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The Fundy Survey

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The Fundy Survey FUN D Y SU R V E Y TFJ!: HAKE F I S I-I ;~ _~Y by Hel en I. Ba t t l e University o.f Western Ontario 1931 THE FUNDY S u~ VEY The Hake Fi sher y Contents Nomenclature p. 2 2­ '-, - Illustrations p. 3 3 Characteri s t i c s aT the Hake p. 4 e; Occurrence in Fundy Area p. 5 ;I­ Loca t i on of JPishing Grounds p . 6 '5'-­ Seas onal Occu r r ence p. 19 _/~ Hel at iv e Imp ortance aT Fundy Catch p. 25 _. / , Met hods of Capture p. 31 '- / 7 Siz es - Relat ion OT W'ei ght t o Leng t h p. 42 - ;J.. .,1 / . Hi story of t he Fi s her y p. 46 - ..2 <-,' .- .~ ) Ut i l i zat i on p. 61 . -1-. ~ Future Possibilities p. 65 ~ 3J1 , , , -,....~./ :""' ..... p . i _. 1..J1-n­ _L ".,. ":'/ ....:.-JlJ " <-" . «-' - v' - 2 ­ Nomenclature \ Two species of hake appear in the catches of the Fundy Area: } I Scientific Name - Urophycis tenuis (Mitchill) J i j Common Name Hake. This name is in practically universal use, although the term "White Hake" is very rarely found in Digby and "Mud Hake" is sometimes used at Grand Manan. II Scientific Name Urophycis ohuss (Walbaum) Common Name - Hake - Snapper (Beaver Harbour) - Squirrel or Squirrel Hake (North Head, !I . Grand Manan ; Digby) - Ling (Wilson's Beach) The second species very seldom appears in the catches in the Fundy Area and oomparatively few fishermen recogn~ze it as dis­ j ! tinct from the first species. - 3 ­ Illustrations Bigelow, H. ·B. Fishes 0 f the Gulf' of Mai n e. Bulletin of the United States. Bu r eau of Fisheries, Vol. XL, Part I. 1924 Urophycis tenuis (Mitchill), Figure 219. p. 445. Urophycis chuss (Walbaum). Figure 220, p. 447. Goode, Geo. Br own. American Fishes. Urophycis tenuis, p. 360. 1887 Jorda.n and Everrnann, Fishes of North and Mi ddl e Arnericqi, ~art IV, Plate CCCLXV. - 4 ­ Characteristics of the Hake Although the hakes are closely related to the cod and haddock, they are not at all codlike in a~pearance. The body is more slender and tapers backward to a small tail, while the eyes are larger and t he chin barbels smaller than those of the cod. There are only two back fins - t he second being many times longer than the first - and one fin on the lower surface in place of the three ba ck and two lower fins of the co d and haddock, 'I'h e pat r ed "ven tral" fi DS are reduced to long narrow white feelers and are g enerally known as "smellers". Hake vary considerably in colour, but t he ba ck is usually reddish brown with slight metallic reflections on the cheeks and dark patches mixed wi t h g r ey beneath the eyes. The belly may be pale grey, yellow or white an d i n Urophycis tenuis is sprinkle d with fine black dots, ~s are also t he "smellers". The two species of haL e a r e very similar in external appearance and only Wit h di f f i cu l t y di s t i ngu i shed. Fi s h er men aomet t mes differentiate t hem by the presence of a longer thread or filament extending from the front of the first back fin in t he "squirrel hake H than t he co mmon hake. Th e most reliable tangible difference is to be f ound. in t ile scales which are much smaller in Ur ophy c i s tenuis, there being 135 to 140 obliQue rows between the gill covering a nd t he base of t he tail. In Urophycis chuss the scales are larger and only about 100 r ows are found along a similar length of the body. In the former - 5 ­ species the long feelers or smellers do not ordinarily reach quite to t h e v ent, while in the latter t he y extend beyond the vent. This l atter characteristic i s a less reliable di s t i nct i on t han t he difference in t he size of t he scales. At ' iil s on 1s Bea ch , Campobello, the squirrel hake are di stingnished not only by the l ong filament on the back fin and a darker brownish less iridescent coloration, but a l so by the reaction of t he flesh in bUlging behind t he path of t he knife when t he skin is scraped a gainst the g r a i n . The meat is not con­ sidered t o be as good as that of the co m~ o n hak e , b ecomes tougher on drying, and is fairly easily di s tinpuished by a g r ey yellow a~pearance of the flesh. Occurrence in Fundy Area Hake have i n v arious years been recorded fr om the wa­ tershed of all counties bordering on the Yundy Area. Si n ce the fishery returns are simply "hake" it is impossible t o di s t i ngu i s h between the two species either in regard to l ocal distribution or t o r eLa tiv e abundance. :::' or 1931 so fa r as could be ascertai ned in Digby, Ya rmou t h , Charlotte and St. John Counties. the catches were in t he ma i n almost exclusively compos ed of t he w ~ i t e ha k e , U'r ophy c I s t enui 8. -" . ~ J S t o f the 1'i shing is done ar ound t he fifty fathom line. In t he Jul f of I,la i n e t he "wh i t e" is t he more com­ mon s pecies below 30 t o 40 fathoms. Both these fish gener al l y lie on a soft muddy bottom, although off Di gby County they occur ov er fine g r av el and pebbles. - 6 ­ I \ The chief centres of abundance inshore in the Fun dy ~ Area lie off Di gby County toward the southwestern 'end of Nova Scotia, and across on the New Br un swi ck shore off Charlotte County. The catch decreases markedly toward the head of the bay where t he fish are taken closer inshore and in shallower : water. This distribution is indicated in ]'igure 3 which repre­ sents t he allocation of t he Fundy Area hake catch for 1929. Dots represent an average annual catch of 1000 hundred weight \ while small circles represent catches of less t han 1000 hun­ ; / , dred weight. \ Location of :B'ishing Grounds (See Pigure 4) Charlotte County - the chief hake landings are made for the county at St. Andr ews , Wi lson' s Bea ch , Lettt e , Beaver IHarbour and Nor t h Head , Gr a nd Man an . From 1926 to 1930 the fol­ Ilowing are t he average annual percentage landings for the four _ I districts of the county: Charlotte Vl es t (International Boundary to Ba ck Bay) . c/ l Cha r l ot t e East - (Back Bay to st. John County Line) • • • 30 • 9/0 I I Camnobel l o and Deer ISlands •..•. j ¥ . • 42.5% ! Grand Marian • • • • • • • . • • • . • ••• • 25.0% The hake fishing grounds for the county are located as i /f ollows: i 11 . Passamaquoddy Bay - Hake occur on a muddy bottom in from 10 I \ \ to 25 fathoms, two or three miles off the mouth of the I Magu aga dav i c ~ i v e r and off Lettte. They appear in limited \, \ numbers on trawls set almost a nywhere in the b ay, even four or five miles up t he St. Croix ~ s t u ar y . - 7 ­ TT 2. The Mu d Hake Grounds (IlThe Eu d ) . 'rhi s gr ound is a broad area of muddy bottom which extends north and south between Campobello and the Wol v es and from Wes t Qu oddy Head to Grand Ma nan . It is about 15 to 18 miles long and 3 to 4 miles in width. The depth varies fr om 39 to 60 fathoms. The western edge of this ground lies ab out t wo miles off Campobello. J. The Hake Gr ound . This is an irregular stretch of g ro und about 20 miles in length extending from Point Lepreau and Be av er Harbour t o the northern end of ~ran d Mana n . The north­ ern por t i on of this ground from Point Lepreau to The V/ ol v es is known as Thomas Lord1s Bank. It is abo ut six miles long by three miles wide with a depth of 11 to 12 fathoms over a rock and gr av e l bottom. The lv'[u s s el Sh oal G- r ou nd. is a mussel and scallop bed lying 8 miles ESE from the Eastern dol i and 9 miles from Point Lepreau. It is really a part of the Hake Gr oun d when hake are abundant all summer. 4. Campobello Gr ounds . Ha ke can be taken almost all around Campobello. Ma ny fishermen g o consistently to The 1md Hake Ground, but successful haUls can also be made on the fol­ lowing gr oun ds : Grand Manan Grounds. Hake are the most abundant spe­ cies of fish between Gr a nd Manan and t he American s hore in t he Nor th Channel.
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