Allergy Testing
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Food Allergy Outline
Allergy Evaluation-What it all Means & Role of Allergist Sai R. Nimmagadda, M.D.. Associated Allergists and Asthma Specialists Ltd. Clinical Assistant Professor Of Pediatrics Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois Objectives of Presentation • Discuss the different options for allergy evaluation. – Skin tests – Immunocap Testing • Understand the results of Allergy testing in various allergic diseases. • Briefly Understand what an Allergist Does Common Allergic Diseases Seen in the Primary Care Office • Atopic Dermatitis/Eczema • Food Allergy • Allergic Rhinitis • Allergic Asthma • Allergic GI Diseases Factors that Influence Allergies Development and Expression Host Factors Environmental Factors . Genetic Indoor allergens - Atopy Outdoor allergens - Airway hyper Occupational sensitizers responsiveness Tobacco smoke . Gender Air Pollution . Obesity Respiratory Infections Diet © Global Initiative for Asthma Why Perform Allergy Testing? – Confirm Allergens and answer specific questions. • Am I allergic to my dog? • Do I have a milk allergy? • Have I outgrown my allergy? • Do I need medications? • Am I penicillin allergic? • Do I have a bee sting allergy Tests Performed in the Diagnostic Allergy Laboratory • Allergen-specific IgE (over 200 allergen extracts) – Pollen (weeds, grasses, trees), – Epidermal, dust mites, molds, – Foods, – Venoms, – Drugs, – Occupational allergens (e.g., natural rubber latex) • Total Serum IgE (anti-IgE; ABPA) • Multi-allergen screen for IgE antibody Diagnostic Allergy Testing Serological Confirmation of Sensitization History of RAST Testing • RAST (radioallergosorbent test) invented and marketed in 1974 • The suspected allergen is bound to an insoluble material and the patient's serum is added • If the serum contains antibodies to the allergen, those antibodies will bind to the allergen • Radiolabeled anti-human IgE antibody is added where it binds to those IgE antibodies already bound to the insoluble material • The unbound anti-human IgE antibodies are washed away. -
Allergens Immunoglobulin E (Ige) Antibodies
Allergens − Immunoglobulin E (IgE) Antibodies Single Allergen IgE Antibody This test is principally useful to confirm the allergen specificity in patients with clinically documented allergic disease. Therefore, requests for these tests should be made after a careful and comprehensive medical history is taken. Utilized in this manner, a single allergen immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody test is cost-effective. A positive result may indicate that allergic signs and symptoms are caused by exposure to the specific allergen. Multi-allergen IgE Antibodies Profile Tests A number of related allergens are grouped together for ordering convenience. Each is tested individually and reported. Sample volume requirements are the same as if the tests were ordered individually. Panel Tests A pooled allergen reagent is used for each panel; therefore, the panel is reported with a single qualitative class result and concentration. The multi-allergen IgE antibody panel, combined with measurement of IgE in serum, is an appropriate first-order test for allergic disease. Positive results indicate the possibility of allergic disease induced by one or more allergens present in the multi-allergen panel. Negative results may rule out allergy, except in rare cases of allergic disease induced by exposure to a single allergen. Panel testing requires less specimen volume and less cost for ruling out allergic response; however, individual (single) allergen responses cannot be identified. In cases of a positive panel test, follow-up testing must be performed to differentiate between individual allergens in the panel. Note: Only 1 result is generated for each panel. Panels may be ordered with or without concurrent measurement of total IgE. -
Elements of Immunoglobulin E Network Associate with Aortic Valve Area in Patients with Acquired Aortic Stenosis
biomedicines Communication Elements of Immunoglobulin E Network Associate with Aortic Valve Area in Patients with Acquired Aortic Stenosis Daniel P. Potaczek 1,2,† , Aleksandra Przytulska-Szczerbik 2,†, Stanisława Bazan-Socha 3 , Artur Jurczyszyn 4, Ko Okumura 5, Chiharu Nishiyama 6, Anetta Undas 2,7,‡ and Ewa Wypasek 2,8,*,‡ 1 Translational Inflammation Research Division & Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics, Medical Faculty, Philipps University Marburg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, 35043 Marburg, Germany; [email protected] 2 Krakow Center for Medical Research and Technology, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] (A.P.-S.); [email protected] (A.U.) 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] 4 Department of Hematology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] 5 Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; [email protected] 6 Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; [email protected] 7 Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-202 Krakow, Poland 8 Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-12-614-31-35 † These first authors contributed equally to this work. ‡ These last authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Allergic mechanisms are likely involved in atherosclerosis and its clinical presentations, Citation: Potaczek, D.P.; Przytulska-Szczerbik, A.; Bazan-Socha, such as coronary artery disease (CAD). -
RAST Type Tests CPT: 86003
Medicare Local Coverage Determination Policy Allergy Testing RAST Type Tests CPT: 86003 Medically Supportive CMS Policy for Kentucky and Ohio ICD Codes are listed Local policies are determined by the performing test location. This is determined by the state on subsequent page(s) in which your performing laboratory resides and where your testing is commonly performed. of this document. Coverage Indications, Limitations, and/or Medical Necessity Radioallergosorbent test (RAST), fluoroallergosorbent test (FAST), and multiple antigen simultaneous tests are in vitro techniques for Add full policy information determining whether a patient's serum contains IgE antibodies against specific allergens of clinical importance. As with any allergy testing, the need for such tests is based on the findings during a complete history and physical examination of the patient. The multiple antigen simultaneous testing technique is similar to the RAST/FAST techniques in that it depends upon the existence of Template structure: allergic antibodies in the blood of the patient being tested. With the multiple antigen simultaneous test system, several antigens may be used to test for specific IgE simultaneously. First level is for headers such as limitations, ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is another in vitro method of allergy testing for specific IgE antibodies against allergens. indications and usage guidelines This method is also a variation of RAST. Second level is for main body copy Limitations • Third level is for bullet (if needed) The following tests are considered to be not medically necessary and will be denied. • ELISA/Act qualitative antibody testing. This testing is used to determine in vitro reaction to various foods and relies on lymphocyte blastogenesis in response to certain food antigens. -
Allergy Markers in Respiratory Epidemiology
Copyright #ERS Journals Ltd 2001 Eur Respir J 2001; 17: 773±790 European Respiratory Journal Printed in UK ± all rights reserved ISSN 0903-1936 SERIES "CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY MONOGRAPHS" Edited by M. Decramer and A. Rossi Number 1 in thisSeries Allergy markers in respiratory epidemiology S. Baldacci*, E. Omenaas#, M.P. Oryszczyn} Allergy markers in respiratory epidemiology. S. Baldacci. #ERS Journals Ltd 2001. *Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, ABSTRACT: Assessing allergy by measurement of serum immunoglobulin Ig) E Italy. #Dept of Thoracic Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norw- antibodies is fast and safe to perform. Serum antibodies can preferably be assessed in } patients with dermatitis and in those who regularly use antihistamines and other ay. INSERM U472, Villejuif, France. pharmacological agents that reduce skin sensitivity. Correspondence: S. Baldacci, Istituto di Skin tests represent the easiest tool to obtain quick and reliable information for the Fisiologia Clinica, CNR, Via Trieste diagnosis of respiratory allergic diseases. It is the technique more widely used, speci®c 41, 56126 Pisa, Italy. and reasonably sensitive for most applications as a marker of atopy. Fax: 39 50503596 Measurement of serum IgE antibodies and skin-prick testing may give complimentary information and can be applied in clinical and epidemiological settings. Keywords: Atopy, eosinophilia, epide- Peripheral blood eosinophilia is less used, but is important in clinical practice to miology, general population, immuno- demonstrate the allergic aetiology of disease, to monitor its clinical course and to globulin E, skin test reactivity address the choice of therapy. In epidemiology, hypereosinophilia seems to re¯ect an Received: December 11 2000 in¯ammatory reaction in the airways, which may be linked to obstructive air¯ow Accepted after revision December 15 limitation. -
An Association of Absolute Eosinophil Count, Serum Immunoglobulin E
ORIGINAL ARTICLE An Association of Absolute Eosinophil Count, Serum Immunoglobulin E, and Spirometry with Comorbid Bronchial Asthma in the Patients of Allergic Rhinitis Davis T Pulimoottil1, Neelima Vijayan2, Nirmal C Venkataramanujam3, Padmanabhan Karthikeyan4, Ramiya R Kaipuzha5 ABSTRACT Aim: This study aimed to analyze the association of absolute eosinophil count, serum IgE, and spirometry with comorbid bronchial asthma in patients of allergic rhinitis. Materials and methods: This study involved 50 patients with signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis who underwent clinical examination and various tests including spirometry and were followed up regularly. Patients found to have bronchial asthma or nasal polyposis were treated accordingly. Results: The study found the prevalence of bronchial asthma in patients with allergic rhinitis to be 58% and that the severity of bronchial asthma reduced significantly with less acute attacks and reduced hospitalizations with the effective treatment of allergic rhinitis (p = 0.064). Conclusion: This study showed that elevated AEC and serum IgE were significantly associated with coexisting allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma and increased the chance of coexistence of the same. Spirometry is a useful tool for observing the response to treatment. Clinical significance: The findings of this study reinforce the unified airway concept and should therefore propel ENT clinicians to diagnose and tackle early bronchial asthma in patients of allergic rhinitis, thus reducing the overall morbidity. Keywords: -
Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST)—Reliable Tool Or Poor Substitute?
Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) VII Ö1 1 reliable tool or poor substitute? Edward W. Hein, M.D. An in vitro method, the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) has been developed for the detection of allergen-specific antibodies of the IgE class. Review of the literature shows that in comparison to skin testing, the RAST has a high degree of correlation (60% to 90% depending on the antigen); however, this method is not as sensitive as other tests (50% false-negative). The RAST is affected by blocking antibodies (IgG), resulting in false-negative values and high levels of IgE that bind on the allergen discs, giving false- positive findings. Because of these problems, RAST is somewhat limited for use in the clinical setting. Index terms: Allergy and immunology • Radioallergosor- bent test (RAST) Cleve Clin Q 50:361-366, Fall 1983 Skin testing has been the traditional method for diagnosis of IgE-mediated allergic disorders. This bioassay is highly sensitive, cost-effective, and safe when used by experienced personnel. In 1967, Wide et al,1 in Sweden, reported a new technique capable of detecting the minute quantities of allergen-specific IgE antibodies that circulate in the serum of allergic patients. This laboratory procedure, called RAST (radioallergosorbent test), utilized a solid- phase radioimmunoassay method. During the last decade this in vitro test has been refined and is now a commercially 1 Departments of Pediatric and Adolescent Medi- available laboratory test for clinical laboratories and, in kit cine, and Allergy and Immunology, The Cleveland form, for physicians' offices. Proponents of this new Clinic Foundation. (E.W.H., Head, Section Pediatric method claim that its results are more objective, safer for Allergy and Clinical Immunology.) Submitted for pub- lication May 1983; accepted June 1983. -
Hypersensitivity Reactions (Types I, II, III, IV)
Hypersensitivity Reactions (Types I, II, III, IV) April 15, 2009 Inflammatory response - local, eliminates antigen without extensively damaging the host’s tissue. Hypersensitivity - immune & inflammatory responses that are harmful to the host (von Pirquet, 1906) - Type I Produce effector molecules Capable of ingesting foreign Particles Association with parasite infection Modified from Abbas, Lichtman & Pillai, Table 19-1 Type I hypersensitivity response IgE VH V L Cε1 CL Binds to mast cell Normal serum level = 0.0003 mg/ml Binds Fc region of IgE Link Intracellular signal trans. Initiation of degranulation Larche et al. Nat. Rev. Immunol 6:761-771, 2006 Abbas, Lichtman & Pillai,19-8 Factors in the development of allergic diseases • Geographical distribution • Environmental factors - climate, air pollution, socioeconomic status • Genetic risk factors • “Hygiene hypothesis” – Older siblings, day care – Exposure to certain foods, farm animals – Exposure to antibiotics during infancy • Cytokine milieu Adapted from Bach, JF. N Engl J Med 347:911, 2002. Upham & Holt. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 5:167, 2005 Also: Papadopoulos and Kalobatsou. Curr Op Allergy Clin Immunol 7:91-95, 2007 IgE-mediated diseases in humans • Systemic (anaphylactic shock) •Asthma – Classification by immunopathological phenotype can be used to determine management strategies • Hay fever (allergic rhinitis) • Allergic conjunctivitis • Skin reactions • Food allergies Diseases in Humans (I) • Systemic anaphylaxis - potentially fatal - due to food ingestion (eggs, shellfish, -
Serum Immunoglobulin E and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial
Published OnlineFirst April 9, 2014; DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-1359 Cancer Epidemiology, Short Communication Biomarkers & Prevention Serum Immunoglobulin E and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial Sara H. Olson1, Meier Hsu1, Joseph L. Wiemels5, Paige M. Bracci5, Mi Zhou5, Joseph Patoka5, William R. Reisacher4, Julie Wang3, Robert C. Kurtz2, Debra T. Silverman6, and Rachael Z. Stolzenberg-Solomon7 Abstract Epidemiologic studies have consistently found that self-reported allergies are associated with reduced risk of pancreatic cancer. Our aim was to prospectively assess the relationship between serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), a marker of allergy, and risk. This nested case–control study within the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) included subjects enrolled in 1994 to 2001 and followed through 2010. There were 283 cases of pancreatic cancer and 544 controls matched on age, gender, race, and calendar date of blood draw. Using the ImmunoCAP system, we measured total IgE (normal, borderline, elevated), IgE to respiratory allergens, and IgE to food allergens (negative or positive) in serum collected at baseline. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression. We assessed interactions with age, gender, smoking, body mass index, and time between randomization and case diagnosis. Overall, there was no association between the IgE measures and risk. We found a statistically significant interaction by baseline age: in those aged 65 years, elevated risks were observed for borderline total IgE (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 0.88–2.32) and elevated total IgE (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.16–3.37) and positive IgE to food allergens (OR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.29–6.20); among participants <65 years, ORs were <1. -
Immunoglobulin E Levels and Risk of Lymphoma in a Case-Control Study in Spain
1492 Immunoglobulin E Levels and Risk of Lymphoma in a Case-Control Study in Spain Lis Ellison-Loschmann,1,4 Yolanda Benavente,1 Jeroen Douwes,4 Enric Buendia,2 Rebecca Font,1 Toma´sA´ lvaro,5 Manolis Kogevinas,3,6 and Silvia de Sanjose´1 1Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Unit, Institut Catala`d’Oncologia; 2 Immunology-Allergy Department, Hospital de Bellvitge; 3Respiratory and Environmental Health Research Unit, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain; 4 Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand; 5 Department of Pathology, Hospital Verge de la Cinta, Tortosa, Spain; and 6 University of Crete, Crete, Greece Abstract Epidemiologic studies have shown an inverse association the high [odds ratio (OR), 0.39; 95% confidence interval (95% between atopy and malignant lymphoma, but results are CI), 0.28-0.54] and middle (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.40-0.74) tertiles inconsistent. We investigated levels of IgE, before and after for total serum IgE compared with the low tertile. Specific commencement of treatment, and evaluated lymphoma risk IgE to common aeroallergens (defined as z0.35 kU/L) was in relation to total and specific IgE levels. Serum levels of also inversely associated with risk of lymphoma (OR, 0.67; IgM, IgA, and IgG were also measured. We enrolled 467 95% CI, 0.45-1.00). Lymphoma was associated with IgA and newly diagnosed lymphoma cases and 544 hospital controls, IgM but not IgG. Mean levels of all immunoglobulins were matched for age, sex, and hospital. Lymphomas were decreased with more advanced malignancy, and total serum histologically confirmed and categorized according to the IgE levels were lower before treatment. -
I M M U N O L O G Y Core Notes
II MM MM UU NN OO LL OO GG YY CCOORREE NNOOTTEESS MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY 544 FALL 2011 Dr. George A. Gutman SCHOOL OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE (Copyright) 2011 Regents of the University of California TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2 ANTIGEN/ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS ..............................................9 CHAPTER 3 ANTIBODY STRUCTURE I..................................................................17 CHAPTER 4 ANTIBODY STRUCTURE II.................................................................23 CHAPTER 5 COMPLEMENT...................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 6 ANTIBODY GENETICS, ISOTYPES, ALLOTYPES, IDIOTYPES.....45 CHAPTER 7 CELLULAR BASIS OF ANTIBODY DIVERSITY: CLONAL SELECTION..................................................................53 CHAPTER 8 GENETIC BASIS OF ANTIBODY DIVERSITY...................................61 CHAPTER 9 IMMUNOGLOBULIN BIOSYNTHESIS ...............................................69 CHAPTER 10 BLOOD GROUPS: ABO AND Rh .........................................................77 CHAPTER 11 CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY AND MHC ........................................83 CHAPTER 12 CELL INTERACTIONS IN CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY ..............91 CHAPTER 13 T-CELL/B-CELL COOPERATION IN HUMORAL IMMUNITY......105 CHAPTER 14 CELL SURFACE MARKERS OF T-CELLS, B-CELLS AND MACROPHAGES...............................................................111 -
Incidence of Allergen Specific Ige in Atopic Dermatitis Patients by Immunoblot Assay
1 Bahrain Medical Bulletin, Vol. 30, No. 3, September 2008 Incidence of Allergen Specific IgE in Atopic Dermatitis Patients by Immunoblot Assay Abbas H Alsaeed M.Med, Sci, PhD, CLC* Objective: To determine the incidence of allergens specific IgE by immunoblot assay in atopic dermatitis patients. Design: Prospective study. Setting: South Riyadh, Dermatology clinic Alfalah International Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Method: Sixty-five adult patients and twenty volunteer controls sera were collected from atopic dermatitis patients. IgE antibodies specific to allergens of food, pollens, animal epithelia, house dust mites, and moulds were determined using an immunoblot assay. Result: The sensitization rate of all allergens was found to be 65% (42/65; 26 males, 39 females). The subjects were most commonly allergic to pollen (35.2%), food (31.5%) and animal epithelial dander (21.0%). House dust mite (11.4%) and mould (0.9%) were less frequent than the others were. Conclusion: The result indicates that pollen allergens, food allergens, animal epithelia and dander should be taken into account as possible exacerbating factors in adult patients with AD within the specific geographical area studied. Bahrain Med Bull 2008; 30(3): Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a rather common disorder as its name implies, it is often associated with the presence of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity and with other IgE–mediated disease states. Often diagnosed in infancy it can have its onset at any age in life. There is no definitive laboratory test which is able to define atopic dermatitis. Double-blind placebo controlled food challenges have documented that certain foods can exacerbate dermatitis in patients in whom there is immediate skin test reactivity to food extracts1.