Elliot Richardson on State’s Decline Bruce Laingen on Diplomats & Terrorism foreign Service Jo

'ENTY FIVE CENTS SEPTEMBER 1981

Peaceful Atom”11 An Interview With IAEA Director General Sisvard Eklund Fall for the Good Times! Get with the good times at (That’s just $49.50 per person The Fun Never Sets: Bring your Sea Pines. America’s Favorite per night!) Other value-priced friends to Sea Pines, where the Vacation. During this year’s sports and holiday packages fun is forever. Our autumn night¬ special Fall Festival, we available too. times glisten with offer everything from round Endless Fun in the Endless good food robins to oyster roasts, from Summer: Our summer stretches and good times hayrides to bi¬ well into the fall. There are at over 50 island cycle picnics. plenty of sun-drenched days restaurants and Ideal settings for ocean swimming, jogging or night spots. for getting biking along our five miles of Write or Call together with wide white beach. So come visit Toll-Free Today:. old friends. us now. We’ll send you complete inf or-’ Or meeting World Famous Golf and Free mation, everything you need new ones. Tennis: There are 71 tennis courts to know to fall for the good times New Fall Packages: We’ve at Sea Pines. designed new, enticing packages for the good times this fall. For ^ree Call toll-free (8(H)) 845-6131 example, our 3 day/2 night Fall In South Carolina (8001922-7042 or call your travel agent. Festival Weekend Package* championship gives you free tennis, bicycles, , jL tk golf courses. complimentary cocktail, Sunday ^ You can organ- Brunch, and free participation - ize your own Sea Pines. in exciting special events, mini-tournaments, or play AT HILTON HEAD plus villa accommodations for your own Heritage on our famed Sea Pines Resort, Hilton Head Island, S.C. 29928 as low as $198 per couple. Harbour Town Links. * All packages subject to conditions in Sea Pines Package Brochure. COVER: A night-time view of the French-built Osimk reac¬ tor in Iraq that urns destroyed by an Ismeli air strike, now a fitting symbol of the irony in the U.N. International Atomic Energy Agency’s program to bring "Atoms for Peace" to the world. Our interview with IAEA Director Gencivl Sigvard Eklund begins on page 22.

Officers and Members of the The State of State 14 Governing Hoard CHARLESS. WHITEHOUSE, President The decline of the Foreign Service began when ANTHEA DE ROUVILLE, Vice President Henry Kissinger upgraded the role of the RON WITHERELL, Second Vice national security adviser and has been wors¬ President JOSEPH MCBRIDE, Secretary ened by attitudes within the State Department MICHAEL SPEERS, Treasurer itself. By Elliot L. Richardson. WILLIAM SCHOUX, RALPH BARNETT, AID Representatives STEPHEN M. CHAPLIN, ICA Diplomats & Terrorism 18 Representative ROBERT FRANKS, DONALD K. Had there been an understanding in place HOLM, IRVING WILLIAMSON, State Representatives among the U.S. and its allies on hmv to re¬ SPENCER KING, CHARLES spond to Iran's kind of state-sponsored terror¬ WHITEHOUSE, Retired Representatives ism, the hostage crisis might have been much Staff shorter. By Bruce Laingen. ROBERT M. BEERS, Executive Director SUSAN HOLIK, General Counsel The Peaceful Atom 22 SABINE SISK, Members’ Interest/ Grievance Representative Israel's attack on the Iraqi reactor put an PAT GUILD, Executive Secretary otherwise relatively unknown physicist at the CECIL B. SANNER, Membership and Circulation world’s center stage. An interview with IAEA Scholarship Programs Director General Sigvard Eklund. DAWN CUTHELL The Journal: War Comes to Naiba 28 Foreign Service Journal The British and German consular agents were Editorial Board fast friends for 20 years until news of war H. KENNETH HILL, Interim Chairman reached their remote Brazilian jungle village. JAMES L. ROUSH By Fred Godsey. DONALD MACCOKQCODALE DAVID WILSON Staff The Foreign Service Journal is the magazine of Membership in the American Foreign Service .STEPHEN R. DUJACK, Editor professionals in foreign affairs, published 11 times Association is open to the professionals in foreign FRANCES G. BURWELL, Associate a year by the American Foreign Service Associa¬ affairs overseas or in Washington, as well as to Editor tion, a non-profit organization. Material appear¬ persons having an active interest in, or close AGNES BUNDY, Editorial Assistant ing herein represents the opinions of the writers association with, foreign affairs. Membership dues and is not intended to indicate the official views of are: Active Members—Dues range from $52 to Advertising Representatives the Department of State, the International Com¬ $104 annually. Retired Active Members—Dues munication Agency, the Agency for International are $40 annually for members with incomes over JAMES C. SASMOR ASSOCIATES, Development, or the United States Government $30,000: $25 annually for less than $20,000. Asso¬ 521 Fifth Ave., Suite 1700, as a whole. While the Editorial Board is respon¬ ciate Members—Dues are $25 annually. All dues New York, N.Y. 10017. sible for general content, statements concerning payments include $7.50 allocation for the Journal (212) 683-3421 the policy and administration of AFSA as em¬ and Association News, per AFSA Bylaws. ployee representative under the Foreign Service Subscription to the Journal: one year (11 is¬ ALBERT D. SHONK CO., Act of 1980 on the editorial page and in the sues), $7.50; two years, $12.00. For subscriptions 681 Market St., Association News, and all communications relat¬ going abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annually. San Francisco, Calif. 94105. ing to these, are the responsibility of the AFSA Second-class postage paid at Washington. D.C. Governing Board. and at additional post office. (415) 392-7144 Microfilm copies of current as well as of back American Foreign Sen ice Association, 1981. 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., issues of the Foreign Sendee Journal are avail¬ 46 Keyes House, Dolphin Sq., able through the University Microfilm Library Telephone (202) 338-4045. Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, under a September 1981. Volume 58, No. 8. ISSN London SW1. 01-834-8023/9 contract signed October 30, 1967. 0015-7279. International Representatives. objective was to keep the number of American advisers to a minimum, to avoid a sudden flare-up of the xenophobia which lies so near the surface, for understandable reasons, in that ancient land. We applauded Color LETTERS the Shah’s efforts to modernize his Add 20C for Handling

country, we urged repeatedly that TRIM COLOR (Square Photo) SLIM COLOR <3v» * 7) he provide some outlet for the polit¬ s 50 s 50 ical expression of his people, and 25 4 25 5 Undermining an Ally argued with him when necessary Additional cards 20c ea. Additional cards 25c ea. Add $1.15 postage & handling. about police excesses, the pace of Includes envelopes. TRIM style made from your square neg. Slide or photo add: $2.00 up to 5" x 7" — I read with interest and some nos¬ development, and the rapidity with $2.50 for 5" x 7" & 8" x 10”. 110 film must be made talgia Charles Maechling’s review of which he could reasonably expect to SUM style. Satisfaction guaranteed or money back. No C.O.D.’s. Send check, cash or M.O. Barry Rubin’s book on Iran (Paved build up his forces. Incidentally, far PLUS VALUABLE COUPON! WE USE KODAK PAPER FOR A GOOD LOOK! with Good Intentions, May). As one from being the American puppet of PHILIPS FOTO CO. DEPT. DIP ELMSF0RD. N.Y. 10523 who served (with Bruce Laingen) in popular portrayal, he was one of the Iran after the fall of Mossadeq and most difficult leaders of a friendly later managed Iranian affairs in the country we have ever had to deal Planning a department for over three years, I with. Special believe both Maechling and Rubin On balance, I continue to believe have put their fingers on the point that in his own milieu the Shah was Function? at which U.S. policy began to un¬ a capable leader who did far more dermine an ally we wished to main¬ good than harm, and who deserved Call the tain. better treatment at the hands of his We followed during my time, and countrymen and his erstwhile Foreign Service for some years thereafter, a policy of friends. In later years he clearly Club restraint in providing military assis¬ suffered the corruption of absolute tance to the Shah. Our guidelines power and the accompanying mega¬ (202) 338-5730 were to provide nothing beyond lomania, a powerful reason for the Margot Joseph, what the Iranian armed forces could U.S. not to encourage the enormous manager operate and maintain. A concomitant military buildup and the influx of

When You’re Transferred You Won’t Have to Worry About the Precious Belongings You’ve Left Behind

You can leave for "your new foreign assignment and know at all times where your possessions are for your be sure that your belongings are being taken care of security and convenience. expertly in District Moving & Storage’s new, modern COMPLETE SECURITY of your goods because they’re warehouse facility. Wherever you live in the Greater protected by full security fencing with security Washington Area, you are convenient to us. lighting, a central station burglar alarm system and a MORE THAN 72,000 SQUARE FEET OF SAPCE. The most dry sprinkler system. modern warehouse facility anywhere, constructed CUSTOM CONTAINERIZATION. We’ve made entirely of steel and concrete. containerization a packing science to keep everything MODERN INVENTORY LOCATOR SYSTEM means that we you store with us safe, clean and dry until you return or send for your belongings. ,

2 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL I

FOREIG underwritten by London insurors gnnd exclusively SERVI administered by PERSONNE HUNTINGTON T. BLOCK INSURANCE 2101 L Street, N.w. WORLDWID Washington, D.C. 20037 Telephone 202/223-0673 Or 800/424-8830 Toll Free PERSONA relex 892596 Call or write our Overseas Department for information PROPER about our very attractive rates, broaci coverage, and ON THE SPOT claims service by representatives INSURAN posted in every major city FLOAT in the w'orld.

“Here is a bridge across that great gulf of mutually absent understanding. One hopes the Chinese and other Asians have some¬ thing as good."—Barbara Tuchman Senlij mental "A marvelous primer for anyone wanting to understand America's endless, unrequited love affair with Asia."—David Halberstam

Impe rialists Why have Americans developed such a special, turbulent, even violent love- hate relationship with East Asia over the past two hundred years? Sentimen¬ The Ai merican tal Imperialists is the first post- Vietnam, post-China-recognition inter¬ pretation of the American encounter with East Asian civilization, from the mid-eighteenth century to Nixon's visit Expf arience to China in 1972. An authoritative, comprehensive, and highly readable study by three Harvard-trained schol¬ ars, it provides an invaluable back¬ inEa st Asia ground for understanding the crucial nature of our policy towards the Far byjames ( 1 Thomson, Jr, East in the coming decades.

Peter W Stanley &John Curtis Perry HARPER & ROW $17.50

SEPTEMBER 1981 3 C£ c=* ce tci Consul General GRANT E. MOUSER III Hamburg, West Germany FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL As for diplomats themselves, makes another Charles Maechling My thanks to both the author and which of Americans numbers large 1970s. In alas, the early marked, material¬ we contributed this sense, downfall, timing of his ly to the the con¬ personally think though I reaction to modernization servative political class dislike of and middle brought about repression might have or later, whatever his demise sooner also not forget our policy: We should West twenty-five of Iran gave the in an area known years of stability for continual upheaval. like to endorse point which I would of U.S. intelli¬ strongly. The role exaggerated has been so grossly that it may take years for fact to terms the Shah that in geopolitical of Mossadeq gence in the overthrow catch up with popular myth. With pushing his country to the brink of political disarray, economic chaos, my longtime friend Bruce Laingen, are no fools, then or now, and they sensed in 1953 that the genuinely popular Mossadeq was leading them (June 1981) brings to mind the the best intentions, Mossadeq was and perhaps a new intervention by the Soviets. The Iranian people, for whom I continue to have the deepest affection despite my abhorrence of their action against our embassy and to ruin. the reviewer for some simple truths on a subject tormented by distor¬ tion, twisted facts, and outright following views in his short story falsehoods. ticle on “The Diplomat’s Lexicon’’ anonymous definition of diplomacy Somerset Maugham expressed the “The Human Element”: “It was stu¬ that he was connected with the dip¬ cilious courtesy that is so well calcu¬ lated to put up the backs of the by his uneasy feeling that other men as “consisting of saying the nastiest things in the nicest ways.” pid of me not to have seen at once lomatic service. He had the super¬ general public and the aloofness due to the consciousness the diplomat has that he is not as other men are, do not quite realize it.” Diplomatic Descriptions John P. McKnight’s entertaining ar¬ joined with the shyness occasioned D1 'Jk W A, $1 Kodak paper. Fora good look. We use ZIP COMPUTERIZED COLOR CONTROL BY KODAK Telephone: 331-5800 Service! DEPEND ON US! Fast Philip's Regular With Coupon WHEN MAILED WITH YOUR ORDER TO 20037 NW, Washington, D.C. S16 23rd St., family will ever need The only drug store your "ESTABLISHED 1928 Elmsford, N.Y. 10523 _ $ PLAZA PHARMACY COLUMBIA SALE SPECIAL-BY-MAIL Sensational on high quality Kodak Lustre-lux paper. EastMai FILM 110 • 126 135 K0DAC0L0R SAVE 20% on all merchandise Order any time and 1 SAVE Philips Foto Co. .." only after receipt of your order Send No Money: Pay THIS COUPON WORTH $1.00 Enclosed is $5.37 for each roll 36-exposure Kodacolor film. Enclosed is $2.00 for each roll 20-exposure Kodacolor film. Enclosed is $3.66 for each roll 24-exposure Kodacolor film. COUPON! COUPON! SPECIAL LOW PRICES PLUS $1.00 SAVING processing. On developing and printing any size with C-41 any 12 Exp. any 36 Exp. any 20 Exp. any 24 Exp. I understand you pay return postage ■ credit unprintable negatives. □ Enclosed is $1.08 for each roll 12-exposure Kodacolor film. ANY SMI ON DEVELOPING & PRINTING MAIL FILM IN ENCLOSE THIS DOLLAR SAVING YOUR ENVELOPE. PRINT NAME ADDRESS CITY STATE SI r r r tf R n RHR R4/ R R “ R }( R H RHRg 5 R D }( R R 'R ¥ R n R HR n R n RKR \7 R n R “ nf R R “ Uf R R 4 A Diplomatic Offer from Ford. Ford offers a special diplomatic discount when you buy any 1981 Ford car or light truck... including Lincoln and Continental Mark VI.

The Continental Mark VI for 1981. It includes as The Lincoln for 1981. You’ll discover that beneath standard all the luxury you may need. Power the obvious sense of tradition is a revolution in windows, electronic AM/FM stereo search radio, technology. From the common sense of its trim size automatic temperature control and an electronic to the innovation of its engineering, Lincoln for 1981 instrument panel with a message center. Of course, brings a new relevance to the eighties. you may enjoy these sophisticated features in a 2- or 4-door model. FORD EXPORT DIVISION

Please send me full information on using my diplomatic discount to purchase a new WRITE TO: DIPLOMATIC SALES, FORD MOTOR COMPANY 815 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D C. 20006 Tel: (202) 785-6047

Name

Address ——

City State

| County .Zip. I -I Members of our sometimes ma¬ ligned profession may prefer the old adage that a diplomat is “a person of oil, of silver, and of steel, who is incapable of a lie but always capable BOOK of an evasion, and who never puts off until tomorrow those things REVIEWS which can be quite well left until the day after tomorrow.” Califano’s Revenge WILLIAM M. OWEN FSO, retired GOVERNING AMERICA, by Joseph Washington, D.C. Califano, Jr. Simon & Schuster, Affirmative Action 1981. $16.95. CHIEF The highly emotional tone of Paul Joseph Califano’s book about his Molineaux’s letter (June 1981) on years with Lyndon Johnson and EXECUTIVE affirmative action leads me to sev¬ Jimmy Carter might have been eral observations. The many ad called Califano’s Revenge. Of the OFFICER hominem remarks by Mr. Molineaux two presidents that Califano served, should have given pause to your edi¬ one was the quintessential man of tors. These remarks suggested an the system. The other won—and SOUGHT incomprehension about American later lost—the presidency because political dynamics and principles he never figured out the system.

The WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION, a small, that would probably make useful This book leaves no doubt which innovative operating foundation widely communication with Molineaux im¬ president the author admired; in¬ known since 1910 for the substantive quality possible. deed, it strips Carter, who fired and policy relevance of its programs on a So turning to the Journal, I am Califano as Secretary of Health, broad spectrum of international issues, seeks a chief executive officer. The new Director appalled such remarks would appear Education, and Welfare, of all but will work with an active board of trustees without giving others an opportunity his good intentions and his strong internationally recognized in their respective (in the same issue, preferably, as is Baptist faith. In one illustrative fields, to plan and implement programs of done in national magazines) to bring scene, Califano describes savoring a research, conferences, and publication. The Molineaux up short on his diatribe, spirited debate with Senator Russell Foundation's substantive priorities change as international issues develop and it can bring which lowered the level of intellec¬ Long over health-insurance legisla¬ special expertise to bear upon them. Over tual exchange which the Journal tion, as would any person who loves the past decade or so the Foundation's work should encourage. There is nothing good political negotiation, and then has focused on such issues as the prolifera¬ in Molineaux’s letter that invites se¬ reporting to a president who con¬ tion of nuclear weapons, U.S.-Canadian re¬ lations ( with continuing attention to the spe¬ rious discussion on a matter which fesses, “I can never understand cial situation of Quebec), southern Africa, concerns, one way or another, broad what he (Long) is talking about...” international migration, the Middle East and sectors of the American public. You Califano’s skirmishes with the the Maghreb, transnational and transgovern- seem deliberately to have played White House staff also demonstrate mental relations, and international energy into his hands, gratuitously inviting that the skills required to win elec¬ problems. The Foundation also sponsors publication of the quarterly International insult to those persons such as my¬ tions are not necessarily those Organization. self who believe affirmative action needed to govern. As the first HEW can best provide some equity in the secretary to attend the annual World To fill the directorship the Foundation sorry situation which has continued Health Assembly, in Geneva in May seeks a person of imagination and sound analytical judgment regarding international to exist in the Department of State 1978, he sought U.S. endorsement affairs. Most important will be an ability to since I joined it in 1957. of a Saudi resolution against smok¬ work effectively to translate proposals into This is not the first time that the ing, as consistent with Carter’s programs, and to interact well with outside Journal (and AFSA) has shown ei¬ preventive-health position and vital specialists of diverse nationality and exper¬ ther directly, or indirectly, as in the to Third World leaders concerned tise. Although he or she might be employed on a less-than-full-time basis, his or her above case, its bias against manage¬ about health problems in developing commitment must be substantially more than ment’s efforts to make the Foreign countries. That support had to be half time. Compensation will be negotiable. Service a more representative insti¬ rescued from White House staff ef¬ The new Director should begin work no tution. I have complained in the past forts to mollify North Carolina to¬ later than September 7, 1982. that AFSA has not encouraged an bacco interests. Dr. Peter Bourne, Applications and resumes should be sent objective debate on the matter, but that unforgettable health aide, was no later than October 31 to: has rather taken sides. I see, given even spouting the tobacco lobby’s the nature of Molineaux’s letter, propaganda about the “relaxing” that the same attitude still spills and other benefits that “might be in Alfred O. Hero over into the Journal. smoking.” Director World Peace Foundation Anyone writing of service to a 22 Batterymarch Street, R. V. FlMBRES president will mark that work with Boston, MA 02109 Deputy Chief of Mission personal philosophy. Harry Mac- Quito, Ecuador Pherson, writing of Lyndon John- 6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Paul Wood cares about your peace of mind. Paul Wood, your man in Washington, knows And, you can even store your left-behind that Foreign Service personnel have special in¬ treasures in Security's vault or keep your Ori¬ surance needs when they are shipping ental rugs safe in Security’s tem¬ goods overseas. As Manager of Secu¬ perature-controlled, moth-proof stor¬ rity Storage’s Insurance Division and age area. an employee for 25 years, Paul special¬ Paul Wood and his staff value izes in making you feel secure with Se¬ your peace of mind. These dedicated curity’s Government Services Floater. men and women personify the effi¬ This world-wide policy insures all cient, personal service that has made household goods and personal effects Security Storage the experts for over at any location in the world, except 70 years in all aspects of overseas the United States. When you extend moving, storage and insurance. coverage for goods being shipped, you Security Storage offers special will receive a lower transit rate. You low rates for Foreign Service person¬ may also insure your automobile nel. Call or write Paul Wood for fur¬ wherever it travels. ther information.

Jfrorage (|o Spang Insurance Division • 1701 Florida Ave., N.W. • Washington, D.C. 20009 • 202/797-5625

PRINCETON U.S. Foreign Policy and the Law of the Sea ANN L. HOLLICK “A fascinating account of the domestic and international politics of the American role in changing the international regime that governs the uses of the seas ."—Joseph S. Nye, Harvard University

The law of the sea, one of the oldest and most highly developed areas of international law, has changed significantly in the past fifty years in response to rapid scientific and technological advances coupled with an increased population and the need for additional resources. Ann Hollick documents these changes and examines the evolution of U.S. ocean policy in the larger contexts of American foreign policy and of international law and politics. Cloth, $32.50. Limited Paperback Edition, $15.00 Princeton University Press Princeton, New Jersey 08540

SEPTEMBER 1981 7 son, could not help invoking his own less, sodden lumps. The technology personal faith, nor could Bill Moy¬ for preventing keratomalacia and ers. If Califano has a Washington other forms of blindness due to vi¬ A hotel faith, it is pragmatism. A Roman tamin A deficiency is simple and Catholic, he “sensed that the abor¬ relatively inexpensive. Yet, there with little tion issue was headed inexorably for are undoubtedly more nutritionally my desk.’’ When it got there, he blind children today in the world consulted with Catholic leaders and than there were yesterday, and to offer. was able to resolve, for himself at there will be still more tomorrow. A little hotel that's practically on top least, that a man could hold firm Why? of some of the biggest names in beliefs that abortion was wrong and Those interested in the answers Washington ... like the Kennedy still uphold federal laws granting would be well advised to read Com¬ Center, the State Department, and the World Health Organization. women the right to decide. Although bating Nutritional Blindness in We have seventy-seven terrific declaring all out war on smoking, he Children. Vitamin A deficiency is rooms and suites that cost less was able to rationalize ignoring the intimately related to development, than our big neighbors. Every room issue of federal price supports for and this brief volume is about de¬ has a fully-equipped kitchen, a color tobacco, on the grounds that sub¬ velopment, or at least about one t.v., a big desk, a queen-sized bed and a morning newspaper deliv¬ sidies have no effect on personal attempt to promote it. ered to your door. All the little things decisions not to smoke. The task facing the author, Carl that make a hotel a home. Plus a Califano’s thirty-month reign at Fritz, and his Indonesian and Amer¬ delightful cafe, a roof garden and a HEW also involved him in infant ican colleagues working for Helen concierge. nutrition, alcoholism, welfare re¬ Keller International under an AID Live a little. form, Social Security, civil rights, contract seems relatively simple at education, student loans, swine flu first glance. They were to develop innoculations, affirmative action— estimates of the magnitude of the the major social problems of our problem of eye disorders due to vi¬ time. Readers who lack a passion tamin A deficiency in Indonesia, to for bureaucratic detail may be for¬ provide additional insights into those Riverside Towers HoteC given for passing quickly over ac¬ factors which bring about these dis¬ 220f Virginia Avenue, NW. counts of how each battle was won eases, and to design a program to Washington, DC. 20037 or lost. Yet, the book also is rich in prevent them. When one considers (202) 452-4600 Cable: Riverside recent history and that combination the plethora of problems encount- of personal gossip, inside revela¬ tions, and name-dropping that is the ATTENTION: stuff of Washington. Califano por¬ AUTHORIZED EXPORTER trays himself dancing heroically be¬ State Department and tween such exalted egos as those of GENERAL ELECTRIC Foreign Service Personnel Johnson and the brothers Kennedy, often telling each things he did not wish to hear. He describes listening Riverside in horror as Teddy Kennedy claimed Refrigerators • Freezers • Ranges Califano for his own on the issue of Washers • Dryers • Dishwashers national health programs, during Air Conditioners • Radios • Stereos Liquors Kennedy’s stirring address to the Small Appliances • Televisions 1978 Democratic mini-convention. Our 55th Year Kennedy had the session in the palm 2123 E Street, N.W. At Va. Ave. of his hand, outshining the incum¬ • Available for all Electric Currents (conveniently located across bent president as he was to do again • Local Warehousing for from the State Oepartmen t on E a year and a half later at the Demo¬ Immediate Shipment Street, next to Peoples Drug cratic nominating convention. At Store) 5% off on regular low prices on that moment, Califano must have liquor and wines upon begun to feel the ax rubbing his presentation of gov't ID neck before it finally fell the follow¬ No discount on sale items General Electronics, Inc. Wide variety of Domestic and Imported ing July. BEERS ★ WINES * CHAMPAGNE —MARIANNE KARYDES Complete Selection of Whiskeys and SHOWROOM: 4513 Wisconsin Ave. liquor AIDing Nutrition Washington, D.C. 20016 338-4882 Tel.: (202) 362-8300 COMBATING NUTRITIONAL BLINDNESS TWX 710-822-9450 GENELECINC WSH IN CHILDREN: A Case Study of Tech¬ Liquor nical Assistance in Indonesia, by Carl Fritz. Pergamon Press. WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG Discounts Several years ago while on a trip in Our catalog is sent to adminis¬ trative officers, embassies and Customer Parking at Southeast Asia, I saw my first kera¬ Gulf Station 22nd & Va. Ave. tomalacia victim—a tiny child whose consulates throughout the world. eyes had been converted into sight¬

8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Recognizing the limits of the Claims Act, the government recommends private insurance too.

Claims Act 1. The government will be responsible for only 1. You may purchase as much insurance as $15,000 of proven property loss. you need. 2. Loss recovery limitations exist on most 2. Valuable articles can be scheduled without categories of possessions such as jewelry, limitation on a “valued at” basis. furs, cameras, fine arts, antiques. 3. Claims process requires government 3. Swift claims settlement begins with a simple investigation and documentation. telephone call or letter. 4. Loss must be incident to service. 4. Coverage is worldwide whether on business or pleasure. 5. Comprehensive Personal Liability insurance 5. Comprehensive Personal Liability insurance is not available. is available. 6. Loss evaluation is complicated and includes 6. Loss settlement on unscheduled items is depreciation. based on replacement cost with no depreciation. Settlement on scheduled articles is based on the agreed amount. 7. Theft loss requires proof that due7. careNo such was requirement. exercised to prevent the occurrence.

AFSA Desk, The Hirshorn Company sei 14 East Highland Avenue Philadelphia, Pa. 19118 (215) CH2-8200.*

Send me your free brochure (with built-in application form) that answers my questions about overseas insurance.

Name Address

These are only a few of the differences. City/State/Zip Please refer to Foreign Affairs Manual (6 FAM 300). 'If calling from the Washington, D.C. area: (202) 457-0250

Note: The insurance policies, not this advertisement, will form the contract between the insured and the insurance company. The policies contain limits, exclusions and limitations not listed here. ered in implementing the project, it cy is woefully ineffective. This well- is not surprising that it was not documented treatise suggests that completed when Fritz finished this AID’s supporters can make an ex¬ account. cellent case for their own view. Many of the obstacles were a re¬ —DONALD W. MACCORQUODALE, flection of the culture of rural In¬ M.D. itfaUi MERCEDES donesia and the poverty of its peo¬ Hitler’s Foreign Policy MERCEDES ple. In one instance, the use of home OIL remedies to treat early symptoms THE FOREIGN POLICY OF HITLER’S FREE! NEW CAR CATALOG of an eye disorder caused a delay in GERMANY: Starting World War II, BUY DIRECT 1937-1939, by Gerhard H. Weinberg. The comprehensive NAI Master Catalog contains 32 seeking appropriate care, and the pages, over 150 illustrations. DIPLOMATIC and FACTORY child went blind. Mothers were re¬ University of Chicago Press. tax-free prices, equipment, options, colors, and all the de¬ tails on how to order your car at these special savings luctant to allow blood samples to be This is the second volume of Wein¬ The Nemet Organization has been meeting the needs of Americans throughout the world since 1916 You will have taken from their children. Some berg’s foreign policy series on Nazi your car. waiting where you want it, STATESIDE OR IN EUROPE—when you want it, all serviced and ready to go at families simply could not afford the Germany, taking off from the end of special factory prices Buy your new car from Nemet because we ll be costs of transportation to bring their the earlier volume, Diplomatic Rev¬ here when you get home. children back to a hospital for fol¬ olution in Europe, 1933-1936, and low-up care after they were treated continuing the most comprehensive for nutritional eye diseases. study available in English on Ger¬ Please send me a FREE copy of your FSJ-981 32 page Master Catalog. The most formidable obstacles, man diplomacy under Hitler. Our I am interested in: □ Stateside Delivery however, had their origins in the □ European Delivery appetite is whetted for a final vol¬ □ AUDI MG RENAULT U.S. and Indonesian bureaucracies. ume to carry us through 1945. BMW MERCEDES TRIUMPH DATSUN PEUGEOT VOLKSWAGEN At one point, it took Fritz and an There has been, of course, a tre¬ FIAT PORSCHE VOLVO JAGUAR Indonesian assistant several weeks mendous amount of scholarly re¬ Name (and not a little cash out of pocket) search on Nazi Germany, and popu¬ Social Security No _ Date of Birth _ to get greatly needed equipment lar writing as well. To cover the Address Date of Rotation cleared through Indonesian cus¬ burgeoning literature is, in itself, no Delivery Place . toms. A number of items requested mean feat. But to synthesize it, to Nemet Auto International through an AID PIO/C issued in combine elements derived from orig¬ World s Largest Distributor of Tax-Free Cars September 1976 were not ordered inal research, and somehow to put it s' " N.153-03 Hillside Avenue. Jamaica, New York 11432 C NEMETO Telephone (212) 523-5858/Cable NEMETAUTO by the General Services Administra¬ all together is a masterly accom¬ s' Toll Free 800-221-0177 tion until May 1977. Spare parts plishment. ordered through the GSA for AID- The book carefully shows what purchased jeeps did not reach In¬ Hitler’s foreign policy objectives donesia until the project was fin¬ were and how he achieved them. It ished. weaves in all the complex strands of Fritz has high praise for the local military strategy and objectives, BUY AID mission and, indeed, it seems domestic policy, and those of politi¬ clear that essential basic data would cal concern, giving us the full fabric not have been collected had the mis¬ of Nazi diplomacy. In Weinberg’s sion not loaned Helen Keller Inter¬ view, Hitler was firmly determined SELL national several vehicles at the be¬ to wage war, placing all else subor¬ ginning of the project. This praise dinate to that goal. Thus, we see seems doubly merited in view of Germany’s support of Franco in the INVEST AID missions’ general distaste for Spanish Civil War as a means of centrally funded projects such as securing access to Spanish raw ma¬ this one, sponsored by the AID Of¬ terials while denying them to the Ed Joyce fice of Nutrition in Washington. British—not just as an exercise for Retired FSIO Despite these problems and a host weapons and tactics. The Czech cri¬ of others, the team did demonstrate sis was as much an effort to test the LICENSED IN D.C. that nutritional blindness is a for¬ resolve of the West as it was to and VIRGINIA midable public health problem in destroy Czechoslovakia, that hated Indonesia, and plans were elaborat¬ creation of Versailles. The Molotov- ed to combat vitamin A deficiency. Ribbentrop pact was aimed at paci¬ CMOUNT The author gives much of the credit fying the East so that Poland could to the project scientist, Dr. Alfred be eliminated as a trouble spot be¬ Sommer, and his Indonesian co¬ fore the main action against the cVERHOIi workers, but I suspect that Fritz West—rather than only an effort to 'REALTY was responsible for the relative suc¬ delude the Soviets before the Nazis A cess of this venture to a greater unleashed their blitzkrieg. V-,NC “ 6257 Old Dominion Dr. degree than he implies. Weinberg makes clear that, dur¬ McLean, Va. 22101 I heartily recommend this absorb¬ ing this period, Hitler was fully in Off: 821-8300 ing book to all who are interested in command and highly rational in his Res: 821-2109 the development process. In partic¬ manipulation of foreign policy. Hav¬ ular, it should be read by AID’s ing successfully consolidated his detractors, who insist that the agen¬ control over Germany by 1937, he 10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Peoples Drug—One of America's Largest Drug Chains Provides PRESCRIPTIONS FOR THE WORLD Filled and Mailed Immediately

□ All prescriptions filled immediately □ Immediate mail backs □ Send no money—Pay after receipt □ Pay Peoples low prices plus postage and packing □ Nationally famous cosmetics, too □ Sundries of every description □ WE MAIL TO EVERY COUNTRY 5 FT) PEOPLES DRUG Clements £ Co. considers it a privilege to work with you in our field — INSURANCE. the prescription stores 2125 E St. NW Whether you are departing to a foreign post, Washington, D. C. 20007 returning for United States assignment, retiring — we’d like to hear about it, because GETTING TO KNOW YOU is what we’re all about.

That is why members of our staffhave traveled to many foreign posts, and have made it a point to study local insuring conditions around the Buying or Selling world — from Zaire to Russia, Guatemala to Argentina, and Washington, D.C.I an Apartment or Townhouse? Write, Cable or Call us about YOUR plans! We will understand, because we’ve been there . ..

(Detailed brochure #11/980 available through Call a Specialist our Washington office, or at many posts.) LET US CONSOLIDATE AND SOLVE YOUR INSURANCE REQUIREMENTS. HAROLD WRIGHT

HCE FSIO Retired Licensed in DC. MD, VA. £>riem

5938 Dorchester Way INSURANCE BROKERS North Bethesda, MD 20852 Suite 900, Commerce Bldg. office: (202) 537-1800 M. JUANITA GUESS 1700 K Street, N.W. home: (301) 468-9577 Tel.: (202) 872-0060 Washington, D.C. 20006

EDMUND J. FLYNN COMPANY Condomiilium and Cooperative Specialists Since 1920 Insurance Specialists to the American Foreign

Service — at home and abroad.

SEPTEMBER 1981 11 was able to lay the diplomatic The title is misleading: there are White House in its subsequent op¬ groundwork for the military actions allusions to broader questions such position to the partition of Palestine. that ticked inexorably toward the as Soviet intentions toward the Mid¬ The book is a better source for outbreak of formal hostilities. His east, but essentially this is a work¬ reference than for new7 ideas. It is tactics were designed to achieve cer¬ manlike account of ten years in the extensively researched, generally tain aims and, for him at least, those history of two concomitant battles well edited, somewhat repetitive and aims were clear. The indecision of for control of Saudi Arabian oil con¬ discursive, minutely documented. his opponents was based on internal cessions. Those not already enthralled by the divisions, acknowledged military The first was fought between the story of Arab oil will find it heavy weakness, and, in part at least, United Kingdom and the United going. The analysis seems sound and wishful thinking. Until he underes¬ States. It began when a British min¬ objective, although friends of the timated the resolve of Britain to ister of state could write that “the late Bill Eddy may question his stand by Poland, it all seemed to be British Empire had a predominant characterization as a “virulent” anti- going his way. interest in the Middle East and the Zionist, possessed of a “deep emo¬ Analyzing Nazi Germany from the American interest ... was relative¬ tional stake in the Arab world.” foreign policy angle is a refreshing ly minor . . . .’’It involved eventual —CURTIS F. JONES change from studies that start from agreement to accord pre-eminence Mein Kampf, the party’s programs, to the British in Iran and Iraq, and the Holocaust, etc. Weinberg’s ap¬ to the Americans in Saudi Arabia. proach is an antidote to some of the It ended with the laying of the foun¬ rhetoric and impassioned prose in dation of the special Saudi-American literature; he demonstrates that for¬ relationship that is central to U.S. eign policies are not isolated from Mideast policy today. Members of the Foreign Service and national goals and ambitions. The second battle took place with¬ the professional diplomatic com¬ —PRATT BYRD in the American bureaucracy. The munity who have had books pub¬ effort by Interior and Defense to lished recently are invited to submit Battles Over Oil promote U.S.-government ownership them for review in the Foreign Ser¬ SEARCH FOR SECURITY: Saudi Ara- of American petroleum and pipeline vice Journal. Authors should ask bian Oil and American Foreign Pol¬ concessions in the Mideast was their publishers to mail review copies icy, 1939-1949, by Aaron David beaten back by the oil companies, to Book Reviews, Foreign Service Miller. The University of North aided by the Department of State— Journal, 2101 E St., NW, Washing¬ Carolina Press. $19.00 which was itself overruled by the ton, DC 20037.

Wz HAVE Calvert School FOREIGN SERVICE . . . The school that comes to your child Complete home-study course for elementary-level students Kindergarten FOR THE FOREIGN SERVICE. through 8th grade An American education anywhere in the world Ideal for Whether you're looking for just one car, or an entire fleet enrichment. Home is the classroom, you are the teacher with Calvert's approved a purchase from Cavalier Cars links you to a dealer who instruction guide. Start any time, transfer to other schools Used by over 300,000 has served the diplomatic community for 19 years. students Non-profit. Write for catalog. Admits students of any race, color, na¬ tional or ethnic origin. Cavalier — Washington's only exclusive Volkswagen dealership - offers a diplomatic purchase discount and speedy worldwide delivery. Established 1897 301-243-6030 When you re in Washington, stop in our convenient Arlington showroom, close to State Department and Foreign Service Institute offices, and contact our Diplomatic Sales Representative, Calvert School or write us from your overseas post F9-1 Tuscany Rd Baltimore, Md. 21210 Don Bad rich, Diplomatic Sales • Cavalier Cars 4045 Lee Highway • Arlington VA 22207 • (703)525-1900 Parent's name ? Address ML City State Zip CAVALIER CARS INC. VOLKSWAGEN - Child's Age Grade

SHOP IN AN AMERICAN DRUG STORE BY MAIL! An ice cream soda is one of the few items we cannot mail. When counr on Drewood Drugs, cosmetics, sundries mailed to every country in the for stationery, world. We maintain permanent family prescription ^Quality announcements, records. SEND NO MONEY—1• pay only after satisfactory re¬ invitations, cords, ceipt of order. Count$... • and informals. Our engraving consultants are ot your service. Pluumaaj/ Ine. f/a Morgan Pharmacy ^BRC(I)(?DD Fine Engraving 6 Printing Since 1692 3001 P Street, N.W. 1147 20th Srreer. N W Washington D C 223-2300 Washington, D.C. 20007

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL —is basically unsound when a large number Is the Service Sound? of its married members are separated from I am glad to have this opportunity to speak their families while carrying out their offi¬ to the membership of the American Foreign cial duties. A Service is unsound when the Service Association as I commence my term top third of its membership is “capped” at as its president. It was encouraging to note the same salary regardless of differences in that my majority spanned the various con¬ levels of responsibility. A Service is unsound stituencies of the Association and that mem¬ when lack of confidence in the inherent bers on active duty supported the idea of a fairness of the system of assignments and retired officer heading the Association. I promotions is widespread. A Service is un¬ am prejudiced, naturally, but I believe the sound when political pressure is often recently elected Board is a strong one which brought to bear to place non-career officers will serve the Association well. Thea de in subordinate positions, and an exaggerated Rouville, Ron Witherell, and Joe McBride, number of political appointees in high posi¬ the vice presidents and secretary of the tions upsets traditional balances. A Service Association, are experienced veterans of is unsound when its functions begin to be AFSA affairs, and the new members of the taken over by other organizations. A Service Board and I will profit from their guidance. is unsound when many of its ablest mem¬ The AFSA staff is capable and highly quali¬ bers are either leaving it or thinking of fied. During my two years of service on the doing so. previous Board I learned to appreciate the I believe the foregoing is a stark, but not professionalism with which it carries out its exaggerated, description of the problems duties. found in the Foreign Service today. In many Like any living organism the Foreign Ser¬ ways and often inadvertently, the Foreign vice adjusts and changes to meet new cir¬ Service has been put, or has put itself, into cumstances and new concepts. I was born positions which are fundamentally unsound. into the Service and have seen it change in Overcoming that unsoundness is really what the course of fifty years from the patrician the newly elected Board of AFSA must try and clubby Service of the Twenties and to do. Thirties through many mutations into what The new Board will work with the foreign it is now. affairs agencies to implement the Foreign The material improvements have been Service Act of 1980, which can redress many tremendous, but I cannot help brooding over of these problems. The Board will seek to the state of the Service today. The members improve the public image of the Service. It of the Service remain capable, intelligent, will try to build up the Association. It will and dedicated. We can all be proud of the take pains to try to influence Congressional job being done in posts around the world. attitudes. These are important activities, But what worries me is that, not with¬ but what is really key is to work with the standing many betterments in the conditions Administration further to improve conditions of service, the Foreign Service seems to me of service and to overcome the “unsound¬ to be confronted with problems so serious ness” which we all know is there. We may that solutions to them will be very difficult not succeed, but we will try. to find. Let’s face it. A Service—any Service —CHARLESS. WHITEHOUSE

SEPTEMBER 1981 13 KH The State of State

Some Reasons for the Department’s Decline Can Be Found Within Its Own Walls

By ELLIOT L. RICHARDSON

For more than a decade the pri¬ this decline. But, this is not to say the Department of State distinguish¬ macy of the State Department that the Service has had no part in able from, and on a par with, the and the Foreign Service in the bringing it about. Some of the un¬ interests of these other depart¬ formulation and execution of U.S. derlying reasons for the deteriora¬ ments. foreign policy has been in eclipse. tion of the State Department’s role All this seemed reasonable enough This phenomenon first became ap¬ in determining U.S. foreign policy at the time. What was not under¬ parent during the Nixon era as the and for the relative increase in the stood was that, having conceded the role of the National Security Coun¬ visibility and responsibility of a premise, the rest would follow. Hind¬ cil expanded. The trend continued White House-based staff are to be sight now makes clear that the De¬ under the Carter administration and found within the Department of partment of State has too readily was exacerbated by, among other State itself. acquiesced in the impression that a things, the stripping away of the State Department interest exists department’s role in export promo¬ Strengthening the NSC where the foreign policy of the tion and trade. Even during the first The readiness of the State De¬ United States is concerned, and that few months of Ronald Reagan’s partment to accede to a strength¬ this interest can be distinguished presidency, it has become painfully ened position for the NSC was es¬ from the interests of the United clear that the Foreign Service has tablished at the start of the Nixon States as a whole. not yet regained its predominant presidency. The transition team was The Foreign Service itself has role. Although the NSC has main¬ headquartered at the Hotel Pierre, contributed to the emergence of this tained a relatively low profile, other where Henry Kissinger was busily impression. Many members of the offices—Management and Budget, blueprinting the structure of the Service have quite willingly allowed the Pentagon, and the president’s National Security Council and its themselves to be seen as advocates principal advisers—have already various appendages, including their of a “State Department point of demonstrated their considerable in¬ relationships with the State De¬ view.” Having expended blood, fluence in foreign policy. partment. As the newly designated sweat, and tears in developing and The Foreign Service has main¬ under secretary of state—and with maintaining good relations with tained its dedication, resourceful¬ virtually no preparation for the other countries, they have been un¬ ness, and effectiveness in the face of role—I found myself acting as the derstandably reluctant to see a good department’s representative in ne¬ relationship hurt by the assertion of Elliot L. Richardson has headed the gotiations over the details of this some U.S. interest that, from their departments of Justice, Commerce, structure. An acknowledged prem¬ viewpoint, may not seem sufficient Defense, and HEW. From January ise of these negotiations was that it to justify the damage. On occasion 1969 to June 1970 he was under was legitimate and indeed necessary such reactions have seemed to re¬ secretary of state. He has served as for the president to have access to flect a belief that the preservation ambassador to the Court of St. the advice and recommendations of of good relations with other coun¬ James’s and special representative every department with some stake tries is an end in itself. The reality, to the U.N. Law of the Sea Confer¬ in the ultimate decision of national of course, is that they are an asset ence. He is now the senior resident security issues. It seemed equally that, like a bank account, should be partner in the Washington office of plausible that the president needed drawn upon whenever the situation Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy. a staff that could reconcile the com¬ requires—to achieve needed cooper¬ This article UMS updated by Am¬ peting views and interests of the ation in a crisis or to prevent retali¬ bassador Richardson from a speech departments of State, Defense, ation against some U.S. action that he gave last fall in Rochester, New Treasury, Commerce, Agriculture, the other country regards as inimi¬ York, at the presentation of the Jo¬ and others. Most crucially, it was cal to its interests. seph C. Wilson Award to Ambassa¬ also taken for granted that there Another factor contributing to the dor Morton I. Abramowitz. ms such a thing as an interest of development of a staff within the

SEPTEMBER 1981 15 “At the start of the Nixon presidency, Henry Kissinger and the rest of the transition team White House charged with analyz¬ Meanwhile, the increasingly com¬ ing and articulating the overall in¬ took for granted pelling realities of interdependence terests of the United States has have led to a proliferation of multi¬ been the distaste felt by many For¬ that there was an lateral institutions and negotiations. eign Service officers for this type of These in turn have claimed a grow¬ policy analysis. They instinctively interest of the De¬ ing portion of the time and energy avoid long-range planning, including of the Foreign Service and the State the formulation of objectives, the partment of State Department. Multilateral negotia¬ selection of priorities, and the allo¬ tions are intrinsically more complex cation of resources. Traditionally distinguishable than bilateral ones. Our bargaining these activities have not been re¬ leverage in multilateral forums is or¬ garded as the proper business of from—and on a dinarily small, and the risk that the diplomats. negotiating process will get out of To understand this point of view par with—the in¬ control is always considerable. To requires a quick look at the normal maximize that leverage and mini¬ operation of the diplomatic gristmill. terests of the mize the risk requires that both our The process starts in the field with goals and our strategy be carefully the collection of information by other departments” defined in advance. trained observers. This information The cumulative result of these de¬ is transmitted to the department in it. Not until the mid-1960s did the velopments has been to add new Washington, analyzed, and used to relative decline in U.S. economic and dimensions of difficulty to the con¬ formulate instructions. These go military strength oblige us to think duct of foreign relations. As we have back to the field and, in turn, lead in terms of long-range goals and pri¬ become less able to afford reactive to the generation of additional in¬ orities and the resources required responses, the lead-times necessary formation. This new information then to fulfill them. for the formulation of intelligent pol¬ gets the same treatment, and the Moving hand in hand with the rel¬ icies have correspondingly increased. cycle is repeated endlessly. Every ative decline in our strength has The United States can no longer stage in this cycle is essential to the been the incremental growth of glo¬ afford to be without a highly devel¬ conduct of foreign relations, and bal interdependence. This in turn oped planning capability resting each demands a high order of skill. has led to an enormous increase in upon the application of sharply Like professionals in other fields, the importance of the economic com¬ honed analytical skills to the most the experienced diplomat develops a ponents of foreign policy. As com¬ complete information possible. “feel” for his discipline that sets him pared with the governments of other Given this need, others were apart from the amateur. Because advanced industrial countries, the bound to exploit the opening created planning places a higher premium government of the United States has by the impression of a State De¬ on intellect than on this experience, little power to influence the overseas partment tendency to pursue inter¬ the professional tends to regard the activities of its nationals. Indeed, ests narrower than those of the process as an inferior function, even any increase in such power could United States as a whole and the while acknowledging that it is im¬ only be accomplished at an unac¬ predilection of Foreign Service offi¬ portant to the formulation of policy. ceptable cost to the freedom and cers to persist in the rotational pro¬ The Foreign Service’s neglect of pluralism of U. S. private enterprise. cesses of traditional diplomacy. planning may also be accounted for, Nevertheless, the consequence has Under the circumstances, the func¬ in part, by our history. Before World been to limit the ability of the U.S. tion of defining the interests and War I the United States virtually government to take advantage of the policies of the United States, as dis¬ stood apart from the rest of the overseas activities of its citizens and tinguished from the interests and world. Between the two world wars businesses for foreign policy pur¬ policies of a particular department, we abdicated the responsibilities poses. But the difficulty of this task has inevitably been dominated, if that would have required a foreign does not make it either futile or not pre-empted, by the NSC and policy which recognized the need for unimportant; instead, harder other staffs within the White House. planning. For a long time after thought and more careful effort It is arguable that this has been a World War II, the United States must be devoted to finding ways of healthy development. Circumstances enjoyed such an excess of military harnessing these economic relation¬ change, and the institutional adap¬ and economic strength that we could ships to our overarching national in¬ tations made in response to these count on being able to flounder our terests in a manner that does not changes may thus have a certain way out of almost any situation, no unduly infringe upon the freedom of presumptive claim to be regarded matter how belatedly we reacted to the private sector. as desirable. The observable results,

16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL “The distaste felt by many Foreign Ser¬ vice officers for long-range policy planning has been however, require a more pessimistic ident as the fingers of the hand are diagnosis. The relative decline in the one factor contrib¬ responsive to the brain. role of the Department of State and The State Department itself must increase in the role of staffs based uting to the de¬ demonstrate by the manner in which at the White House have led, and it deals with concrete foreign policy will continue to lead, to a multiplici¬ velopment of a staff issues that it has no interests dis¬ ty of voices in the articulation of tinguishable from those of the policy. This fosters a perception on within the White United States. The Foreign Service the part of other countries that the must at the same time give higher purposes of the United States are House charged with priority to increasing its involve¬ neither clear nor steady. It also cre¬ ment in overall policy analysis and ates a tendency toward politicizing determining the formulation. Only the development the conduct of foreign policy. The by the State Department of an ef¬ people close to any president instinc¬ overall interests of fective strategic and tactical plan¬ tively think in terms of his personal ning capacity—one that gives full political interests. They tend, more¬ the United States weight to trade, transportation, ag¬ over, to view those interests in a riculture, and every other relevant markedly short-run context—as government” interest—will lead to a revision of short, even, as the next election. the current assumption that such Furthermore, this politicization of ecutive powers to a degree that he diverse concerns can only be recon¬ foreign policy by the White House does not possess in any other area, ciled outside the department. Rath¬ seems to have encouraged the Con¬ and it is unrealistic to expect that er than let the interests of other gress to let its own political priori¬ any effective president would abdi¬ departments be exposed to short ties influence the conduct of foreign cate these powers. Therefore, the shrift from a State Department that policy. Certainly the intrusiveness of secretary of state and the depart¬ has been elevated in responsibility Congress into the day-to-day con¬ ment should see them greatest po¬ and prestige, the challenge to State duct of foreign policy has followed tential for influence as depending on will be to demonstrate that it can hard on the heels of the aggran¬ their ability to become the primary accommodate those other interests dizement of the NSC staffs influence instruments by which the president at least as well as can a staff based and power. Quite apart, therefore, obtains the information, advice, and within the White House. from the debilitating impact on the diplomatic capability necessary for Under the leadership of the pres¬ morale of the career Foreign Ser¬ the formulation and execution of pol¬ ident, the Department of State and vice, it is impossible to escape the icies responsive to the president’s the Foreign Service should have conclusion that the net result of this leadership. primacy in the formulation and exe¬ syndrome has been injurious to the Dean Acheson was one secretary cution of U.S. foreign policy. This health of the overall foreign policy¬ of state who assiduously cultivated should be so not for reasons of pres¬ making process. But we do not have the public perception of himself as tige or morale, but because this is to resign ourselves to the perpetua¬ the faithful instrument of his presi¬ their mission and their responsibili¬ tion of this unfortunate state of af¬ dent’s policies. Although Acheson ty. The State Department embraces fairs; these tendencies can be was also the principal architect of an extraordinary aggregation of checked and reversed. those very policies, he took pains to knowledge, experience, and skill. On The first step must be the whole¬ make sure that his recommendations matters of foreign policy the For¬ hearted acceptance, both inside and would be regarded as presidential eign Service constitutes an invalua¬ outside the State Department, of policies from the moment President ble professional resource. The Ser¬ the fact that the president should be Truman adopted them. Acheson vice itself can help to increase the the leading spokesman for, and ex¬ never allowed daylight to appear be¬ demand for its own expertise by ac¬ ecutor of, U.S. foreign policy. Such tween the president’s views and his cepting a wider view of its own role acceptance is not now universal. own. He understood that the con¬ and a greater appreciation of the Most foreign policy professionals duct of foreign policy must be a need for planning. Through this en¬ harbor a propensity to regard the continuum that starts with the pres¬ largement of its vision, the Service president as an interloper who, in ident and extends through the sec¬ can also enlarge its contribution to relation to the secretary of state retary and the Department of State the coherence, steadiness, and bal¬ and the department, needs to be cut to the field. He sought to assure ance of U.S. foreign policy. When down to size. This is a dangerous that the actions of our missions that happens, the Foreign Service’s fallacy. In the field of foreign and abroad would be as closely coordi¬ prestige and morale will take care of defense policy the president has ex- nated with the decisions of the pres¬ themselves. □ SEPTEMBER 1981 17 Diplomats & Terrorism

A Former Hostage Looks at the Need For Physical Safety and Multilateral Accords

By BRUCE LAINGEN

Shortly before I was taken hos¬ nel are of course not unusual. Trag¬ Hague: “From the 16th century tage in Teheran, a cartoon ap¬ ically, they have become almost down to the present time no receiv¬ peared in the newspapers that commonplace. Since 1945 a total of ing state has authorized or condoned showed an American couple solici¬ 45 Americans have been killed over¬ a breach of a diplomat’s personal ting advice from a travel agent. The seas in the exercise of their duties. violability. ... To the extent that a agent was handing them tickets for Five were ambassadors. In 1980 state uses force to assault the mech¬ an overseas vacation and saying: “By alone there were 271 terrorist at¬ anisms of peaceful diplomacy, it the way, here’s the address of the tacks against Americans abroad—of strikes at the jugular of the entire American embassy. In case of which 177 involved U.S. personnel system by which the world seeks to trouble, don’t go there.” or premises. Nor are our country maintain the peace. . . . For centu¬ Amusing but true. And a sad and its overseas representatives the ries international wars have come commentary on the circumstances only victims. Such violence is only and gone, but by universal agree¬ in which the American Foreign Ser¬ part of a larger pattern in which the ment embassies and their diplomat¬ vice carries out its work at many of diplomats of many other countries ic staffs have been regarded as invi¬ our missions. suffer as well. Since 1970, there olable from official interference I would like to reflect on what have been some 64 instances of for¬ through the use of force. That great these new circumstances mean for cible incursions into diplomatic mis¬ tradition. . . has now been violated our diplomats, now and in the fu¬ sions. Ironically, diplomats seem to for the first time in modern histo¬ ture. My comments are my own, be safe from danger only in coun¬ ry.” reflecting my experiences in Tehe¬ tries such as the Soviet Union. Even So in that respect I suppose I ran. They are the views of a practic¬ in Washington, according to stories qualify for an entry in the Guinness ing diplomat, not of a legal expert. in the press, some embassies are no Book of World Records: I am the I hardly need describe what was longer prepared to open their prem¬ first chief of mission to lose his em¬ at stake in Teheran—a blatant vio¬ ises for traditional walk-throughs in bassy and all of its personnel to lation of centuries-old international support of local charities because of terrorists supported by the govern¬ law and custom. This tradition pro¬ security concerns. ment to which I was originally ac¬ vides that every diplomatic agent en¬ credited. But it is an entry with joys immunity, and that under no cir¬ Unique & Egregious which I can live, because of the cumstances may he or she be seized But what happened in Teheran in well-nigh universal recognition of by the receiving state, as a hostage 1979 was unique and particularly the wrongness of the act against me or for any purpose. Compounding egregious because it was endorsed and my colleagues. this denial of immunity were the by high officials and thus became It was not, incidentally, the first takeover of our embassy and the government-sponsored terrorism. time such an attack occurred in ransacking of its archives. Worse, the hostages became pawns Iran. In 1831, in the context of a Acts of political terrorism against in the local political infighting so dispute over implementation of the our diplomatic missions and person- painfully apparent to the American Treaty of Turkomanchai with Rus¬ public. They were held like common sia, a mob stormed the Russian le¬ 13 nice Laingen was charge d’affaires criminals, often subjected to physi¬ gation in Teheran and killed all of at the U.S. embassy in Teheran until cal abuse and long periods of soli¬ its occupants but one, including the November 4, 1979. He joined the tary confinement, denied communi¬ Russian minister. And in 1924 an Foreign Service in HU9, served in cation of any kind with their govern¬ American vice consul was attacked Iran twice as an economics officer, ment and without meaningful con¬ and killed by a mob on the streets of a n d was a m bassador to Ma Ita 19 77- tact with their families, the latter the capital in the midst of religious 79. This article is based on his Mc¬ having virtually no assurance of the demonstrations and political agita¬ Laughlin Lecture in International welfare of their loved ones. tion. But in both instances the Per¬ Relations at Un iversity of Min neso- As the United States said in its sian government immediately recog¬ ta in May. brief before the World Court at The nized its responsibility and took ac-

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL PULL-OUT SECTION Association News Whitehouse Wins AFSA Presidency Ambassador Charles S. Whitehouse vote in State wras 659 to 297, in AID defeated Jeffrey White in the race for 247 to 75, in ICA 46 to 4, and the the Board of Governors presidency of retired vote was 674 to 54. Other the American Foreign Service Associ¬ write-in candidates polled 88 votes in ation, 1626 to 430. Both ran as write-in all constituencies combined. candidates after former President Ken¬ The other elected Governing Board neth Bleakley’s re-election bid ended officers are Anthea S. de Rouville, w'hen he was assigned to El Salvador vice president; Ronald Withered, sec- as deputy chief of mission. Whitehouse cond vice president; Joseph N. Mc¬ had been a representative of the re¬ Bride, secretary; and Michael Speers, tired constituency on the former board, treasurer. The State Department rep¬ and White is a Foreign Service officer resentatives are Robert Franks, Don¬ in the State Department. ald K. Holm, and Irving Williamson.' “I was particularly pleased to have The retired representatives are Spen¬ had a majority in each of the constitu¬ cer King and Charles Whitehouse encies that make up the Association,” (Whitehouse will be resigning his re¬ Ambassador Charles S. Whitehouse Ambassador Whitehouse said. The tired position). The AID representa¬ tive is William Schoux. The ICA rep¬ resentative is Stephen Chaplin. The de Rouville Cites ‘Pivotal Year’ at new board took office July 15. The members’ terms are specified in the D.C. Membership Annual Meeting new bylaws. “The past year has been a pivotal one both for the Association and for the Foreign Service,” outgoing AFSA IRS Concedes President Anthea de Rouville told the Association’s annual meeting for its On Home- Washington membership held at the State Department on July 13. “The Leave Deductions structure of the Service, its relation¬ The problems many members of the ship with the Congress, the American Foreign Service have had in deducting public’s perception of what we do, and home-leave expenses are a thing of the the importance of our role to national past. In a letter to AFSA General security have all been subtly—and in Counsel Susan Holik, the Internal some cases not so subtly—altered. The Revenue Service acknowledged “the Association has played a significant were the successful conclusion of the substantiated home-leave expenses of role in the process.” hostage situation and the passage of a U.S. Foreign Service officer for him¬ De Rouville amplified her remarks the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Out¬ self are deductible business travel ex¬ by citing the events that kept the For¬ side the headlines, the Service and the penses.” eign Service on the front page for much Association made progress in a num¬ Three previous circuit court deci¬ of the year. Two of the most important ber of employee-management areas, sions had agreed with the Association's she said. De Rouville will turn over position on home-leave deductibility, the gavel to AFSA’s newly elected but the IRS had refused to acquiesce Outgoing Board Issues president, Ambassador Charles S. to the courts’ holdings. Holik had writ¬ Whitehouse (see related story), on July ten a letter to the IRS deputy chief Final Annual Report 15, “With frustration that we have not counsel of litigation citing “overwhelm¬ Sections of the outgoing Governing been able to accomplish all wre wanted ing precedent” against the IRS’s pre¬ Board’s Annual Report, the final one to, but also considerable pride in the vious interpretation that in some of its two-year term, appear on pages very real progress the Association has states deductions could be denied. 18C through 18F. The revised bylaws made under the stewardship of the “The IRS has determined that it passed by Association members in the outgoing Board.” wall revoke Rev. Rul. 68-513, 1968-2 recent election appear on pages 18G The other outgoing Association offi¬ C.B. 114,” wrote John Menzel, direc¬ and 18H. All proposed bylaw' amend¬ cers made reports to the membership tor of the tax litigation division. “We ments were passed by the member¬ and then conducted a lengthy question- will follow the holding of the Ninth ship. Members desiring the entire re¬ and-answer session on matters of mem¬ Circuit in Stratton v. Commissioner,” port should write AFSA. ber concern. which substantiated deductibility.

SEPTEMBER 1981 18A Member Rise Tops 1000 in Last Year AFSA, Meresman

After a period of steady decline, the 12% to 3042, AID’S by 38% to 1095, Win Lawsuit On drop in AFSA’s membership bottomed the retireds’ by 25% to 2261, and ICA’s out and turned the corner with a by 1% to 187. In addition, there are Annuity Eligibility healthy increase of more than 1000 456 associate members, 6 honorary, members in the past year, outgoing and 2 in the Foreign Agricultural Ser¬ The Association and senior officer Jo¬ Association Second Vice President vice. seph Meresman have won a suit filed Frank Dimond reported. As of June “There has been an increase in against the secretary of state chal¬ 1981, the total membership was 7049, AFSA membership every single month lenging the department’s determina¬ as opposed to 5937 one year before. for 12 consecutive months,” Dimond tion that those who do not enter the “The increased membership has af¬ observed. “The total increase was Senior Foreign Service are not eligi¬ fected all constituencies except IGA,” 1112 for the latest year, an average of ble for an immediate annuity at the Dimond said, “and the ICA downward about 93 per month.” Dimond cited time of their departure unless they trend now appears to have bottomed several factors for the increase, most have at least 20 years of creditable out.” State’s membership increased notably the strengthening of represen¬ service and are age 50 or older. The tative and key person networks, letter court upheld AFSA’s contention that campaigns, recruitment sessions for the department misinterpreted the AID Standing Chides new employees, and—very significant¬ Foreign Service Act. The case was de¬ ly—major efforts at certain overseas cided in the U.S. District Court for the Agency On Delayed posts by on-board representatives. District of Columbia. The Foreign Service Act of 1980 es¬ Assignments tablished a new Senior Foreign Ser¬ Journal Chooses vice. It provides that those officers With some 70 AID Foreign Service Associate Editor who, prior to February 15, 1981, were personnel either on complement or on serving under FSO/R/RU-2 appoint¬ home-leave/post-to-be-determined or¬ ments or higher and who requested ders, the AID Standing Committee has conversion to the Senior Foreign Ser¬ pointed out to management “that the vice after June 14, 1981, and were not financial, schooling, and morale effects accepted (or who do not request ap¬ of this situation are of great signifi¬ pointment to the Senior Foreign Ser¬ cance.” The committee told manage¬ vice) are required to leave the Foreign ment “we saw no reason decisions had Service by February 14, 1984. The not been taken earlier on unit ceilings” court held that under the Act officers since the agency’s 1981 and 1982 over¬ not converting to the Senior Foreign all ceilings had been known in March. Service are entitled to an immediate “Once again the Foreign Service annuity upon separation when they are personnel of this agency are being kept forced to leave at the end of the on tenterhooks while the decision¬ three-vear period, even if they do not making drags on.” Management ac¬ meet the 50/20 standard. knowledged the problem and declared Frances G. Burwell of Chevy Chase, it was working to resolve it. Md., has been chosen to be the Jour¬ nal's new associate editor. Fran comes to AFSA from Foreign Policy maga¬ Insurance Board Retreat From Obey zine, where she was an editorial assis¬ Seeks Improved Would Mandate tant. Her job included reviewing and editing of manuscripts plus author re¬ Health Coverage Association Action lationships. On the Journal, in addi¬ AFSA’s new board of trustees for in¬ tion to editorial duties, she will be in surance programs has made several The AID Standing Committee report¬ charge of advertising sales. She and proposals to improve health coverage ed that the Association will challenge the editor will be conducting several under the American Foreign Service “any retreat from full implementation ad campaigns to help increase the Protective Association’s benefit plan. of Obey regulations” in a July 14 situa¬ magazine’s revenues. In turn, AFSPA is seeking Office of tion report to agency members. Fran received the degree of master Personnel Management approval of a “Rumors regarding reorganizations of philosophy in international relations number of features in its 1982 cover¬ and workforce cutbacks in AID/W and from Oxford University in 1980. Her age. their possible effects on Obey Amend¬ studies concentrated on alternative con¬ The schedule of surgeon’s fees— ment implementation have been work¬ ceptions of international relations, and which has become outdated—would be ing overtime lately,” the standing com¬ on relations among communist states. abolished. Instead, the plan would mittee declared. “AFSA’s position is Her thesis examined U.S., British, cover all “usual, reasonable, and cus¬ and will remain that the Obey Amend¬ and French foreign policies. She has a tomary” charges. Mutual of Omaha is ment is law and AID is essentially a bachelor’s degree from Mount Holyoke considering the trustees’ suggestion Foreign Service agency.” Any abroga¬ College confered in 1978, with a major that a private hospital room be cov¬ tion of the amendment would be treat¬ in political science. Her honors at ered when medically necessary. Mutu¬ ed “as a serious matter” and the Asso¬ Mount Holyoke included Phi Beta al is also studying a proposal to cover ciation “would take whatever action Kappa and graduation magna cum private rooms on an “exceptions basis” appropriate to assure that the princi¬ laude. In the summer of 1977, Fran in unusual overseas situations where ples underlying the amendment are worked as a State Department intern there are no suitable semi-private fa¬ not violated.” on the Policy Planning Staff. cilities.

18B FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL President’s Overview ANNUAL As required by the Bylaws, the Association conducts an annual meeting of the Washington membership of AFSA and provides an annual report to all of the membership, including a financial statement and budget. The report submitted here is the final REPORT accounting of the stewardship of the current Governing Board. The newly elected Board took office on July 15. As you read the report, it will be evident that the past year has been a pivotal one both for the Association and for the Foreign Service itself. The structure of the Service, its relation¬ OF THE ship with the Congress, the American public’s perception of what we do, and the importance of our role to national security have all been subtly, and in some cases not so subtly, altered. The Association has played a significant role in this process, GOVERNING and has itself grown and changed to meet new challenges and demands. Last year Ken Bleakley outlined to the membership the path the Association was taking: • improving the public image of the Service; BOARD • learning to deal effectively with the Congress and establish¬ ing a network of contacts there; • building the Association itself in terms of membership and services to members: and • using the dual Association role of union and professional association as complementary and mutually reinforcing tools rather than as competing entities. While still falling short of perfection, we have moved forward significantly in each of these areas. We had the joyous opportunity to welcome home our col¬ leagues held hostage in Teheran, to honor them at a luncheon, and to present to them the 1980 Harriman, Herter, and Rivkin Awards in the form of a contribution in their names to the AFSA Scholarship Fund. We had the honor on Foreign Service Day of presenting plaques in tribute to the eight servicemen killed in the rescue attempt, and the five diplomatic couriers who have been killed in the line of duty since World War 11. These plaques will be placed in the Diplomatic Lobby in the near future. We have continued to employ the news media actively to enhance the public awareness of the Service. We have had the privilege of organizing ceremonies for Secretary Muskie and Secretary Haig. On the legislative front, we worked hard to bring about passage of the Foreign Service Act. The Board believes that the information it made available to key Congressional figures contributed significantly to their understanding of the problems and concerns of the Foreign Service and influenced positively crucial decisions. We finally achieved substantial pay equity, aided by an un¬ precedented blitz on Congress by members overseas, here at home, and retirees who pitched in when they were needed. The job isn’t finished, and while we prevented the massive OMB- proposed downgrading of Staff Corps mid-ranks, thanks to friends in Congress, we have yet to counter the devastating effect of the Hay Study on Staff Corps grades. Much work remains to be done, but the lessons learned during the passage of the Foreign Service Act are being put to good use—making- sure our friends on the Hill know what the Service needs to do

SEPTEMBER 1981 18C its job. The belt can't be tightened any more. We have made revenues for the first full year of the increased level of dues, as that clear in testimony before both House and Senate Commit¬ well as the unanticipated increase in membership. This positive tees. We have found members of both houses to be concerned situation is expected to continue during FY 82, although the and responsive, and are pleased with the initial funding of the budget presented herein does not assume any further increase Foreign Service Act. In practice, funding may prove to be in membership or dues beyond that pertaining in June 1981. inadequate, and having been so encouraged by members of The favorable increase in income was partially offset by the Congress, we will not hesitate to go to the Hill and request usual inflationary increases, especially in Journal production increased funding where necessary. There are other concerns— expenses, building maintenance, real estate taxes, and utility premium pay for stand-by, protection of retirement benefits, costs. In addition, Journal salaries reflect a period of several and continued adherence to the Obey Amendment with AID, months’ overlap (and thus double salaries) due to the retirement among them—where congressional contacts are essential. of the past editor and the arrival of the new editor. Administra¬ In the Foreign Service Act, Congress gave us certain respon¬ tive salaries are projected to climb reflecting the COLA in¬ sibilities and obligations. Congress also gave us material bene¬ crease in October of each year, as well as the presence on the fits to “minimize the impact of the hardships, disruptions, and staff of additional employees working in the area of member other unusual conditions of service abroad upon the members of services. the Foreign Service" and “to attract and retain qualified per¬ During the past year a number of positive moves have been sonnel [and]. . . to encourage and reward outstanding perfor¬ made to increase the control of costs and to ensure that mance.” (Section 101, FS Act of 1980). The Association is temporarily idle funds are put into interest-bearing accounts. spending an enormous amount of time and effort monitoring, These actions are reflected in relatively minor increases pro¬ negotiating, and assuming a general watchdog role in the im¬ jected in Journal expenses, a planned reduction in Club ex¬ plementation of the Act. This has been, along with obtaining penses through improved inventory control, and provision for the necessary funding, a top Association priority for the last interest income on cash accounts not immediately required for four months. The effectiveness, security, and morale of the expenses. Overall, the Association realized a small surplus in Service depend on how the Act is implemented. FY 81 and is anticipating a larger surplus in FY 82. In addition, f The Board has addressed itself to expanding AFSA’s mem¬ he FY 82 budget forecast reflects provision for contingencies bership in order to improve services to members and to cairy such as unanticipated costs associated with the Journal and the out our responsibilities as a union. Since June 1980, our mem¬ Club, cost increases beyond the level projected, etc. A portion bership has grown from 5937 to 7049. Our network of overseas of these reserved funds, if they materialize, will be earmarked representatives is up to 154, by far the highest on record. With for further expansion of member services. this, of course, goes an increase in the number of overseas Most recently, a number of moves have been made to improve chapters. our cost and cash management operations: AFSA has moved its We lost a good friend and invaluable member of our profes¬ general funds to a new bank, the First American Bank of sional staff when Shirley Newhall, the Foreign Seri’ice Journal Washington, and has retained the services of a new firm of editor, retired in May. The new' editor is on board, and we have auditors, Peat, Marwick, and Mitchell. These and similar actions added an associate editor. The work of our General Counsel has now under study should further improve AFSA cost control and increased so much that we have employed a law clerk to help ensure that maximum possible use is made of all income when her. We have also established a fulltime position to improve the received. flow of communications and work on further increasing mem¬ Both the Journal and the Club operations will be closely bership. We are currently looking for a second grievance coun¬ monitored so that each can be kept within the budget and, to selor. At the moment we have about a 90% success rate on the extent possible, their income balanced against direct ex¬ grievances. We’d like to raise the percentage even higher! penses of each. We need even more professional staff. One of the biggest disappointments for Ken, myself, and the rest of the Board has been the difficulty in getting members to volunteer their ser¬ BUDGET vices. The perception persists that AFSA is a mid-level-politi¬ cal-officer, old-boy stronghold. It is not true, obviously. But if Actual FY’ 80 Actual FY’ 81 Budget FY 82 you believe it is, what better way to correct the situation than to become active yourself? INCOME We have been unbelievably fortunate in having the services of Membership dues $263,000 $391,000 $440,000 the current staff, as any of you who have dealt with them knew. Club Income 130,000 126,000 141,000 They have worked with genuine zeal and dedication and well Journal Income 60,000 57.000 64.000 beyond the confines of any “job description." But they are Reimbursement 26,000 26.000 27.000 stretched to their limits, and the bottom line is that in order to Interest Income 5,000 continue to expand our services to meet the rising demands of Total Income $479,000 $600,000 $677,000 our membership and our responsibilities under the new Foreign Service Act, we need either your services or help in recruiting EXPENSES more dues-paying members to hire additional qualified profes¬ Administrative sional staff. Salaries $142,000 $159,000 $178,000 On the loth of July I turned over the presidency of the Club Salaries 54,000 68,000 69,000 Association to Charlie Whitehouse with much the same feeling Club Expenses 76,000 75,000 70,000 Ken Bleakley had when he was inconsiderate enough to go off to Journal Salaries 23,000 45,000 32,000 El Salvador and leave the job to me—frustration that we have Journal Expenses 78,000 83,000 99,000 not been able to accomplish all we wanted to, but also consider¬ Operations 74,000 93,000 107,000 able pride in the very real progress the Association has made Occupancy 43,000 65,000 72,000 under the stewardship of the current Board. The Association is in good shape in this Bicentennial year of the Foreign Service, Total Expenses $490,000 $588,000 $627,000 and with your help it will become better yet. —ANTHEA DE ROUVILLE Provision for Contingencies — — 30,000 Total Expenses and Provision for Finances Contingencies $490,000 $588,000 $657,000 Surplus (deficit) ($11,000) $12,000 $20,000 The financial affairs of the Association improved over the last year. This improvement was primarily due to the increased —MICHAEL SPEERS

18D FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL State Standing Committee We are pressing for management’s proposal on Incentive Pay, which we consider to be inextricably linked with danger pay, The Committee has probably had the busiest year in its but management has not as yet been forthcoming. history—monitoring the progress of the Foreign Service Act, As with AID, one of our most urgent goals is to lift the $100 pressing for proposals on implementing regulations and negoti¬ Ambassadorial Pay Cap. which we feel should be done immedi¬ ating them, continuing and building on our contacts in Con¬ ately. The funds are available, management is hesitating. gress, and adjusting both to a new management team, and to We hail several sessions with management regarding Senior the very different labor-management provisions of the Act. Threshold Criteria. While there was an interesting exchange of Since the new regulations—single agency and joint—tend to views, the only concrete result was a general accord that any overlap, there has been more interchange between the AID and criteria would have to be phased in gradually and that every State Standing Committees to ensure our objectives and meth¬ member of the Service who wished to cross the threshold must ods work to the advantage of both. be given the opportunity to meet any agreed criteria. The incorporation of the Members’ Interests Committee into State Standing has proved beneficial to both parties, keeping all —ANTHEA DE ROUVILLE concerned abreast of both the day-to-day problems of posts and individuals and of the broader policy issues. An AID member also joined State Standing to provide essential coordination on AID Standing Committee interagency questions. Since the last annual report our work with Congress and The major activities of the AID Standing Committee during management concerning provisions of the Foreign Service Act this past year centered on activities related to the Foreign has continued. The Foreign Service Act has become law and the Service Act of 1980, both to assure its passage with elements job of negotiating the implementing regulations has begun. It's favorable to AID and to assure its full and prompt implementa¬ proving to be a long, drawn-out, frustrating process, partly tion. The Committee also continued to focus much time and because of the difficulty in extracting final, cleared proposals energy on implementation of the Obey Amendment and on from management, especially on allowances, and partly because reducing the flow of outside hires at middle and senior levels. of the fact that many of the proposed regulations are joint, The following are the specific areas which demanded the atten¬ interagency regulations, necessitating five-agency, two-union tion of the Standing Committee during the past year. negotiations. The budget crunch hasn't helped, but the new While unable to have commissioning of AID officers mandat¬ allowances have been funded as of July 1, and we are pushing to ed in the Foreign Service Act of 1980, the committee made get benefits to employees as soon as possible, consistent with signal progress toward this goal. Report language for the For¬ achieving good, workable, and equitable regulations. The pres¬ eign Service Act encouraged the commissioning of AID officers ent funding of allowances may prove inadequate in practice and, and, on his last day in office, Mr. Bennet informed the Standing if so, we will push for a supplement. Committee that the Agency believed that commissioning would Among our major achievements this year we have successful¬ be a viable option for those in the new FS-1 and 2 classes. ly worked to construct a Foreign Service Act we believe will AFSA tabled an Open Assignments proposal with manage¬ strengthen the Foreign Service and materially benefit and ment this spring and has been negotiating on this. Communica¬ protect its members, and seeing it through the Congressional tions from our overseas chapters indicate that this is of ex¬ process. We have at last achieved substantial pay equity, largely tremely high interest to AID employees. through the efforts of Bill Veale’s Compensation Committee, Promotion numbers received attention earlier in the year volunteers in the department, and an unprecedented blitz on with the result, inter alia, that the potential for staff promo¬ Congress by members overseas and here at home, and retirees tions was the highest in Agency history—30%. We remained who pitched in to help when they were needed. The job isn't dissatisfied with the number of promotions at the higher staff finished, and while we prevented the massive downgrading of levels. the mid-ranks of the Staff Corps, thanks to the help of our Implementation of the Foreign Service Act has been a critical friends in Congress, we have yet to counter the devastating activity for the last eight months. Precepts for conversion as effect of the Hay Study on Staff Corps grades. Much work well as admission to the Senior Foreign Service were negotiat¬ remains to be done here. We have negotiated an Open Assign¬ ed, with the Standing Committee achieving numerous changes ments agreement; an agreement governing conversion of For¬ to the advantage of employees. Implementing regulations for eign Service domestic employees to Civil Service or the new the language incentive program were negotiated a few days Foreign Service system; agreements on the structure of and before this writing and the remainder of these regulations are conversion to the Senior Foreign Service; agreement on promo¬ expected to be negotiated in the near future. tion into the Senior Foreign Service; agreement on Mid-level AFSA pressed management hard to institute a wide-ranging Entry Program; Language Incentive Program; 1981 Precepts training program which would allow' increased promotion from and Training materials for Board Members; Thomas Morrison w’ithin. Management’s response has not been heartening and Communicator Award; Domestic Relocation regulations and spe¬ although several small victories have been won, such as a cial per diem rates for SY Agents on special detail; and discipli¬ continuation of FSI area studies during the second quarter and nary measures for delinquent submission of EERs. the elimination of the requirement to take leave-without-pav for Among the issues we are currently working on are: manage¬ preparation for long term training, much remains to be done in ment’s proposal to revise the skill code system reducing skill this area. codes from 600 to about 70; AFSA’s proposal to improve the Much attention was focused on the use of convertees to fill 03 PAR card system, which is currently a disgrace; Senior Foreign backstop positions when A/MED graduates were available. Service Performance Pay Precepts; an all-out effort to broaden While at least one conversion was stopped, this remains a sore and improve premium pay for standby; management’s proposal point for our backstop 03 members and continued vigilance will on guidelines for Senior Foreign Service Limited Appointments; be necessary. what, if any, prior employment information should be placed in The Committee fielded numerous mission-specific complaints, mid-level entrant files; reciprocity with regard to diplomatic e.g., unfair housing policies and the lack of air-conditioning at privileges and immunities and reimbursement for expenses one of our steamier posts. Working to resolve numerous indi¬ where reciprocity cannot be achieved; and training, upward vidual complaints engaged a great deal of the committee's time. mobility, and career ladders. At this writing the ambassador’s cap has not been lifted On allowances, we are currently negotiating on management’s despite great efforts by both AFSA/AID and senior AID man¬ proposal for danger pay, have just received Representation for agement. All agencies have the necessary funding. All that is Family Members, and have been promised proposals on three needed is a signature by the State Department under secretary months advance of pay and the Separate Maintenance and, for management to remove this unfair and archaic practice. hopefully, Travel for Children of Divorced Spouses allowances. Over the past year membership has increased by over 300 to

SEPTEMBER 1981 18E a record high of over 55% of all AIL) Foreign Service employ¬ ees. The work of keypersons and chapter reps has been instru¬ Grievances and Counseling mental in achieving this increase and is acknowledged and A large amount of the limited time of our professional staff is appreciated by the Standing Committee. spent representing individual grievants. As the Association —JONATHAN SPERLING finds its services in increasing demand, we are looking for an additional staff member to assist. We are currently represent¬ ing employees in 72 cases at both agency and Grievance Board levels and have closed 55 cases during the past year. About 90% of the cases were successful. Many employees do not have cause ICA Standing Committee for a formal grievance and are counseled on ways to resolve The fact that AFSA is not the bargaining agent with ICA their disputes informally, and to reach a clear understanding of imposes constraints on the nature of the Standing Committee’s prevailing policies, regulations, precepts, and procedures. activities. In the past year we attempted to expand and im¬ We are also finding a growing number of employees in Wash¬ prove our organizational structure so that we are better in¬ ington and abroad who do not wish to file grievances but seek formed about those matters under consideration by the man¬ counsel in a variety of other fields. The new Foreign Service agements of all foreign affairs agencies which will have a direct Act, the complexity of the transition period, the restructuring impact on ICA personnel. At the same time we increased of the Service, and the many new regulations obviously have suggestions and recommendations to our AFSA colleagues on contributed to this need. Many also seek career counseling. the strengths and weaknesses of contemplated courses of ac¬ In addition, however, more and more members of the Service tion. It is significant that despite the fact that we are not the are seeking help simply to find their way through the maze of ICA bargaining unit and that our number in AFSA's total bureaucracy. It’s a service we’re delighted to provide, and we membership is relatively small, the past Governing Board always hope to be able to devote even more resources to this function consulted with ICA’s membership in determining an AFSA- next year. wide position. —SABINE SISK In the past few months we have created subcommittees to work more closely with larger AFSA units and to identify those concerns which might be unique or particularly significant to ICA’s personnel. To this end, the Standing Committee met with Legal Actions both presidential candidates to determine their interest in ICA’s mission and concerns. AFSA won two lawsuits: one concerning Home-Leave Tax In recent months greater attention has been devoted to Deductions and another on Conversion to Senior Foreign Ser¬ drawing up a list of our major priorities, in thinking of ways to vice (see articles in Association Neivs). expand membership, and in increasing communication with our AFSA has filed a third lawsuit on the matter of Pay Upon overseas colleagues. The planning stage is almost finished and Conversion to the Senior Foreign Service, to which the de¬ soon we will be engaged in activities designed to increase ICA’s partment as of this date has not filed an answer. The suit seeks visibility, to systematically seek new members, and to encour¬ a declaratory judgment that employees converted to the SFS age greater ICA members’ participation in the full panoply of under the Foreign Service Act of 1980 be converted based on AFSA activities. the scheduled rate of pay rather than the artificially capped —STEVE CHAPLIN salary ($50,112.50) as the department has determined to do. The Act provides that no conversion shall cause an employee to incur a reduction in his or her basic rate of pay. There may be additional litigation on the issue of standby pay Retired Interests for employees. We thought we had the basis for an eventual fair and workable system for compensating employees forced to As part of the Reagan administration’s program to drastically work overtime, but such a lawsuit may be inevitable, once we reduce government expenditures, important legislative changes have exhausted possible administrative and legislative reme¬ are being enacted or contemplated in the federal retirement dies. field. For the past two years, AFSA has been a charter mem¬ Under the Foreign Service Act. the collective interests of ber of the Directorate of the Fund to Assure an Independent employees are represented before the Foreign Service Griev¬ Retirement (FAIR), a coalition of 25 public employee and retiree ance Board. We have negotiated regulations for AFSA’s partici¬ organizations representing several million individuals. Original¬ pation in State and AID grievance cases to ensure that no ly established to oppose the mandatory extension of Social individual grievance decision prejudices other employees or Security to cover federal employees, FAIR has mobilized to violates a duly concluded labor-management agreement. Also, resist any further inroads on the structure of benefits available AFSA participated in an important jurisdictional hearing be¬ to federal retirees. fore the Grievance Board, attempting to subject to Grievance Due largely to FAIR’S efforts, the crucial House vote on the Board review decisions made by the department’s Claims Of¬ rules June 24 which would have required a separate vote on fice. It is our contention that a number of the decisions of that certain provisions in the reconciliation bill (including the elimi¬ office have been arbitrary and contrary to regulation. We have nation of the semi-annual COLA) almost carried. It was defeated as yet had no ruling by the Grievance Board on whether they by a handful of votes only after heavy lobbying by the White have jurisdiction over such appeals. House, so it appears that henceforth Foreign Service retirees In other actions, AFSA presented testimony before the D.C. will get only one COLA annually. City Council against proposed removal of the present D.C. Other changes that may affect those retirees eligible for Income Tax exemption for Foreign Service officers resident in Social Security benefits are the elimination of the minimum the District but domiciled elsewhere. This is an issue which benefit of $122 per month and the possible application of a affects a large number of department officers. The City Council complicated and technical formula to eliminate “windfall” Social has yet to act on the proposal. Also, AFSA filed a formal Security benefits for “persons with pensions from non-covered comment with the department in response to proposed regula¬ (or federal) employment.” tions published in the Federal Register concerning the Board of Consequently, there seems little question that pressures are Examiners. Our comments sought procedural safeguards in steadily building to gradually erode the level of Foreign Service selecting employees for the oral exam, attempting to eliminate retirement income. AFSA, through its active participation in political pressures that may be brought to bear on the process. the FAIR coalition and through its own individual efforts, is Finally, AFSA lobbied Metro to prevent the elimination of unremitting in its efforts to preserve the present level of certain bus routes serving the State Department building. The L’oreign Service retirement benefits from any further inroads. proposal has been scrapped, we hope permanently. —ROBERT BEERS —SUSAN HOLIK

18F FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL BYLAWS OF THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION AS AMENDED 7/6/81

ARTICLE I Purposes and Objectives ARTICLE IV The Governing Board In addition to the general purposes and objectives of this Association 1. The property and affairs of this Association shall be managed by a as set forth in the Constitution, the following are declared to be the Governing Board composed of Officers and Representatives who shall be primary purposes and objectives of this Association: elected biennially for terms of two years in the manner prescribed in Article VI from among the Association's Members. Each Board Member 1. To further the interests and well being of the Members of the shall have one vote. Association: 2. Vacancies occurring during the term of the Board shall be filled by 2. To represent the members of the Foreign Service in labor- the Board by appointment from the Membership, provided that Represen¬ management relations and grievances; tatives shall be chosen from the constituency of the vacancy as defined in 3. To work closely with the Foreign Affairs Agencies, other interested Article IV(4). institutions and individuals to strengthen the ability of the foreign affairs 3. The Officers shall be a President, a Vice President, a Second Vice community to contribute to effective foreign policies; President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer, elected by and from the entire 4. To accept and receive gifts, grants, devises, bequests, and funds Membership. They shall have the powers and duties specifically con¬ from such other voluntary associations as may be created by Foreign ferred on them by applicable law and regulation, these Bylaws, and the Service personnel or to accept and receive gifts, grants, devises, be¬ Governing Board. quests. and funds as otherwise donated to this Association by any person 4. The Representatives shall be elected by and from constituencies or persons, group or groups, and to utilize or dispose of the same for the composed of the Members of the Foreign Service in each of the purposes of this Association, or, as directed by said other associations or departments or agencies to which Chapter 10 of the Foreign Service Act said other donors: of 1980 applies, pursuant to Sec. 1003(a); provided that Chiefs of 5. To publish the Foreign Service Journal and AFSA News as the Mission and Ambassadors at large shall be members of the Department official organs of the Association. of State constituency, and all former Members of the Service shall be 6. To maintain and operate a Scholarship Fund or Funds or Members of the Retired constituency. Each constituency shall be entitled such other funds as are commensurate with the purposes and to one Representative for each 1,000 Members or fraction thereof as of objectives of this Association: the last working day of the calendar year before the election year, 7. To carry on such other activities as the Association may deem provided that any constituency which for three consecutive months has a practicable in order to serve the interests of the Association and membership which would on the above date have entitled it to an its Members. additional Representative shall have an additional Representative, who shall be appointed by the Governing Board. If subsequently during that Board’s term that constituency has for three consecutive months a ARTICLE II Membership membership which no longer would entitle it to an additional Representa¬ 1. American citiz.ens who are or were members of the Foreign Service tive. that constituency will lose such additional Representative, who shall as defined by Section 103. paragraphs (I) through (5), of the Foreign be the Representative most recently appointed by the Board. Service Act of 1980, or predecessor or successor legislation, are eligible 5. The Membership has the right to recall any Officer, and the to become Members of the Association. Membership of any constituency has the right to recall any Representa¬ 2. Any person eligible for Membership may be so admitted upon tive. in whom said Membership has no confidence. Two-thirds of the application and payment of dues, and shall be permitted to maintain Governing Board Members or five percent of the Membership con¬ membership so long as he or she remains eligible and maintains current cerned may recommend such recall by written request and supporting dues payment; only Members shall have voting and other rights regarding statement to the Standing Committee on Elections. The Committee shall the conduct of the affairs of the Association. submit the recall proposal, accompanied by such supporting statement and 3. The Board shall establish terms and conditions for affiliation with by statements, if any, submitted in favor of the Board Member in the Association, other than Membership, for persons not eligible for question, to the Membership concerned for a secret ballot election. Membership. American citiz.ens closely associated with or interested in 6. The Governing Board shall, to the extent practicable, keep the the foreign affairs of the United States may become Associates upon the Membership currently informed, seek its advice before making deci¬ acceptance of their applications by the Board and the payment of dues. sions. and inform the Membership of its decisions on important matters 4. The Board may invite to become Honorary Members for specified affecting the Membership, the Foreign Service, and the Association. The periods such representative American citizens as they deem proper. Board shall report to the Membership annually on its management of the Honorary Members shall be exempt from the payments of dues. Association affairs and the Association’s financial position, and its plans 5. The rates of dues shall be set by the Board provided that dues shall and budget for the succeeding year. The Board shall also facilitate not be increased, or an assessment levied, except after approval by a communication from any Member(s) to the Membership, or any practi¬ majority of those Members voting in a secret ballot referendum. cable portion thereof, on Association business, at the expense of the 6. Members may be expelled or otherwise disciplined by the Associa¬ Member(s) initiating the communication. tion for engaging in conduct which discredits or brings into disrepute the 7. The Board shall meet at least once each month. The Board shall Association or the Foreign Service, or taking court or Administrative also meet to consider a particular subject or subjects upon the written Agency action against the Association without exhausting all reasonable request of the President, one third of the Members of the Board, one internal administrative procedures which the Board shall establish. How¬ Chapter, or 25 Members, submitted at least five days prior to the date of ever, no Member may be disciplined by the Association unless such the proposed meeting. Meetings shall he announced and open to Mem¬ Member has been served with written specific charges, given a reason¬ bers and Associates; provided that the Board may adopt regulations to able time to prepare a defense, and afforded a full and fair hearing. The preserve good order, and may go into executive session. Minutes, except Board shall establish procedures for such disciplinary actions. of Executive Sessions, shall be available to Members and Associates. 8. The Board shall assure that persons affiliated with Communist or other totalitarian movements, and persons identified with corrupt influ¬ ARTICLE 111 Rights of Members ences, are excluded from any position of authority at any level of the Every Member shall have equal rights and privileges within the Association. Association, freedom of speech and assembly, and all other rights 9. The Board shall assure that persons in any position of authority at guaranteed by law. Executive Order, and regulation. any level of the Association are prohibited from business or financial

SEPTEMBER 1981 18G interests or activities which conflict with their duties to the Association distribute them to the concerned Membership at Association expense, and its members. and shall, during a campaign period of not less than 30 days, facilitate 10. The Board shall maintain fiscal integrity in the conduct of the the distribution of additional material related to the election which affairs of the Association, including provisions for accounting and candidates and/or slates and/or other Members wish to distribute at their financial controls, and regular financial reports or summaries to mem¬ own expense. Those initating such material shall assume full legal bers. responsibility for its contents. 5. The official ballot bearing the names of all qualified candidates, slate identifications when applicable, and voting instructions shall be mailed to each Member on or about May 15. ARTICLE V Internal Organization 6. Each Member may cast a preferential vote for each Officer position 1. There shall be a Standing Committee on Elections which shall have and, in addition, each Member may cast one vote for each Representative full power within the Association, subject to applicable law and regula¬ position available in the Member's constituency. Members may vote for tion. these Bylaws, and the Association budget, to conduct regular candidates as individuals or as a slate, or may write in the name(s) of elections for Governing Board Members, any election tor the recall of a any Member(s) who fulfills the eligibility requirements as of June 30 of Governing Board Member, any referendum, and any vote on amendments the election year. to these Bylaws. The Committee shall establish regulations for these 7. The secrecy of each Member's vote shall be guaranteed. procedures and interpret relevant sections of the Bylaws, resolve dis¬ 8. The Standing Committee on Elections shall count on or about July putes, and determine and declare results. The Committee shall be 1 ail ballots received at the Association as of the close of business the composed of at least five Members, including a Chairperson and includ¬ last working day of June. Candidates or their representatives may be ing at least one Member from each constituency. The Governing Board present at the counting and challenge the validity of any vote or the shall appoint the Chairperson and Members of the Committee tor tu'o- eligibility of any voter. year terms beginning July 15 of each even-numbered year, and shall fill 9. The Standing Committee on Elections shall decide all questions of vacancies occurring during such term, but may not remove Committee eligibility and declare elected the candidates receiving the greatest Members except on recommendation of the Committee, or in accordance number of votes for each position. However, if no candidate for an w'ith disciplinary procedures. Committee Members shall be impartial in Officer position has more than 40 per cent of the valid votes cast for the performance of their duties. While serving on the Committee, and for candidates for that position, the Committee shall distribute to the two six months thereafter, they shall not be Board Members, or Candidates leading candidates the preferences as between them of the other valid or nominators thereof, or accept appointment to the Chair of another ballots, and shall declare elected the candidate receiving a majority of Committee. preferences. 2. Standing Committees for each of the constituencies shall have 10. The new Officers and Representatives shall take office on July 15. primary responsibility, subject to the overall direction of the Governing Board, for the interests of Members of said constituencies. The Chair¬ ARTICLE VII Referendum person and Members of each such committee shall be appointed by the Governing Board from among the Members within each such constituen¬ The Membership may. by majority vote in a referendum, determine cy. the Association’s policy on any matter within the Board's authority. 3. The Governing Board shall appoint the Chairman and Members of One-third of the Board, 10 Chapters, or 100 Members may initiate a the Journal Editorial Board, who shall serve at the pleasure of the referendum by submitting a specific proposal to the Standing Committee Board, and who, under the general direction of the Board, shall be on Elections. If the Committee determines that the proposal is within the specifically responsible for the publication of the Foreign Service Jour¬ authority of the Board, it shall submit the proposal, accompanied by nal. The yearly dues shall include a payment of at least $5.00 for a statements, if any, from the proponents and opponents of such proposal, subscription to the Foreign Service Journal. to the Membership in a referendum. 4. The Washington Membership shall consist of all Members resident in or assigned to the Washington Area (the District of Columbia, ARTICLE VIII Amendments Maryland. Virginia, and West Virginia). The Governing Board shall call a meeting of the Washington Membership at least once annually; and must 1. One hundred Members or the Board may propose an Amendment to call such a meeting to deal with a specified agenda at the written request these Bylaws by submission to the Standing Committee on Elections. of one fourth of the Board, or 100 Washington Members Such a Each such proposal shall be accompanied by a short statement of meeting may make recommendations to the Board on any matter within explanation. the Board's authority. 2. The Committee shall promptly circulate to the Membership each 5. Members may organize Chapters, subject to regulations to be issued such proposed Amendment and statement in explanation by publication by the Board, to carry out the purposes of the Association. Chapters in the Foreign Service Journal or AFSA News. For 45 days follow ing shall adopt Bylaws, subject to the approval of the Board. The Board shall the date of publication of the proposal the Committee shall accept delegate such authority to such Chapters as it deems necessary. statements of appropriate length submitted in opposition thereto, provid¬ ed each statement is signed by not less than 10 Members, and no two statements shall be signed by the same Member. Further, the Committee shall commence within 90 days following the date of publication of the ARTICLE VI Elections proposal, and shall conclude 45 days thereafter, polling of the Member¬ ship on the proposal. The Committee shall provide to the Membership, 1. The Standing Committee on Elections shall issue an election call to together with the ballots, the-statements in opposition accepted by it in all Members in the February Foreign Service Journal and/or AFSA Sews. accordance with this Article, as well as statements to be furnished by the prescribing the terms and conditions of the election and soliciting proponents. candidacies. Officers and Retired Representatives shall be elected in 3. Should Members wish to distribute, at their own expense, addition¬ even-numbered years, beginning in 1982. Other constituency representa¬ al statements regarding a proposed Amendment, the Association shall tives shall be elected in odd-numbered years. make available to them on request the Membership list or address labels. 2. Candidates may make known their candidacies or Members may In such cases. Members will reimburse the Association for all related nominate candidates in writing to the Standing Committee on Elections expenses. not later than 30 days following the date of the election call for Officer or 4. The adoption of a proposed Amendment will require the affirmative Representative positions. Candidacies may be filed for individually or in votes of not less than two-thirds of the valid votes received. slates. Candidacies must be accompanied by evidence of eligibility as of June 30 of the year of the election. ARTICLE IX Parliamentary Authority 3. The Standing Committee on Elections shall verify the eligibility of candidates for each position, and announce publicly the names of the The Association's Parliamentary Authority shall be the most recent candidates on or about April I. edition of Robert’s Rules of Order Newly Revised; except as otherwise 4. Pursuant to such regulations as it shall prescribe, the Committee provided by applicable law* and regulation, these Bylaws, and the shall receive campaign statements from candidates and/or slates and Governing board.

18H FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Iranian women on a Teheran street walk past a graffiti-covered wall that sags, “Carter can do nothing. ” Had there been an understanding in place among our allies on how to respond to Iran’s kind of state-sponsored terrorism, argues Laingen, the crisis might have been much shorter. Watercolor by the author, WHO. tion both to apprehend those at fault its act, that stands condemned and In citing these positive aspects, I and to provide indemnification for isolated on the world scene, tragi¬ do not mean necessarily to endorse losses. cally hurt economically and socially; all the twists and turns of our policy • By contrast, the United States, as it developed during the 444 days. The Positive Side in my opinion, has won wide respect Nor do I mean to rationalize or to There are still differences among for the emphasis it put on human whitewash mistakes or shortcom¬ our people and within our govern¬ life, on a determined but patient ings, including those on the part of ment as to the policy used to achieve pursuit of a peaceful settlement, and us in Teheran. Rather, as we exam¬ our release. That is natural and un¬ on orderly international law and ine the lessons and learn from them, derstandable. With the benefit of practice; let us remember what was good hindsight we presumably are all • Finally, let us not ignore that along with the bad. wiser. But let us not ignore what the record of law now includes those Fabric of Law was positive about the outcome of judgments of the World Court so what began as a tragedy: strongly supportive of the position Where has all this taken us, and • Seventy-two American men and we took. Those judgments did not where do we go from here? Clearly women cruelly held prisoner are themselves secure our release, but the practice of diplomacy is not what alive and restored to freedom. Given it was vital that the legal legacy of it once was. Terrorism against dip¬ the circumstances in Teheran, that this crisis include that kind of inter¬ lomats has shown the fragility of the is nearly miraculous. And it says national reaffirmation of the funda¬ fabric of law and custom on which something about the importance we mental principles that were at stake the international community must as a people attach to human rights; —just as it was important that the rely—important above all to the • Our country was unified as legacy include the recognition by the smaller countries, Iran among them. rarely before in its disapproval of American public that the Iranian- What happened has also reminded Iran’s action, its determination to American community has the same all of us, especially those in the see the wrong set right, and in its rights as any other resident alien Foreign Service, of diplomacy’s celebration of our return to freedom; community to the protection of our strains on family life—witness the • It is Iran, as a consequence of Constitution. incidents in Islamabad, Tripoli, and SEPTEMBER 1981 19 El Salvador, to mention only a few —both in defense of our larger in¬ the local body politic. Just as pro¬ of our “high-threat posts.” terests in a given country and, with fessionally lean but adequate ought We have learned and are still respect to protecting the practition¬ to be our guideline in staffing in learning from all of this. Perhaps ers of diplomacy, in strengthening areas where security risks are high, what we have learned most is how the physical defenses of our prem¬ dignity but discretion ought to be difficult it is to deal with political ises, in reducing the number of our the guide for future construction of terrorism against us abroad, not personnel, or even in closing our embassies. least because of the fact that terror¬ mission if necessary. All of this as¬ There have been lessons learned, ism, certainly from the vantage sumes that we have available the too, in the way the Washington bu¬ point of the victim, is often irra¬ best possible intelligence capability. reaucracy deals with terrorism af¬ tional and its practitioners especial¬ One must preface any discussion fecting diplomats. The State De¬ ly so. Such people are notoriously of physical security in our missions partment, as the lead agency for unresponsive to world opinion and with the observation that our ulti¬ managing such situations, is refin¬ the dictates of law and, more often mate defense must be the readiness ing its crisis-management capabili¬ than not, are undeterred by warn¬ of the host government to come to ties through training and exercises. ings of reprisal. our assistance in the event of at¬ Ex-hostages from Teheran should, tack. Without it any defense is fu¬ and I hope will, be used to support State-Sponsored Terrorism tile, as we learned so painfully in this effort. In addition, the newly Nonetheless it is important, in the Teheran. Our embassies cannot and established Interdepartmental Group light of Teheran, that our position should not be fortresses for repeats on Terrorism is actively reviewing on state-sponsored terrorism be of Custer’s last stand. Where that is the basic elements of the interagency clear. President Reagan has done a likely prospect, we should obvi¬ crisis-management system, as well so, by warning that should there be ously not be there—a lesson we as our response capabilities. As that repetition of attacks of the kind that learned in Teheran and one we have group identifies issues, they will be occurred in Teheran, there will be now applied, for example, in Tripoli. referred to the Senior Interdepart¬ swift retribution. That is necessary That said, in light of our experi¬ mental Group, chaired by the depu¬ and welcome. Understandably, the ence in places like Teheran and ty secretary of state, or through nature of that retribution has not Islamabad, we are—with strong the secretary to the National Secu¬ been spelled out. It cannot be—it Congressional support—moving in a rity Council. must reflect the circumstances of variety of ways to enhance the phys¬ any future attacks. Nor should it ical security arrangements in many Multilateral Accords be—some uncertainty as to the na¬ of our posts abroad, both to deal Aside from the lessons we have ture of our retribution is appropri¬ with mob violence as well as with learned on measures to enhance the ate and perhaps of some use as a isolated attacks. These include such security of our diplomats, there are deterrent. We have also reaffirmed things as improved public-access also the lessons learned about the our view that all who fall victim to controls in our chanceries, central¬ reliance that we or any other ag¬ terrorism have a common interest in ized electronic storage systems to grieved country can place on multi¬ not giving in to terrorist demands, replace decentralized paper files and lateral conventions on the protection since to do so may only encourage to reduce the volume of document of diplomats. Without at least some further attacks and put additional holdings, and improved safehaven reasons for looking to that kind of people at risk. areas within our chanceries. Such help, the aggrieved party—such as One would like to believe that programs are designed to enable our we in Teheran—has no alternative what happened in Teheran was an missions to delay terrorists for but to turn to unilateral action. The aberration, that terrorism endorsed enough time to permit us to destroy Iranian crisis regrettably demon¬ by governments will not recur. Cer¬ national security information and strated the difficulty of mobilizing tainly, Iran stands today as an ob¬ protect our personnel in safe areas effective multilateral action. Resolu¬ ject lesson of the costs of such ac¬ until security assistance from the tions by the Security Council did tion. Few governments in the short host government arrives. indeed demonstrate the internation¬ term, one would assume, would care Such measures are being incorpo¬ al community’s virtually unanimous to emulate Iran’s example. But it is rated in our existing embassy struc¬ disapproval of Iran’s action, based not enough to rely on that expecta¬ tures. They will be reflected in new on the record of centuries of such tion. construction for the future. And in disapproval as documented in the Clearly, we can and should take that respect I would add my per¬ Vienna Convention on Diplomatic further steps to enhance the physical sonal observation that some of our Relations and numerous other such security of our missions abroad. But embassies regrettably are the prod¬ undertakings. But that disapproval fundamental to any such security uct of another age. Teheran is a produced no results. Rhetoric is measures is the most perceptive un¬ prime example. There our chancery abundant, but enforcement provi¬ derstanding possible of the political is but one of many buildings in a sions—teeth—are lacking. Resolu¬ and psychological atmosphere of the sprawling 27-acre compound, locat¬ tions and accords assume coopera¬ country in which a mission is locat¬ ed in the heart of the city. Diplo¬ tion from the governments concern¬ ed. By that I mean a capacity to matic premises of that kind are hard ed. Where it is missing, the rhetoric understand and to measure political if not impossible to defend in the can be meaningless. currents and directions, in areas of best of circumstances. And, in po¬ We need action in the internation¬ the Third World in particular, soon litically sensitive places such as al community to make progress in enough so that we are in a position Teheran, their size and location can this area. We need understanding, to act rather than react to events be a red flag to our adversaries in at least among our closest allies and 20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL cooperation among states directed toward the prevention of hostage¬ taking and the punishment of of¬ fenders. It would impose binding legal obligations upon states that are parties either to submit for pros¬ ecution or to extradite any person within their jurisdiction who com¬ mits an act of hostage-taking, at¬ tempts to commit such an act, or participates as an accomplice. The resolution by the 35th ses¬ sion calls on all states to prohibit illegal acts against diplomatic and consular missions and to report to the Secretary General any serious violations and the action taken to bring offenders to justice. More rhetoric, yes. But these statements at least demonstrate an enhanced awareness that what hap¬ pened in Teheran was of conse¬ quence to all states, not simply to us. And it shows an awareness that more needs to be done to deter the scourge of political terrorism that threatens to undermine and weaken the very machinery that makes in¬ ternational cooperation possible. That kind of heightened awareness is a plus. I know from my own con¬ versations with U. N. Secretary Gen¬ eral Waldheim the importance he attaches to further efforts to strengthen the international com¬ munity’s capacity to act. There is assuredly a new commitment in Washington and a readiness on the part of the Congress to cooperate in every feasible way. One must nonetheless conclude— regrettably confirming an old cliche Hostages being paraded by Iranian captors on first day of captivity. —that we live in an imperfect world. According to Laingen, the cost to Iran of political isolation helped resolve We live at a time when terrorism the crisis. Photo by UPI. has become commonplace, to achieve political purposes or to accomplish some other purpose, however sense¬ friends, that should an incident of Meanwhile, there is perhaps some less. Our own role on the world the kind we experienced in Teheran progress on the international scene scene—our interests as a country occur again, we will have reason to —albeit still lacking in enforce¬ and as a people—leaves us no alter¬ expect immediate consultation and ment provisions. In its 34th session native but to live with high risks in coordinated action. In this respect, the U.N. General Assembly unan¬ some of our diplomatic posts and had there been an understanding in imously adopted a “Convention with the possibility of irrational acts place on November 4, 1979, among Against the Taking of Hostages” and of violence in many others. That at least our European allies, Japan, supplemented this in its 35th ses¬ makes the Foreign Service as a ca¬ and the United States that would sion with the adoption by consensus reer even more of a challenge than have seen us act immediately to iso¬ of a resolution on the “Considera¬ before. It makes especially impor¬ late Iran, economically and political¬ tion of Effective Measures to En¬ tant the deeper understanding and ly, that crisis might have been much hance the Protection, Security, and support that the tragedy of Teheran shorter—because it was the hurt of Safety of Diplomatic and Consular has won for us as a Service, as a sanctions (however imperfect), the Missions and Representatives.” Both profession, among the American cost of political isolation, and the had obvious reference to the trage¬ people. Learning from that experi¬ prospect of further pain and cost dy of Teheran. ence, we can yet prove that travel with the coming of the new adminis¬ With its entry into force, the con¬ agent wrong: In case of trouble, tration in Washington that eventual¬ vention would for the first time pro¬ think first of the American embas¬ ly caused Iran to move. vide an international framework for sy. □

SEPTEMBER 1981 The Peaceful Atom

; i

1*1

Eklund at Three Mile Island An Interview With IAEA Director General Sigvard Eklund The international debate only to warn the world if nuclear sparked by Israel’s lightning “Stopping the spread materials could be misused. Accord¬ strike on the French-built ing to Glenn, any discrepancy dis¬ Osirak nuclear reactor in Iraq last¬ of nuclear weapons covered by the IAEA materials ac¬ ed far longer than the two-minute counting is not a violation until a raid. Verbal charges exploded with rests on the political weapon is actually constructed. If as much impact as the tons of TNT the treaty should be violated, there dropped by the F-16 fighters which will of states to ac¬ is no existing agreement on sanc¬ screamed out of the setting desert tions or penalties. “Even with the sun that day in early June. At issue cept the Nonprolif¬ NPT in effect, it would be possible was the possible connection between for a country to obtain all the tech¬ the spreading of technology for nu¬ eration Treaty” nology and materials needed for the clear power and the mushrooming construction of nuclear weapons and club of states that have developed technicians leave (as they were to receive technical assistance in ob¬ atomic weapons. The furor partly scheduled to do in 1989)—Iraq taining and using such technology revolved around the role of the might not lawfully renounce its in¬ without violating the NPT rules,” United Nations International Atom¬ spection obligations and proceed to said Glenn. “Under the guise of ic Energy Agency, created in 1957 develop a bomb. And most observ¬ being an NPT signatory, a country to bring “Atoms for Peace” to the ers wondered why an oil-rich nation can simultaneously pursue a civilian world, and its ability to ensure that such as Iraq sought to develop a nuclear program and a military op¬ technical assistance to its member costly alternative energy source. tion until it is time to actually con¬ states for the development of nucle¬ Attacks on the IAEA came from struct weapons, and then simply ar power does not lead to a weapons many sources throughout the world, withdraw from the treaty.” At that capability. including from within the agency it¬ point, however, it would be unlikely Near the center of the debate was self. An American IAEA inspector that responsible nations would con¬ a quiet and relatively unknown Swed¬ named Roger Richter was charged tinue to supply fuel, leaving such a ish nuclear physicist who has been by the agency with having leaked country with a few small bombs and director general of the IAEA since confidential IAEA documents to no ability to produce more. The 1961, Arne Sigvard Eklund. The Senator Alan Cranston (D-Calif.) truth of Israel’s charges concerning dean of U.N.-agency heads, the that at first seemed to support Is¬ the Iraqi nuclear program may 70-year-old Eklund has confronted raeli Prime Minister Menachem Be- never be known, but the raid on many controversies involving nucle¬ gin’s claim that Iraq was on the Osirak at least brought into clear ar diplomacy during the last two threshold of achieving a weapons perspective the difficult political and decades. Nonetheless, Eklund de¬ capability. However, an examination scientific questions involved in safe¬ clared: “I do not think we have been of the documents later revealed that guarding the peaceful atom. faced with a more serious question three out of the four did not specifi¬ than the implications of the Israeli cally mention the Osirak reactor. . A Controversial Figure raid.” Richter then charged in a widely Until Osirak, the most prominent Most analysts concurred with Ek- challenged article that “the IAEA symbol of the problems attendant lund’s statement that IAEA inspec¬ does not look for clandestine opera¬ with nuclear power was the cooling tion and safeguarding procedures, tions. The IAEA in effect conducts tower adjacent to the disabled reac¬ along with the required presence of an accounting operation” of certain tor unit at Three Mile Island, Penn¬ French technicians at the site, nuclear fuels declared by supplier sylvania. On the second anniversary would make it “practically impossi¬ nations. Richter pointed out that of the 1979 accident, Eklund stood ble” for Iraq at present to divert Iraq permits inspections only by before the tower and urged a rapid nuclear fuel or byproducts to weap¬ Eastern-bloc nationals, that inspec¬ cleanup of the site. Two days be¬ ons production, as Israel claimed tions must be announced in advance, fore, the director general granted Iraq intended to do. But experts and that some facilities and fuels at an interview to the Foreign Service questioned whether in the future— the Osirak reactor were not subject Journal to discuss his agency’s role particularly once the 150 French to agency safeguards. However, the in promoting nuclear energy. presence of the French technicians Eklund is a small, bespectacled The intervieiv with Dr. Eklund was would make clandestine operations man who dresses in neat gray suits conducted in March by Foreign Ser¬ difficult, and scientific opinion is di¬ and speaks in measured tones over¬ vice Officers John P. Trevithick and vided on whether the unsafeguarded laid with a Swedish accent. He was Francis X. Cunningham with the fuels and facilities could be used for born in 1911 in Keruna and received editor. John Trevithick retired earli¬ weapons. a master’s and doctorate in nuclear er this year as office director of the Senator John Glenn (D-Ohio) con¬ physics from the University of Upp¬ science and technology directorate demned the Israeli raid but noted sala. He held senior research posi¬ in the International Organizations that Iraq, under the terms of the tions at the Nobel Institute for bureau of the State Department. He 1968 Nonproliferation Treaty, can Physics, the Research Institute for is now a part-time consultant to the withdraw from its treaty obligations National Defense, the Royal Insti¬ bureau on IAEA matters. Francis —including IAEA inspections—with tute for Physics, the Research Insti¬ Cunningham is also in 10, with 90 days’ notice. Furthermore, the tute for National Defense, the Royal primary responsibility as action of¬ agency is not charged with detect¬ Institute of Technology, and AB ficer for the U.N. Environment Pro¬ ing the diversion of nuclear equip¬ Atomenergi, all in Stockholm, before gram. ment to weapons production but becoming the IAEA’s second direc- SEPTEMBER 1981 23 Ron Bellamy Eklund onnonproliferation:“TheIAEAhasanimportantrole to theIAEAasacontroversialfig¬ improvements. “Thefirstiswithre¬ ress fromwithin,hedidseesome 20 yearswiththeagency.Whilenot¬ there hadbeenprogressduringhis terms, thelastofwhichwillexpire tor generalin1961.Hehasbeen in exercisingasafeguardssystem.Thatrolewillalwayshemaintained.” good cooperationbetween these two during theseyearstheunderstand¬ ure. Therewasheavyresistance gard toEast-Westrelations.Icame ing thedifficultyofobservingprog¬ in November. reappointed tofourmorefour-year possible useof theagency.Another groups ofcountriestomake thebest proved somuch.Thereis now very ing betweenEastandWest hasim¬ a matterofgreatsatisfaction that against myappointment.Ithasbeen We firstaskedEklundwhether not havethoughtpossibleatthebe¬ degree ofaccomplishmentonewould tion istheprogressmadeinsafe¬ thing thathasgivengreatsatisfac¬ that wenowhaveaninternational ginning ofthe1960s.Ithinkfact guards. Safeguardshavereacheda the agency’ssafeguardssystem. But the requirementsoftreaty and degree oftheirsovereigntytofulfill ed intheNPT,givenupacertain have, totheextentwhichisreflect¬ able factthatsovereigncountries or appreciated.Itisaveryremark¬ ment whichisnotfullyunderstood safeguards systemisanaccomplish¬ treaty—not more thanhalfadozen There arestillcountriesoutside the the NPThasnotbecome universal. too, thefundamentalonebeing that there havebeendisappointments —which havenotacceptedfull-scope ratified thetreatythisyear.” world, thattheyjointheNPT.Thus, ests, aswellintheinterestof stand thatitisintheirowninter¬ safeguards. Ihopetheywillunder¬ Pushing forSafeguards the agency“toseektoaccelerateand charged withbringing“Atomsfor enlarge thecontributionofatomic hower’s words.Thestatutecallson Peace” totheworld,useEisen¬ I wasquitegratifiedwhenEgypt more difficult. pose.” Thelatterparthasbeenthe used tofurtheranymilitarypur¬ ensuring thatsuchassistance“isnot perity throughouttheworld”while energy topeace,health,andpros¬ of PresidentEisenhower,itwas U.N. statutein1957atthebehest take alargeshareofthecredit.In developed, forwhichEklundcan of safeguardshasgraduallybeen troversy surroundinghisnomination fact, Eklund’sbeliefinsafeguards cause headvocatedsafeguards,and Union opposedhisnominationbe¬ was largelyresponsibleforthecon¬ in peacemuststandupforit.” The physicistwasundeterred.His quit theagencyifhewereelected. of atomicespionage,threateningto even wentsofarastoaccuseEklund as directorgeneral.TheSoviet to followhimremainedfastintheir walk outinprotest,buttheAsian ed. ThechiefSovietdelegatetothe “Don’t runaway.Thosewhobelieve countryman SecretaryGeneralDag re-elected byacclamation. proponent ofsafeguardshasbeen nov wasbackinhischairtostay. seats. Atthenextsession,Emelya¬ and Africandelegatesheexpected Hammarskjold offeredhimsupport: ples,” wroteJohnLearina1965 lous honesty,fairnessindeciding throughout theagency“forscrupu¬ Ever since,theonce-controversial IAEA, VasilyS.Emelyanov,did tough metalsomehowgot intothe iron. Asizableveinof the hard, is famousasasourceofhigh-grade Saturday Review.“Thenorthern problems, andfirmnessonprinci¬ conflicts, mildnessinapproaching backbone ofDr.Eklund.” Today, Swedish countrysidearound Keruna of 70hestill takes longhikingtrips Eklund toldtheJournal, at theage When theIAEAwascreatedby Over thelast24years,asystem Eklund stoodfirmandwaselect¬ Eklund soonwonareputation FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL into the woods near his home town, generating station should not be finds that nuclear energy has many where his father once drove the lo¬ more than 10 percent of the total advantages that other energy comotives hauling iron to the sea. generating capacity of a country. sources may not have. However, ul¬ After the Soviet walkout failed, Nuclear power reactors are most timately, I think that so much sen¬ Eklund was able to get his first economical when they are of the timent is involved here that people safeguards system into force, though size perhaps of 1000 megawatts. This may not be able to appreciate these it applied only to small reactors. An means that only developing coun¬ advantages until they observe their inspection system was devised and tries which already have a consider¬ electricity bills going up because of the first inspector general appoint¬ able generating capacity could make the increase in price of the conven¬ ed in 1965. It was not until the NPT full use of a modern nuclear power tional fuel source, or find that they was passed in 1968—with many plant. I therefore think that for the don’t have electricity available to countries only signing when prom¬ next decade or so, the growth of provide heating or cooling or light. ised assistance in developing nucle¬ nuclear power will occur primarily When this occurs, they may start ar power—that a formal system of in developed countries. This will re-evaluating the situation.” Eklund international accounting and inspec¬ have the benefit of lessening their then cited an in-progress U.N. eval¬ tions took effect for all member demand for oil. Consequently, capac¬ uation of the environmental effects states of the agency. ity will be available for developing of different energy sources. “A com¬ Supplying technical assistance countries to expand their electric parison will be made between the was the original goal of the agency systems so that they can later ac¬ consequences of different energy and the IAEA remains the principal cept nuclear power reactors.” sources. So far, everything points to source of atomic aid in the develop¬ The Journal noted that the IAEA the many advantages which are as¬ ing world. But the size of the tech¬ also has an important role in pro¬ sociated with nuclear energy.” nical-assistance program—some $17 moting reactor safety. At least in But doesn’t Three Mile Island million in 1979, for example—when this country, opponents of nuclear show that environmental hazards compared to the cost of a billion- power frequently point to the prob¬ could be severe? The United States dollar nuclear power plant, makes lem of waste storage as being an has the technology and expertise to one wonder about the usefulness of argument that negates any possibil¬ react to such an emergency, but a such a program. ity of using nuclear power safely. developing country may not. “First of all,” Eklund responded, We asked Eklund to comment on “What happened at Three Mile “recall that the agency has 110 where likely solutions could lie. Island shows that it is very essential member states. Of these, only 45 to have an infrastructure in a coun¬ have a research reactor and only 22 Promoting Safety try operating a power reactor. This have a power reactor. So, the agen¬ “The agency has been following is another factor, in addition to those cy’s activities cannot be concentrat¬ this aspect of nuclear power devel¬ I have advanced before, when con¬ ed on power-reactor support. Ac¬ opment and I think it is not a tech¬ sidering nuclear power in a develop¬ cording to its statute, the agency nical problem in itself. Different ing country. Only when they have a has to support the use of all forms methods have been worked out which sufficient infrastructure should de¬ of atomic or nuclear energy in mem¬ make it possible to store the waste veloping countries build nuclear ber states. Our assistance program from nuclear plants in such a way power plants. When I say ‘develop¬ promotes the use of radiation and that the radiation from the waste ing countries,’ please keep in mind isotopes in agriculture, in medical will not affect the environment.” that there are different degrees of diagnosis or therapy, in finding un¬ Eklund saw the problem more as development, and that there are derground water resources, and so one of public attitude. “The general some developing countries that have on. This assistance is considered public is so concerned about this a considerable technical infrastruc¬ very important by a number of de¬ matter that they sometimes will not ture.” Noting the possibility of in¬ veloping member states and, as a even allow authorities to drill holes ternational cooperation in case of an matter of fact, the agency’s means in the ground to find if an area accident, Eklund stated that “cer¬ at present do not suffice to meet all could be used for underground stor¬ tain preliminary actions have been the requests. The agency’s assis¬ age of wastes. I think a much more taken for facilitating international tance serves mainly as a seed for positive attitude is needed to reduce assistance.” further development. Comparing the size of this question to its true The mention of Three Mile Island the size of the agency’s funds to the proportions.” just before the anniversary of the cost of a power plant does not give a How can this problem of public accident caused the physicist to di¬ correct picture of the importance of acceptance be resolved? “I must say gress. “I very much hope that there assistance.” that is an extremely difficult ques¬ will be a cleanup of the site as soon Eklund quickly added a caveat tion and I don’t have a straight an¬ as possible. As a spokesman for about the usefulness of atomic en¬ swer. I think the essential thing is nuclear energy, I believe that when a ergy in developing countries. “An¬ to present to the public a balanced plant has been affected by an acci¬ other thing is—and I think it should comparison between different ener¬ dent, one should clean it up as soon be emphasized—that the develop¬ gy sources, so that they see that as possible and not let it stand like a ment of nuclear power has gone in a every energy source has its envi¬ monument over a failure, which is direction which may not make it the ronmental consequences, and that now the case.” most helpful immediate solution to these consequences have to be com¬ Will it happen again? “We are liv¬ developing countries with regard to pared in order to assess the advan¬ ing in a complicated world with their energy problems. It is an old tages and disadvantages of the dif¬ complicated technical devices. As rule of thumb that a single power¬ ferent sources. If this is done, one with all human creations, they are

SEPTEMBER 1981 25 Ron Bellamy Eklund onsafety:“Itisnecessarytoimprovetherelationship between machinesandhumans.Trainingofoperatorsisessential.” beginning, everyprecautionhasbeen There canbefailures,andconse¬ not idealfromeverypointofview. terference betweentheradioactive been establishedtopreventanyin¬ from beingaffected.Barriershave taken topreventtheenvironment able thingisthat,fromthevery nuclear powerreactor.Theremark¬ quently therecanbeafailurein proved theirvalidityinseveralacci¬ core andthebiosphere.Theyhave 26 which aperson hasbeenkilledby single caseofafatalaccident, in perience, andwehavenot hada 2200 yearsofreactor-operating ex¬ tinued, “thatatpresent wehave dents, thelastoneatThreeMile Island. “We havetoremember,” he con¬ radiation fromnuclearpower.Atthe ence. Ithinkthatthesearefacts reactor-operating yearsofexperi¬ end ofthedecadetherewillbe6000 the IAEAatwhich“onecouldob¬ taken.” However,thedirectorgen¬ which speakforthemselves,and cited arecentconferenceheldby eral didseeoneareaofconcern.He ican concludedthat“a single nu¬ Tsipis intheAprilScientific Amer¬ essential.” The trainingofoperators isvery machines andthehumanelement. prove therelationshipbetween serve thenecessityoftryingtoim¬ the precautionsthathavebeen clear weapon wouldcontaminatea cle byStevenFetterand Kosta On thesubjectofsafety, an arti¬ Demonstrating theBomb ment, andmedicalserviceswould accident toanuclearreactor.”The fallout thantheworseconceivable much greaterareawithradioactive with therisksofgeneration still beintactandfunctioning.“In could belossoflife,social,govern¬ weapon explosion,thoughthere an accident,asopposedtoanuclear authors observethatinthecaseof regret verymuchthatthepublic timation oftherelativedangers pears tobemisplaced.” electricity bynuclearreactorsap¬ view ofthis,”theauthorswrote, just sopeoplewouldunderstandthe three decadessincetherewasa to livewith.Ithinkthatiscom¬ nary weaponsthatwehavetolearn think ofnuclearweaponsasordi¬ effects ofnuclearweapons.Some has paidtoolittleattentiontothe weapons andpowerreactors.“I “the preoccupationofthepublic that theexperienceoftheseexplo¬ in theBikinis.Iregretverymuch demonstration ofanuclearexplosion pletely wrong.Itisnowalmost tremendous effectsoftheseweap¬ the explosionofanuclearweapon, lic. Ithasthereforebeensuggested these countriesseemtohavedevel¬ throughout theworld—toIndiaand weapons technology.TheJournal gy canbeusedwithoutspreading of whethernuclearpowertechnolo¬ ons.” should arrangeademonstrationof that thenuclear-weaponsstates sions hasbeenforgottenbythepub¬ to statesthatdonotcurrentlyhave will beaspreadofnuclearweapons whether itisinevitablethatinthe most generalsense,wewondered oped aweaponscapability.Inthe observed thataspowerplantsspread mind thatinnocasehasastatefirst tion betweennuclearpowerandnu¬ them. spread ofpowertechnologythere South Africa,forexample—manyof that theyhavegoneinto the devel¬ materials forweapons, and after reactor fortheproduction of nuclear developed nuclearpowerreactors clear weapons.Wehavetokeepin specific. “Thereisnodirectconnec¬ easier todevelop areactorforthe opment ofnuclearpower. It ismuch have alwaysstartedwith aspecial and thennuclearweapons. They Eklund concurredwiththises¬ That responseledtothequestion Eklund’s answerwasfirmand FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL production of weapons material than reactors are such that they cannot “At present, about eight percent to develop a power reactor. On the be coped with by a safeguards sys¬ of the electricity in the world is other hand, it is clear that if you tem.” generated by nuclear means. This have the capacity to operate, and The world is running short of pe¬ will increase to about 17 percent by also perhaps to construct, a power troleum, yet several technologically 1985. It will be 18 percent by 1990, reactor, then you are a long way on advanced countries have scaled down to the extent that we can predict. the road to getting a capacity to or cancelled plans for the construc¬ This means that nuclear power has produce weapons. But here we have tion of nuclear power installations. already made an inroad in the pro¬ the Nonproliferation Treaty coming Is this paradoxical? duction of electricity in the world, in, which prohibits the non-weapons “I can only agree that it is para¬ in a field that has always been cov¬ states from producing them.” doxical. Governments in democratic ered by conventional sources. There¬ Are any reactor systems resistant systems have to respond to public fore, nuclear energy is here to re¬ to proliferation? The director gen¬ opinion. It is true that anti-nuclear main for a considerable time. There’s eral mentioned the International forces are very strong from the vocal no question about that. Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation con¬ point of view. Weak governments “In Europe, nuclear power will ducted by the agency, which he which can be toppled by even small generate about 30 percent of the called “a remarkable exercise, the changes of votes are very careful in electricity by 1990. But already by first time in the history of the making decisions. Therefore, we 1985, in some countries, like Swe¬ development of a technology that a have a situation such as in Sweden, den, Switzerland, and a few others, truly international attempt has been where three governments have been 35 to 40 percent of the electricity made to evaluate the problems and toppled on the nuclear question, and will be produced by nuclear means, possibilities.” INFCE, he said, was where a decision has been made that in France perhaps 50 percent. About important because it gave a definite no more than 12 reactors should be 70 to 75 percent of the electricity in answer to the proliferation question. constructed. This task will be com¬ France will be produced by nuclear “The answer was what we expected: pleted by 1985 at the latest, and energy by 1990. I mention this to there are no systems which are nothing more is to be built thereaf¬ underline that nuclear energy will proliferation-resistant. Therefore, ter. In the beginning of the 21st play an important role in the future. nonproliferation rests on the politi¬ century, Sweden’s power reactors It will become almost like a conven¬ cal will of member states to accept are supposed to be dismantled as tional source and conventional tech¬ the Nonproliferation Treaty.” soon as other energy sources are nology. Since President Reagan’s election, available. Well, I think it will turn “Now, there are certainly prob¬ there has been renewed interest in out that no other energy sources lems associated with nuclear ener¬ reactivating the breeder reactor will be available and the politicians gy, for example, proliferation. program. (The funds for construc¬ will revise this decision. The gener¬ Therefore, the IAEA will have an tion of the breeder reactor at Clinch al public will understand this as soon important role in exercising a safe¬ River, Tennessee, later did pass in as it is faced with an energy short¬ guards system. That role will always the Reagan budget.) However, that age and sees the consequences in be maintained. From a cost-efficien¬ program had been suspended by increased prices for energy, and cy point of view, I think member President Carter because, among in personal consequences as well.” states will fare well if the agency’s other reasons, the plutonium fuels statute can eventually be changed produced by the breeder could be Fusion & the Future so it can also deal with other energy more useful to terrorists. We asked, What about fusion energy? Is sources. I’m thinking of non-conven- therefore, whether breeder technol¬ there perhaps an answer to waste, tional energy, such as wind, solar, ogy should be pursued. proliferation, and safety problems or geothermal power. An organiza¬ “I think that if nuclear energy is here? We wondered what the IAEA tion like the IAEA could very easily to play its full role in the future it is is doing to promote fusion. give member states appropriate ad¬ necessary that the breeder tech¬ “We are involved, but one should vice at much lower cost than would nique be developed,” Eklund re¬ be realistic here and understand be the case with a new organization. plied. “This has successfully been that fusion power has not been real¬ However, I don’t think that the dealt with in this country, although ized yet, even in an experimental agency should take over any respon¬ major activity has been frozen to a way. It will take a long time, far into sibilities for conventional power certain extent. It has been pursued the next century, until we see a sources such as coal or oil. They in the United Kingdom, it is being fusion power reactor. Such a reactor belong to the International Energy pursued very actively in France, will also have its environmental con¬ Agency. But expanded activity by which has a big breeder reactor sequences, and I don’t think it will the IAEA in the direction I have under construction, and it is being be immediately accepted by people indicated could be the best and pursued in Japan, the Soviet Union, if the present situation continues.” cheapest way for member states to and within the European Communi¬ Finally, we asked about the fu¬ get advice on these questions.” ty. I believe very much in the devel¬ ture of the International Atomic With that, Eklund stood up to opment of the breeder. When the Energy Agency. Should its mandate leave. He was traveling to Three commercial breeder has been devel¬ perhaps be broadened to other forms Mile Island, promoting the peaceful oped, mankind will have an energy of energy? How will its role evolve atom. Not until three months later source which will last a very long over the next 20 years, particularly would Israel’s raid sharply call into time, a time span comparable to in light of the depletion of petrole¬ question the program that began that of coal’s. And I don’t think the um reserves and increasing global under the name “Atoms for Peace.” proliferation problems from breeder energy needs? —S.R.D. SEPTEMBER 1981 27 War Comes

and wild animal skins for some of “BRITISH-SOOTHBY STEAMSHIP LINES.” The German and the big exporting firms. Time and its accomplices have al¬ If you step around these shacks most obscured the other words. But British consular here and walk a few steps inland look down at the bottom of the sign. from the river bank, you will notice In small, discreet lettering: “Jas. B. agents had been fast that wooden and adobe buildings Scarborough, H.B.M. Consular and a stone church were once clus¬ Agent. Manager.” friends for 20 years tered around a small unpaved town James B. Scarborough and Man- square. As you can see, the empty fried Schmidt both arrived in the —and then the news church and several of the decaying Amazon valley of Brazil as young houses are still standing—long un¬ men at about the same time. Both of war reached their used and inhabited now only by spent years at different posts along green jungle vines and a few liz¬ the river as employees of their re¬ Brazilian jungle ards. spective shipping companies, ad¬ Take a deep breath. Smell it? It’s vancing in rank as time went by. village. mold. Amid the humid heat, you can When the village of Naiba began smell the musty odor of the jungle. to grow in importance as a port, By FRED GODSEY This mold attaches itself to almost British-Soothby Lines opened an everything that remains long in the office here and made Scarborough Wars and other internation¬ Amazon—even to the people. the manager. Three months later, al catastrophes present a It is still a two-day trip by small Hamburgo-German Lines opened a different perspective in a river boat from Naiba down to Be¬ similar office in the village, with Brazilian jungle village than they do lem, the principal port at the river’s Schmidt as manager, to get its share in London, Berlin, or New York. mouth. The big ocean-going freight¬ of the large shipments of Brazil Nevertheless, Amazon folk will still ers, which go all the way up the nuts, hides, and bales of raw, smoked tell you, if you have a bit of time to river to Manaos, don’t stop at Naiba rubber destined for Europe. Schmidt spare, how, on that September any more. They used to though. In was eventually appointed as a con¬ morning of 1939, old Schmidt, the fact, before World War II, two of sular agent of Germany, and Scar¬ German, and old Scarborough, the the largest steamship lines had of¬ borough became the British consul¬ Englishman, brought World War II fices here. ar agent, thus making them both to their doorsteps. official commercial representatives It happened in the isolated village Consulates in Ruins of their respective countries. of Naiba. Today, Naiba—or, rather, Now look across the square. Can Naiba was a larger village in those what is left of it—is typical of the you see the front of an old wooden days, and Schmidt and Scarborough many small Brazilian communities office building? That’s it, the one were the only foreigners living here. rotting away along the Amazon Riv¬ covered with green mold. There’s They were both bachelors, and, er, dreaming of their days of glory only a pile of rubble behind the fa¬ since the river boats stopped infre¬ when they were boom towns. If cade, but you can still make out the quently at the port and brought few you’ll look at those deserted, tum- faded sign: “HAMBURGO-GERMAN LINES.” visitors, they were inevitably drawn bled-down wooden houses there, And underneath this part of the together after office hours to pass originally built on stilts near the sign, if you’ll look closely, are some the time and enjoy such meager river bank, you can see that Naiba words in small, dim letters: “Man- amusements as could be had in such isn’t much any more. There are fried Schmidt, Manager. Consular a jungle village. Both men were fat, probably only ten or twelve families Agent of Germany.” The signboard slightly bald, and had similar tastes. here now. They live further back still hangs with a certain Prussian Both came from middle-class fami¬ there, in that jungle clearing—in dignity above what was once a door¬ lies. They had not known each other those little huts with the rusting tin way. before, but in Naiba they soon be¬ roofs. They make a sort of living by That pile of debris over there—on came fast friends. Since Scarborough gathering Brazil nuts, manioc roots, the other side of the square, direct¬ could speak no German, and Schmidt ly opposite the church—used to be spoke no English, they adopted the This story is based on what is an office of a British steamship line Portuguese of Brazil as a common believed to be a true event. The serving South America and Europe. language. names of the characters, companies, Those few rotting planks are all that Scarborough had a rather large and locale have been changed. is left of the front of the building, house, built of wood, just off the “The Journal” is a new section but perhaps you can read part of square on the other side of the for historical and personal accounts. the sign that was painted there: church. It had two upstairs bed-

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL To Naiba Tom Gibson

rooms and a front porch facing the around it five times. Exactly five new entertainers each week but, river to catch any available breeze. times—no more, no less. Then they over the years, he sometimes sus¬ Schmidt lived on the opposite side would shake hands, say goodnight, pected that he was engaging in a of the isolated village in a similar and return to their houses. repeat booking. house, except that he had no front Their program differed on Satur¬ On Sundays, they always met for porch. days and Sundays. On Saturday lunch at Scarborough’s house and, The two friends soon developed a afternoons, they would meet at after siesta, sat in the wicker chairs pattern of life to which they adhered Schmidt’s house at midday for a in front of the little bar on the religiously for the next twenty heavy lunch. Schmidt had trained square and had four gin and tonics years. Each evening, from Monday his native cook to prepare several each—exactly four—while ponder¬ through Friday, they would meet typical German dishes which Jas. B. ing the events of the week. Punctu¬ after dinner on the front porch of enjoyed even more than his host. ally at seven p.m., they would leave Scarborough’s house for two games Since their offices were closed on the bar and walk around the square of checkers. Just two games—not Saturday afternoons, after lunch five times before returning to their more. Then, they would each drink they would take a long siesta in respective houses. four large bottles of Brazilian Brah¬ their hammocks and then go for a For almost twenty years, until ma Chopp beer—just four each— swim in the river. both old friends were well past sixty while discussing the events of the Their Saturday evenings, includ¬ years of age, this routine was bro¬ day, including the latest news broad¬ ing dinner, were also invariably at ken only by one or the other taking cast on Scarborough’s battery- Schmidt’s house. On these evenings, a short home-leave in Germany or in powered shortwave radio. They lis¬ they were always entertained by two England. tened to the news primarily to get or more local maidens—an arrange¬ Then came the third day of Sep¬ the results of the European soccer ment taken care of by Scarborough tember 1939. matches. After this, they would go each Monday, a week in advance. Old Jas. B. happened to turn on to the village square and walk Scarborough endeavored to have his shortwave set around midnight

SEPTEMBER 1981 29 that night and heard the BBC news seen him in such fine raiment—not rolling off his cheeks onto the dusty bulletin from London proclaiming even on the King’s birthday! Several street. His lips were moving, ap¬ that a state of war existed between small boys on the street in front of parently without sound, but they Britain and Nazi Germany. At first the grocery shop clapped their hands seemed to be forming a single word, he was horrified at the news. Then and grinned in appreciation as he over and over, “Why? Why? Why?” he became sad, and, finally, a cold passed. True to his word, Scarborough rage settled upon him. After a few Scarborough made his way with avoided his old friend from that time hours of fitful sleep, he went to the great military mien to the door of on and never spoke to him again. storeroom of his house and pulled his old friend’s office. Schmidt was Two months later, the German line out two very old, dusty steamer just taking some invoices and other closed the office in Naiba and Man- trunks. Rummaging through these, papers from his safe. Jas. B. didn’t fried Schmidt went back to Ger¬ he finally found the items for which enter the office, although the door many. he was searching: a moth-eaten was open, but stood just outside It was about two months after black top hat, an equally moth-eaten and rapped loudly on the side of the Schmidt left the village that Scar¬ and rumpled formal black tailcoat, doorway with the silver head of his borough’s health began to fail. His and a silver-headed walking cane. cane. Schmidt looked up from his servants began to complain to the He brushed a bit of the mold from work. Seeing Jas. B in a resplendent neighbors that the old man could the hat and the tails, briskly pol¬ costume, acting strangely, he smiled not sleep at night, and that he spent ished the silver head of the cane, broadly and came immediately to hours speaking to himself in a and waited for the dawn. the doorway, obviously expecting to strange tongue. He seemed to be all As it still does in the Amazon participate in some huge new joke right in the office, but would lose valley, the business day in Naiba dreamed up by his old friend. His control of himself at home in the began early to take advantage of the joyful expectations were soon com¬ evenings. Then, shortly before Bra¬ precious hours before the tropical pletely demolished. zil declared war on Germany, a heat set in. The few offices and British-Soothby official stopped in shops around the square were al¬ Friendship in Ruins Naiba one day and brought Scar¬ ready open, and the residents of the “Herr Consul Schmidt!” old Jas. borough the news that Manfried little village were just beginning B. roared, “again your Goddamned Schmidt had committed suicide in their chores when Scarborough left country has seen fit to make war on Germany. his house that morning. England! I inform you herewith that From that day, the villagers say, The citizens of Naiba—even those you and all of your Nazi swine shall O Senhor Scarborough’s condition who had heard the news over Bra¬ go down to your dirty graves in de¬ grew worse, until one night he tried zilian radio—were going about their feat! Do you hear? Defeat! Fur¬ to hang himself on his front porch. daily affairs as usual. After all, how thermore, in the future—or what’s The servants prevented him from many even knew where England and left of it for you—I shall not speak taking his life and called the village Germany were located? How many to you again, and I’ll thank you not policeman. A week later, the steam¬ cared? They had much more impor¬ to speak to me! And if, by chance, I ship company had the old man flown tant things to worry about in Naiba. see you coming toward me on the to a mental hospital in Rio de They were startled, however, when street, I’ll go around you as I would Janeiro, where he died within a few 0 Senhor Scarborough appeared on a dirty, rabid dog!” weeks. the street and began to walk slowly Scarborough had finished his Shortly before Scarborough died, across the square toward the office speech before his friend realized one of the British-Soothby ship cap¬ of the Hamburgo-German Steamship that there was to be no joke, and tains visited him in the Rio hospital. Lines. They were, in fact, so amazed that the insult was in deadly ear¬ The captain, who had known Scar¬ that they dropped whatever they nest. Schmidt opened his mouth to borough for many years, later said were doing and stared, for 0 Senhor say something, but, without waiting that the old man didn’t recognize Scarborough was wearing a black to hear, Scarborough turned on his him and would only mumble some top hat and a formal tailcoat, and heel, spat at his feet, and began gibberish which was hardly under¬ carried a silver-headed cane. True, marching away. A few yards into standable. The only words the cap¬ the attire was a bit moldy, wrin¬ the square, however, Scarborough tain could make out from the old kled, and contained not a few moth stopped and looked back over his man’s ravings seemed completely holes, but the hot morning sun shoulder. inane. “If only I hadn’t looked back,” glittered regally from the polished Schmidt was standing in the street he whispered, “if only I hadn’t head of the cane. Indeed, Jas. B. in front of the little office, holding looked. ...” presented a magnificent figure. No his hands out toward him, palms up Jas. B. was obviously crazy as a one could remember ever having in supplication. Large tears were loon, the captain said. □

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Let me help you with your residence requirements whether it be buying, selling, renting a home, or acquiring one or more for investment in the Washington Metropolitan area. Please call or write for current infor¬ mation about the locations in which you are interested. DIPLOMATIC Note new office affiliation Merrill Lynch Realty Charles W. Brown POSTINGS FSO, retired Chris Coils, Inc. c/o Merrill Lynch Realty, Chris Coile, Inc. 6232 Montrose Rd., Rockville, Md. 20852 Office (301) 881-4500, Residence (301) 983-0343

Alberta Thomas, specializing in FS needs COMING or GOING Phone: (301) 657-8500, (301) 320-3454 You can count on COMING HOME?! PERSONALIZED SERVICE Need to buy or rent a home in the D.C. or Maryland area? Send this clipping today to: from Alberta H. Thomas W. CLAND A. 1ST. MILLER PANORAMA DEVELOPMENT CTO. REAL ESTATE

A Complete Real Estate Service Since 1912 7700 Norfolk Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20014 NEW HOUSE SALES • BROKERAGE SALES RENTALS NAME ADDRESS 4701 Sangamore Road. Washington, D. C. 20016 Phone 229-4000 Phone 229-4016 Return date Price range If you need temporary housing, check here □

SEPTEMBER 1981 31 FOREIGN SERVICE PEOPLE

1981 AFSA/AAFSW Merit Awards

The 1981 AFSA/AAFSW Mer¬ Dina Patricia Barbis, daughter of it Awards have been given to 22 Geoige M. and Patricia Q. Barbis, State. Foreign Service children who Dina has lived in France, Belgium, and Greece. She is interested in photogra¬ graduated from high school phy, scuba diving, art, skiing, and horse¬ last spring and were judged back riding. Dina graduated cum laude by volunteer review panels on from Choate Rosemary Hall, with hon¬ ors in English and science. She was on the basis of excellence in aca¬ the honor roll and a member of the demics and extracurricular National Spanish Honor Society. Dina activities. This year, the will attend Stanford University in the awards have been named in fall and plans to study biology. honor of Lesley Dorman, past president of the Association of American Foreign Service Michael J. Abramowitz, son of Morton Isaac and Sheppie Glass Abramowitz, Women, for her years of ser¬ State. Aside from the U.S., Michael has vice to that organization and lived in Hong Kong, England, and Thai¬ to its Book Fair, the source of land. His interests include journalism, history, Asian culture, and working with funds that AAFSW contrib¬ Indochinese refugees. Michael graduat¬ utes to the scholarship pro¬ ed from St. Albans School and will at¬ gram. Photographs and biog¬ tend Harvard College this fall. raphies of this year's winners appear on these pages. Inter¬ ested applicants in the high \ Joan Charlotte Becker, daughter of school class of 1982 who are John Philip and Priscilla Clark Becker, qualified dependents of For¬ State. Joan has lived in Canada, Ger¬ eign Service personnel who many, and India. She is interested in basketball, tennis, trekking, and playing have or are serving abroad are the clarinet. Joan received several encouraged to apply this fall awards from the American Embassy to AFSA Scholarship Pro¬ School in India w'hich include member¬ grams Administrator, 2101 E. ship in the National Honor Society, sa- lutatorian. PS AT Commendation Award, St. NW, Washington, D.C. Most Valuable Player in basketball, and 20037. the Deitchman Sportsmanship Award. She w'ill attend Williams College in the fall.

Ruth Ellen Baker, daughter of John and Marilyn Baker, State. Ruth has lived in Yemen, Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Philippines. She is interested in the piano and ballet. While attending the International School in the Philippines, Ruth received several honors which in¬ clude valedictorian of her graduating class, membership in the Scholia Honor Society, NMSQT finalist, Outstanding Scholar Award, first prize in biology. She plans to study at Yale University in the fall.

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Cynthia Samar Carr, daughter of David David Norbert Kockler, son of Norbert William and Kathleen Hanley Carr, and Cecilia Kockler, AID, retired. David AID. Cynthia has lived in Lebanon, has lived in Nicaragua and Honduras. South Yemen, Saudia Arabia, Syria, and His interests include tennis and war¬ Mauritania. She is interested in dancing gaming. David was a member of the and the piano. At the Masters School, National Honor Society at T.C. Williams Cynthia was admitted into the Cum Senior High School and shared the first Laude Society and received a 1979 Merit place award in botany. David plans to Commendation and the Bausch & Lomb study chemical engineering at North¬ Science Award. She will study history western University in the fall. and biology at Princeton University this fall.

Carol Christian Coleman, daughter of Dr. Michael and Mildred Stewart Men- nard, ICA. Carol has lived in India and West Germany. She is interested in drama, art, journalism, math, and cre¬ ative writing. At the Bonn American High School in Germany, Carol was a member of the National Honor Society and received the National Merit Com¬ mended Student Award, the Presiden¬ tial Scholar Finalist Award, and a Tu- lane Dean’s Honor Seholai’ship. Carol will attend the Newcomb College of Tu- lane University. Christopher Thomas Landau, son of Marc Andrew Cohen, son of Herman J. Ambassador George and Maria Landau, and Suzanne Cohen, State. Marc was State. Christopher was born in Spain born in Uganda and has also lived in and has lived in Canada, Chile, and Zimbabwe, Zaire, France, and Senegal. Paraguay. He is interested in history, His many interests include soccer, tele¬ languages, international affairs, writing, communications, debating, and French/ and running. Christopher received sev¬ English interpreting. Marc graduated eral awards at the Groton School which from Lygee Frangais International and include National Merit Scholarship Fi¬ received the French Baccalaureate nalist. Honor Roll, winner of the Perry Award. He plans to study engineering History Prize and the History and Lit¬ at Harvard College. erature Prize, the George Livingston Nichols History Essay Prize, and sum¬ ma cum laude. He will attend Harvard University this fall.

Landreth M. John Harrison, son of Landreth Matthew Harrison, State, re¬ tired. Landreth is interested in interna¬ tional relations, philosphy, physics, sail¬ ing, hunting, and tennis. He received several awards at the St. Andrew’s School which include a National Merit Scholarship, summa cum laude in the National Latin Exam, the Joseph E. Gould Award for U.S. History, valedic¬ torian, and First Awards in Latin, his¬ tory, and mathematics. He plans to Tamara Lee Cohen, daughter of Don¬ enter Yale University this fall to study ald D. Cohen and Bettina S. Callaway, political science. AID. Tamara lived in Korea and Turkey. She is especially interested in computer work, the piano, acting, directing, and stage crew. Tamara received several Leonard Lattanzi, son of Frank and honors from Washington-Lee School Aurelia Lattanzi, ICA. Leonard has which include the Renssalaer Award for lived in England, Italy, Ethiopia, Ni¬ Achievement in Math and Science, 1980 geria, and Mexico. He has interests Virginia’s Governor School for the Gift¬ which include science fiction, debating, ed, National Merit Scholarship winner, chess, game theory, drama, and journal¬ Arlington winner of the United States ism. Leonard was a member of the Na¬ Capitol Historical Society’s Annual tional Honor Society and valedictorian Award. She was chosen for the Echols of his graduating class at the American Scholar program at the University of School Foundation of Guadalajara, Mex¬ Virginia, where she will study mathe¬ ico. He plans to attend Stanford Uni¬ matics and biology. versity in the fall to study pre-law.

SEPTEMBER 1981 33 Kathleen K. Olson, daughter of Oscar J. and Patricia W. Olson, State. Aside from living in the U.S., Kathleen re¬ sided in Spain, Mexico, and Germany. Her interests include baseball and mu¬ sic. Kathleen received several honors from Washington-Lee High School. These include valedictorian, a National Merit Scholarship, the Arlington Kiwa- nis Scholarship, and membership in the National Honor Society, Spanish Honor Society, and the Tiko Math Honor Soci¬ ety. She will attend Northwestern Uni¬ versity in the fall. Bruce Jon Swenson, son of Russell and Hallene Swenson, AID. Bruce has lived Sheri G. Lyman, daughter of Princeton in Afghanistan and Turkey. His inter¬ Nathan and Helen Carolyn Lyman, ests include long-distance running, play¬ State. Sheri has lived in Korea and ing the trumpet, school government, and Ethiopia. She is interested in art, clas¬ photography. He attended Washington- sical guitar, soccer, track, and writing. Lee High School, where he was the While attending Albert Einstein High American Legion Boys State Delegate, School, Sheri received the National a member of the National Honor Soci¬ Council of Teachers of English Achieve¬ ety and the Spanish Honor Society, and ment Award in Writing and was a mem¬ received the DAR Citizenship Award ber of the National Honor Society. She and the Outstanding Band Member will study psychology and English at Award. At the University of Virginia, Barnard College this fall. Bruce will study nuclear engineering this fall.

Scott Mills Sipprelle, son of Mr. and Mrs. Dudley G. Sipprelle, State. Scott has lived in Colombia, Sweden, Turkey, Venezuela, Austria, and is now in the Dominican Republic. His interests in¬ clude soccer, baseball, skiing, languages, travel, and coin and stamp collecting. He graduated cum laude from St. An¬ drew’s School, was the winner of the St. Andrew’s French Prize, a member of the Delaware All-State Soccer Team, voted Most Valuable Soccer Player. While attending Hamilton College this fall, Scott plans to study economics. Elizabeth Baker Teare, daughter of Joan Midthun, daughter of Kermit S. Richard W. and Jeanie W. Teare, State. and Leonor Midthun, State. Joan has Elizabeth has lived in the Philippines, lived in Mexico and Thailand. Her many Mexico, and Laos. She is interested in interests include ballet, photography, writing and ballet. Elizabeth received drama, classical music, horticulture, and several honors while attending Woodrow Asian languages. Joan attended Boons- Wilson High School, which include a boro High School, where she was nomi¬ Century III Leader Scholarship, being nated for the Chancellor’s Scholarship named a National Merit Scholar, a Pres¬ at the University of Maryland and won idential Scholar Finalist and Outstand¬ awards in poster design, oratory, and ing History Student for the D.C.-U.S. radio presentation. Joan will attend the Capitol History Society, and placing University of Pennsylvania. third nationally in the American Associ¬ ation of Teachers of French. She will attend Yale University in the fall.

Marie J. Sullivan, daughter of Roger W. and Marguerite B. Sullivan, State. Marie was born in Taiwan and has lived in Singapore, Indonesia, and Hong Kong. She is interested in bicycling, music, math, and languages. At Walt Whitman High School, Marie was a Na¬ tional Merit Semifinalist, captain of the school’s math team, and a member of the National Junior Honor Society. She will attend MIT in the fall to study engineering and physics. 34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Margo True, daughter of James and and chairman of the Ex-Im Bank by Sally True, State. Aside from the U.S., President Kennedy in 1961, remaining Margo has lived in South Africa, Spain, there until 1968, when he was named Brazil, Yugoslavia, Mexico, and Niger. ambassador to Canada. He resigned in She is interested in painting, drawing, 1969 to head the Institute for Advanced calligraphy, tennis, indoor gardening, Study until 1972. A professorship in his reading, and jogging. While attending name was recently established at the Hilltop High School, Margo received institute. He was also a member of the many honors which include membership Council on Foreign Relations. in the California Scholarship Federation Survivors include two children, Pru¬ (she is currently president), Best Sup¬ dence Steiner of Cambridge, Mass., and porting Actress of the One-Acts Festi¬ Susan Linder of New York City, his val, Sweepstakes Trophy, DAR Repre¬ Deaths mother, May Linder of New York City, sentative, National Merit Commended and two grandchildren. His wife, Ber¬ Student, Bank of America Liberal Arts tha Linder, died in 1975. Plaque Award, and the Seymour Memo¬ PAMELA DIANNE BIRD, daughter of H. rial Award. Margo will study English at Reid Bird, a retired Foreign Service JENNIFER RAQUEL MILLER, daughter of Scripps College in the fall. officer, and Pamela G. Bird, was killed Foreign Service Officer David N. Miller in an automobile accident in Coral Ga¬ and Graca Des. Miller, died of a seizure bles, Fla., on June 20. She was 36. She from toxoplasmosis, the disease from is survived by her parents and sister, which she had suffered since birth, in Carol Jesslen Bird. New Haven, Conn., on May 17. She was seven years old and recently moved with GEORGE 0. GRAY, a member of the her family to New Haven, where her American Foreign Service Association, father had been assigned for university died in Las Vegas, Nev., on May 21. He training. is survived by a sister, Sue Ella Lewis, who lives at 2026 Thomas Dr., Las Cru¬ ROBERT PFEIFFER, a Foreign Service ces, N.M. 88001. specialist in Asian affairs in the State Department, died July 6 in Arlington, FREDERICK A. HILL, a retired Foreign Va., of a heart attack. He was 51. Service officer, died May 25 in Santa Pfeiffer joined the department in 1958 Barbara, Calif. As an American busi¬ and was assigned to Tokyo and Fukuoka Katherine Elizabeth Watkins, daugh¬ nessman in Hong Kong, he was made a in Japan, where he served through the ter of Stephen and Susan Watkins, prisoner of war by the Japanese and was 1960s. In the ’70s he was a labor attache State. She has lived in the Dominican interned from 1941 to 1945. When the in Paris and Geneva. Coming back to Republic, Canada, Hong Kong, Uru¬ war ended he took charge of the looted the department in the late ’70s, he be¬ guay, and Portugal. Katherine’s many Consulate General in Hong Kong until a came the regional labor adviser in the interests include alternative technolo¬ consular officer arrived. He was made a Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Af¬ gies, cycling, music, cooking, writing, Foreign Service clerk and eventually be¬ fairs until his death. and the Third World. She attended the came an officer, working in Geneva, Pfeiffer was.born in Brooklyn, gradu¬ Amei'ican International School and re¬ Athens, and Turin. He retired in 1962. ated from Harvard College in 1951, and ceived the 1981 Presidential Scholar He is survived by his wife, who lives at served an Army tour in the Far East as Award. Katherine will attend Swarth-. 1708 Overlook Ln., Santa Barbara, Cal¬ an intelligence officer. He received the more College this fall to study biology. if. 93103, by a son, and by four grand¬ State Department’s Superior Achieve¬ children. ment award in 1977. He is survived by his wife, Setsuko, his son, Francis, and HAROLD F. LINDER, a former assistant a daughter, Maria, all of whom live in secretary of state and ambassador to Falls Church, Va., and by his mother, Canada, died June 22 in New York City Frances, of New York City. of a heart attack. He was 80 years old. Linder had four separate careers. His WILLIAM P. RICHMOND, a retired For¬ first was as an investment banker in eign Service officer, died May 18 of a New York. He then served with the massive heart attack while playing golf federal government, joining the Navy with his wife, Jaqueline, near their and heading the Export-Import Bank in house in Scotland. He was buried in addition to his two posts with the State Tyler, Tex. In addition to his wife, who Department. He helped in the resettle¬ lives at 70 Celestial Way, June Beach, ment of Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi Fla. 33480, he is survived by a daugh¬ Germany before and after the war. Last, ter, Kay, and a son, John. John Sisk Willems, son of Leonard he was chairman of the board of the Field and Jane Sisk Willems, State. Institute for Advanced Study in Prince¬ RAYMOND L. THURSTON, former ambas¬ John has lived in Jamaica, Liberia, and ton, N.J. sador to both Haiti and Somalia, died of the USSR. His interests include poli¬ Following posts with Loeb, Rhoades cancer May 12 in Sarasota, Fla. He was tics, the classics, skiing, sailing, and & Company and General American In¬ 68. frisbee playing. He attended W.T. Wood- vestors, Linder was appointed deputy One newspaper noted that Ambassa¬ son High School and was a member of assistant secretary of state in 1951. He dor Thurston “gained a reputation as the national and state champion Latin soon became assistant secretary of state the model of the unruffled diplomat dur¬ Bowl team. He received the gold medal for economic affairs. He left the depart¬ ing his tenure as ambassador to Haiti, for a perfect paper on the 1980 and 1981 ment in 1953 to re-enter the investment 1961-63.” He won that assignment from National Latin Exams. John plans to business, serving on numerous corpo¬ President Kennedy because of his work study at Princeton University this fall. rate boards. He was appointed president as a field evaluator of U.S. aid programs SEPTEMBER 1981 35 in Iran and India. While he was in Haiti, vice in 1957, served on the Argentine development in the world community he recommended aid be suspended, and desk; in Buenos Aires; as special assis¬ within a democratic framework. Kennedy also temporarily ended diplo¬ tant in ARA; in Madrid; on the Mexican The Smiths can be reached at then- matic relations, both because Haitian desk, and for four years as economic new home address: 837 Timlott Ln., President Duvalier continued in office officer in Mexico City. Following this Palo Alto, Calif. 94306. after his term expired. In Haiti he won tour, he served as economic/commercial the respect of the press because of his counselor in Lima, as a visiting fellow at candor and careful explanations of U.S. the Hoover Institution at Stanford, and Achievements policy. last as economic counselor in Bucharest. After a brief stint as a teacher, he Smith’s new career at Stanford will ROBERT A. BAUER was decorated with was named ambassador to Somalia in include program direction responsibili¬ the Honor Medal of Merit for the Liber¬ 1965, from which he retired four years ties for the U.S.-Mexico Study Group ation of Austria, presented by Austrian later. Other diplomatic posts included and the direction of a Stanford North Ambassador Karl Herbert Schober at a Canada, Italy, India, Moscow, and Paris. American Technology Transfer project ceremony at the Austrian Embassy in He held a doctorate in political science involving public and private sector par¬ Washington, D.C. He praised Dr. from University of Wisconsin. ticipation from Canada, the United Bauer’s important contribution to the He is survived by his wife, the former States, and Mexico. He will also serve as anti-Nazi movement. A retired FSIO. Gabriella Mariani, and a stepdaughtei-, associate director of the Monticello West Dr. Bauer received the State Depart¬ both of Siesta Key, Fla., by a daughter Foundation, which is dedicated to en¬ ment Tribute of Appreciation in 1978. from a previous marriage, and by two courage the achievement of economic He is a consultant on foreign affairs. sisters.

JOHN WHEELOCK, a Foreign Service of¬ ficer who had retired in 1980 after 30 years’ service, died July 13 when his car FOREIGN EXCHANGE was hit by another vehicle in Bethesda, Md. He was 56. Wheelock joined the Service in 1950 USED CAR RENTAL NORTH MYRTLE BEACH. Thinking of a vacation or retire¬ and was assigned to France, Switzer¬ ment home, or other investment in coastal South Caro¬ land, New Caledonia, and Washington. SPECIALIZING in safe, reliable USED CAR transporta¬ lina? If so, call or write Bill Dozier (FSO-retired), Dozier tion for $12.95/day UNLIMITED MILEAGE. Special LOWER He became an economic officer in Syria Associates, P0B 349, North Myrtle Beach, S.C. 29582. Tel. rates for week or month. Ideal when shipping POV or (803) 249-4043. in 1958 and the department’s principal on HOME LEAVE. Request brochure to DRIVE-A-BARGAIN officer for Aden and Muscat and Oman in RENT-A-CAR, 2850 Jefferson Davis Hwy., Arlington, VA 1962. He served as a consular and polit¬ 22202. (703) 684-0070. AUSTIN, TEXAS. John and Gisela Diggins are Realtor ical officer in Jerusalem and was a pub¬ Associates. Contact us about residential or investment lic information officer at the department real estate. Put our Foreign Service experience and during the Six Days War. He was named personal service to work tor you. C/o Dorothy Wallace, CURRENT PAPERBACKS airmailed within 5 days at reason¬ Realtor, 4107 Medical Parkway, Suite 215, Austin, charge d’affaires and principal officer able prices. Send for monthly list to Circle Enterprises, Texas 78756, or phone office: (512) 454-5149, home: of the new embassy in Doha, Qatar, in Box 1051, Severna Park, Maryland 21146. (512) 346-1872. 1973. Returning to the United States, he became a member of the U.S. dele¬ IF YOU ARE LOOKING for an out-of-print book, perhaps Home leave and retirement are better in Mid-Coastal gation to the U.N. Maine than almost anywhere in the world. In-town He was a native of Peoria, 111., and a 1 can find it. Dean Chamberlin, FSIO-retired, Book Cellar, Freeport, Maine 04032. homes in historic college and sea-faring communities, 1948 graduate of Princeton University. summer getaways on Maine’s renowned ocean front He served with the Navy in World War and quiet tidal coves... Let us bring you home. CHR II. Survivors include his wife, formerly TAX RETURNS Realty—37 Mill St., Brunswick, ME 04011. (207) 725-4385. Anne Hendy-Pooley, and three sons, TAX PROBLEMS, returns and representation. Compare our John, Robert, and Christopher, all of low professional rates. T.R. McCartney (ex-FS) and John Potomac, Md. Furnished one bedroom apartment in Crystal City. Zysk (ex-IRS), Enrolled Agents. Business Data Corp., P.0. Convenient to subway. Direct line to Rosslyn and Box 57256, Washington, D.C. 20037. (703) 522-1040. Department of State. Sleeps 4. Children Welcome. No pets. Complete kitchen. Garage, pool, sauna privileges. Married TAX RETURNS: For a free tax consultation prior to $420 weekly. $1500 monthly. Call (703) 979-0278. going overseas, please contact Milton Carb, E.A., 833 Write N.P. Quinn 2301 Jefferson Davis Hwy., apt. 328, ELEANOR MCGROARTY RAVEN has mar¬ South Washington St., Suite 8, Alexandria. VA 22314. Arlington, VA 22202. ried the Rev. Michael P. Hamilton, Se¬ (703) 684-1040. nior Canon of the Washington Cathe¬ CHARLOTTE COUNTY—CHARLOTTE HARBOR. FL dral. The ceremony took place on June AUTHOR S QUERY 13 at the Cathedral. The bride, who is Personal Real Estate Services without obligation to WRITER working on detailed history of microwave Foreign Service and retired personnel. JOHN DONEY, currently serving in EUR/SE, now uses AID (Ret.), Realtor, Licensed Real Estate Broker. 900 E. the name Raven-Hamilton. radiation problem at U.S. Embassy Moscow and relat¬ ed medical/health issues wishes to hear from inter¬ Marion Ave., Suite 104 (Hwy. 17 North), Punta Gorda, FL 33950. (813) 637-1665. ested FSOs. military personnel and family members who have served in Moscow. Barton Reppert, 1320 21st Retired Street, N.W., #305, Washington, D.C. 20036. EXCHANGE RATES

CLINT E. SMITH, a former member of Classified advertising in the FOREIGN EXCHANGE is open to any HOMELESS? the AFSA Board of Governors and person who wishes to reach the professional diplomatic chairman of the Editorial Board of the WORRIED about buying or selling a house when you community. The rate is 50 cents per word per insertion. return to the U.S. or go overseas? Life in the Foreign Telephone numbers count as one word and zip codes are free. Foreign Service Journal in 1967-68, re¬ To place a classified ad. to inquire about display-classified tired from the Foreign Service in Au¬ Service merry-go-round has given me a special under¬ rates, or to receive our rate card for regular display advertis¬ standing of your real estate concerns. Write me or call gust to accept a senior staff position at ing, write Foreign Service Journal, 2101 E St. NW. Washington. collect. Elizabeth H. Masters, VAN METRE PROPERTIES, DC 20037. Checks should accompany all classified insertion Stanford University in Palo Alto, Calif. INC., 9880 Main St., Fairfax, VA 22031. (703) 385-3930. orders. Smith, who entered the Foreign Ser¬

36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL FRANK L. KOVACS COINS and ANTIQUITIES of EGYPT, GREECE, ROME, BYZANTINE EMPIRE Fine Items Purchased

Catalogues Issued Regularly

442 Post Street San Francisco, CA 94102 (415) 982-4072

RISKS TRANSIT/WAR • KINDS ALL OF LOSSES SHIPPING • ENTERING & BREAKING

LOSSES BY AIR • RAIL • MARINE • PILFERAGE • WINDSTORM • FLOOD REED 5TENHOUSE STOLEN LUGGAGE•FIREDAMAGEBODILYINJURYLIABILITY International InsuranceBrokers 1140 CONNECTICUTAVE., NW TELEPHONE: 202-296-6440 foreign shoresbesurethataTRAVEL- foreign landsfromtimetotime? travel-pak way—while there(includingstorageif catastrophes whichcouldoccuronthe provides protectionagainstamultitudeof investment inpersonalandhousehold When youset-uphousekeepingon requested)—and backhomeagain. belongings goingwithyou.TRAVEL-PAK PAK policyprotectsthefinancial Does yourway-of-lifeincludelivingin WASHINGTON, D.C.20036 REED STENHOUSEINC. OF WASHINGTON,DC. -■!J' v- 1 Aj!T4 A 1M *. A m mm* with travel-pak when you’regoingtoliveabroad! City. Address. Tell meallaboutTravel-Pak. State. Gentlemen: Name family. you set-upasound,economical area—call uswe’llbehappytohelp When youreturntotheWashington reply. Or,iftimeisshort.callus! coupon belowforaprompt,complete Want completedetails?Returnthe includes theactivitiesofyouandyour PLUS, generousliabilitycoveragewhich home, autoandlife. insurance programcoveringyour fcx ■« f nT-*^. |*>i A * X |V'.- -Zip. <•*'* .V, r '-*&r 28A