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The French Archaeological Mission in the Indus Basin (MAFBI)

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The French Archaeological Mission in the Indus Basin (MAFBI) The French Archaeological Mission in the Indus Basin (MAFBI) 60 Years of Archaeological Cooperation between France and Pakistan (1958‐2018) 1 About the MAFBI Mission Partner scientific institutions Laboratory « Archéologies et Sciences de l’Antiquité » (ArScAn), UMR7041‐CNRS, team « Central Asia », France Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Pakistan Culture, Tourism and Antiquities Department, Government of Sindh Laboratory “Archéozoologie et Archéobotanique”, UMR7209‐CNRS/Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, France Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations (TIAC), Quaid‐e Azam University Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur University of Sindh‐Jamshoro Département of Geography, Paris‐Sorbonne University, Abu Dhabi The Mission has been awarded the quality label « Archaeology 2016‐2017 » by the French ‘Académie des Inscriptions et Belles‐Lettres (Institut de France, Paris). Institutional and financial support French Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs (MEAE), 2013‐2018 Embassy of France in Pakistan, Scientific and Cultural Cooperation Section, 2013‐2018 Consulate General of France in Karachi, 2013‐2018 Alliance Française de Karachi, 2012‐2018 Endowment Fund Trust for the Preservation of the Heritage of Sindh, 2016‐2017 National Geographic Society, Committee for Research and Exploration, 2017 Partenariat Hubert Curien (PHC) – Programme Peridot (2017/2018‐2019/2020) The Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications, 2014‐2016 The team and other contributors (2015‐2018) Director: Dr. Aurore DIDIER, archaeologist, CNRS researcher, head of « Indus‐Balochistan progamme » at ArScAn Deputy Director: David SARMIENTO‐CASTILLO, archaeologist, PhD student, University of Paris 1 / CNRS, ArScAn Syed Shakir Ali SHAH, archaeologist, Culture, Tourism and Antiquities Department, Government of Sindh Prof. Dr. Eric FOUACHE, geo‐archaeologist, Department of Geography, Paris‐Sorbonne University, Abu Dhabi Jean HUMBERT, Independent draftsman Alexandre HOUDAS, archaeologist, PhD student, University of Paris 1 / CNRS, ArScAn Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf KHAN, archaeologist, TIAC, Quaid‐e Azam University, Islamabad Dr. Marjan MASHKOUR, zooarchaeologist, research director, CNRS, « Archéozoologie et Archéobotanique » Dr. Pascal MONGNE, archaeologist, research associate, CNRS, ArScAn Dr. Gonzague QUIVRON, archaeologist, research associate, CNRS, ArScAn Prof. Dr. Margareta TENGBERG, archaeobotanist, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle Saleem VAHIDY, coordinator Logistics and Security, Karachi 20 Pakistani students in archaeology and young professionals in cultural heritage 2 Before 2013: Brief history and main fieldwork The French Archaeological Mission in the Indus Basin was born in 2013 with the combination of two pioneering research programs carried out in cooperation with the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Pakistan: 1‐ The ‘Mission Archéologique de l’Indus’ (Archaeological Mission to Indus, M.A.I.), founded by Dr. Jean‐Marie Casal† (CNRS / Musée Guimet) then directed by Dr. Jean‐François Jarrige† (CNRS). For about 40 years of continuous fieldwork in Sindh (years 1958‐1962) and Balochistan (years 1962‐2000), the MAI mission focused its researches on the origin, development and regional interactions of the Indus Valley Civilization (2500‐1900 BCE) considered as the first urban phenomenon in South Asia. This complex ‘Bronze Age’ civilization which covered an immense territory was distinguished by a town planning system, highly developed hydraulic/drainage structures, a homogeneous material culture, innovative craft technologies, and an undeciphered script. The MAI excavations at Mehrgarh, Nausharo and Pirak in Balochistan put in evidence the longest continuous sequence of occupation in South Asia (8th‐1st millennia BCE) and contributed to establish strong relationships between the Indus civilization and its predecessors (Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures), particularly in the pyrotechnological craft productions. 2‐ The French Archaeological Mission in Makran (MAFM) founded and directed by Dr. Roland Besenval† (CNRS). In Makran (southwestern Balochistan) ‐ a region that has long been remained on the fringes of most archaeological research ‐ the multidisciplinary studies by the MAFM mission (in 1987‐2007) highlighted dynamic ancient cultures traced back to the 5th millennium BC. The rich material culture dating to Chalcolithic and Bronze Age periods (4th‐ 3rd millennia BCE) evidenced interactions with south‐eastern Iran, the Indus Valley, Central Asia and the Oman Peninsula. The mission also collected key data on the expansion and trade of the Indus Civilization. Map of the sites excavated or studied by the French missions M.A.I., MAFM and MAFBI in 1958‐2018 (in red) and location of the 2015‐ 2018 working area. In Sindh © MAFBI 3 Key researches of the M.A.I. and MAFM missions: 1958‐1962: Excavations at AMRI (Dadu District, Sindh). Occupation: Chalcolithic, pre‐Indus, Indus. 3500‐2500 BCE. A reference site for the periodization of the Lower Indus Valley. 1962‐1965: Excavations at NINDOWARI (Kalat District, Balochistan). Occupation: Pre‐Indus, Kulli culture. 3rd millennium BCE. The only large‐scale excavation ever carried out at a site ascribed to the Kulli Culture (2600‐1900 BCE). 1968‐1974: Excavations at PIRAK (Kachi‐Bolan, Balochistan). Occupation: Post‐Indus, Iron Age. 1700‐500 BCE. A new rural economy and settlement pattern. 1975‐1985, 1997‐2000: Excavations at MEHRGARH (Kachi‐Bolan, Balochistan). Occupation: Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age. 8000‐2500 BCE, 2100‐1900 BCE. A crucial contribution for the Protohistory of South Asia. 1985‐1996: Excavations at NAUSHARO (Kachi‐Bolan, Balochistan). Occupation: Pre‐Indus, Indus. 3100‐1900 BCE. Better understanding the origin and development of the Indus Civilization. 1987‐2007: Extensive surveys/environmental studies in MAKRAN Balochistan). Occupation: Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Historic periods. 5th mil. BCE – 19th c. AD Establishing the archaeological map of Kech‐Makran. 1990‐1996: Excavations at MIRI QALAT (Makran, Balochistan). Occupation: Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, Indus, Historic periods. 5th mil. BCE – 19th c. AD Establishing the chrono‐cultural sequence of SW Balochistan. 1997‐2006: Excavations at SHAHI‐TUMP (Makran, Balochistan). Occupation: Chalcolithic, Early Bronze Age. 5th‐3rd millennium BCE. A key site for studying the Chalcolithic cultures of SW Balochistan. Pirak Mehrgarh Nausharo 4 Miri Qalat Shahi‐Tump Shahi‐Tump The MAFBI fieldwork in Sindh (2015‐2018) In 2013, the two missions were combined to create a single research program ‐ the French Archaeological Mission in the Indus Basin (MAFBI) ‐ under the direction of Dr. Aurore Didier (CNRS‐UMR7041/ArScAn). In 2015 a new field‐work started in Sindh in cooperation with Culture, Tourism and Antiquities Department, Government of Sindh, and Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Pakistan. This new research aims at bringing further data on the inter‐regional interactions between Sindh and Balochistan during the Chalcolithic and Indus Civilization periods, and to provide new insight on developments and changes in architecture and material culture during the first period or beginning of the Indus Civilization (2500‐2300 BCE). The MAFBI current program includes two field‐operations: excavations at Chanhu‐daro (Shaheed Benazirabad District) and a full‐coverage archaeological survey combined with test‐soundings in Kirthar foothills (Jamshoro District). Excavations at Chanhu‐daro The Indus Civilization site of Chanhu‐daro is located 20 km from the current west bank of the Indus River, between the modern cities of Sakrand and Nawabshah. It was discovered by N.C. Majumdar (Archaeological Survey of India) in 1931 and excavated during one field‐season in 1935‐1936 by the first American Expedition to India under the supervision of Ernest Mackay. Several architectural levels in fired bricks ‐ dated a posteriori by G. Quivron to the 2nd and 3rd Indus periods (2300‐1900 BCE) ‐ were evidenced and the site was also known in the archaeological literature as one of the most important craft production centers of the Indus Civilization, particularly for bead manufacturing. But little is known about the 1st period or beginning of the Indus Civilization (2500‐2300 BCE). Since the 1930s, the excavated architectural remains at Chanhu‐daro have totally disappeared due to erosion and brick recycling. However, the preservation of the occupation layers underneath made that the site offers today a great potential for documenting the first architectural and material developments during the Indus period on a very large surface. In 2015‐2018, the MAFBI team excavated a surface of about 2000 square meters which provided the remains of a vast architectural complex built in mudbricks and divided into several quarters or units most often by narrow lanes that belonged to the same building phase (dated to 2500‐2300 BCE by radiocarbon analysis). The complex includes: 1‐ Several habitat quarters and individual houses equipped with storage, firing and sanitary installations; 2‐ A building of 15 meters long equipped with massive walls, 12 planned quadrangular cells and rooms and in which numerous craft indicators associated with bead working have been found; 3‐ “Craftsmen houses” (lapidary workshops and dwellings) composed of rooms, cells and courts; 4‐ A quarter entirely dedicated to pyrotechnological activities which included thermally insulating compartments, moving compartments designed for a temporary
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