EU Crisis Management and Its Influence on the German Savings Banks

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EU Crisis Management and Its Influence on the German Savings Banks EU Crisis Management and its Influence on the German Savings Banks Dissertation for the acquisition of the academic degree Doktor der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften (Dr. rer. pol.) Submitted to the Faculty of Social Science of the University of Kassel By Halyna Semenyshyn Kassel, 24 October 2018 Disputation: Kassel, 13 February 2019 To Klaus Клаусу i Abstract SEMENYSHYN, Halyna. EU Crisis Management and its Influence on the German Savings Banks. 2021. PhD Thesis. Universität Kassel. Kassel, 2021. European financial architecture has been rapidly changing since the outburst of the global financial crisis in 2008. On one hand, it sparked academic discussions about the European Union (EU) integration and the future of the EU project, on the other hand, it urged the EU member states and policymakers to deal with the consequences of the crisis. The eurozone crisis has also left its imprint on the European regu- latory landscape. Since 2012, the European Commission (EC) has resumed its single financial market agenda and proposed the creation of the banking union. By analysing the European financial market integration, first, I trace the emergence of the banking union and, second, reflect on its implications on the German savings banks. In this dissertation, I seek to answer the following questions: how are savings banks responding to the new challenges of the supranational financial regulatory policymaking pro- cesses, and what position are they taking against the banking union project in the political struggles within the EU, and why. The proposal of the banking union has been the most contested during the process of crisis management. By 2014, the first steps towards harmonizing the regulation and supervision of bank activities in the EU had been realized in two pillars of the banking union—the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) and the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM). The third pillar, proposed by the EC, a Euro-wide Deposit Insurance Scheme (EDIS), is currently being negotiated amongst the EU member states. The negotia- tions on this third pillar stumbled on the opposition from Germany, thus it has become central in the conflict over EU market integration. In this line, the main question posed by the research has been why the traditional model of public savings banks is becoming marginalized in the EU financial regulations even though it has proven to be stable. The identity of the savings bank model, which is perceived differently in the national and European context, sheds light in this regard. While it is still strong in Germany by securing support from the German banking industry, it loses its discursive power at the European level. Ultimately, the lack of understanding of the savings bank model, which is able to protect savings banks via the Institutional Protection Scheme (IPS), makes them policy-takers rather than poli- cymakers in the European financial domain. The project remains an uncomfortable compromise, not only because of German opposition to the mutual support for the banks throughout the eurozone, but also because it ignores the complexity of the banking systems in each member state and their role in national economies. Thus, savings banks are pleading for fragmented oversight regulation and preser- vation of their own protective system. Overall, the banking union forced savings banks to employ de- fensive strategies in order to protect their business model, even though they were minimally exposed to the threats of the international financial crisis and were able to restore consumer confidence in the per- formance of financial markets (DSGV, 2010a). Still, finding allies to support their own model and win- ning a position as an alternative banking type on the EU level has been a challenging task for savings banks. Key Words: Banking union, financial regulation, financial crisis, single market, savings banks. ii Zusammenfassung SEMENYSHYN, Halyna. Das Finanzkrisenmanagement der Europäischen Union und sein Einfluss auf die deutschen Sparkassen. 2021. Dissertation. Universität Kassel. Kassel, 2021. Die europäische Finanzarchitektur hat sich seit dem Ausbruch der weltweiten Finanzkrise 2008 rasant verändert. Auf einer Seite regte sie die akademischen Diskussionen über die Europäische Union (EU) und über die Zukunft des EU-Projektes an. Auf anderer Seite forderte sie die EU-Mitgliedsstaaten und die politischen Entscheidungsträger auf, sich mit den Folgen der Krise auseinanderzusetzten. Die Euro- krise hat auch ihre Spuren auf der europäischen Regulierungslandschaft hinterlassen. Seit 2012 hat die Europäische Kommission ihre Agenda für einen EU-Finanzbinnenmarkt wieder anlaufen lassen und gelangte dabei zu dem Vorschlag, die Bankenunion zu schaffen. Durch eine Analyse der europäischen Finanzmarktintegration verfolge ich in dieser Arbeit erstens dem Entstehungsprozess der Bankenunion, und zweitens betrachte ich ihre Auswirkungen auf die deutschen Sparkassen. In dieser Dissertation su- che ich die Antworten auf folgende Fragen: Wie reagieren die Sparkassen auf die neuen Herausforde- rungen der supranationalen finanz- und ordnungspolitischen Entscheidungsprozesse? Welche Stellung nehmen sie zu dem Bankenunion-Projekt in den politischen Kämpfen in der EU ein und aus welchem Grund tu sie dies? Der Vorschlag zu einer Bankenunion ist am meisten im Krisenmanagementprozess angefochten gewor- den. Bis 2014 wurden die ersten Schritte zur Harmonisierung der Regulierung und Aufsicht für Bank- tätigkeiten in der EU in zwei Säulen — Einheitlicher Bankenaufsichtsmechanismus (englisch Single Supervisory Mechanism, SSM) und Einheitlicher Bankenabwicklungsmechanismus (englisch Single Su- pervisory Mechanism, SRM) — realisiert. Die von der Europäischen Kommission vorgeschlagene dritte Säule, Europäisches Einlagensicherungssystem, wird derzeit unter den EU-Mitgliedstaaten verhandelt. Die Verhandlungen über diese dritte Säule stießen auf Widerspruch aus Deutschland, daher ist diese Säule zentral im Konflikt über EU-Marktintegration geworden ist. In diesem Sinne ist die umfassendere Frage der Forschung: Warum wurde das bewährte Modell der deutschen öffentlich-rechtlichen Sparkas- sen in der EU-Finanzregulierungen marginalisiert, obwohl diese sich als stabil erwiesen hat? Die Iden- tität des Sparkassenmodells, das unterschiedlich im nationalen und europäischen Kontext wahrgenom- men wird, gibt in dieser Hinsicht Aufschluss. Zwar ist dieses Modell noch in Deutschland durch die Unterstützung der deutschen Bankenindustrie stark, aber es verliert ihre diskursive Macht auf europäi- scher Ebene. Schließlich führt ein Mangel an Verständnis für Sparkassenmodell, das die Sparkassen über ihr institutionelles Sicherungssystem (englisch Institutional Protection Scheme, IPS) schützen kann, seitens der EU dazu, dass die Sparkassen von einem Policy-Maker zum Policy-Taker im europä- ischen Finanzbereich werden. Das Projekt Bankenunion bleibt als unbequemer Kompromiss — nicht nur wegen des deutschen Widerstandes gegen die wechselseitige Unterstützung für Banken im gesamten Euroraum, sondern auch, weil es die Komplexität des Bankensystems in jedem Mitgliedsstaat und ihre Rolle in den nationalen Volkswirtschaften ignoriert. Deshalb plädieren die Sparkassen für eine fragmen- tierte Aufsichtsregulierung und für Aufbewahrung ihres eigenen Schutzsystems. Insgesamt zwingt die Bankenunion die Sparkassen, defensive Strategien einzusetzen, um ihr Businessmodell zu schützen, obwohl sie den Bedrohungen der internationalen Finanzkrise nur geringfügig ausgesetzt waren und das Vertrauen der Verbraucher in die Leistung der Finanzmärkte wiederherstellen konnten (DSGV, 2010a). So bleibt es für die Sparkassen eine anspruchsvolle Aufgabe, Verbündete zur Unterstützung ihres eige- nen Modells zu finden und sich als ein alternatives Bankenmodell auf europäischer Ebene zu behaupten. Schlüsselwörter: Bankenunion, Finanzregulierung, Finanzkrise, Single Market, Sparkassen. iii Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................................... VI LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES .................................................................................................................... VIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................ IX INTRODUCTION: UNDERSTANDING THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE EU CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND ITS ROLE IN THE GERMAN BANKING SYSTEM .................................................... 1 1. TOWARDS DEEPER INTEGRATION OF THE EUROPEAN MONETARY UNION AND COMPLETION OF THE SINGLE FINANCIAL MARKET ............................................................................................................................................ 1 2. THEORETICAL TAKE ON THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF FINANCIAL REGULATION .............................................. 3 3. RESEARCH QUESTION AND OVERARCHING FRAMEWORK .................................................................................. 6 4. ORGANIZATION OF DISSERTATION ................................................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER ONE: THE EUROPEAN NEOLIBERAL PROJECT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON EUROPEAN FINANCE AND BANKING REGULATIONS ................................................................................................... 14 1.1. EUROPEAN INTEGRATION DYNAMICS .........................................................................................................
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