5.Noteson Chinese Potato History.现代语言学

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5.Noteson Chinese Potato History.现代语言学 Modern Linguistics 现代语言学, 2018, 6(2), 342-377 Published Online May 2018 in Hans. http://www.hanspub.org/journal/ml https://doi.org/10.12677/ml.2018.62039 Notes on Chinese Potato History Mengbing Xiang Department of Chinese Language and Literature & Center for Chinese Linguistics PKU, Key Laboratory of Computational Linguistics, Peking University, Beijing Received: May 16th, 2018; accepted: May 24th, 2018; published: May 31st, 2018 Abstract Standing in the position of philology, the author tries to clarify some issues in the history of Chi- nese potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in this article. The potato was successfully introduced to both China and Japan in the last half of the 18th century. During the period of 1777 to 1786, the potato was introduced to Nagasaki, Japan, and was called jagatala-imo. The potato was first recorded in Chorography of Fang County in the 53rd year of Emperor Qianlong (1788) and was called “yangyu”. Tuluan’er (Apios fortunei Maxim) is a leguminous plant and people in Liang-han period called it “huangdu”; it was called “tuyu” or “tuluan” in Tang Dynasty. According to Changping Chorography of Song Dynasty, it was called “tudou”. In Yuan Dynasty, two varieties cultivated in Jiading were called “xiangyu” and “luohuasheng”. Some Chinese scholars regarded the object described in a poem written by Xuwei (Wanli era of Ming Dynasty) with the title “Tudou” as the potato and in- ferred that Beijing-Tianjing area was one of the areas in Asia that the potato was first found. This is the same as Kurimoto Tanshu, a Japanese scholar, who tried to connect “xiangyu” which was recorded in Chinese documents with the potato. They both mistook the leguminous plant for the nightshade plant. After visiting Taiwan in 1650, John Struys, a Dutch man, mentioned the potato in his report about the products there. After the European languages borrowed the Taino word ba- tata which referred to the sweet potato in sixteenth century, it was changed into many different forms such as bataat, patata, pattattesen, piltata and potato. In the beginning, it was referred to the sweet potato but later many languages (such as English) also used this word to refer to the po- tato, a newly introduced plant. On the basis of historical background and geographical environ- ment, the author concludes in this article that the plant Struys saw in Taiwan was actually the sweet potato. The potato wasn’t cultivated in Taiwan until the Japanese colonial period (1895- 1945). The word “malingshu” was first found in Chorography of Songxi County in the 39th year of Emperor Kangxi (1700). However, it referred to air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera L.). Ono Ranzan, a Japanese scholar, mistook it for the potato and introduced it into the Japanese language in 1808. It became another name for jagatala-imo. This misunderstanding brought two important results: the first was that many Chinese and foreign scholars regarded Chorography of Songxi County as the Chinese document which first recorded the potato; the second was that Huang Zunxian, the first councillor to Japan borrowed “bareisho” from Japanese into Chinese. This word quickly becomes the formal name of the potato. In Chinese, “malingshu” is a return graphic loan from Japanese not an original loan. Keywords Philology, China, Potato History 文章引用: 项梦冰. 中国马铃薯历史札记[J]. 现代语言学, 2018, 6(2): 342-377. DOI: 10.12677/ml.2018.62039 项梦冰 中国马铃薯历史札记 项梦冰 北京大学中文系暨中国语言学研究中心,计算语言学教育部重点实验室,北京 收稿日期:2018年5月16日;修回日期:2018年5月24日;录用日期:2018年5月31日 摘 要 本文站在语文学的立场,试图澄清中国马铃薯历史中的若干问题。中国和日本都是在18世纪下半叶成功 引种马铃薯的。日本的引种时间在1777~1786这十年间,地点是长崎,叫名为jagatala-imo。中国的最 早记载是乾隆五十三年(1788)《房县志》的“洋芋”。豆科植物土圞儿(Apios fortunei Maxim.)梁汉人 称为“黄独”,唐代称为“土芋”、“土卵”,昌平宋志称为“土豆”,元代嘉定一带人工种植的两个 品种则称为“香芋”和“落花生”。有些中国学者把明代徐渭《土豆》诗所描写的对象视为马铃薯,并 推断京津地区为亚洲最早见到马铃薯的地区之一。这跟 1813年日本学者栗本丹洲试图把汉语文献中的 “香芋”跟马铃薯联系起来的性质是一样的,都是把豆科植物误当成茄科植物了。荷兰人史初一1650 年造访台湾后所写的报告在物产中提到了potato。泰诺语指番薯的batata于16世纪借入欧洲各语言后有 bataat, patata, pattattesen, piltata, potato等种种变异形式,一开始指的是番薯,但许多语言(如英语) 后来也用这个词指随后引入的马铃薯。本文从时代背景、地理环境等方面断定史初一在台湾所见实为番 薯,台湾迟至日本殖民时期(1895~1945)才开始种植马铃薯。最早出现“马铃薯”一词的文献是康熙三 十九年(1700)的《松溪县志》,不过指的是黄独(Dioscorea bulbifera L.)。日本学者小野兰山误以为是 马铃薯,于1808年引进日语,作为jagatala-imo的别名。这一误会带来了两个重要结果:一是使得中外 许多学者都把《松溪县志》作为最早记载马铃薯的中文文献;一是首任驻日参赞黄遵宪把“马铃薯”从 日语借回到汉语,并很快成为指称马铃薯的正式用词。对汉语而言,“马铃薯”是一个来自日语的“回 归借词”而非“原语借词”。 关键词 语文学,中国,马铃薯历史 Copyright © 2018 by author and Hans Publishers Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Open Access 1. 引言 1.1. 马铃薯 马铃薯(英文名 potato,学 名 Solanum tuberosum L.),茄 科 (Solanaceae)一年生草本植物,株高可达 100 cm,地下块茎富含营养和淀粉,可作为蔬菜和粮食。 尽管科学家们对野生马铃薯具体的原生地有不同的看法,但都一致认为这种植物原产于南美(Stuart 1923, 369) [1]。根据考古资料,在新石器时代或更早的时期,马铃薯就已在秘鲁各孤立的滨海河谷中的 DOI: 10.12677/ml.2018.62039 343 现代语言学 项梦冰 绿洲种植,其范围北至安卡什(Ancash)省的卡斯玛河谷(the Casma Valley),南至伊卡(Ica)省的沿海城市皮 斯科(Pisco)。也就是说,人类种植马铃薯至少已有上万年的历史(参看 Ugent, Peterson 1988 [2])。 一般认为,马铃薯首先于 16 世纪被带到欧洲,然后再从欧洲传向世界的大部分地区。至于具体的年 代和传播路线,各家说法不尽相同(例如 Candolle 1885 [3];Stuart 1923 [1];Laufer 1938 [4];Salaman 1949/1985 [5];Hawkes 1978 [6]),说明这是一个仍需继续研究的领域。下面只具体介绍其中的一个故事。 1587 年,蒙斯市(Mons,时归 Spanish Netherlands 西属尼德兰,今归比利时)市长 Philippe de Sivry 从前往比利时的教皇使节的一个随行人员那里获得了一种叫做 taratoufli 的块茎。教皇使节一行来自意大 利。使节因为身体虚弱需要吃这种块茎来增强体力,而烹制方式就像处理栗子和胡萝卜一样。1588 年, Philippe de Sivry 把两个马铃薯块茎和一个马铃薯果实(俗称“土豆铃儿”)赠送给法国著名植物学家 Carolus Clusius,图 1 左即为这一赠品的水彩画(今存安特卫普 Plantin-Moretus 博物馆,本文据 Pavord 2005 的中 译本 327 页图 126 [7]),是 Philippe de Sivry 送给 Carolus Clusius 的。这是马铃薯的早期绘画之一,画上 有 Carolus Clusius 的亲笔题记(位于画中土豆铃儿的右下方,分号代表另行):Taratoufli a Philipp de Sivry; acceptum Viennae 26 Januarii; 1588; Papas Peruänum Petri Ciecae。内容主要是说明自己从蒙斯市长那里获 得马铃薯(Taratoufli)样品的时间(1588 年 1 月 26 日)和地点(维也纳)。Carolus Clusius 后来还在他的《植物 历史》(1601) [8]一书中对马铃薯(Papas Peruanorum)进行了科学的描写(图 1 右即来自该书)。请 注 意 Carolus Clusius 1564 年曾专程去西班牙,目的是研究伊比利亚植物群(Iberian flora),成果就是他的《西班牙植物》 (1576) [9],可是书里并没有提到马铃薯。而水彩画题记中的 Taratoufli 是意大利语。Caspar Bauhin 在他 的 Phytopinax(1596)一书中称为 tartuffoli. Bauhin 认为这个词跟意大利语的 truffles(松露)有关,因为意大 利人吃马铃薯就像吃松露一样(参看 Laufer 1938, 41-44 [4])。 从 16 世纪后半叶开始,在历经几百年的时间之后,马铃薯终于从南美局部地区的土产变成了世界性 的主要农作物之一,并活跃在对抗世界饥饿和贫困的第一线。联合国已把它列为玉米、小麦、水稻之后 的第四位主粮作物,即谷物之外的最重要的主粮作物,并把 2008 年定为国际马铃薯年(The International Year of the Potato,简称 IYP),由粮农组织(FAO)负责推动落实,其使命是(FAO 2008, 1 [10]): Figure 1. Early pictures of potato (water-color and woodcut) 图 1. 早期的马铃薯画(水彩和木刻) DOI: 10.12677/ml.2018.62039 344 现代语言学 项梦冰 To raise awareness of the importance of the potato—and that of agriculture in general—in addressing is- sues of global concern, including hunger, poverty and threats to the environment. [提高对马铃薯和一般农业在 应对包括饥饿、贫困和环境威胁在内的全球热点问题上的重要性的认识。] IYP 的具体任务是提高马铃薯这种全球性重要粮食作物和商品的形象,强调其生物和营养特点,进 一步促进其生产、加工、消费、销售和贸易,为实现联合国千年发展目标做贡献(FAO 2008, 5 [10])。 马铃薯引进中国后,在相当长的时间里都并非举足轻重的农作物品种。自上世纪 60 年代开始,产量 开始大幅提升。吴秋云等(2012) [11]根据联合国粮农组织的数据对 2000~2009 世界马铃薯生产状况进行分 析,发现随着欧洲种植面积的缩小以及中国种植面积的扩大,中国马铃薯产量已经跃居世界首位。 从 1998 年开始,中国农作物学会马铃薯专业委员会每年组织一次学术年会,2006 年长沙会议更名 为“中国马铃薯大会”,此后便一直沿用新名。 中国政府目前正在逐步实施马铃薯主粮化战略。2015 年 1 月 6 日,中国农业科学院、国家食物与营 养咨询委员会、中国种子协会共同举办了“马铃薯主粮化发展战略研讨会”,农业部副部长余欣荣在会 上透露,未来马铃薯将逐渐成为水稻、小麦、玉米之后的我国第四大主粮作物。预计 2020 年 50%以上的 马铃薯将作为主粮消费。而 2016 年中国马铃薯大会的主题即为“马铃薯产业与中国式主食”。农业部副 部长、马铃薯专业委员会主任委员屈冬玉在会上表示,马铃薯中国式主食化,就是将马铃薯加工成适合 国人消费习惯的面条、馒头、饼,实现由副食消费向主食消费转变,并拉动马铃薯加工业发展,让农民 分享增值收益。 在这种背景下,进一步开展马铃薯不同角度的研究无疑是十分必要的。本文站在语文学(philology) 的立场,以札记的形式分条讨论中国马铃薯历史的若干问题,并确定汉语“马铃薯”(potato)一词的来源。 引用的古籍都随文交代版本,不列入参考文献。为方便起见,文中有时也用英语的 potato 来指称马铃薯 (Solanum tuberosum L.)。 2. 中国马铃薯历史的若干问题 中国马铃薯历史是一个歧见纷呈的领域。Laufer(1938, 70) [4]曾经精辟地指出了研究中国马铃薯历史 之所以困难的原因: It has never affected their agricultural economy deeply, and, unlike maize or the sweet potato, it offers no continuous and logical history. Its history is not national, but purely local; it is split into a series of incoherent efforts of sporadic and isolated character. For this reason no absolute date can be fixed for its introduction. [它 (马铃薯)从未对他们(中国)的农业经济产生多大影响,而且不同于玉米或番薯,它没有连续一贯的历史。 它不是国史,而仅仅是地方史;它表现为一系列具有零星、孤立特点的不连贯记载。因此,要确定马铃 薯引入中国的绝对年代是不可能的。] 全面讨论中国马铃薯历史并非本文的任务,下面仅仅从语文学的角度讨论已有的一些说法。 2.1. 关于土卵、土芋和土豆 Stuart(1911, 413) [12]把中国认识和食用马铃薯的时间上推到了梁朝(502~557): SOLANUM TUBEROSUM. ——土芋(Tʻu-yü), 土卵(Tʻu-luan). This is more latterly called 洋薯 (Yang-shu), because it has been reintroduced, at least in eastern China, by foreigners. It was known and eaten by the people of the Liang dynasty. Faber calls 黃獨(Huang-tu), which is given as one of the synonyms for this, Dioscorea japonica. Whitout doubt there is some confusion in the Chinese books, as one author claims for the tuber emetic properties, while others say it can be freely eaten, and claims that it is very nutritious. [马铃薯—— DOI: 10.12677/ml.2018.62039 345 现代语言学 项梦冰 土芋,土卵。最近也叫做“洋薯”,因为外国人又再次把它传到中国东部。梁朝人已经认识并食用它。 花之安(即福柏牧师,Ernst Faber)称之为“黄独”,野山药的同义词之一。毫无疑问,在中文文献里存在 着某种混乱的情况,当一位作者声称其块茎具有催吐特性时,其他作者却说它很有营养,可以随便吃。] Stuart(1911, 413) [12]的 SOLANUM TUBEROSUM 条有些语焉不详,需要稍加说明。唐苏敬(生卒年 不详,活动于公元 7 世纪)《新修本草》草部下品之上卷第十“赭魁”条(据尚志钧辑复本,安徽科学技术 出版社 1981 年): 赭魁,味甘,平,无毒。主心腹积聚,除三虫。生山谷,二月采。状如小芋子,肉白皮黄,近道亦有。谨案: 赭魁,大者如斗,小者如升,叶似杜衡,蔓生草木上,有小毒。陶所说者,乃土卵尔,不堪药用。梁、汉人名为黄独,蒸食之,非赭魁也。 《新修本草》是在梁陶弘景(456-536)《本草经集注》的基础上修订扩充而成,而《本草经集注》又 是以《神农本草经》为基础,增加《名医别录》的药注释而成的。“谨案”前的文字即《本草经集注》 原文,大字是本经,小字是陶弘景的说明。“谨案”则为苏静新加的说明。《神农本草经》(据明缪希雍 《神农本草经疏》,四库全书本)无“赭魁”条,当为陶弘景根据《名医别录》所增。 《新修本草》有两点值得注意:1) 首次记载了“土卵”一词;2) 指出了陶弘景所说的“状如小芋子, 肉白皮黄”的东西是土卵,梁汉人叫“黄独”,可以蒸食,跟赭魁不是一种东西。宋沈括(1031~1095)《梦 溪笔谈》卷二十六(据四库全书本)对赭魁有更详细的说明: 《本草》所论赭魁皆未详审。今赭魁南中极多,肤黑肌赤,似何首乌。切破,其中赤白理如槟榔, 有汁赤如赭,南人以染皮制靴。闽、岭人谓之餘粮。《本草》“禹餘粮”注中所引乃此物也。 可见赭魁即今天所说的薯莨,拉丁学名 Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour.,多年生宿根性缠绕藤本植物,块茎 内含大量韖质成分,不堪食用,然可做优良的红褐色染料。 《重修政和经史证类备用本草》(据张氏原刻晦明轩本,1249 年)卷八草部中品之上所附二十二种陈 藏器余“土芋”条: 土芋,味甘,寒,小毒。解诸药毒。生研水服,当吐出恶物,尽便止。煮食之,甘美不饥,厚人肠 胃,去热嗽。蔓如豆,根圆如卵,鶗鴂食后弥吐,人不可食。
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