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Dioscorea Plants: a Genus Rich in Vital Nutra- Pharmaceuticals-A Review

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Dioscorea Plants: a Genus Rich in Vital Nutra- Pharmaceuticals-A Review Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2019), 18 (Special Issue): 68-89 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.112501.13795 Received: September 2019 Accepted: December 2019 Review Paper Dioscorea Plants: A Genus Rich in Vital Nutra- pharmaceuticals-A Review Bahare Salehia, Bilge Senerb, Mehtap Kilicb, Javad Sharifi-Radc*, Rabia Nazd, Zubaida Yousafe, Fhatuwani Nixwell Mudauf, Patrick Valere Tsouh Fokoug, Shahira M. Ezzath, i*, Mahitab H. El Bishbishyh, Yasaman Taherij, k*, Giuseppe Lucariellol, Alessandra Durazzom, Massimo Lucarinim, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Sulerian and Antonello Santinil* aStudent Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran. bDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey. cZabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran. dDepartment of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan. eDepartment of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Jail Road Lahore, Pakistan. fDepartment of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1710, South Africa. gDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde Po.Box 812, Cameroon. hDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Ainy Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt. iDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 12611 Cairo, Egypt. jPhytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. kDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. lDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy. mCREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy. nDepartment of Agriculture and Food Systems, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia. Abstract Dioscorea species, known as “Yams,” belong to family Dioscoreaceae. This genus consists of more than 600 species distributed from Africa, Asia, the Caribbean’s South America, and the South Pacific islands. Their organoleptic properties make them the most widely used carbohydrate food and dietary supplements. The underground and/or aerial tubers represent valuable sources of proteins, fats, and vitamins for millions of people in West Africa. This review gives a shot of secondary metabolites of Dioscorea plants, including steroids, clerodane diterpenes, quinones, cyanidins, phenolics, diarylheptanoids, and nitrogen-containing compounds. This review collected the evidence on biological properties of description Dioscorea, including in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Dioscorea species contain promising bioactive molecules i.e. diosgenin that support their different biological properties, including antioxidant, hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic, anti- antimicrobial, inflammatory, antiproliferative, androgenic, estrogenic, and contraceptive drugs. Indeed, besides its nutrient values, Dioscorea is a potential source of bioactive substances of interest in the prevention/ treatment of several diseases, and thus represents a great challenge in developing countries. However, ethnomedicinal potential should be validated and further researches on pharmacological properties and phytochemical composition should be carried out. Particularly, doing some studies to convert the preclinical results to clinical efficacy should be guaranteed. Keywords: Dioscorea; Food plant; Traditional use; Phytochemistry; Pharmacological activities. * Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Salehi B et al. / IJPR (2019), 18 (Special Issue): 68-89 Introduction tubers of Dioscorea species and possible medicinal usage. The most common Dioscorea belongs to the family secondary metabolites are saponins, and more Dioscoreaceae, sub-family Dioscoreoideae, than 100 steroidal saponins (based on aglycon consisting of 600 species. Dioscorea species part as stigmastanol, furostanol, spirostanol, are native to the old-world including high cholestanol, ergostanol, and pregnanol temperatures tropics and subtropic regions glycosides (Figure 1)) were isolated from of the world. The major part of species occur various Dioscorea species. Besides these in West Africa, Southern Asia, and Tropical steroids, clerodane diterpenes, phenolics, America: they are herbaceous climbers with cyanidins, quinones, diarylheptanoids, and rhizome or tubers Dioscorea species and, being nitrogen-containing compounds in the tubers usedin the formulation of pharmaceutical of Dioscorea species were quantified (4). products, have a high medicinal, industrial Steroidal saponins mainly consist of furostane, and commercial importance (1). Indeed, a pentacyclic ring system with a sixth open Dioscorea species account for the most ring; spirostane, a hexacyclic ring system; important dietary supplements ingredients and pregnane, a tetracyclic ring system. The used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical sugar part is mainly composed of glucose industries. It has also been commonly used by and rhamnose in various proportions and local people, mostly those who are engaged linkages. Steroidal saponins are glycosides in the trade of medical plants worldwide. consisting of an aglycone (diosgenin) and Indeed, tubers of different Dioscorea species several glycosyl moieties. The most common are used as a cure for different diseases and sugars encountered in saponins are pentoses ailments (cough, cold, stomach ache, leprosy, (arabinose, xylose, etc.), hexoses (glucose, burns, fungal infections, dysentery, skin galactose, etc.) and 6-deoxyhexose (rhamnose, diseases, rheumatism, arthritis, etc.) in several etc.). The saponins of this plant species are formulations, and even for birth control (1). both water-soluble and water-insoluble steroid It is well known the potential of this plant saponins. Dioscorea species are well known is related due to the different phytochemical for containing steroidal saponins, which were compounds found in Dioscorea. Tubers and used as marker compounds for quality control roots contain steroidal sapogenins, mostly of the botanical products. As reported by diosgenin as well as volatile compounds Jesus et al., 2016, diosgenin (3-β-hydroxy-5- (2, 3). Chemical substances like diosgenin spirostene) is the primary furostanol saponin found in Dioscorea are commercially used found in several plants, including Dioscorea in the pharmaceutical industry. The high species, and is described as a promising demand for the medicinal use of this plant in bioactive compound with several medicinal different parts of the world suggests a strong properties, i.e. hypolipidemic, antioxidant, need for conservation strategies. However, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, and the conservation might not be easy or simple antiproliferative activities (5). Diosgenin as it must involve plant protection and well- obtained by hydrolysis of yam saponin controlled access to its resources. There still a were the main raw material for the huge need for more research and information industrial production of steroid drug i.e. on the food, nutraceutical, and medicinal value anti-inflammatory, androgenic, estrogenic, worldwide of this plant species. Therefore, this and contraceptive drugs, by underlying its review tends to fill this gap by summarizing potential in the prevention/treatment of data on the current medicinal importance of several diseases. Dioscorea villosa L. roots Dioscorea species. and rhizomes, also are known as “wild yam”, is a rich source of diosgenin. Today, dietary supplements containing wild yam extracts are Dioscorea plants phytochemical composition popular among women for the alleviation of menopausal symptoms and are widely used as Researches have been brought new alternatives to hormone replacement therapy knowledge about chemical compounds in (5). 69 Dioscorea Plans: Nutra-pharmaceuticals Figure 1. Chemical structures of selected compounds isolated from Dioscorea species. Figure 1. Chemical structures of selected compounds isolated from Dioscorea species. Dioscorea alata L. Rakatobe et al., 2010 reported Two clerodane Dioscorea alata L. is one of the most diterpenoids, antadiosbulbins A and B and popular varieties of yams. Dioscorea alata two furanoid 19-norclerodane diterpenes, (D. alata) were implicated in the promotion 8-epidiosbulbins E and G along with the of the health of postmenopausal women. known diterpenoid diosbulbin E as well as nine Wild Mexican yam was marketed for the known phenolics including five phenanthrenes treatment of irritability, hot flashes, insomnia, and four flavonoids in the ethyl acetate soluble and depression. Cheng et al., 2007, reported part of the methanolic extract of the tubers (7). the isolation and identification of two new compounds, hydro-Q9 chromene, and Dioscorea bulbifera L. γ-tocopherol-9; together with four known Dioscorea bulbifera L. (D. bulbifera L.), compounds (RRR-α-tocopherol, coenzyme commonly known as air potato, is originated Q9, cycloartane, and 1-feruloylglycerol): these from Africa and Southern Asia. The rhizome compounds had phenolic hydroxyl group in of D. bulbifera L. is called as “Huang Yao Zi” common with the known phytoestrogens and in traditional Chinese medicine and used for have also antioxidant activity. Moreover, their the treatment of thyroid
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