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Home , Myokymia, Status dystonicus

Index

Indexer: Dr Laurence Errington Note: Vs indicates the differential diagnosis of two or more conditions.

Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale antibodies see autoantibodies; monoclonal (AIMS) 186 antibody therapy acanthocytosis see ‐acanthocytosis; anticholinergic drugs neuroacanthocytosis syndromes 65 aceruloplasminemia 141, 144, 173 tardive syndromes 137 action‐specific dystonia 60 anticipation in trinucleotide repeat diseases 71 action 3 anticonvulsants see anti‐epileptics acute onset disorders 162 antidepressants adolescence, dystonia onset 59 adverse effects adrenomyeloneuropathy 74 periodic limb movements of sleep 100 age of onset restless leg syndrome 82, 84 72 functional movement disorders 167 spinocerebellar 74 Huntington disease 49 58–9, 62 antidopaminergics (dopamine receptor blockers/ Huntington disease 45 antagonists) neuroacanthocytosis syndromes 143 ballism 55 with brain iron accumulation chorea in Huntington disease 48, 49 diseases 144–5 dystonias 65 paroxysmal movement disorders 117, 119 tardive syndromes caused by see tardive tics vs stereotypies 110 syndromes airway emergencies 155–6 tardive syndromes managed by avoidance/ discontinuation/decreases 137 drug‐induced 136, 157–8 anti‐epileptics/anticonvulsants tardive 136 chorea caused by 44 akinetic mutism 13 for chorea in neuroacanthocytosis syndromes 53 alcohol overuse 32 cerebellar degeneration 76, 77 stiff‐person syndrome 9 21 tic disorders 40 alien hand/limb syndrome 121–3 antihistamine‐induced restless leg syndrome 82 alpha‐2 agonists, tic disorders 39, 40 antipsychotics (neuroleptics) alprazolam, essential tremor 19, 20 Huntington disease 48, 49 amantadine COPYRIGHTEDneuroleptic MATERIAL malignant syndrome with 39, 41, 153 78 caused by 22 Huntington disease 48, 50 Sydenham chorea 54 neuroleptic malignant syndrome 154 tardive syndromes caused by 133, 134, 135, 136, 137 amputation, jumpy stump syndrome after 123–4 tic disorders (incl. Tourette’s syndrome) 35, 40, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 10 41, 97

Non-Parkinsonian Movement Disorders, First Edition. Edited by Deborah A. Hall and Brandon R. Barton. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Companion website: www.wiley.com/go/hall/non-parkinsonian_movement_disorders

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apomorphine, neuroleptic malignant syndrome 154 dystonia 65–6 apraxia status dystonicus 156 of eyelid opening 93 tardive syndromes 137 oculomotor see oculomotor apraxia Bain et al. Severity of Tremor Scale 187 Archimedes spiral 191 ballism 43, 55 aripiprazole, tics/Tourette syndrome 40, 41 imaging 180 arsenic 139–40 unilateral (hemiballism) hemiballism 55, 152, astasia‐abasia 165 158–9, 180 ataxia 3, 68–78, 173 basal ganglia degeneration 30, 171–2 clinical rating scales 188 Wilson disease 141 fragile X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome Becker myotonia congenita 12, 13 74, 76, 176–7 behavioral interventions genetics 72–7, 173 stereotypies 112 imaging 180–3 tics 39 with oculomotor apraxia (AOA) 72, 75, 76, 173 belly dancer 123 ataxia–telangiectasia 74, 75, 76, 173 benign hereditary chorea 52, 172 atenolol, essential tremor 19, 20 benzodiazepines 43, 55–6 catatonia 11 ATP7B (copper‐transporting ATPase) 24, 64, dystonia 66 141, 173 essential tremor 19 attention deficit disorder (ADD) 36, 38, 39 restless leg syndrome 86, 87 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) stiff‐person syndrome 9 36, 39, 81, 156 tardive syndromes 137 autism spectrum disorder 108–10 tic disorders 40, 41 genetics 174 benztropine stereotypies 108–10 tardive syndromes 153 autoantibodies (and autoimmune basis) trial to differentiate acute dystonic reaction from Morvan’s syndrome 126 neuroleptic malignant syndrome 153 myokymia 126 beta‐blocker, drug‐induced akathisia 157 NMDA receptor 151 bismuth 140 stiff‐person syndrome 7–8, 127 63, 92–6, 94 autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance clinical rating scales 186 ataxias 63, 71, 72–4 blocks (in video room) 191 44, 52 body region, dystonia classification by 59 dystonias 61, 62, 63 botulinum toxin iron accumulation‐related blepharospasm 93–6 neurodegeneration 144 dystonia 66–7 myotonic dystrophy 12 stiff‐person syndrome 10 neuroacanthocytosis syndromes 143 tardive syndromes 137 paroxysmal movement disorders 117 tics/Tourette syndrome 40, 41 autosomal recessive (AR) inheritance tic status 156–7 ataxias 63, 71, 74 brain see ; imaging and choreas 44, 52 entries under neuro‐ dystonias 61 brainstem iron accumulation‐related neurodegeneration myoclonus 28, 29, 32–3 144, 145 tremor 24 neuroacanthocytosis syndromes 143 Brody syndrome and disease 11–12 axonal neuropathy, spinocerebellar ataxias with bromocriptine, neuroleptic malignant syndrome 154 (SCAN) 75, 76 buspirone, ataxia 78

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CAG trinucleotide repeat disorders myoclonus 26 cerebellar ataxias 71, 73 tics 38 Huntington disease 37, 45, 47 genetics 44, 45–53, 172–3 non‐HD inherited choreas 52 imaging 180 callosal and callosal‐frontal alien hand chorea‐acanthocytosis 52, 53, 143, 173 syndrome 122 chromosomal disorders, tics incl. Tourette’s camera (video) 190–1 syndrome 37, 97 cancer, paraneoplastic disorders see paraneoplastic clinical rating scales 185–9 disorders clonazepam carbamazepine, Sydenham chorea 66 essential tremor 19, 20 catatonia 10–11 hyperekplexia 129 cerebellum myoclonus 159 anatomy and function 68 REM sleep behavior disorder 104–5 ataxias 70, 71, 72, 75, 76–7 restless leg syndrome 86, 87 autosomal dominant 73 tics/Tourette syndrome 40, 41 autosomal recessive 75 tic status 157 imaging 180, 181 clonidine, tic disorders 39 see also spinocerebellar ataxias clozapine, Huntington disease 60 hypotonia relating to 70 coenzyme Q‐10, Huntington disease 49, 50 middle cerebellar peduncles (MCP) on MRI cognitive abnormalities, Huntington disease 177, 182 45–6, 47 speech dysfunction 70 treatment 49 relating to 24, 70 comorbidities see medical illnesses, concurrent/ cerebral palsy, athetosis 55, 56 comorbid (CSF) studies comprehensive behavioral interventional therapy NMDA receptor encephalitis 151, 152 (CBIT), tics 39, 40 tardive syndromes 134 compulsive behaviors, obsessive (OCB) 38, 111 ceruloplasmin 141, 173 congenital myotonia (myotonia congenita) deficiency (aceruloplasminemia) 141, 144, 173 12, 13 cervical dystonia 62, 186 congenital paramyotonia (paramyotonia chelation therapy congenita) 12, 13 arsenic 140 consent for videotaping 103 bismuth 140 continuous vs intermittent features 2 copper 24, 49 copper 140, 141 lead 146 accumulation disorders 141 manganese 146 aceruloplasminemia 141, 144, 173 mercury 147 Wilson disease 24, 49, 64, 141, 173 zinc 148 deficiency 141 chewing see mastication Cornelia de Lange syndrome 174 childhood cortical myoclonus 27–8, 28–9, 33, 158, 171, dystonia onset 59 178, 179 stereotypy see stereotypies corticocerebellar atrophy 181 see also parents creatine, Huntington disease 49, 50 chlorpromazine, 154, 155 Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) 181 cholinergic inhibitors see anticholinergic drugs CTG trinucleotide repeats 12, 52, 73, 143 cholinesterase inhibitors, Huntington 49 cyproheptadine, serotonin syndrome 154, 155 chorea 3, 43, 43–55, 158–9, 172–3 acute 158–9 Dalacas criteria, stiff‐person syndrome 8, 9 clinical rating scales 186–7 dantrolene, neuroleptic malignant syndrome differential diagnosis 44 153, 154

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deep brain stimulation (DBS) tardive syndromes 137 dystonia 67 tic disorders 39, 40, 97, 156 essential tremor 20–1 dopamine receptors 133 restless leg syndrome 88 agonists see dopaminergic drugs tardive syndromes 137–8 blockers see antidopaminergics tic disorders 40, 41 dopamine transporters (DaT) degeneration (neurodegeneration/ ataxia 183 neurodegenerative disorders) imaging (DaTscans; DAT SPECT) basal ganglia see basal ganglia essential tremor 176 in brain iron accumulation diseases 142, 144–5 hypermanganesemia 146 cerebellar parkinsonian tremors 22–3, 177, 178, 179 alcoholic 76, 77 REM sleep behavior disorder and 104 paraneoplastic 77 dopaminergic drugs (incl. dopamine agonists) dystonia 61 dystonias 65 pantothenate kinase‐associated (PKAN) 52, 53, periodic limb movements of sleep 101 142, 143, 145 restless leg syndrome 84, 85, 87 REM sleep behavior disorder and 104 dopaminergic system, Tourette syndrome 36 , Huntington disease 45–6 downbeat nystagmus 70, 73 dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) drug‐induced conditions (incl. side effects) 52, 73, 172 akathisia 136, 157–8 depression, Huntington disease 46 chorea 44 treatment 49 dystonia 61 developmental (neurodevelopment) disorders emergency 147–8, 152–3 autism spectrum disorder as 108 myoclonus 29, 31 pervasive 109 restless leg syndrome 82, 84 self‐injurious behavior in 174 tardive syndromes see tardive syndromes Tourette syndrome and other tics as 36, 37, 97 tics incl. Tourette’s syndrome 37, 97 diabetes mellitus tic status 156–7 non‐ketotic hyperglycemia and 180 tremor 21–2 stiff‐person syndrome and 7 various agents causing 40, 85–6, 154, 155, 156, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental 157, 158, 159 Disorders, 4th edition see DSM‐IV criteria see also toxic agents diagnostic testing 3–4 drug therapy (medication; pharmacologic diphenhydramine trial to differentiate acute therapy) 2–3 dystonic reaction from neuroleptic ADD/ADHD 39 malignant syndrome 153 ataxias 78 dissociated nystagmus 70, 75 athetosis 56 distractibility, functional tremor 163 ballism/hemiballism 55, 158, 159 diurnal (day /night) fluctuation catatonia 11 dystonia 60 dystonias 65–7 restless leg syndrome 80 status dystonicus 155, 156 donepezil 49, 51, 105 emergencies dopamine depleting drugs chorea 159 chorea drug‐induced akathisia 157–8 and hemiballism 159 myoclonus 158, 159 in Huntington disease 48, 49 neuroleptic malignant syndrome 153, 154 dystonia 65 serotonin syndrome 154, 155 hemiballism 55 status dystonicus 155, 156 chorea and 159 tic status 156–7 myoclonus 159 essential tremor 19–20

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functional movement disorders 167 generalized 57, 59, 62, 65, 155, 186 Huntington disease, motor impairment 48–9 frequent and severe episodes (dystonicus hyperekplexia 129 status) 155 jumpy stumps 123 genetics 61, 63–4, 173 myoclonus 32–3, 159 imaging 180 myokymia 126 laryngeal 63, 155–6 neuroleptic malignant syndrome 153, 154 myoclonus and 63 painful legs and moving toes and 124 oromandibular 63, 94 in Parkinson disease, contraindicated segmental 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 92, 180 medication 23 tardive 134–5 paroxysmal movement disorders 117, 119 tremor and 24–5, 58, 67 periodic limb movements of sleep 101 dystonia‐plus and dystonia‐plus syndromes 58, 60 primary lateral sclerosis 10 REM sleep behavior disorder 104–5 education (patient/family), tic disorders incl. restless leg syndrome 84–7 Tourette syndrome 38, 40 serotonin syndrome 153–4, 155 EEG, myoclonus 28 stereotypies 112 electroconvulsive therapy, catatonia 11 stiff‐person syndrome 9–10 electroencephalogram, myoclonus 28 Sydenham chorea 54–5 electromyography (EMG) tardive syndromes 137 myoclonus 158 tic disorders (incl. Tourette’s syndrome) 35, functional vs organic 165 39–41, 97, 156–7 periodic limb movements of sleep 100–1 obsessive compulsive disorder in 39 stiff‐person syndrome 8 DSM‐IV criteria tremor 18 autism/pervasive developmental disorder 109 orthostatic 25 tardive syndrome 133 electrophysiological assessment see tic disorders (incl. Tourette syndrome) 36, 37 neurophysiological/electrophysiological dysarthria in cerebellar disorders 70, 73 assessment dyskinesia 186 emergencies 150–60 belly dancer 123 EMG see electromyography clinical rating scales 186 encephalitis, NMDA receptor 151–2 levodopa 44, 94 with rigidity and myoclonus, orofacial/limb, acute 152 progressive 8–9 paroxysmal 112, 114–18 , toxic 158 tardive 94, 97, 133, 134 endocrine disorders, chorea 55 dysphonia, spasmodic (laryngeal dystonia) entrainment in functional movement disorders 63, 155–6 23, 120, 163 dystonia 3, 57–65, 163–4, 173, 180, 186 acute onset 120, 152 myoclonic 28, 32, 76, 172 vs neuroleptic malignant syndrome 153 stereotypies vs 112 classification 57–63 73, 118, 119 clinical rating scales 186 hereditary, with myokymia (EA1) 73, 118, 126 common syndromes 62–3 essential tremor 17, 18–21 definition 57 Parkinson disease vs 22, 23 differential diagnosis 61, 63, 67 quality of life rating scale 187 myoclonus 26 ethyleicosapentaenoic acid, Huntington disease 50 tics 38 examination (physical) 3 evaluation 63–4 functional movement disorders 162, 164 focal 57, 59, 62, 63, 65, 66, 92, 95, 186 tics 35 functional 120, 163–4 tremor 17

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exertion‐induced dyskinesia, paroxysmal (PED) GAA trinucleotide repeat, Friedreich ataxia 74, 75 114, 116, 117 GABA, Tourette syndrome 36 extremities see limbs GABAergic medications in tardive syndromes 137 eye movement abnormalities (oculomotor gabapentin dysfunction) essential tremor 19, 20 ataxia 70, 75 restless leg syndrome 84, 85 Huntington disease 45 gait videotaping 193 functional disorders 165 see also oculomotor apraxia videotaping 103 eyelid generalized dystonia see dystonia opening, apraxia of 93 generalized myokymia 126 see blepharospasm genetic testing 4 dystonia 63–4 facial movement disorders 89–98 fragile X chromosome 18 hemifacial spasm 89–92, 94, 173 Huntington disease 47 myokymia 95, 125 hyperekplexia 128 see also orofacial dyskinesia genetics (hereditary/inherited factors and Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale 186 disorders) 171–4 Fahn–Tolosa–Marin Tremor Rating Scale 187 ataxias 72–7, 173 fatty acid hydroxylase‐associated Brody disease and syndrome 12 neurodegeneration (FHAN) 144 choreas 44, 45–53, 172–3 ferritinopathy (neuroferritinopathy) 52, dystonias 61, 63–4, 173 144, 172 episodic ataxia with myokymia (EA1) 73, FGF14 (fibroblast growth factor 14)‐related 118, 126 73 essential tremor 18, 19 fluphenazine, tics/Tourett [e syndrome 40, 41 hyperekplexia 29, 129 focal dystonia 57, 59, 62, 63, 65, 66, 92, 95, 186 iron accumulation‐related fragile X chromosome 174 neurodegeneration 144–5 genetic testing 18 myotonia 12, 12–13 tremor/ataxia syndrome associated with neuroacanthocytosis syndromes 143 (FXTAS) 74, 76, 176–7 paroxysmal movement disorders 115, 116, fragile X mental retardation 1 117, 174 Friedreich ataxia (FA) 74, 75, 76 primary lateral sclerosis 10 clinical rating scale 188 restless leg syndrome 81, 173 functional and psychogenic movement disorders tardive syndromes 134 and syndromes 3, 161–7 tic disorders 37, 38, 97, 172–3 differential diagnosis Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS) 3, 35–42, organic tremor 24 172, 187–8 stereotypies 112 glucose transporter gene (GLUT1) 116, 117 dystonia 120, 163–4 glutamic acid decarboxylase, antibodies to 7–8 entrainment 23, 120, 163 glycine receptor alpha 1 gene (GLRA1) 128, 129 facial movements 95 group A beta‐hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) functional movement disorders 162 54, 54 myoclonus 120, 165 guanfacine, tic disorders 39, 40 paroxysmal 120 slowness 13 habit reversal therapy (HRT), tics 39m 40 tremor 23, 120, 162–3 haloperidol functional imaging/neuroimaging myoclonus 159 functional movement disorders 162 status dystonicus 156 tremors 18 tic status 157

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hand, 121–3 immunological disorders, chorea 55 head nodding 107, 111 immunotherapy and immunomodulatory therapy heavy metals 139–45 NMDA receptor encephalitis 151, 152 hemiballism 55, 152, 158–9, 180 Sydenham chorea 55 hemichorea 159, 180 infants hemidystonia 59 bilateral striatal necrosis 173 hemifacial spasm (HFS) 89–92, 94, 173, 178–9 dystonia onset 59 hereditary factors and disorders see genetics stereotypies 108 histone deacetylase inhibitors, Huntington infections disease 49 chorea 44 history‐taking 1–3 dystonia 61 functional movement disorders 161, 162, 163–4 hemifacial spasm 90 tics 35 tics 37 tremor 17 inherited factors and disorders see genetics Holmes tremor 24 injury (peripheral) causing movement Hopkins Motor and Vocal Tic Scale (HMVTS) 188 disorders 121 5‐HT 2A antagonists in drug‐induced see also self‐injurious behavior akathisia 157–8 intensive care unit emergencies 150–60 Huntington disease (HD) 43, 44, 45–9, 172 intermittent vs continuous features 2 clinical rating scales 186–7 International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale 188 iron and 142 iron 141–2 Huntington disease‐like syndromes (HDL) 44, 52, deficiency 82, 83 143, 172 toxicity 140, 142, 144–5 5‐hydroxytryptamine 2A (5‐HT2A) antagonists in Isaac’s syndrome 126 drug‐induced akathisia 157–8 hyperekplexia (exaggerated/excessive startle jerks see myoclonus response) 29, 118, 127, 127–9 Joubert syndrome 76 hereditary 29, 129 jumpy stumps 123–4 hyperkinetic disorders 17–130 emergencies 150 Kearns–Sayre syndrome (KSS) 76 phenomenology and imaging 175 ketamine, Huntington disease 51 hypermanganesemia 146 kinesigenic dyskinesia, paroxysmal (PKD) 114, hypnic jerks 26 114–15, 115, 117 hypokinetic disorders 7–14 kinetic tremor 3 hypothyroidism, 11 knee buckling 165 hypotonia, cerebellar 70 L‐dopa see levodopa imaging (neuroimaging; brain imaging) 4, 175–82 laboratory tests 1 ataxia 180–3 ataxia 72 ballism 180 tremor 17 chorea 180 Lafora body disease 172 dopamine transporter see dopamine language, spoken see speech transporters laryngeal abductor in multiple system dystonia 180 atrophy 156 functional see functional imaging laryngeal dystonia 63, 155–6 in functional parkinsonism 165 Latah syndrome of Malaysia 29 myoclonus 28, 29, 30, 32, 178–9 lateral sclerosis Tourette syndrome 36 amyotrophic 10 tremors 175–7 primary 10 see also specific modalities lead 140, 142–6

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legs mercury 140 painful, and moving toes 124 metabolic disorders (incl. genetic causes/inborn restless leg syndrome 79–88, 173–4 errors of metabolism) 172, 173 173 ataxia 74 Lesch–Nyhan syndrome 64, 173, 174 chorea 55 levetiracetam, myoclonus 159 restless leg syndrome 82 levodopa (L‐dopa) metabolic encephalopathy 30 dyskinesia induced by 44, 94 toxic 158 periodic limb movements of sleep/periodic limb metal toxicity 139–45 movement disorders 101 methylphenidate 36, 156 restless leg syndrome 84 mianserin, akathisia 158 lifestyle factors, restless leg syndrome 81 microphone for videotaping 190 limbs/extremities microvascular decompression of facial nerve 89, alien limb syndrome 121–3 89–92 dyskinesia, acute 152 middle cerebellar peduncles (MCP) on MRI 76, jumpy stump syndrome after amputation 123–4 177, 182 periodic limb movements of sleep 99–101, 173–4 mimicking and resembling conditions 121–32 stiff‐limb syndrome 9 blepharospasm 93 see also legs hemifacial spasm 90 lorazepam REM sleep behavior disorder 103 catatonia 11 restless leg syndrome 80–1 serotonin syndrome 154, 155 stereotypies 110 minocycline, Huntington disease 49, 51 McLeod syndrome 52, 53, 143, 173 mirror movements in dystonia 58 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) mirtazapine, akathisia 158 ataxia 76, 180, 181 mitochondrial disorders 172, 173 in 183 ataxias 76 chorea 54 dystonias 61 myoclonus 178, 179 mitochondrial membrane protein‐associated brainstem 29 neurodegeneration 144 cortical 28, 30, 32 monoclonal antibody therapy, stiff‐person Tourette syndrome 36 syndrome 9–10 tremors 176, 177 Morvan’s syndrome 126 malignancy, paraneoplastic disorders see motor behavior in REM sleep behavior paraneoplastic disorders disorder 105 malignant Tourette syndrome 41 motor impairment, Huntington disease 45, 47 manganese 140 treatment 48–9 mass lesions, hemifacial spasm 90 motor tics 3, 35, 36 mastication/chewing clinical rating scale 188 muscle 94 facial 96 tardive dyskinesia and 134 stereotypic behavior vs 110–11 MCP sign 76, 177, 182 treatment 38, 39 measurement, objective 185 multidisciplinary approach to functional medical illnesses, concurrent/comorbid/ movement disorders 166 co‐existing 2 multifocal dystonia 59, 66 REM sleep behavior disorder 104 multiple system atrophy (MSA) 76, 104, 182–3 tic disorders 38 imaging 182–3 melatonin laryngeal abductor paralysis in 156 REM sleep behavior disorder 104–5 muscle relaxants, dystonia 66 restless leg syndrome 88 muscular dystrophy, myotonic 12

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mutism, akinetic 13 hemifacial spasm 90 28, 32, 76, 172 Huntington’s disease 45 with ragged red fibers (MERRF) 76, 172 iron accumulation in brain 144–5 myoclonus (jerks) 3, 26–34, 118, 158, 171–2, myoclonus 158 178–9, 188 neuroacanthocytosis syndromes 143 acute onset 152 periodic limb movements of sleep 99 clinical rating scales 188 restless leg syndrome 83 cortical 27–8, 28–9, 33, 158, 171, 178, 179 stereotypies 106 functional 120, 165 tardive syndromes 133–4 genetics 171–2 Tourette syndrome 36 imaging 28, 29, 30, 32, 178–9 tremors 177–8 palatal 29, 32, 178 neuropathy (peripheral) paroxysmal 118 axonal, spinocerebellar ataxias with (SCAN) peripheral 27, 28, 32, 33, 178, 179 75, 76 progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity painful legs and moving toes and 124 and 8–9 see also adrenomyeloneuropathy propriospinal 27, 28, 32, 178 neurophysiological/electrophysiological subcortical 27, 28, 28–9, 33, 158, 179 assessment 4 tardive 136 blepharospasm 93 tics vs 38 hyperekplexia 128 myoclonus–dystonia 63 myoclonus 165 myofibrillogenesis regulator‐1 gene (MR‐1) tremor 18 116, 117 neuroprotective strategies, Huntington disease 49 myokymia 125–6 neuropsychiatric syndromes with exaggerated facial 95, 125 startle reflex 127 hereditary episodic ataxia with 73, 118, 126 neurosurgery see surgery orbicularis 93, 125 neurotransmitters, Tourette syndrome 36 myorhythmia, facial 95 NMDA receptor antagonists/blockers myotonia 12 ataxia 78 Huntington disease 48 nabilone, Huntington disease 51 NMDA receptor encephalitis 151–2 pathology see neuropathology nodding 107, 111 neuroacanthocytosis syndromes 49–52, 142 non‐kinesigenic dyskinesia, paroxysmal neurodegeneration see degeneration (PNKD) 114, 115, 116, 117 neurodevelopment disorders see developmental null point in dystonia 58 disorders nystagmus 60, 73, 75 neuroferritinopathy 52, 144, 172 optokinetic 45, 70 neuroimaging see imaging neuroleptic malignant syndrome 39, 41, 153 obsessive compulsive behaviors (OCB) 38, 111 neuromuscular blockers 150, 151 obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) 36, 37, neuromuscular causes of hypokinesia 11–12 38, 38–9 126 occupational therapy, essential tremor 20 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 172 oculogyric crisis 120 neuronal injury/loss, Huntington disease 45, 46 oculomotor apraxia 75 neuropathology/nervous system pathology ataxia with (AOA) 72, 75, 76, 173 and pathophysiology see also eye movement abnormalities ataxia syndromes 181 olivopontocerebellar atrophy 181 chorea 43–4 ophthalmoplegia 70, 76 dystonia 61 opioids and opioid receptor antagonists, restless functional movement disorders 162 leg syndrome 85

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optokinetic nystagmus 45, 70 phenothiazines, tardive syndromes with 135 orbicularis oculi phonic (vocal) tics 3, 35, 36, 37, 96, 97 blepharospasm 63, 92, 93 clinical rating scales 188 hemifacial spasm 89 management 41 myokymia 93, 125 phospholipase A2‐associated neurodegeneration orofacial dyskinesia, acute 152 (PLAN) 145 oromandibular dystonia 63, 94 physical examination see examination orthostatic tremor 25 physical therapy of functional movement ovarian teratoma and NMDA receptor encephalitis disorders 166–7 151–2 physiologic myoclonus 26–7 overflow in dystonia 58 physiologic tremor 21 positron emission tomography (PET) painful legs and moving toes 124–5 tardive syndromes 134 palatal myoclonus 29, 32, 178 Tourette syndrome 36 pantothenate kinase‐associated neurodegeneration post‐infectious disorders 8, 30, 37, 44 (PKAN) 52, 53, 142, 143, 145, 172 postural stability in functional parkinsonism 164 paper and pens 191 postural tremor 17 paper cups 191 pregnancy, restless leg syndrome in 82, 87 paramyotonia congenita 12, 13 primary lateral sclerosis 10 paraneoplastic disorders primary writing tremor 25 cerebellar degeneration 77 primidone, essential tremor 19, 20 stiff‐person syndrome 9, 10 Pringle criteria, primary lateral sclerosis 10 parents prion protein gene (PRNP) 52, 172 stereotypies and 107, 108, 109, 112 PRNP (prion protein gene) 52, 172 tics and Tourette syndrome and 35, 36, 188 progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and parkinsonism (incl. Parkinson’s disease/PD) myoclonus 8–9 3, 164–5 proline‐rich transmembrane protein 2 gene drugs causing 22 (PRRT2) 115, 117 drugs to avoid 23 infusion syndrome 151 functional 164–5 propranolol iron and 142 drug‐induced akathisia 157, 158 REM sleep behavior disorder coexisting essential tremor 19, 20 with 104 propriospinal myoclonus 27, 28, 32, 178 restless leg syndrome vs 81 psychiatric disturbances tardive syndromes in 136 functional movement disorders and 162, 165 tremors, imaging 176–8 in Huntington disease 46, 47 paroxysmal disorders 114–20, 174 see also neuropsychiatric syndromes dyskinesia 112, 114–18 psychogenic movement disorders see functional dystonia 60, 66 and psychogenic movement disorders functional 165 psychological therapies (psychotherapy) genetics 115, 116, 117, 174 functional movement disorders 166 pathophysiology see neuropathology/nervous paroxysmal 120 system pathology and pathophysiology tics 39 periodic limb movements of sleep 99–101, 173–4 psychosis, Huntington disease 46, 49 peripheral injury causing movement disorders 121 quality of life peripheral myoclonus 27, 28, 32, 33, 178, 179 essential tremor, rating scale 187 peripheral neuropathy see neuropathy functional movement disorders 161 phenomenology, imaging findings by 175 restless leg syndrome 88

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rainbow passage 191 sitting at rest, videotaping 103 rating scales 185–9 SLC30A10 146 red flags sleep autism/pervasive developmental disorder 109 myoclonus (hypnic jerks) 26 essential tremor 19 periodic limb movements 99–101, 173–4 reflex hammer 191–2 smooth pursuit abnormalities 70 rehabilitation sodium oxybate, myoclonus 159 alien hand syndrome 122 sodium valproate see valproate functional movement disorders 166–7 software, video processing 19 REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) 100, 101–4, 173–4 sotalol, essential tremor 19, 20 remacemide, Huntington disease 49, 51 spasm(s) reserpine hemifacial (HFS) 89–92, 94, 173, 178–9 myoclonus 159 masticatory 94 status dystonicus 156 stiff‐person syndrome 8 tardive syndromes 137 see also blepharospasm tic status 157 spasmodic dysphonia (laryngeal dystonia) rest tremor 3 63, 155–6 restless leg syndrome 79–88, 173–4 (cervical dystonia) rhythmic myoclonus 27 62, 186 rigidity SPECT of dopamine transporter see dopamine in functional parkinsonism 164 transporters progressive encephalomyelitis with myoclonus speech (and spoken language) and 8–9 cerebellar disorders affecting 70 in serotonin syndrome 153, 154 developmental delay 109 riluzole videotaping 193 ataxia 78 spinal atrophy 181 Huntington disease 48–9, 50 spinal myoclonus 32 risperidone, tics/Tourette syndrome 40, 41 segmental 32, 178, 179 rituximab, stiff‐person syndrome 9–10 treatment 32–3 rivastigmine 49, 105 spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) 71, 73, 172, 181 rubral tremor 24 autosomal dominant 73 with axonal neuropathy (SCAN) 75, 76 saccadic eye movement abnormalities 70, 73 SCA17 52, 73 Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia 188 startle responses and syndromes 118, 126–9 segmental dystonia 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 92, 180 exaggerated/excessive see hyperekplexia segmental spinal myoclonus 32, 178, 179 stereotypies 106–13, 174 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), differential diagnosis 110–12 Huntington disease 49 tics 38, 110–11 self‐injurious behavior 111–12, 174 genetics 174 69 stiff‐limb syndrome 9 sensory tricks, dystonia 58 stiff‐person‐plus syndrome 8–9 serotonin syndrome 153–4 stiff‐person syndrome 7–10, 127 Severity of Tremor Scale (Bain et al.) 187 variants and related conditions 8–9 Shapiro Tourette Syndrome Severity Scale 188 stimulus‐induced disorders 127 sialidoses 172 streptococci, group A beta‐hemolytic (GABHS) siderosis, superficial 76, 77 54, 54 single‐photon emission computed tomography of striatum dopamine transporter see dopamine Huntington disease 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 142 transporters infantile bilateral necrosis 173

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toes, moving, painful legs and 124 ataxia 180 topiramate tremor 177 essential tremor 19, 20 subcortical myoclonus 27, 28, 28–9, 33, 158, 179 tic disorders 39, 40 substantia nigra and iron in Parkinson’s disease 142 Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Scale sulpiride, Huntington disease 51 (TWSTRS) 186 supportive measures in emergencies 150–1 torticollis, spasmodic (cervical dystonia) 62, 186 surgery Tourette syndrome (TS) 3, 35–42, 96–7, 172, brain (neurosurgery) 187–8 essential tremor 20–1 toxic agents tic disorders 40 dystonia 61 hemifacial spasm 89 encephalopathy 158 Sydenham chorea 53–5 heavy metals 139–45 syndromic cortical and subcortical myoclonus 28, 30 see also drug‐induced conditions synkinesia 95 toxic metabolic encephalopathy 158 synucleinopathy 104 transcranial ultrasound 175 trauma see injury; self‐injurious behavior tardive syndromes (caused by antidopaminergics treatment 4 and other drugs) 133–8 past, and responses 2–3 dyskinesia 94, 97, 133, 134 pharmacological see drug therapy task‐specific dystonia 60, 63 see also specific condition temporal aspects see time tremor 3, 17–25, 175–6, 187 teratoma, ovarian, and NMDA receptor acute onset 152 encephalitis 151–2 cerebellar 24, 70 tetrabenazine clinical rating scales 187 chorea differential diagnosis 17, 18, 22, 23 and hemiballism 159 myoclonus 26 in Huntington disease 48, 49, 50 tics 38 dystonia 65 dystonia and 24–5, 58, 67 status dystonicus 156 fragile X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome myoclonus 159 74, 76, 176–7 tardive syndromes 137 functional 23, 120, 162–3 tic disorders 39, 40, 97 imaging 175–7 tic status 157 rest tremor 3 thallium 140 tardive 136 Thomsen myotonia congenita 12, 13 tricyclic antidepressants, tic disorders 40 thyroid disorders, hypokinesia 11 trihexyphenidyl tics (and tic disorders) 3, 35–42, 94, 172 dystonia 65 acute exacerbation 152 status dystonicus 156 facial 96, 96–7 tardive syndromes 137 frequency/severity increases (tic status) 156 triplet (trinucleotide) repeat diseases 71, 172 genetics 37, 38, 97, 172–3 anticipation in 71 primary 36, 37 see also CAG; CGG; CTG; GAA secondary 36, 37 tumors stereotypies vs 38, 110–11 hemifacial spasm caused by 90 tardive 136 ovarian, NMDA receptor encephalitis and transient 36, 37 151–2 time/temporal aspects, clinical manifestations see also paraneoplastic disorders changing over time 2 TWSTRS (Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis dystonia 59 Scale) 186

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ultrasound, transcranial 175 Washington Heights–Inwood Genetic Study of Unified Dystonia Rating Scale (UDRS) 186 Essential Tremor (WHIGET) Rating Scale 187 Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale Wilson disease 24, 49, 64, 141, 173 (UHDRS) 186–7 withdrawal emergency syndrome 136 Unified Myoclonus Rating Scale (UMRS) 188 writer’s 63 writing tremor, primary 25 valproate/valproic acid myoclonus 159 X chromosome, fragile see fragile X chromosome Sydenham chorea 66 X (chromosome)‐linked (incl. X‐linked recessive) varenicline, ataxia 78 inheritance vascular disorders/abnormalities ataxias 74–6 chorea 55 dystonias 61 hemifacial spasm 90 McLeod syndrome 143, 173 video recording 190–4 stereotypies 108 Yale Global Tic Severity Scale 188 vitamin E deficiency, ataxia with 76 vocal tics see phonic tics zinc 140

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