Review on Integrated Pest Management of Coffee Berry Disease and Coffee Berry Borer

International Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science Vol. 8(1), pp. 1001-1008, February, 2021. © www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 2167-0449 Review Article Review on Integrated Pest Management of Coffee Berry Disease and Coffee Berry Borer *Dadi Tolessa Lemma and Damtew Abewoy 1,2Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Wondogenet Agricultural Research Center, P.o.box 198, Shashemene, Ethiopia Corresponding Author: Damtew Abewoy, Email: [email protected], Tel: +251 921 58 2397 and Dadi Tolessa Lemma, Email: [email protected], Tel: +251 912 20 9334 Coffee is the first traded crop commodity and valuable in the world. Despite it is highly needed many constraints affect its production and quality. Among those constraints, Coffee berry disease and coffee berry borer are a serious pest of coffee that causes huge damage worldwide. Both are pests of the berry of coffee which is an economical part of the traded commodity. Coffee berry disease (CBD), which affects Coffea arabica, is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum kahawae. Some reports showed that the disease caused yield loss up to 81% in Wondo Genet, Ethiopia which is a huge loss and devastating. Coffee berry borer is also the major insect pest that causes significant yield and quality losses to coffee berries. The coffee berry borer can cause yield losses of 30-35% with 100% berries infested at harvest time. Climate change plays a great role in the increments of pests which enhance the damage and yield loss of coffee which is a headache for coffee-producing countries. Pest management of coffee is difficult because of climate change and tree nature. It needs many controlling mechanisms because we cannot control only by one pest management techniques. So, integrated pest management is needed to control both pests that attach the berry of the coffee which is very economical and needs high quality of production. So, the purpose of this review is to assess the behavior and controlling mechanisms for coffee berry disease and coffee berry borer which are the major pests of coffee in the world. Keywords: Coffee berries, Coffee berry disease, Coffee berry borer, IPM, Yield losses INTRODUCTION Coffee (Coffea arabica L) is originated in Ethiopia and the country's foreign exchange earnings, over 5% of the GDP, second largest commodity traded next to oil in the world 12 % of the agricultural output, and 10% of the government (Gray et al., 2013) and plays a great role to balance trade revenues (CSA, 2010). between developed and developing countries. Coffee is an There are four types of coffee production systems in important exchange commodity contributing to various Ethiopia: forest coffee, semi-forest coffee, garden coffee, degrees to the national income of the producing countries and plantation coffee. These four-production systems (Patricia, 2011). More than 33 million people in 25 mainly due to varying levels of plants associated with countries in Africa are leading their life by producing coffee, the nature of coffee tree regeneration, and human coffee. In Ethiopia, about 15 people are directly or intervention in the coffee production system indirectly deriving their livelihoods from the coffee (Woldemariam et al., 2008). production system (Gray et al., 2013). Ethiopia is the largest coffee producer in Sub-Saharan countries and the *Corresponding Author: Dadi Tolessa Lemma, Ethiopian fifth largest coffee producer in the world next to Brazil, Institute of Agricultural Research, Wondogenet Vietnam, Colombia, and Indonesia, contributing about 7- Agricultural Research Center, P.o.box 198, Shashemene, 10% of total world coffee production (Gray et al., 2013). Ethiopia, *Email: [email protected] Co-Author Current contributions of coffee are more than 25 % of the Email: [email protected] Review on Integrated Pest Management of Coffee Berry Disease and Coffee Berry Borer Dadi and Damtew 1002 Forest with wild Arabica coffee populations occurs in the MAJOR PESTS OF COFFEE southeastern and southwestern highlands of Ethiopia mainly at altitudes between 1000 and 2000 m.a.s.l. Many coffee pests stack growth and development as well (Senbeta, 2008). By far the greatest amount of coffee in as a challenge for yield and quality of coffee across the Ethiopia is derived from spontaneous forest coffee. Forest globe. Among those major pests of coffee are discussed coffee accounts for about 10% of the total coffee below: production in Ethiopia. Semi-Forest coffee production system is also found in the Southern and South-Western Coffee Berry Disease (CBD) parts of the Country. Farmers thin and select forest trees to let inadequate sunlight to the coffee trees and still Coffee berry disease (CBD) is the top major disease of provide adequate shade. Farmers slash the weeds once a coffee in Ethiopia, which attack mainly the green berries of year to facilitate harvesting of the coffee beans. This coffee. It was first observed in Ethiopia in 1971 and then it system accounts for about 35% of coffee production. spreads and is found in all coffee-producing areas in which Plantation coffee is grown on plantations owned by the it has been favored by favorable environmental conditions state (currently put up for sale/privatization) and on some (Kifle et al., 2015). Coffee berry disease (CBD), which well-managed smallholder’s coffee farms. In this affects Coffea arabica, is caused by the fungus production system, recommended agronomic practices Colletotrichum kahawae. It is endemic to Africa and was like improved seedlings, spacing, proper mulching, using first recorded in western Kenya in 1922. Since then the manure, weeding, shade regulation, and pruning are disease has spread to most C. arabica growing countries practiced. It accounts for about 5% of the total production on the continent. CBD can cause considerable yield losses (Crown Coffee, 2002 as cited by Agegnehu et al., 2015). of up to 75% when not adequately controlled. Even though the application of fungicides to control the disease can Coffee production in Africa has largely stagnated over the result in yields being doubled, losses of up to 30% can still past two decades. Among the major factors limiting occur when the attack is severe (CABI, 2006). Merdassa increased Coffee production worldwide are losses due to (1985) as cited by Kifle and Demelash (2015) reported pests (insects, disease, nematodes, and weeds), both that yield losses of 51% at Melko and 81% at Wondo indigenous and exotic. Coffee is prone to several diseases Genet was occurred due to CBD. According to Eshetu et that attack fruits, leaves, stems, and roots, which in turn al. (2000), coffee berry disease alone is known to reduce reduce yield and marketability (Derso et al., 2000; Kifle et coffee yields between 25-30 %. Hararghe coffee is al., 2015). High rainfall and relative humidity are common susceptible to CBD; as a result, it is under threat of genetic in major coffee-growing areas, which favors disease erosion mainly because of the losses caused by the development and survival of inoculums on crop or disease and farmers prefer growing alternative cash crops alternate hosts over seasons. These conditions generally such as chat to planting coffee (Birehanu, 2014). Crop result in disease epidemics that reduce coffee yield. More losses may therefore vary from year to year depending on than 13 types of diseases registered to affect the coffee weather conditions. Berries are most resistant at the plant in Ethiopia. While major coffee diseases are Coffee ‘pinhead’ stage (first month) and when fully mature (at 16- Berry Diseases (CBD) caused by Colletotrichum kahawae, 18 weeks from the time of flowering). Active lesions Coffee Wilt Disease (CWD) of Gibberella xylarioides, and develop on the berry and expand until the whole berry is coffee leaf rust caused by Hemileia vastatrix, however, the affected. The beans are destroyed and the berries turn rest of the diseases considered to be minor (Kifle et al., black and either drop or remain on the coffee plant as 2015 and Derso et al., 2000). Several insect pests are mummified berries. Some of the berries drop off after known to attack coffee berries at different phenological developing a few active lesions (CABI, 2006). development stages and affect both the quality and quantity of the product. Coffeeberry infestation by insects The losses occur during early infestation by destroying the starts at bud formation and flowering stage. General beans or by preventing proper wet and dry processing feeders such as larvae of Lepidoptera damage buds, since the pulp cannot be removed completely, causing so- whereas scale insects and aphids infest and suck the sap called ''stinkers'' in the crop and reducing the quality. from the plant at all times during their nymphal and adult Intensive progress of the disease in the expanding stage stages (Chemeda et al., 2011). Therefore, the objective of of the berry development finally produces mummified this paper is to review the major pests of coffee (coffee berries with no economic value at all (Hindorf and Omondi, berry disease and coffee berry borer) situation and their 2011). Under very wet weather conditions CBD may also management tactics to reduce the loss they cause on cause brown lesions to develop on flower petals. Also, it coffee. can attack seedling hypocotyls of C. arabica. However, pale, corky brownish lesions may also develop, mostly on young pinheads and mature green berries. These lesions are known as 'scab' lesions and, as a pinhead and mature Review on Integrated Pest Management of Coffee Berry Disease and Coffee Berry Borer Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 1003 green berries are more resistant to CBD, their development is due to a resistant reaction to infection (CABI, 2006). Figure 1: Coffee berry disease lesions on green berries Source: CABI, 2006. The major distinction currently separates C. kahawae from C. kahawae are dispersed by water and also require liquid the other species of Colletotrichum was the old colony of water or 100% relative humidity for germination.

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