviolentiis incendiorum et terroribus homicidiorum (Vienna: Böhlau, 1988), 147-156. 110 Habsburg undÖsterreich: 1273-1493: Gestalten undGestaltdes After this introduction he gives a list of eighty-nine tenets eighty-nine of list a gives he introduction this After 107 At the end of 1395 Zwicker wrote an letter open Atendof1395Zwickerwrote the 33 . (From MS Regensburg X, 5). , tr.C.A. Simpson(London: Longman, 109 CEU eTD Collection inquisition ininquisition yearthe 1397. attemptsauthor torefute them biblicalthrough quotations. at the stake. According to Prevenhuber, in Früxenthal, near Steyr, eighty to one hundred one to eighty near Steyr, in Früxenthal, Prevenhuber, to According stake. at the burnt even or life for prison to sentenced and powers secular the of hands the into given were or their on garments, cross penitential wear the to in andcondemned Steyr arrested Klosterneuburg near Vienna, Klosterneuburg from of monastery the manuscriptin a Leser by Johannes and (c)atreatise inpolemical work amanuscriptfrom Windberg,in monastery the of Lower Bavaria; 1740), 73. 116 115 114 Austrian lands: polemicalintense writings indicatedneed the which for in action against them the century, with some variations. Concerning Austrian the Waldensians, are there other from thirteenth the Waldensianism or of from beginnings the enumerates are known he had spent almost years two questioning Waldensians in Stettin. Allitems he would be dealing with. Inany hecase, waswell informedWaldensian about sincetenets, heretics he whatkind of knowingin already orsuspecting inquisitor started the Steyr, Waldensians,the werethe Christians. only true they, claim (16)the that Ambrose; and Gregory Jerome, Augustine, of of teachings the infidels; officials; crusades the opposition and Saracens other against (15)denial to (14) 113 112 111 Haupt, “Waldenserthum” Haupt, II: 374.The textValentin isin Prevenhuber, Ibid., 351-355 (Döllinger does not give the signature of the MS). Döllinger, Ibid., 62; Döllinger, 62. “Heresy:” Bernard, Ibid., 306-11. Grouping made by Bernard, “Heresy:”61. The chronicle of Prevenhuber gives information about some events relating to the What is relevant is that Zwicker’s list was compiled before the inquisition actually Beiträge 112 (a) a polemic that looks similar to Zwicker’s letter; , 304-305 (MS Windberg 163). Beiträge , 344-345 (The author does not give the signature of MS).the 116 115 It is mentioned that more than a thousand persons were persons Itismentioned morea thousand than that in which, after enumerating the Waldensian tenets, the tenets, Waldensian the enumerating after in which, 34 111 Annales Styrenses 113 (b) another (b) (Nürnberg, 114 CEU eTD Collection 121 120 119 (Leipzig, 1721, 1725), 1244. important in terms of the inquisition’s success. Peter Zwicker in Steyr and around the town in these years, and 1397 seems beto the most of inquisition the of activity intense indicates evidence this in reality, smaller been have in Steyr. burnt were persons hundred one than more This is a typical case for a Waldensian trail, with a denial of belonging to the heresy heresy the on to belonging adenialof trail, with for aWaldensian case is atypical This saints. the of intercession in the and sacraments, in the in Purgatory, believe not did she Steyr to be questioned under oath. Eventually,Waldensian. the widow made an open confession Kunegundis from nearAu, Garsten, whoin denied that yearthe 1395she had become a that arepublished.Sopron homines treatise the include also manuscripts the of sixteen compilation; dispersed invarious manuscripts, and form what historians called the materialsmayrelated but inhis be he areusuallyfound These that together used trials. other and inquisition from Zwicker’s of a number cases of sentences extant There are persons were burnt as heretics. wereburnt persons 118 117 3.2. Cases theinquisitionsfrom inSteyr and Sopron: 1401 1395-1398, Haupt, “Waldenserthum” II:374-75,with Latin the text in Annex the 2, 2, no 405-8. Döllinger, Biller, “Cum dormirent homines,” 253-54. Ibid. Haupt,The “Waldenserthum” II: 374. text of the chronicle is in In one of the protocols from Steyr, a sentence from 1398 refers a widowto named . 119 From From these three protocols from Steyr, one from Hartberg, andfrom one Beiträge 121 Then in 1398 she was suspected of falling into heresy and was taken into in offalling heresy andto wastaken Then 1398she wassuspected , 346-51; and Haupt, “Waldenserthum” II: 404-11. 120 117 Another chronicle, that of Veit Arnpeck, mentions that mentions Arnpeck, Veit of that chronicle, Another Scriptores Rerum Austriacarum Rerum Scriptores 35 118 Even though the numbers might numbers the though Even , ed. Hieronymus Pez, vol. 1 Cum dormirent Processus Petri Processus CEU eTD Collection interrogations. the part of the suspect, and an open confession about his or her beliefs, after persistent 125 surgere temandabit per transversum teprosternare,ubi abintrantibus etexeuntibus poteris conculcari,quousque presbyter circuire et per eum virgis fortiter cedi et cum ecclesiam post circuitum reintrare volueris, debes sub ianua graciam septem dominicis diebus immediatein parochia tua in Garsten ante presbyterum debes ecclesiam 124 123 period. same the from are both that it appears texts, the comparing From Martin. to names ofZwicker of of and thetextitselfMartin Prague, and Haupt’s comment (371-2) make no reference mentioned page the at 15 above, Haupt 40.While note gives text under the thatcomprises atitle the both 122 Sunday. one on wear the penitential cross for twenty years and tomake acircumambulation of the church widow, Geisel, also born within the sect and living in it for forty years, was sentenced to standand go. up herto told priest the until entering thechurch andexiting rods by her parish priest, and tolie on the threshold of the church for people tostep when life, and also to circumambulate the church on seven Sundays in a row, to be beaten with restof for the her towearthe penitential by inquisitor cross trial, wassentenced the she suggesting one that should God and pray to only nottosaints. Notrepentingfirst the after trial, her arguedwith fasting priest she parish about and the vigils saints’ of days, last And of time this every atthe time. in and then 1391,relapsing heresy inthe 1360s, and livedin itfor sixty years. heresy, the into born was Els, them, of One clothes. their of back and front the on cross penitential wear the to heretics, being denying after Henry Olomouc, of predecessor, Zwicker’s of time in the once, sentenced been had They Seitenstetten. of monastery the of parish the in Michael St. bei Lueg from Geisel and Garsten, of parish inthe Dambach Ibid., 405, 372. Haupt, “Waldenserthum” II: 371-72, 376; Biller, “AnInquisitor’s View,”290. Ibid., 371-72, 376,with Latinthe text Annexthe in 2, no disputed1, 404-405.Thisisthe account …ideo per totum tempus vite tuepenitebis in cruce et admaiorem tue conversionis consequendam The next sentence next The 125 . Haupt, “Waldenserthum” II: 404; Ibid., 371-72. 122 refers, among others, totwo other widows, Els Fewrfrom 123 Her case requires more attention, because she abjured the 36 124 The other CEU eTD Collection imageit paintedrepresenting devil apeasant with on his the whilehe tongue pulling was stubbornness and hismultiple perjuries, he wear a was sentencedmocking to cap with an in scalandum publice half a year before, but he was now found tobe indeed a heretic, and sentenced topenance becauseGarsten, was he perjury, with haddeniedbeingcharged especially aWaldensian in of parish the from Peug, attheJans endof January. investigated were people who 131 arod with congregation the of front in church the circumambulate to and years eight for cross penitential the wear to sentenced was who and birth his from in heresy years thirty-two lived 130 129 128 127 126 centuries. the over had they continuity the explain may beliefs Waldensian of transmission familial This another. to generation one from family, within strangers,rather but the by not to in ithow gatherings was spreading, preaching heresy.the This animagegives ofhow strong Waldensianism was time, at the there and in born all were they namely, heresy, of accused being except in common, element major years. two only for cross wear the to sentenced who was refers to a boy only ten years old, named Salomon from Schwaming, born into heresy, years and to make a pilgrimage to Rome. to makea pilgrimage to and years Dörfl, thirty years old, being born into the heresy, was sentenced to wear the cross for six This might have been public exposure on a scaffold of some sort. of some a scaffold on exposure public been have might This Döllinger, See page 10 above, and also note 18 fordetails. Ibid. Ibid. Itis not clear from the text what kind of rod itwas, and for what purpose inquisitorthe required this. Another protocol from inquisitorialZwicker’s activity in 1398 In the same protocol, Dietrich Wagner, from Grieglern is also mentioned, who Beiträge , 346-351. See also Haupt, “Waldenserthum” II: 376-377. 131 at the church of St. Aegidius in Steyr. Also, as a sign of his 126 in his right and hand a candle inhisleft. Another sentence 37 128 This group of people seems to have one 129 127 Furthermore, Heinrich from Heinrich Furthermore, 130 refers to three refers to CEU eTD Collection Ibid., 351. 134 133 oath. an taking 132 confidence.is This an flexibility in example of the suggestedinterrogation byinquisitors earn histo suspect’s him in anattempt on an oath sinof supposed taking the take had to intoaspect the givesinsight This inquisitor’s that methods. disposition wasthe Zwicker is oath and there beingof along one the recognition after Waldensian interrogation, executed. and authorities secular the of hands the into given was she that suggests this and repent, not did woman the that itis implied but give not sentence, the does The account there were anything falseher swear, inquisitor the said that if swearing werea sin,itin would fall on his soul,if but what she swore to, it (the its “heresiarchs” would to she had confessed be at the expense of refusedher soul. to take an oath, but admittedwould that show she belongedthe benign to the Waldensian which the andthe both OldTestaments from passages New her with presented different character sect andof thatthe oath,inquisitor The tell make truth. the swear to her to inquisitor of the any attempt rejected even its necessity initially she come. notdid in On January 24, 1398,however, she appearedandstrongly a trial. The woman The house owner denounced her as a suspect of heresy, and when she was cited for trial, lodgerDyemuth, in a of in house the Methel from of Hausleithen parish the Sierning. puppet in hands the of devil.the Döllinger, Döllinger, Item confessaItem es in eodem examine,fuisse haereticam te Waldensem pluries Haeresiarchis cofessam. Amongin issues the appear usual that sentences these concerning accused,the the of named isa woman from that this protocol preserved The second sentence Beiträge Beiträge 132 This was intendedsymbolize to hispersistence inlying, being for thata , 350-351. , 348. See also Bernard, “Heresy,” 62. 38 magistri ). 134 In a desperate attempt to make 133 CEU eTD Collection ipso iuramento foret, in ipsius Inquisitoris animamredundaredeberet, noniurantis denotando nostram, ipse, velis, iurare videlicet quia Inquisitor, literatior siquid essetquamtu, peccatiin et Castellanum praedictum ad partem recepisti etsibi in conclavi dixisti, quodin animam Inquisitoris, volens transsilire, etnonpraevalens nostris argumentis obvolutus anxius etquomodo evaderes nesciens,D. 138 137 1975) (hereafter: DietrichKurze, Veröffentlichungender Historischen Kommission zu Berlin45, Quellenwerke 6 (Berlin, contempt for it, as Peter Zwicker noted in Zwickerforhis sentence. it,asPeter noted contempt thoughhe swear hissoul, apenance,even hadshown and received previously great on should fall on inquisitor’sthe soul, otherwise he would notswear. he, wasmorelearned and than because inquisitor if wereasininswearing, there the aside and toldhim he swear that would not on his own soul, inquisitor’sthe buton castellan the meantime, hepulled the than his own.In soul on inquisitor’s swear on the swear, and at some point, admitting that he wanted to swear, he said that he would rather mission. in his inquisitor the IV helpwhohadcastellan beenand by William dukesAlbert of Steyr, to delegated the of Gundel suspected heresy, intorelapsing however,was by Heinrich the Jelkingen, of had JulytowearawhiteSteyr crossonhisclothes. received21, 1397,he a penance on in Frederick, parish priest the inquisitor, the of deputy the of before appeared eventually he investigation when being of Whenwas long hecited suspected before,heresy. 136 Holzapfelberg bei Weistrach. bei Holzapfelberg studies have shown he that varied his questioning. like Bernard Gui, like Bernard 135 Döllinger, Biller, “Cumdormirent Biller, homines,” 255; Gui, …intelligo te quodvis iurare in animammeam nontuam,tu velutvolpisastuta rete venationis nostrae Manuel de l’Inquisiteur Before the inquisitor, on January 27, 1398, the accused tried every trick not to trick accusedtriedthe every on 27, 1398, BeforeJanuary inquisitor, the Another person investigated on this occasion was Gundel, from from of parish Gundel,the was on investigated this occasion person Another Beiträge Quellen... Brandenburgs und Pommerns 135 , 348-350. and from the extant material from Zwicker’s activity in Stettin, in activity Zwicker’s from material extant the from and , ed. Mollat, 8;Wakefield and Evans, 137 He was initially excommunicated for not appearing atthe for not initially excommunicated Hewas Quellen zur KetzergeschichteBrandenburgs undPommerns 39 ). 136 Heresies , 378. See page 27. 138 . Ibid., 350. Eventually, he did he Eventually, , ed. CEU eTD Collection deceased heretics were to be opened and their bodies burnt at the stake. Also, all Also, all the stake. at the burnt bodies beand their opened to heretics were deceased of graves the that was decided It consideration. into taken was one different, another, to makeimposed penances other by with Together Church. the of group this people, and cross, penitential wearthe to penances weregiven of large number people a sentence January January 9, 1401, archbishopric of Esztergom and especially over the diocese of Gy of diocese the especially over and Esztergom of archbishopric in aninquisition 1401, havingAmbergandconducted authority over the entire Martin of were ready to adapt to any situation in order to get what each of them wanted. inquisitor’s soul. This would imply parties both that inquisitor involved, and accused, the on swearing refused: woman the means the by escape to wanted and before days three Dyemuth of interrogation the about knew if Gundel be would explanation relevant and intriguing a more But situation. the about chat to need the felt still they heresy), of as an (evenas accusation great of andinspite their differences old acquaintances, accusation least at or nottobringmore witnesses him; against maybe just or were they drop favorablehis the him.not wastoconvinceMaybe intention thecastellan to for who one not only wouldbutaccused him, if his eventually fate decide sentencewere the in withwhen do asideandchatted he whatprivate the pulled out Gundelwastrying to One accuser. tofind accused,between Gundel, beinterested would the the andHeinrich, relationship isthe hewas factthat andthe a recidivist, inquisitor in front of the accused György Székely, “A Huszitizmus és a Magyar nép,” és aMagyar “A Huszitizmus Székely, György 139 Haupt, “Waldenserthum” II: 401-3, 366-67. About context the of Waldensiansthe in Sopron, see also The last case to be presented here is the one from Sopron, where Peter Zwicker wherePeter Sopron, from one is the here be presented case to The last the of argumentation crafted well the beyond case, this of aspect interesting The 139 concerns all the Waldensians in the vicinity of Sopron. Through this Through Sopron. of vicinity the in Waldensians the all concerns 40 Századok 3 (1956): 350-58. Ę r. The sentence dated The sentence r. CEU eTD Collection future trials and treatises. and trials future like that of Peter Zwicker, but they were relevant enough to be taken intoconsideration in in treatises the were paralleled of Waldensians these features all common not the Maybe inquisitorsWaldensians had indeepening about resulted this aboutthem. stereotypes the less, theimage more or if and overlapped, facts, they These aresure within family.the values and beliefs Waldensian of transmission the and (3) times; more or one heresy from relapsing,though one repented even during (2) thetrial; innot taking anoath obstinacy were:in (1) his activity. These inquisitorial Zwicker encountered Peter heretics that The data presented in this chapter show some major characteristics of Waldensian of burning by affected dead bodies half a plague before.century houses by or burning corpses,the animageis that surely immediatelyconnected with the heresy. For them,it was like a disease which had to be cleared out even by bringing down destroyed and neverre-built. be meetings place wereto Waldensiansthe houses had inwhichthereligious of taken This is sentence of evidence which seriousness the inquisitorswith treated these 41 CEU eTD Collection 141 heretical way. heretical a in differently, be officiated always would this Eucharist, of sacrament same the had if they and sacraments, its and authority its Church, the to be opposed to considered were beginnings of movement,the with some additions and some smallchanges. Waldensians 140 writings had in common not only the same errors, but also the same organization. same the also but errors, same the only not common in had writings from contemporaneousMany polemical Waldensiansthese or treatises. of or older interrogating in experience personal from them taking heretic, Waldensian a identify help many others. abhorrence of and to oath killing, opposition taking, denial confession, Purgatory, of earn the confidence of the accused, he let himself become vulnerable; vulnerability which vulnerability become vulnerable; helethimself accused, of the earn theconfidence manualsthe obtain to what he Takingwanted. the eventual sin ofswearing onhissoul to more than his experience used He face challenges. the to prepared Steyr already went to spending some time inStettin, agreatdeal getting informationof Waldensians, heabout inquisitor shouldnot stick letter, tothe butshouldhimself adapt situation. the to inquisitorial asguidelines Theywereputthere process. it that andwas even suggested the the for up drawn questionnaires the into transposed were of errors lists these cases, most Biller, “Cum dormirent homines,” 258-261. SeeLeff, The general perception of Waldensianism remained almost the same from the samefrom the Waldensianism almost remained of The generalperception For practical reasons, the inquisitors gave lists of errors that were supposed supposed thatto were practicalFor gavelists oferrors reasons,the inquisitors One case of Oneby is PeterZwicker. such adaptation inquisitor caseof provided After the Heresy intheLater Middle Ages 140 Important issues for Catholic polemicists were also lay preaching, lay preaching, lay also were polemicists Catholic for issues Important CONCLUSIONS , 459. 42 141 In CEU eTD Collection feudal order. of the a cornerstone take oath, to theirbeing refusal example a clear society, outside the them a class of their own, one who rejected the authority of the Church and who put itself Waldensiansthe were defendready theirpositionsWeto byallmeans. may consider presence, inquisitors’ the to related households the fire on setting By resistance. violent salvation. that matter, theyfor them remainedto go through all theconvinced trials, in difficult values how faith had.matter it of some Waldensian was accused No the the all the public that hostility, they This sincere of the isevidence torepent. sherefused timestwo lasttrial, before the when were right and theirs was the path to inquisitorial activity following secure lines discover theto Waldensians. Buthemight whatheidea wouldfind about full of inaplaceconduct heretics and to tried his an had have might inquisitor An now. is it as then blurred as was reality and perception Fewr, is Els example best The Waldensians. Austrian of traits beliefs in or abjuring them, problemthe of although relapsing was one of important the in Austria was weakened. Upper by success, bycapital and either conversions Waldensianor community the punishments, of.advantage take triedothers to 145 Christians. orthodox the to aversion heretics’ by the provoked been have may 144 143 142 Audisio, Kieckhefer, above. 36 Seepage See the cases of Dyemuth andGundel onpages 38-40 above. Another way of Another way opposingof imposed by the conformity was inquisitors the the The conclusion I arrived at from all this information is that the line between line the that is information this all from at Iarrived conclusion The in their stating honest were people leftit that seems Zwicker accounts From the The Waldensian Dissent 145 Repression of Heresy , 57-58. , 68-69.It was suggested thatthispopular hostility towards heretics 142 Nevertheless, his inquisitorial campaign was a was campaign inquisitorial his Nevertheless, 43 144 and the death penalty for penalty death the and 143 who relapsed at least at whorelapsed CEU eTD Collection 148 situation. the to himself adapted who inquisitor skilled a was Zwicker that above during trials (as much as the short protocols offer about them) it reinforced the idea stated that occurred actual events the inquisitorial with procedures standard by the comparing Waldensiansabout and Waldensianism and the reality duringhe encountered trials.Also, 147 Waldensians Reformedaligned tothe Churches. the of majority the when century, sixteenth the until up survival their to contributed have may movement This needs. economic or persecution due to another to from place one in theirnumbers basically unaltered for more than a century if notfor more. Their strength also resided not through transmitted generations andfamilies within close communities remained means and alsoso thepreserved tradition stereotyped. not It were perceptions the werewell and tenets andits known Waldensian means movement the this were unforced, hadmatched inquisitor they with completely almost received,granted testimonies the andbeliefs actual may speak strength aboutthe of Waldensianism. If listthe of errors the inwords defending themselves, in a gameofmanipulation played on either side. not presenting themselvesWaldensians triednot only to escape convictionat by givingthe evasive answers or simplycourt, by butthe some spot, also fromtried caseto use also havetothe attempted case. to adaptinquisitor’s himself to the reality,The or at least to a realityadaptation, he perceived ownon however, was on both sides. The accused 146 Biller, “Cum dormirent homines,” 255; Audisio, Kieckhefer, In my research I have tried to bring together the perception an inquisitor had inquisitor an perception the together bring to tried have I my research In Although not so clear from clearAlthough notfrom so overlapping analyzed, examples the the of perceptions The Waldensian Dissent Repression ofHeresy Repression 146 butin large over moving areasintheir dispersion Central Europe, , 161-188. , 61-62. Quellen... Brandenburgs und Pommerns 44 147 . 148 CEU eTD Collection contexts. model and analyzing them in the light of the knowledge about their social and religious inquisitors and their looking accounts, for questions anddepart answersthat from the more adaptable the on concentrate be to would Oneapproach regions. different periods and/or from different accounts different or thesameregion, and/or period assemble this kind of information from different inquisitorial accounts from the same understanding of relationsthe between perception historiansand actuality, should people, togetherlocal the of education and trades the environment, social Austrian local the to with the ecclesiastical environment. On the other hand, for a better In future research one could analyze Zwicker’s inquisitorial protocols in relation 45 CEU eTD Collection ______. Alexander. Patschovsky, Albert. laMarche, Lecoy de Heresies of the High Middle Ages the HighMiddle of Heresies Gui, Bernard. Gretser, Jacob. 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