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A JOURNALISM of HOSPITALITY Lokman Tsui 徐洛文 A A JOURNALISM OF HOSPITALITY Lokman Tsui 徐洛文 A DISSERTATION in Communication Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2010 Supervisor of Dissertation ______________________________ Barbie Zelizer, Raymond Williams Professor of Communication Graduate Group Chair ______________________________ Katherine Sender, Associate Professor of Communication Dissertation Committee Michael X. Delli Carpini, Professor of Communication & Walter H. Annenberg Dean Monroe Price, Adjunct Full Professor & Director of Center for Global Communication Studies Joseph Turow, Robert Lewis Shayon Professor of Communication Copyright Notice This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. This work is also available on the author’s personal website. See http://www.lokman.org Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my parents. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply grateful for the support and advice of many, many people, who were critical in helping me complete this dissertation. Barbie Zelizer, thank you for your continued belief in me, especially during those times when I did not quite believe in myself. In particular, thank you for challenging me to do better, and for never stopping to do so. Thank you for being patient and understanding with me, which was not always easy given the sometimes difficult structural circumstances I got myself in as an international student. I sincerely believe I could not have wished for a better advisor. Michael X. Delli Carpini, you continue to be an example and inspiration to me. Thank you for being such a gracious host all these years at Annenberg, where you initially welcomed me as guest and which eventually became a home for me. Joseph Turow, you have been a very good mentor to me. It was a privilege to work with you on the Hyperlinked Society conference that eventually turned into a book we edited together. Thank you for giving me the opportunity to learn from you. Monroe Price, I still remember the first words you said to me. I was your first RA at Annenberg, and at our initial meeting, you asked me “What can I do for you?”, where instead I fully expected you to tell me what I had to do for you. Your generosity has been nothing short of exemplary, a gift to all the young students at Annenberg. iv Oscar Gandy, thank you for encouraging me to “speak truth to power”. I also have been extremely lucky to be part of “book club” at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society, Harvard University. The close readings, the critical comments, and the sincere advice of my fellow book club members have been incredible valuable in developing my dissertation. Thank you, David Weinberger, Eszter Hargittai, Colin Maclay, Judith Donath, danah boyd, Doc Searls, Jason Kaufman and Christian Sandvig. I reserve a special thank you for Ethan Zuckerman, for co-founding Global Voices, for challenging me to be more critical of Global Voices, but just as importantly, on a personal level, for your friendship, guidance and generosity. This dissertation also benefited from valuable and critical feedback I received at various public events. Thank you Rasmus Kleis Nielsen for inviting me to give a presentation at the Graduate School of Journalism, Columbia University where I got some really good feedback. To the wonderful Berkman community, thank you for giving me the opportunity to share my work with you at the Tuesday lunch talk. I wear the apron with pride. I owe so much to my friends, who have been critical for advice, conversations and sharing the good things in life with me. Dan Berger, David Karpf, thank you for reading various iterations of my dissertation and for providing support and critical comments. Brigitte Ho, Alvin Lee, Anne-Katrin Arnold, Selmin Kara, Bill Herman, Tina Collins, Raymond van Erkel, Boulos v Harb, Deb Lubken and Nicole Maurantonio, thank you for keeping me sane during the writing process and for being there when I needed a friendly shoulder. I am indebted to my family, my parents, my brother and “mevrouw van der Does”, for supporting and allowing me to become who I am. Mum and dad, thank you for supporting me in ways that are innumerable. Lokhin, thanks for your help, patience and understanding. “Mevrouw”, thank you for unfailingly giving me advice, and unconditionally believing in me, all these years. Last but not least, thanks to the incredible people of Global Voices, who continue to be awe-inspiring and amazing, who make sure the world is listening, and who together work to make this world a better place, day in day out. I am so proud to be one of you. In particular, thanks to my friends Rebecca MacKinnon, Solana Larsen, Georgia Popplewell, Ivan Sigal, David Sasaki, Sami Ben Gharbia, Oiwan Lam, Leonard Chien, Lova Rakotomalala, Eddie Avila, Chris Salzberg, Jillian York, Jeremy Clarke, Amira Al Hussaini, Rebekah Heacock, Mark Jones from Reuters and all the volunteers at Global Voices. Without you, this dissertation simply would not have been possible. My hope is that this project will do justice to the good work you all do day in, day out. vi ABSTRACT A JOURNALISM OF HOSPITALITY Lokman Tsui Barbie Zelizer How would a newsroom look if we could build it from scratch, current technologies in hand? My project answers this question through a comparative study of legacy mainstream professional newsrooms that have migrated online, what I call “adaptive newsrooms”, and two “transformative” newsrooms, Indymedia and Global Voices. In particular, it takes up the challenge of rethinking journalism in the face of new technologies, by analyzing the cultures, practices and people of a new kind of news production environment: Global Voices, an international project that collects and translates blogs and citizen media from around the world in order to “aggregate, curate, and amplify the global conversation online – to shine light on places and people other media often ignore.” An ethnographic study of Global Voices spanning four years reveals that the internet enables a radical shift in several key facets of news production: its political economy, its sociology and its culture. The Global Voices newsroom, for vii example, demonstrates how the internet allows for different kinds of newsroom routines that are designed to bring attention to underrepresented voices, whereas it was previously thought routines determined the news to be biased towards institutional and authoritative voices. I argue that these changes in news production challenge us to judge journalistic excellence not only in terms of objectivity or intersubjectivity, but increasingly also in terms of hospitality. Roger Silverstone defined hospitality as the “ethical obligation to listen.” Understanding journalism through the lens of hospitality, the internet presents a unique opportunity as well as poses a radical challenge: in a world where everybody can speak, who will listen? I suggest that in a globally networked world, there continues to be a need for journalism to occupy an important position, but that it will require a process of rethinking and renewal, one where journalism transforms itself to an institution for democracy where listening, conversation and hospitality are central values. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1.1 Learning About the World Through Journalism ........................................................3 1.2 The Interplay Between New Technologies and Journalism .....................................5 1.3 Global Voices: A Critical Case .....................................................................................12 1.4 Approaches to Journalistic Change ...........................................................................13 1.5 Towards A Journalism of Hospitality .........................................................................16 1.6 The Organization of the Dissertation .......................................................................19 2. The Story of Global Voices 2.1 Curation, Aggregation, Amplification .........................................................................25 2.1 The Organizational Structure of Global Voices ......................................................28 2.2 The Numbers .................................................................................................................41 2.3 Recruitment ...................................................................................................................46 2.4 Training .............................................................................................................................50 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................55 3. New Technologies and the Political Economy of News 3.1 The Political Economy of News .................................................................................61 3.2 The Political Economy of the Adaptive Newsroom ...............................................68 3.3 The Political Economy of Transformative Newsrooms .........................................74 3.4 The Political Economy of Indymedia ..........................................................................88 3.5 The Political Economy of Global Voices ....................................................................97
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