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The Oxisol-Ultisol Area of the Amazon River System

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The Oxisol-Ultisol Area of the Amazon River System AGRO-ECOLOGICAL CONDITION OF THE OXISOL-ULTISOL AREA OF THE AMAZON RIVER SYSTEM Report of a Survey from Cerrado to Forest Areas in Brazil Akira TANAKA Toshio SAKUMA Nagao OKAGAWA Hiroki IMAI Toshiyuki SATO Junichi YAMAGUCHI Konosuke FUJITA March, 1989 Faculty pf Agriculture, Hokkaido University Sapporo, 060, Japan j \ Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU World Data Centre for Soils, the purpose is to make a safe depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued information available for consultation, following Fair Use Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the originators. For questions please contact [email protected] indicating the item reference number concerned. AGRO-ECOLOGICAL CONDITION OF THE OXISOL-ULTISOL AREA OF THE AMAZON RIVER SYSTEM Report of a Survey from Cerrado to Forest Areas in Brazil Akira TANAKA Toshio SAKUMA Nagao OKAGAWA Hiroki IMAI Toshiyuki SATO Junichi YAMAGUCHI Konosuke FUJITA March, 1989 Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University Sapporo, 060, Japan WbXG Report of the Survey Project with the Grant-in-Aid for Overseas Scientific Research of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan No. 62041003 (1987) and No. 63043005 (1988) Plate 1. Landscape of Cerrado area in the Brazilian Highland. la. Chapada in the southern Mato Grosso Highland, lb. A newly reclaimed pasture on an undulating upland, lc. Land utilization on undulating upland (Grain crops on upper convex seepage slope, improved pasture on concave seepage slope, and native pasture on alluvial toe slope and valley bottom). Id. Improved pasture on an undulating upland. Plate 2. Landscape of the Pantanal Region and the Upper Amazon Basin. 2a. Poorly-drained savanna in the Pantanal lowland. 2b. Irrigated rice field in the poorly-drained savanna area. 2c. Tropical semi-evergreen seasonal forest in the Upper Amazon Basin. 2d. Shifting cultivation in the forest area. Plate 3. Soil profiles in the Serra Azul System. 3a. Pedon B23 (Lvd, Tertiary-Quaternary lateritic sandy clay; cf. Table 16 and Fig. 36). 3b. Pedon B22 (La, Tertiary-Quaternary lateritic sandy clay and quartz sand; cf. Table 16 and Fig. 36). 3c. Pedon B24 (Ade, mixed alluvium; cf. Table 16 and Fig.36). 3d. Pedon B25 (La, quartz sandstone; cf. Table 16 and Fig. 37). 3e. Weathered crust of a quartz sandstone overlaid by gravelly lateritic deposits. 3f. Pedon B28 (Lid, lateritic deposits on middle terrace; cf. Table 16 and Fig. 37). I ,J>^».j. ?'-•*•- -*lf- ;•*•**•** *4 Plate 4. Soil profiles in the Transition Region and Upper Amazon Basin. 4a. Pedon B31(Pe, Dark red colluvio-alluvial clay loam). 4b. Pedon B36 (Lid, reddish-yellow lateritic clay; cf. Fig.33). 4c. Pedon B39 (Bv, dark red colluvial clay loam; cf. Tables 17 and 18). 4d. Pedon B30 (Gd, mixed alluvial clay, reduced). 4e. Pedon B50 (Pd, sandy deposits on high and middle terraces; cf. Table 21, Fig. 26a, and Fig. 39). 4f. Pedon B52 (Pd, Sandy deposits on high and middle terraces underlaid by plinthic clay; cf. Fig. 26a). 4g. Pedon B53 (Pd, Sandy deposits on high and middle terraces were almost completely eroded out and the underlying plinthic clay was mixed with topsoil; cf. Fig. 26a). 4h. Pedon B54 (Pde, Mixed colluvio- alluvial deposit on the alluvial toe slopes along terrace scarp; cf. Fig. 26a). CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1. Purpose i 1-2. Composition of Survey Team i 1-3. Area and Scope \ 1-4. Acknowledgment 2 2. GENERAL CONDITION OF THE SURVEY AREA 2-1. Geographical Position 4 2-2. Climate and Hydrology 4 2-3. Geomorphology and Surface Geology 5 2-4. Soils 7 2-5. Vegetation 10 2-6. Land Utilization n 3. DESCRIPTION OF LAND SYSTEMS 3-1. Brazilian Highland 13 3-2. Pantanal Region 22 3-3. Transition Region 27 3-4. Upper Amazon Basin 30 4. ENERGY BALANCE AND WATER REGIME 4-1. Energy Balance 32 4-2. Climatic Water Regime 34 4-3. Soil Water Regime 35 5. PEDO-GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES AND NATURE OF SOILS 5-1. Geomorphological Events and Soil Parent Materials 40 5-2. Chronology of Pedological Processes and Nature of Soils 43 5-3. Nature of Terrestrial Water 49 5-4. Soil Erosion 50 6. VEGETATION 6-1. Vegetation Types 53 6-2. Numerical Description of Forest Structure and Tree Shape 57 6-3. Vegetation Types in Relation to Climatic and Edaphic Conditions 64 6-4. Vegetation in Relation to Land Use 57 7. FARMING SYSTEMS 7-1. Farm Size and Land Price 71 7-2. Situation of Land Utilization 74 7-3. Types of Farming Systems 78 7-4. Components of Farming Systems and Soil Fertility Management §1 8. SUMMARY AND COMMENTS 93 REFERENCES 97 Appendix 1. Itinerary 101 Appendix 2. Institutions and Persons Assisting the Survey 103 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1—1. Purpose The Amazon River System is attracting the attention not only of agricultural scientists but also of environmental scientists, because of its huge potential for producing more food, the fragile nature of its ecosystem, and the suspected influence to global climate when the ecosystem is disturbed. For this reason, this series of surveys was started to grasp the agro- ecological condition of the system where Oxisols and Ultisols are distributed as major soils. The ultimate goal of these surveys is to understand the relationship between ecological condition and agricultural activity in the area for establishing a rational background in order to design optimum farming systems with which a high productivity is sustained and nature preserved under various agro-ecological conditions. In the preliminary survey (Tanaka et ai, 1984), four broad regions were recognized in the Amazon River System : (i) Lower and Central Amazon Basin, (ii) Upper Amazon and Orinoco Basin, (iii) Eastern Ranges and Foothills of the Andes, and (iv) Central Brazilian Highland. In the preceding survey (Tanaka et al, 1986), Llanos (savanna) in the Orinoco Basin of Colombia and forests of Peru in eastern ranges and foothills of the Andes were compared. In the present survey, the area expanding from Brasflia to Cruzeiro do Sul in Brazil was surveyed, which covers the five states of Goiäs (GO), Mato Grosso (MT), Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Rondonia (RO), and Acre (AC). If one goes from east (Central Brazilian Highland) to northwest (Upper Amazon Basin) in the survey area, the altitude decreases, precipitation increases, the duration of the dry season becomes shorter, temperature increases, vegetation changes from Cerrado to forest, and the intensity of human activity decreases, in general. In this area, there are also swampy areas, such as lowlands in Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul and in the Rio Araguaia system of Goiäs and Mato Grosso. Thus, this survey area provides us with a unique opportunity to analyze the relationship between agro-ecological condition and agricultural activity. 1 — 2. Composition of Survey Team Members of the survey team and their responsibilities are listed as follows : Akira TANAKA: Professor Emeritus, Hokkaido Univ.; Leader, Farming System. Toshio SAKUMA: Professor of Soil Science, Hokkaido Univ.; Pedology, Soil Physics, and Soil Hydrology. Nagao OKAGAWA: Lecturer of Soil Science, Kyoto Univ.; Soil Chemical Composition. Hiroki IMAI: Instructor of Soil Science, Hokkaido Univ.; Soil Chemistry. Toshiyuki SATO: Instructor of Plant Ecology, Hokkaido Univ.; Plant Ecology. Junichi YAMAGUCHI: Associate Professor of Plant Nutrition, Hokkaido Univ.; Field Crops. Konosuke FUJITA: Associate Professor of Pasture Science, Hiroshima Univ.; Pasture. 1 — 3. Area and Scope This survey was made along the highways from BrasTlia to Goiänia, Rondonópolis, Cuiaba, Vilhena, and Porto Velho, and then, stepping-stone-wise to Rio Branco and Cruzeiro do Sul. In addition, side trips were made to Gurupi, Campo Grande, Corumbä, and Sorriso, etc., to 2 reach into the interior. The survey area (Fig. 1) can be, in a broad sense, divided into the following four Regions: (1) Brazilian Highland (2) Pantanal Region (Pantanal lowland and its periphery) (3) Transition Region (Transition area between (1) and (4)) (4) Upper Amazon Basin Fig. 1. Survey area and survey sites (Refer to Tables 1 and 2). It was intended that we travel across the survey area by road as much as possible in order to access the situation of the area closely, but some portions were covered by air because of time limitation. For making more detailed and efficient observations of soils, vegetation, and crops in the field, the survey was made by dividing the team into two groups. Group 1 consisted of three soil scientists and a plant ecologist (Sakuma, Okagawa, Imai, and Sato), who tried to understand relationships among climate, edaphic condition, and vegetation in various land systems; and Group 2 consisted of crop scientists who were specialized in field crops and pasture (Tanaka, Yamaguchi, and Fujita), and who tried to understand farming systems in each land system. Details of the itineraries of these two groups are given in Appendix 1. The sites where soil and vegetation were inspected by Group 1, and where farms were visited by Group 2, are listed in Tables 1 and 2. 1 — 4. Acknowledgment In making arrangements for the survey, Group 1 made contact with Dr. G. Ranzani, EMBRAPA/DPP and with Dr. J. Ribeiro da Silva, EMBRATER, and Group 2 with Dr. É. P. Guimaräes, EMBRAPA/CNPAF. They were kind enough to explain the general situation of 3 Table 1. Brief description of survey sites (Group 1). Site Pedon Location Altitude Land form no.'' no. (m) i _ 10 km SE of Cariri (Faz. Ponderosa) 260 Undulating upland (shallow depression) ? - 20 km W of Formoso do Araguaia (Cooper Java) 190 Lowland 3 B5-B13 EMBRAPA/CPAC 1,200 Undulating upland 4 Vargem Bonita 1,100 Shallow valley 5 - Alexänia (Faz.
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