DOCSLIB.ORG

Regent University Law Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Regent University Law Review REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 20 2007-2008 NUMBER 1 CONTENTS ADDRESSES THE EVOLUTION OF VIRGINIA'S CONSTITUTIONS: A CELEBRATION OF THE RULE OF LAW IN AMERICA Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr. 1 RELIGION AND THE AMERICAN FOUNDING Ellis Sandoz 17 RELIGION AND LIBERTY UNDER LAW AT THE FOUNDING OF AMERICA Harold J. Berman 31 ARTICLES JUSTICE THOMAS AND PARTIAL INCORPORATION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE: HEREIN OF STRUCTURAL LIMITATIONS, LIBERTY INTERESTS, AND TAKING INCORPORATION SERIOUSLY Richard F. Duncan 37 REPUBLICANISM AND RELIGION: SOME CONTEXTUAL CONSIDERATIONS Ellis Sandoz 57 REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW Volume 20 2007-2008 Number 1 Editor-in-Chief JOHN LEGG BOARD OF EDITORS Executive Editor JAIRED B. HALL Managing Editor Managing Editor VALERIE H. KUNTZ CORT I. WALKER Articles Editor Articles Editor TIMOTHY L. CREED ZACHARY CUMMINGS Symposium Editor Business Manager JODI LYNN FOSS NATHANIEL L. STORY Notes and Comments Editor Notes and Comments Editor LEO MARVIN LESTINO MELISSA K. DEEM Senior Editor Senior Editor LISA A. BIRON STEPHEN D. CASEY Senior Editor AMBER D. WOOTTON STAFF R. SCOTT ADAMS ROBERTA J. GANTEA TIFFANY N. BARRANS ERIN K. MCCORMICK BRANDON J. CARR VALERIE S. PAYNE LAURA L. DAVIDS JONATHAN PENN ELIZABETH E. FABICK MICHELLE R. RIEL BETHANY FLITON J. SCOTT TALBERT AMANDA K. FREEMAN FACULTY ADVISOR DAVID M. WAGNER EDITORIAL ADVISOR JAMES J. DUANE NOTES DOCKING THE TAIL THAT WAGS THE DOG: WHY CONGRESS SHOULD ABOLISH THE USE OF ACQUITTED CONDUCT AT SENTENCING AND How COURTS SHOULD TREAT ACQUITTED CONDUCT AFTER UNITED STATES V. BOOKER FarnazFarkish 101 GALLOWAY, SPLIT-INTEREST TRUSTS, AND UNDIVIDED PORTIONS: DOES DISALLOWING THE CHARITABLE CONTRIBUTION DEDUCTION OVERSTEP LEGISLATIVE INTENT? Valerie H. Kuntz 125 PROPHETIC SPEECH AND THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE: ANALYZING I.R.C. § 501(C)(3) IN LIGHT OF THE RELIGIOUS FREEDOM RESTORATION ACT Zachary Cummings 151 REGENT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW UNIVERSITY OFFICERS THOMAS M. SALTSGIVER, Chairmanof the Board of Trustees M.G. 'TAT" ROBERTSON, Chancellorand President JEFFREY A. BRAUCH, Dean; Professor B.A., University of Wisconsin at Madison; J.D., University of Chicago Law School DOUGLAS H. COOK, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs; Professor B.A., Miami University, Ohio; J.D., The Ohio State University L. 0. NATT GANTT, II, Associate Dean for Student Affairs; Associate Professor A.B., Duke University; J.D., Harvard Law School; M.Div., Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary JAMES E. MURPHY, Associate Dean for Administration;Adjunct Professor B.A., University of Iowa; J.D., University of Oklahoma FACULTY ROBERT W. ASH, Assistant Professor B.S., United States Military Academy; M.I.P.P., Johns Hopkins University, The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies; J.D., Regent University School of Law THE HONORABLE JOHN D. ASHCROFT, DistinguishedProfessor of Law and Government B.A., Yale College; J.D., University of Chicago Law School JAMES M. BOLAND, Director,Legal Research and Writing; Assistant Professor B.A., Wheaton College; M.T.S. Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary; J.D., Regent University School of Law ELEANOR WESTON BROWN, Associate Professor B.A., University of Virginia; J.D., University of Richmond, T.C. Williams School of Law, University of Richmond; LL.M., College of William and Mary, Marshall-Wythe School of Law BRUCE N. CAMERON, Reed Larson Professorof Labor Law B.A., Andrews University; J.D., Emory University School of Law ALICE M. A. COUNCIL CURTIS, Director,Family Mediation Clinic;Associate Professor B.A., Howard University; J.D., Georgetown University Law Center; M.A., Antioch University JAMES A. DAVIDS, Assistant Professor B.A., Calvin College; J.D., Duke University School of Law ERIC A. DEGROFF, Professor B.A., University of Kansas; M.P.A., University of Southern California; J.D., Regent University School of Law JAMES J. DUANE, Professor A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Harvard Law School REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW Volume 20 2007-2008 Number 1 THE EVOLUTION OF VIRGINIA'S CONSTITUTIONS: A CELEBRATION OF THE RULE OF LAW IN AMERICA Leroy Rountree Hassell, Sr.* Dr. Pat Robertson, Dean Jeffery Brauch, Jay Sekulow, and my fellow Virginians-It is an honor to participate in the celebration of 400 years of the rule of law in Virginia and in America. Our great Commonwealth of Virginia was conceived upon the issuance of the Charter for the Virginia Company of London by King James I on April 10, 1606.1 This Charter empowered the Virginia Company of London to establish the first permanent English settlement in America. On Saturday, December 20, 1606, three ships, the Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery, left England and began the four and one-half month voyage. 2 The Discovery, whose captain was John 3 Ratcliffe, was the only ship owned by the Virginia Company of London. Christopher Newport was the Captain of the Susan Constant, and he was also the Admiral of the three-ship fleet. 4 One hundred and five men and boys, accompanied by thirty-nine seamen, made the journey from * Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. This Keynote Address was delivered on April 12, 2007, as part of "Liberty Under Law: 400 Years of Freedom," a symposium hosted by Regent University School of Law. I would like to thank my law clerk, Noelle Groves, for her assistance with research and editorial comments. 1 FIRST CHARTER OF VIRGINIA (1606), in THE HARVARD CLASSICS: AMERICAN HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS 1000-1904 WITH INTRODUCTIONS, NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS, 51, 51 (Charles W. Elliot ed., 1910). 2 PARKE ROUSE, JR., THE VOYAGE TO JAMESTOWN: A SAGA OF SEAMANSHIP 1, 3 (1973). 3 Id. at3. 4 Tom Roberts, A Look Inside the Flagship Susan Constant, RICHMOND TIMES- DISPATCH, Dec. 14, 2006, at El. REGENT UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 20:1 London to the New World during the harsh winter months.5 Only one hundred and four men and boys survived the journey to America.6 Sir Walter Raleigh initially suggested the establishment of an English colony in the New World during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.7 Ironically, he was a prisoner in the Tower of London, charged with intriguing with Spain, when the three ships left England.8 George Percy, the younger son of the Duke of Northumberland, was one of the men who traveled on this journey to the new world. He remained in Jamestown until 1612 and kept a journal.9 According to one entry in the journal, about four o'clock in the morning, on April 26, 1607, a Sunday, the three ships entered the Chesapeake Bay.10 A small group of men left the ships and began to explore the land adjacent to the Chesapeake Bay. Indians attacked them, and two members of the group were injured.11 The Reverend Robert Hunt had been selected to serve as chaplain and the first parish rector for the settlers by the Virginia Company of London. During the voyage from London to America, he became "weake and sicke" and his fellow voyagers thought he would die.12 However, Hunt lived, and his miraculous recovery was a source of inspiration to others. Wednesday, April 29, 1607 is a significant day in Virginia's history because on that date the English settlers erected a cross and gave thanks to God at Cape Henry. 13 Percy stated in his journal: "The nine and twentieth day, we set up a cross at [Chesapeake] Bay and named that place 'Cape Henry."' 14 Our celebration in Virginia Beach this evening is very symbolic. Cape Henry is the site where the English settlers knelt in prayer and thanked God for their safe journey in 1607. Exactly 174 years later, on September 5, 1781, Cape Henry was the location of another great event that changed the world forever. 5 ROUSE, supra note 2, at 3-4. 6 Id. 7 Id. at 1. 8 Id. 9 George Percy, Observations Gathered out of a Discourse of the Plantationof the Southern Colony in Virginia by the English, 1606, in JAMESTOWN NARRATIVES: EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS OF THE VIRGINIA COLONY: THE FIRST DECADE: 1607-1617, at 85 (Edward Wright Haile ed., 1998). 10 Id. at 90. 11 Id. 12 William Simons, The Third Booke. The Proceedings and Accidents of The English Colony in Virginia, in 2 THE COMPLETE WORKS OF CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH (1580-1631) 136, 137 (Philip L. Barbour ed., 1986). 13 ROUSE, supra note 2, at 4. 14 Percy, supra note 9, at 91. 20071 EVOLUTION OF VIRGINIA'S CONSTITUTIONS Americans were engaged in a war for freedom and independence from Great Britain. The French fleet was commanded by Admiral de Grasse. 15 The British naval force was commanded by Admiral Graves, who had been sent to provide assistance to Lord General Cornwallis's 16 British Army in Yorktown. A battle ensued for over three and one-half hours between the French fleet and the British fleet. 17 The French Navy was able to prevent the British Navy from helping Cornwallis, contributing to the eventual surrender of Cornwallis to General George Washington a few weeks later on October 19, 1781.18 Thus, Virginia Beach represents not only our true birthplace of Virginia, but also our birthplace as a nation, separate and independent from Great Britain. There are so many aspects of Virginia's rich legal history during the past 400 years that are worthy of discussion. This evening, I would like to limit my discussion to the fascinating evolution of Virginia's constitutions from 1776 through the present, a span of 230 years. As Virginians, and lawyers, often we fail to recognize and acknowledge the significant role of Virginia's constitutions in the development of our nation and our Federal Constitution. And, too often, lawyers fail to raise state constitutional issues that would be beneficial to their clients.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Curriculum Vitae
    CURRICULUM VITAE GERALD R. MCDERMOTT Professor of Religion and Philosophy Roanoke College Salem, VA 24153 e-mail: [email protected] EDUCATION: Ph.D. University of Iowa, 1989 M.R.E Grand Rapids Baptist Seminary, 1982 B.S. in History and Education, North Dakota State University, 1982 B.A. in New Testament and Early Christian Literature, University of Chicago, 1974. FELLOWSHIPS, GRANTS AND HONORS: Copenhaver Visiting Scholar Grant, to bring Hungarian literary critic Tibor Fabiny to Roanoke College for the fall of 2006, $15, 500. Institutional Renewal Grant, for 4-part lecture series on “The Lutheran Tradition” at Roanoke College, Rhodes Consultation, 2004-05, $4000. Resident Fellow, Institute for Ecumenical and Cultural Studies, Collegeville Minnesota, 2002-03. Louisville Institute, 2002-03, for sabbatical at Institute for Ecumenical and Cultural Studies. $5400. Member, Rhodes Consultation on the Future of Church-Related Colleges, 2000-03, $3500. Member, Lutheran Academy of Scholars in Higher Education, Harvard University, June 1999, $2000. Roanoke College, “Professional Achievement Award,” 1999, $1000. Member, Center of Theological Inquiry, Princeton, New Jersey, Aug. 1995–July 1996, $32,800. Virginia Foundation for Independent Colleges, Mednick Fellowship, 1995, $800, for research trip to Yale’s Beinecke Library. Presbyterian Historical Society, 1993 Woodrow Wilson Award for outstanding scholarly article: “Jonathan Edwards, the City on a Hill, and the Redeemer Nation: A Reappraisal,” $100. Selected by Roanoke College student body to give the “Last Lecture” December 1993 (first professor selected) Center for the Study of Religion and American Culture, Fellowship for Young Scholars in American Religion, 1992–93, $1000 plus expenses for four trips to Indianapolis to work with Catherine Albanese and William Hutchison.
    [Show full text]
  • The Arc of American Religious Historiography with Respect to War: William Warren Sweet's Pivotal Role in Mediating Neo-Orthodox Critique Robert A
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2012 The Arc of American Religious Historiography with Respect to War: William Warren Sweet's Pivotal Role in Mediating Neo-Orthodox Critique Robert A. Britt-Mills Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES THE ARC OF AMERICAN RELIGIOUS HISTORIOGRAPHY WITH RESPECT TO WAR: WILLIAM WARREN SWEET’S PIVOTAL ROLE IN MEDIATING NEO-ORTHODOX CRITIQUE By ROBERT A. BRITT-MILLS A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Religion in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2012 Robert A. Britt-Mills defended this dissertation on April 18, 2012. The members of the supervisory committee were: Amanda Porterfield Professor Directing Dissertation Neil Jumonville University Representative John Corrigan Committee Member John Kelsay Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT v 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Trends in American Religious Historiography 6 1.2 Early American Histories 8 1.3 Chapter Contents 9 2. WAR JUSTIFIED BY GOD AND NATURAL EVIDENCE: EARLY AMERICAN CHURCH HISTORIANS DESCRIBE PROTESTANT SUPPORT FOR WAR, 1702-1923 14 2.1 Cotton Mather 15 2.2 Baird, Bacon, Bacon, and Mode 18 2.2.1 Robert Baird 18 2.2.2 Leonard Bacon 27 2.2.3 Leonard Woolsey Bacon 33 2.2.4 Peter George Mode 41 2.3 Conclusion 48 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Religion and the American Founding
    RELIGION AND THE AMERICAN FOUNDING Ellis Sandoz ∗ I. INTRODUCTION : COMMON GROUND AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES — HOMONOIA (A RISTOTLE ) A. Federalist No. 2 (Jay) Providence has been pleased to give this one connected country to one united people—a people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language, professing the same religion, attached to the same principles of government, . who . have nobly established their general liberty and independence. [I]t appears as if it was the design of Providence that an inheritance so proper and convenient for a band of brethren . should never be split into a number of unsocial, jealous, and alien sovereignties. 1 In justifying union under the Constitution, Publius (Madison) later appeals “to the great principle of self-preservation; to the transcendent law of nature and of nature’s God, which declares that the safety and happiness of society are the objects at which all political institutions aim and to which all such institutions must be sacrificed.” 2 Publius thus invokes Aristotle, Cicero, and salus populi , suprema lex esto , as often was also done by John Selden, Sir Edward Coke, and the Whigs in the 17th century constitutional debate. 3 This was understood to be the ultimate ground of all free government and basis for exercise of legitimate authority (not tyranny) over free men—the liber homo of the Magna Carta and English common law. 4 James Madison and the other founders knew and accepted this as a fundamental to their own endeavors. ∗ Hermann Moyse, Jr. Distinguished Professor of Political Science, Director of the Eric Voegelin Institute for American Renaissance Studies, Louisiana State University.
    [Show full text]
  • JONATHAN EDWARDS' RHETORIC of HISTORY by Juan Sánchez
    IMMEDIATE AND PROGRESSIVE DIVINE AGENCY: JONATHAN EDWARDS’ RHETORIC OF HISTORY by Juan Sánchez Naffziger BA, University of Seville, 2005 MA, University of Seville, 2010 A DISSERTATION Submitted to the faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in English and North American Literature Concentration in American Studies at the University of Seville Seville, Spain April 2015 Acknowledgements The following dissertation would never have been completed without the continued encouragement and invaluable help of professor Ramón Espejo Romero. He has been instrumental (providential, if I may put it in more Edwardsean terms) in bringing about the final result in more ways than the ‘mere’ revision and correction of the text. It was through a scholarship offered by the department he is currently the Director of that I was able to come to the United States, where I have found the time and inspiration to finish my readings and dissertation writing. Had Dr. Espejo not prompted me to go for the ‘American experience’, I probably would never have finished the following study. I certainly would not have been able to include or consult many of the works (recent scholarly studies on Jonathan Edwards, old letters and sermons, etc.) that have been made available to me at UNC Chapel Hill, and which now make up what I believe is a solid bibliography. My most grateful recognition and special thanks, therefore, to this excellent professor of North American literature at the University of Seville, Spain. The love and support of my wife through the last five years, as I locked myself away to read and write during Christmas, Easter and summer holidays, deserve the deepest thanks.
    [Show full text]
  • Heritage of Religious Liberty
    ARTICLES A HERITAGE OF RELIGIOUS LIBERTY ARLIN M. ADAMSt AND CHARLES J. EMMERICHtt TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................... 1560 I. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AMERICAN RELI- GIOUS LIBERTY ................................... 1561 A. Colonial Background ....................... 1562 B. Religious Liberty in the New Nation .......... 1568 C. The ConstitutionalPeriod ................... 1575 II. THE FOUNDERS ON RELIGIOUS LIBERTY ........... 1582 A. The Enlightenment Separationists............. 1583 B. The Political Centrists ...................... 1587 C. The Pietistic Separationists .................. 1591 D . Summary ................................. 1594 III. THE ANIMATING PRINCIPLES OF THE RELIGION CLAUSES ...................................... 1595 A. The Core Value of Religious Liberty .......... 1598 B. The Principle of Federalism ................. 1604 C. The Principle of Institutional Separation ...... 1615 t Counsel, Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis, Philadelphia;' Retired Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. B.S. 1941, M.A. 1950, Temple University; J.D. 1947, University of Pennsylvania. This article is a significant expansion of the Owen J. Roberts Memorial Lecture entitled, "The Religion Clauses-The Past and the Future," delivered by Judge Ad- ams on November 19, 1987, under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania Law School, the Order of the Coif and the Law Alumni Society. The authors are presently completing The American Constitutional Heritage of Religious Liberty, a two-volume work on the historical development and judicial con- struction of the first amendment religion clauses. In preparing the article, they grate- fully acknowledge the research assistance of Mr. Fred Beuttler, doctoral student in history at the University of Chicago, and the administrative assistance of Mrs. Helen Kina and Mr. Timothy Longacre. # Research Consultant, University of Pennsylvania Law School; former Execu- tive Director of the Center for Church/State Studies, DePaul University College of Law.
    [Show full text]
  • Seekers No More: Historical Sources of American Voluntaryism
    SEEKERS NO MORE: HISTORICAL SOURCES OF AMERICAN VOLUNTARYISM by CHRISTOPHER EDMOND LAWSON A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Religion May 2010 Winston Salem, North Carolina Approved By: Bill Leonard, PhD., Advisor ____________________________________ Examining Committee: Lynn Neal, PhD. ____________________________________ Michele Gillespie, PhD. ____________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1: REPRESENTATIVE MODELS Voluntaryism Goes Public .....................................................................................11 A New Voluntaryism .............................................................................................14 CHAPTER 2: HISTORIC ROOTS Reformation Roots .................................................................................................25 Luther’s Reformation .............................................................................................26 The Magisterial Reformers ....................................................................................28 The Radical Reformers ..........................................................................................30 The Reformation in England ..................................................................................36 A Bridge to the New World ...................................................................................39
    [Show full text]
  • Gaustad, Edwin S. Faith of the Founders: Rekgion and the New Nation, 1776- 1826
    would assume that the Torah could speak directly to their situation. Few Jewish writers of the time were interested in what Isaiah or David really meant. Scripture did not belong to the past, but to the ever-changing present. The essays in the book demonstrate that the writers of the NT followed the same hermeneutic. Sanders goes on to argue that conservative Christians today derive their hermeneutic from the examples in the Bible. Early Christians put the Prophets rather than the Writings last because they believed that the prophets foretold Christ, that they spoke directly to the situation first-century Christians found themselves in. Following this model today, conservative Christians tend to make creative use of the Scriptures to address social, political, and theological issues of current interest. This leads Sanders to the probing question: "In what sense, then, can modem critical scholarship speak of the New Testament as the fulhent of the Old" (256)? Sanders argues in response that modem scholarship serves as a constraint on adapting Scripture to say whatever anyone thinks it ought to say to believing communities today. Whether the viewpoint in question is liberal or conservative, it needs to be subjected to a critical reading of the Bible as a constraining factor in the discernment of its abiding truth. Its relevance for today must derive from a faithful and natural extension of what it originally meant In conclusion, it seems to me that devotional and creative readings of Scripture will always be the norm in most churches and synagogues. Such readings should not be discouraged as long as they build up individuals and the community in positive ways.
    [Show full text]
  • A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Continuing Studies and of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in Partia
    POLITICIANS AND PETITIONS: PASSING THE “BILL FOR ESTABLISHING RELIGIOUS FREEDOM” IN VIRGINIA A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Studies By Eleesha Tucker, B.S. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. November 1, 2013 POLITICIANS AND PETITIONS: PASSING THE “BILL FOR ESTABLISHING RELIGIOUS FREEDOM” IN VIRGINIA Eleesha Tucker, B.S. MALS Mentor: James H. Hershman, Jr., Ph.D. ABSTRACT The defeat of Patrick Henry’s general assessment bill in the Virginia legislature, brought about by the mobilization of dissenters in a petition campaign influenced by James Madison, led to the passage of Thomas Jefferson’s “Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom” in 1786. Jefferson proposed his bill in 1779 as part of an effort to revise the Virginia legal code, seeking to bring state law into alignment with the newly inaugurated revolutionary government. But, the Assembly barely addressed the bill. The power of the established church was too strong and the members postponed the reading of the radical religion bill for a day when the legislative session had already closed. Early on, few religious dissenters lived in colonial Virginia, but the Great Awakening jolted the American colonies, swelling dissenting congregations. The Revolutionary War then ushered in change that emboldened dissenters to reject traditional deference to elites and solicit legal equality. As people across the socio- economic spectrum bore the hardships of the war and shouldered significant responsibility for the support of an infant government, many of the inferior sort thought of themselves as equal to the gentry and sought the legal protection of their right of conscience.
    [Show full text]