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Constructing Identity: the Roman-Era Northwestern

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Constructing Identity: the Roman-Era Northwestern CONSTRUCTING IDENTITY: THE ROMAN-ERA NORTHWESTERN ADRIATIC LACED TRADITION OF BOATBUILDING A Dissertation by STACI DAWN WILLIS Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Deborah N. Carlson Committee Members, Cemalettin M. Pulak Vaughn Bryant Daniel Schwartz Head of Department, Cynthia Werner May 2016 Major Subject: Anthropology Copyright 2016 Staci Dawn Willis ABSTRACT This dissertation investigates the development of a local tradition of laced boatbuilding along the coasts and inland waterways of the northwestern Adriatic Sea during the Roman period (with definitive evidence between the second century B.C.E. and the sixth century C.E.). The primary focus of this research is to explore in particular how the preservation of this tradition reflects the existence of a local cultural identity for the community of builders in this region in the path of an expanding Roman presence as evidenced by changing material culture in the contemporaneous Mediterranean world. An environmental deterministic model has been proposed to explain the perseverance of the northwestern Adriatic laced tradition of boat-building; however, this model leaves several sociocultural and economic factors unexplored. This project is the first comprehensive study to contextualize northwestern Adriatic laced boats against the broader social, cultural, and economic background of the Mediterranean world and the local region, and to examine why a particular local boatbuilding tradition endured in a relatively small geographic region over an extended time period. It is the ultimate goal of this study to translate the technical aspects of the boat-building culture represented by northwestern Adriatic laced vessels into a broader discussion of the lifeways and identities of these ancient builders. The decision-making strategies of the ancient builders are examined in regards to the materials used and techniques employed in the construction of these vessels, how these features changed across time, space, and/or function, and what factors might have affected the stability or dynamism of these material and structural aspects of the boat-building tradition Through this approach, I identify the stable features of the construction method that define the tradition as well as dynamic features that likely represent distinct builders or groups of builders within the broader community of practice. Understanding the decision-making strategies of the ancient builders of northwestern ii Adriatic laced vessels adds to our understanding of this local tradition of boatbuilding and provides an example of the nuanced experiences of various groups with the processes of Roman colonialism and subsequent cultural change. iii DEDICATION To my parents, who first taught me to follow my dreams, and to my sister Shannon, who first pointed me toward this dream. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is the culmination of many years of research, and as such, many people have contributed to this work. Although not all are named here, this research was refined through countless conversations with and formal feedback from many individuals (some anonymous). I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Deborah Carlson, and my committee members, Dr. Cemal Pulak, Dr. Vaughn Bryant, and Dr. Daniel Schwartz for their guidance and support throughout the course of this research. As my committee chair, Debbie has been a meticulous editor, an inexhaustible cheerleader, and a respected mentor. You believed in the caliber of my research before I had coherently put pen to page and your encouragement and advice through each phase of this process is greatly appreciated. Cemal, whose passion for this field is infectious, has been instrumental to my approach to the timbers and has guided my interpretation of their construction features. Dr. Bryant spent numerous hours helping me process and identify the botanicals (both micro and macro) and has been a constant source of advice and guidance within the general field of anthropology. Dr. Schwartz has been that oh so helpful outside perspective; your energetic interest in my research and your insightful suggestions have helped broaden my approach and made this work applicable outside the confines of nautical archaeology. I am especially indebted to Dr. Massimo Capulli, who not only facilitated the logistics of my research in Italy, but also welcomed me back, year after year, with such warmth and hospitality, ensuring that my time overseas was comfortable and enjoyable. Without your support this research would not have been possible. And I am grateful for the kindness and generosity you showed me at all times. Grazie mille! This dissertation would not have been possible without the generous financial support from numerous institutions. I would like to thank the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) for v summer fieldwork grants, the Glasscock Center for Research in the Humanities for the Brown- Kruse Fellowship Award, and the Department of Anthropology for research travel funding. Most of my funding for this dissertation was provided by the College of Liberal Arts, and included a summer writing grant, a doctoral dissertation enhancement grant, and a professional development grant so that I could study Italian. I also want to extend my gratitude to the Sopraintendency of Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia for granting me access to the private documentation of previous excavations as well as to the hull remains stored in the these regions of northern Italy. Without this material and the samples I was permitted to collect, this dissertation would not have been possible. I am particularly grateful to Dr. Alessandro Asta and Dr. Alessandro Pellegrini for your hospitality during my time researching material in the Veneto region. I also want to thank Dr. Nili Lipshchitz who identified my wood samples. I had the good fortune to spend many a beautiful summer in Italy, an experience for which I will always consider myself blessed. A special thanks goes to Alessandra Milocco, Fabio Case, and Erika Sosic, whose friendship and company are much missed during my absences from Italy. I also want to offer my fond gratitude for the many archaeologists and academics I had the pleasure of working and diving with in Italy: Elena Gobbo (especially for your help with sample collection on the Stella 1 barge), Dante Bartoli, Marta Marcolina, Dario Innocenti, Giorgio Scodro, Caterina Scire, Federica Briccoli, Noemi De Grassi, and many others who were my diving mates across the pond. Thanks also go to my friends and colleagues and the Anthropology department faculty and staff for making my time at Texas A&M University a great experience. The warm friends and incredible colleagues who surrounded me during my years in College Station will always be treasured. I must particularly thank Laura White, my dear friend, who flew to Italy on a day’s vi notice to help me record 2000-year-old pieces of wood; I would not have made it through this program without your steadfast friendship. I consider myself most fortunate to have shared successes, as well as disappointments, with you throughout this process. Finally, I must extend my deepest thanks to my parents and family for their encouragement and their constant support. Mom and Dad, you taught me to always go after my dream, and even when that dream was as crazy as this one is, you never wavered in your support. To Shannon, my editor and confidante, and in many ways, my inspiration, your belief in me has kept me going. To Seth and Jenn, thank you for your time and skills and for helping me create the visuals scattered throughout this work. And to Stefanie and Brian, thank you for always welcoming me into your home and providing a retreat from the stressful academic environment. vii NOMENCLATURE Standard abbreviations (as listed here) are used to cite primary textual sources throughout this dissertation. Any author or text not listed here is spelled out in the footnote citation. Ath. Athenaeus AUC Ab Urbe Condita (Livy) Cassiod. Var. Cassiodorus, Variae CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum Cic. Pis. Cicero, In Pisonem Serv. Comm. In Verg. Georg. Servius, Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil Georgius Gel. NA Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae Geog. Geographica (Strabo) Hom. Il. Homer, Illiad Orig. Origines (Cato) Origines (Isidore of Seville) Plaut. Mil. Plautus, Miles gloriosus Plin. HN Pliny (the Elder), Naturalis historia Polyb. Polybius Rust. De re rustica (Columella) Theophr. Hist. pl. Theophrastus, Historia plantarum Verg. Aen. Virgil, Aeneid Vitr. De Arch. Vitruvius, De architectura Xen. Xenophon viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... v NOMENCLATURE .................................................................................................................... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................
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