February 2004 The Northern Star England: Incorporating Workers' Weekly ISSN 0954-5891 Hitler's Inspiration Volume 18 Number 2 Peter Hart's lesser-known qualities Dublin/Monaghan Bombings IRISH POLITICAL REVIEW (Labour Comment, back page)

Volume 19 No 2 ISSN 0790-7672 Contents: See Page Two What Is This EU Presidency . Perspectives The United States will break off relations with Sinn Fein and will press Britain to do For? likewise. Then, there being “no longer any barrier to a normalisation of Irish politics”, If spoofing by Cowen and snivelling the Social Democratic and Labour Party will do a deal with the Democratic Unionist by Ahern could achieve anything then the Party. “The IRA might then return to ‘what it knows best’—military resistance—but with Irish Presidency of the EU would be a strong American political and military backing—that resistance could be speedily roaring success. Improving relations overcome. So roll on that day”. The Day will be the day on which “the persons awaiting between the EU and US is apparently sentence in Columbia” will be sentenced. The writer is Conor Cruise O’Brien (Irish number one priority—at least it was a few Independent 3 Jan). O’Brien was a professional anti-Partitionist for most of his life, first weeks ago. This is a perfect priority for as a political civil servant in the Irish Foreign Affairs Department, and later as a hard- Messrs. Ahern and Cowen. It is totally line middle-class nationalist Minister, with special responsibility for Northern policy, outside their control and, if it happens, who played a leading part in subverting the Sunningdale system of devolution by they can claim the credit but, if relations encouraging the intransigence of Lord Fitt and Paddy Devlin in demanding the immediate get worse, it is not their fault. Ahern has establishment of a full Council of Ireland, even though the conditions for it, negotiated already prepared for the latter possibility at Sunningdale, had not been met. A few years later Fitt and Devlin—lapsed Republicans— by emphasising that Ireland is on the edge chucked in the leadership of the SDLP and resigned the party altogether—on the pretext of Europe and counts for nothing. This is that others had made it too nationalist for them—particularly John Hume, who had never true. In fact it’s only half true. Ireland is flirted with Republicanism as they had, but had put the Northern Ireland system to the held in contempt in Brussels because of its test as a middle-class Catholic with middle-class, rather than nationalist, ambitions, and craven attitude to Britain and the US. But who therefore discovered its fundamental inadequacies and experienced them in a way the Europeans are too polite to say so that the semi-Republican ideologues could never do. Both Fitt and Devlin then collapsed openly. What else could one feel towards into the very thing they had spent most of their lives declaiming against. And, when a Prime Minister who said in Brussels at O’Brien lost office in the late seventies, he too flipped over, and dedicated the remainder the beginning of the invasion of Iraq that of his life to compensating for the evil he had done in his prime. the legality was unclear and he would have to await its outcome before deciding Of course he didn’t put it like that. He re-invented his past and attributed his actual on the morality of it? past to everybody but himself. Roy Foster’s The debate on the EU in Ireland has revisionist conten- long since become a totally barren affair. tion that the Irish Europe is the source of all good on the pro- make up the past Europe side and a source of all evil and without regard for slow death for the country on the other historical fact is not side. There is an air of inevitability and entirely untrue. But predestination on both sides that paralyses the elements about any real thought. Martin Mansergh which it is true are regularly conveys the smug pro-Europe the revisionists them- view. A typical piece appeared in the Irish selves. But it’s no Times on 13th December 2003 as a warm use saying to O’Brien: up for the Irish Presidency. The EU was Revisionist, revise the best thing since sliced bread and he thyself! He is one of confidently declared: “It is clear that a continued on page 2 continued on page 5 The plain meaning of the GFA is that C O N T E N T S the IRA would depart from the scene in the course of two years, during which the Page devolved and cross-Border institutions Perspectives. Editorial 1 would function, the police and justice reforms would be implemented, and there What Is The EU For? Jack Lane 1 would be demilitarisation in Northern "Whatever You Say, Say Nothing": write it down instead. S. McGouran 3 Ireland. Trimble’s great concern was to An Cor Tuathail: A Song In Praise Of Tobacco.4 ensure that these conditions were not met, (Compiled by Pat Muldowney) and the only apparent concern of the two Governments was to humour him and to England: Hitler's Inspiration. Brendan Clifford (review) 6 excuse him. (The DUP is now being Is Peter Hart A Medium? Jack Lane 9 humoured, which is reasonable since, unlike the UUP, it did not sign the GFA.) Price And Value. John Martin (Part 8 of a review of Das Kapital) 9 Northern Ireland News Digest. December 2003/January 2004 13 O’Brien’s wishful thinking ever since the World Trace Centre affair has been Letters to the Editor: De Valera's Little Problem. Helen Hilton that the White House would deal with The Anti-Smoking Crusade. E. Courtney 14 West Belfast, the Bogside and South The Clonbanin Column: Refugees; Inquests Into Monaghan Bombing; Armagh as it dealt with Afghanistan. (And Social Justice 15 a propos Afghanistan, the British Prime Minister, when making war propaganda, Labour Comment, edited by Pat Maloney: regularly declared that the Taliban regime was responsible for a very great part of the Dublin/Monaghan Public Inquiry? supply of opium to the world market for it. It was obvious, even from the managed news of the BBC, that the Taliban regime had drastically reduced drug production those utterly self-righteous people who and unconditionally. This journal—in its in Afghanistan. And now we have an can hardly even be said to deceive them- Workers’ Weekly format—took a close official report confirming this. The Taliban selves because they have absolutely no interest in the affair as a Sunningdale curbed drug production to such an extent memory about themselves. They are a supporter. It was evident from radio that the world supply was reduced by a stream of self-righteous feeling. And, interviews that O’Brien was the intransi- third. And, since ‘liberation’, Afghanistan where O’Brien led, the greater part of the gent element in the Cabinet, and that was has again become one of the major nationalist middle class of the 1970 era later confirmed by Fitzgerald’s Cabinet producers.) followed. They are now stolid upholders memoirs. The outcome was that the whole of law regardless of circumstance—and Sunningdale structure was brought down O’Brien loves and loathes America. even regardless of law: “the persons in May 1974 by the Ulster Workers’ He loves it as a fanatical Zionist and awaiting sentence in Columbia” are actu- Council Strike. The SDLP and elements loathes it as a blind enemy of the Northern ally awaiting a verdict. And it is obvious in Dublin declared the Strike to be Fascist. Catholics. A few years ago he published that the verdict is taking so long because it In our view it was one of the few major a book demanding that Thomas Jefferson, is a matter of politics rather than law. events in Unionist history that might the chief source of American democratic reasonably be described as democratic. ideology, should be removed from the Recall 1973/74. The Unionist Party American Pantheon and denounced. He led by Brian Faulkner made a power- That was 30 years ago, though it seems dreams of America as an autocracy sharing and Council of Ireland deal in an like yesterday because so little has committed to the expansion of what he Agreement with the Dublin Government happened in the meantime. thinks of as civilisation. But it always lets and the SDLP on the understanding that him down. America remains Jeffersonian. O’Brien & Co. had committed themselves The next thing was 20 years later—the And, in broadening out beyond its WASP to constitutional recognition of the North Ceasefire brokered by Hume and Adams. [White Anglo-Saxon Protestant] origins, as a legitimate region of the UK. Then, six When the terms of the ceasefire were not it has come under Irish influence as well weeks after the power-sharing Govern- met on the British side, the war was as Jewish. The two bete noires of the Ku ment began functioning, O’Brien & Co resumed—in the City of London. This Klux Klan are now in the corridors of pleaded in Court that they had not was the stimulus to more genuine negoti- power. recognised the North. Faulkner had been ations, leading to the Good Friday Agree- deceived by tricky language. Unionist ment, and to partial implementation of the reaction to this revelation took the form of terms of the GFA. But the conditions on With a fundamentalist WASP Presi- a demand that the establishment of the the two-year decommissioning process dent in office at the fall of the Twin Council of Ireland should be deferred under the GFA have not been met any Towers, it seemed that the Day had arrived until the conditions on which it was agreed more than the conditions on the for O’Brien. “Terrorism” everywhere had been met. It was then up to O’Brien establishment of the Council of Ireland at would come under the hammer. But and Co. to call a referendum to amend Sunningdale were met. And in both America doesn’t function like that. It Articles 2 & 3. Some of the Co. were instances O’Brien demanded the might profess grand principles, but it is willing but O’Brien was adamant that the unconditional implementation of some- choosy when it comes to implementing Council must be established on schedule thing which was agreed on conditions. them, the choice being influenced by ethnic 2 influences in its domestic politics. The Famine Irish are now well-entrenched and · BiteBack · BiteBack · BiteBack · BiteBack · BiteBack· BiteBack· BiteBack their outlook is beyond the reach of the British influence which now dominates so “Whatever you say, say nothing”: write it down instead[?] much of the respectable middle class Irish In the article on Republicanism at a crossroads, (NS Vol. 17, No. 4, April 2003), it was at home. And so Richard Haas came stated that Richard English’s book was called simply A New History of the IRA. That was amidst great expectations in Dublin 4, and due to Philip Dodd, the presenter’s, emphatic pronunciation of the thing. The actual title is Armed Struggle, with the above as a subtitle, and if it is as coherent and rational as English disappointed them. was on this programme, it should be worth reading. Dodd is the Director of the ICA (Institute of Contemporary Arts, on London’s Pall Mall — not a resuscitated Irish Citizen Army), he When it was put to O’Brien thirty claimed in the programme that slogans like “Whatever you say, say nothing”, used to be years ago that he should ease up on the painted up in the Bogside and West Belfast. He then proceeded to talk as if that was still the Council of Ireland demand in order to case, and Ella O Dwyer’s book, just published, The Rising of the Moon was mentioned. Dodd claimed that she thinks “Republicanism is dominated by a régime of silence only now preserve power-sharing and so maintain breaking down”. O Dwyer herself said that Republicans “were very poor on speaking”, (by some ground against the IRA, his response which she seemed to mean debating), and seemed to mean the Provisionals in the midst of in radio interviews was that the violence the actual armed struggle. But they published two weekly newspapers, Republican News in in the North was not caused by outside Belfast, and An Phoblacht in Dublin. And, like the Official Republican Clubs, a great many influences. It was “endemic” in the North. Sinn Féin cumainn published their own material, which ranged from the scrappy to the near- It would be affected neither by professional. The Stickies also had The United Irishman, An Solus, in Belfast, and in Derry, The Starry Plough, which became the organ of the IRSP (and still has a fitful existence), the implementing the Council of Ireland or Officials also produced in the 1980s The Northern People in Belfast, and The Irish People withholding it. in Dublin. The Sinn Féin / Peoples’ Democracy Northern Resistance Movement gave birth, among There was a great deal of truth in that other publications, to Andersonstown News, which is now published twice a week and may view. But it was not a truth that O’Brien replace the Irish News as the major publication of the whole Northern Catholic community. The PD also published its own press for much of this period as did all tendencies on the Left could develop. Perhaps it was just a and within Republicanism. The B&ICO produced an enormous amount of material in this politician’s phrase, serving a purpose of period, including The Irish Communist and the Workers’ Association [for the Democratic the moment, and not reflected upon. Settlement of the National Conflict in Ireland] the Two Nations then came Workers’ Weekly Anyhow it is a truth that he has long this material made a lot of Republicans less inclined to the ‘penny-plain, tuppence coloured’ forgotten—and a great swathe of the views on Ireland’s history and politics, admitted to by Danny Morrison. Nearly all of these groups tried their hands a ‘pirate’ broadcasting. The Loyalists burst fitfully into print, respectable middle class along with him— (Loyalist News, as such, could be quite politically sharp, as well as quite funny), as did the making it impossible for them to handle Alliance Party and the SDLP. the Northern situation with any degree of A’town News is now part of a combine that also publishes South Belfast News, North political competence. Belfast News (formerly North Belfast Independent) and the Irish-language daily, Lá. Republicanism, in the North at least, was not struck dumb. What O Dwyer may have meant The Dublin Government is simultan- was the fundamentals of, as she put it, the “national discourse or the national ideological vision … something like a socialist republic”, were ignored in reporting the actual conflict. eously trying to restore devolved govern- A strength of the Provisionals in origin was that they had no hard and fast notion of what ment in the North, and subverting the they were going to put in the place of the two bits of Ireland they perforce worked in in 1970. possibility of it. The Justice Minister People from all sorts of ideological backgrounds were able to work in harmony in the business declares that Sinn Fein is a criminal of destroying ‘Stormont’ and then bringing about a united unitary Irish state. There was a organisation, a Mafia. And the Fine Gael programme about bringing about a “Democratic Socialist Republic” but that was regarded, even by very committed socialists in the movement as a sort of grace note, as was the federal Leader urges him to confiscate its structure proposed in the Éire Nua manifesto. Their ‘vision’ was certainly not Ireland as yet ‘criminal’ assets. another piece of the Kremlin’s ‘empire’, or a sort of soggy Cuba. O Dwyer also talked about an obsession with the border and with England, which Meanwhile Gerry Adams comes back probably is similar to what Morrison said about their dealing with the Loyalists and with the from the USA with a million and a half Protestant community in general. But she appeared to be on the same wavelength as Dodd, with his “whatever you say, say nothing” notions, as if history has stood still in Ireland or openly contributed to the coffers of Sinn Northern Ireland. O Dwyer said that the greatest compliment that a Republican could get was Fein by members of the American estab- that you said nothing and signed nothing and that they had to earn the right to discuss things. lishment. What’s putting the wind up the The military end, in particular, of Republicanism in the twenty six county state was radically Dublin establishment is not the hidden, different from the Six Counties, it had to be conspiratorial. (With reason: witness the career inactive army, but the sheer political of Sean O’Callaghan, not an example the IRA would want followed). But as mentioned above competence of the Republican movement, there was a Republican press and also discussions went on in Long Kesh, (the prisoners’ huge library was broken up some time ago — most of it entering the dubious care of the Linen Hall and its live source of spiritual integrity— Librarian). a thing which lies well beyond the Dodd’s apparently benign interest in the literary-artistic end of Republicanism may mask experience of the present generation of yet another attempt to characterise it (and certain long term underlying tendencies in Irish political hacks. history) as mere ‘emotional spasms’. Or a series of emotional spasms, which can be cured by being embraced by the more benign end of specifically English culture. It is conceivable that the Provisionals have not yet cottoned-on to the fact that BBC Radio3 is, if anything, even Fianna Fail is toying with the idea of more of an ideological matter than Radio 4 UK, or the World Service. organising in the North and becoming an There is also the fact that English ‘culture’ (in the narrow sense of the word) had been all-Ireland party once more. It would be sucking the marrow out of Irish culture for the past three or four centuries. The Provisionals, well for it to do so before it disappears into as the [second] most vigorous element in Ireland are going to get the full suction treatment, total cynicism. But, if it remains they should be very careful about ‘Englishmen with smiles on their faces’. committed to Progressive Democrat O Dwyer’s The Rising of the Moon may be worth reviewing; it is also the title of a Science Justice Minister McDowell’s pronounce- Fiction novel written in the Provi interest about ten years ago, by an American feminist Flynn ments, it might as well not bother. Connolly. It got a very good write-up in this publication, it was a damn good read, and probably did the Provisionals a lot of good in the world of the SciFi ‘anorak’. continued on page 4 Seán McGouran 3 Re: McDowell: he would be entitled to some respect if he acted on the principle that there must be no deals with terrorists and condemned the GFA But he is actually a party to the GFA, which is a deal with terrorists ratified by the electorates of both parts of the country, which implicitly legitimises their terrorism on the ground that the state in the North was not democratic. He is a party to it, but he keeps brooding on the thought that it was wrong, or deluding himself about its actual terms. As a statesman he is a hopeless case.

It is curious how the North has increas- ingly become a domestic political issue in the Republic since it was changed into a foreign policy matter by the amendment of Articles 2 & 3!

Dublin has been incapable of foreign policy ever since those great days when Charles Haughey made Ireland a European Power, convinced Europe that the Republic was not a British appendage, and laid the basis for the 8 billion pound boost for the economy. When Haughey was ousted, Irish foreign policy went with him.

Brian Cowen has been in Israel, not Palestine, on behalf of the European Union, and has made a speech which mightily pleased the ‘Official Republican’ refugees from the Land of Oz, which they had to abandon when Sir Nicolai Ceaucescu was taken from them. Eoghan Harris was delighted with it.

Israel is a contested conquest and colonisation, justified by an irredentist claim two thousand years old. Its title deeds are the Bible.

What is being done in Palestine now is what was done in Ireland four hundred years ago—and by Bible fanatics then as because of his diatribe against Arabs. If now. Bet let it not be said that double When Jewish settlers, without a shred he had made comparable remarks about standards are being applied. President of entitlement beyond the Bible, take Jews, he would be off the air, full stop. McAleese, who condemned the Palestin- possession of the property of natives, they But most of the English press has come ians on Twin Towers Day for taking may be criticised, but not resisted. Did out in support of him. Particularly forceful pleasure in a minuscule bit of pain inflicted that principle also apply to German settlers is Melanie Phillips, who has declared that on their tormentors, has been in West in Poland in 1940? her primary loyalty is to Israel. She sees Cork to celebrate the founding of Bandon the curbing of Kilroy Silk as the realisation President Mary Robinson said essen- as a colonial town of the Munster Plant- of Orwell’s 1984 nightmare (Daily tially the same thing as Melanie Phillips ation. We look forward to seeing her Mail,.Jan 19). She contrasts it with the with her outburst at the Anti-Racism celebrate the fourth centenary of the Ulster BBC’s handling of Oxford Don, Tom Conference in Africa a couple of years Plantation a few years from now. Paulin, who "called for Israelis settlers to ago: "I am a Jew". The meaning is: there be shot and, in a poem referring to the is a master race and there are others, and a Meanwhile in England the new anti- 'Zionist SS', compared Israel to the Nazis. common standard does not apply; and we Semitism (anti-Arabism) has suffered its While criticism of the settlers would have Irish should cop ourselves on and support first set-back. Chat-show host Kilroy Silk been perfectly justified, this was simply the winners. That is what Brian Cowen has had his show taken from him (but will incitement to murder and blatant was doing in Israel. That is the way of the still appear on other BBC programmes), Holocaust-denying prejudice." tiger. 4 quo—which is not an option for anyone serious about Europe. Everyone knows this and the future is a choice between EU more dissipation and more coherence. There is no third way and an agreed piece A Song In Praise Presidency of paper will still only be a piece of paper Of Tobacco in the process.

continued The next logical step is the political development of the Euro area towards a Tobacco is a great miracle European Constitution is close to federal state. This is necessary for the The chief gleaning of maturity adoption”. The talks collapsed that day. Euro itself. In fact it is vital. A currency An herb blessed by every cleric But, still, everything will always be for needs a complementary state, or the And by Father Seumus Ó Fíonacht. the best with Martin while Bertie Ahern is definite prospect of such a state, to survive in charge. and thrive. But, most important of all, such a move would isolate the UK and It makes heavenly peace What neither side will see is that the spike its wrecking guns. Among the urbane clan of Lobus EU underwent a radical shift in accommod- Sweeter than the taste of bilberry (*) ating the UK after the Thatcher revolution One need only state this obvious fact Is the smell of snuff. —even though it was as clear as daylight to realise how unlikely and impossible it that the UK had reverted to the traditional is for the consolidating project to be helped role of wrecking European developments. by the current Irish elite. If it was serious “It is a medicinal herb”, says the nun, And this approach has developed apace about being European and being central to “That is good for the chest, since Thatcher was ousted. The current Europe it would be pursuing such a policy It gives sight to the eyes mess is the UK’s achievement—and and giving every moral and practical And it takes away toothache.” therefore it never felt better about Europe. support to the only Europe that is worth giving a second thought to—one based on The development that shows any posi- the Franco-German alliance—which was A night-time pipe is good tive hope for Europe is the newly formu- the original basis of the whole project and Very good is snuff in the morning lated Franco-German alliance, which both remains its only reliable core. Clear support Without doubt a (tobacco) leaf is good countries appear to have realised, is for this is how Ireland would put itself at Chewed regularly under the gum. necessary—just in time. Its great achieve- the centre of Europe in the shape of a state ment so far has been to wreck the ridiculous to respect, but it would take moral courage idea of the Giscard Constitution for an in Leinster House to do that and that is a A blanket puff (**) is healthy entity that does not yet exist—breaking scarce commodity there at present. For sufferers of asthma and catarrh the first law of a Constitution. This is like And the morning puff is healthy writing a cookbook before you have a But a choice between the two Europes For the sad and depressed (**). cooker or even a kitchen to work with. will have to be made sooner or later. The What the EU needs is policies not Irish elite thinks it can have the best of all constitutions and if the policies are right worlds forever. Instead it is quickly and workable the Constitution will follow heading for the worst of all worlds where The smoking controversy is an old with a minimum of fuss and bother. both the integrationists and the dissipation- one, and there are poems for and against it. ists will equally despise them. Use of tobacco was prevalent in Ireland The development, led by Chirac, of by the mid 1600s; snuff came later; so this this newly enhanced Franco-German Vive Chirac! anonymous poem probably dates from the alliance is the only issue that matters today Jack Lane in Europe. The Irish Presidency would do early 1700s. It cannot be much later than From this since the difficult bardic metre in a historically positive job if it made that its which it is written went into disuse because priority and ensured that it developed Athol Books of the break-up of the bardic schools. In further, and as rapidly as possible. This is www.atholbooks.org fact the metre here is the imperfect kind more important than all the other agendas, meetings and proclamations that we will * The Rise And Fall Of Imperial called óglachas - “the effort of a young or Ireland. Redmondism In The untrained person”. hear about for the next six months—but Cowen and co. will loudly and vocifer- Context Of Britain’s War Of ously avoid its reality. With the formalities Conquest Of South Africa And Its of Enlargement to take place in a few Great War On Germany, 1899- [* This meaning is possible if saoi-sin by Pat Walsh. 594pp. Index. ISBN1 months it will be a bit like ‘never mind the 1916 is changed to fraoichin. 0 85034 105 1. 2003. E24, £18.99. quality feel the width’. * Sean Moylan. In His Own ** A smoke in bed. Words. His memoir of the War of Two Europes exist and denying and Independence, with a selection of his *** sileadh = shedding (tears), méala bemoaning this fact, as Ahern does, is speeches and poems. Introduction Jack = grief.] effectively to promote the current mess. Lane, Epilogue Brendan Clifford. 234pp. Prodi’s line that the two will exist only if Index. ISBN 1 90349713 2 (2nd edn). Aubane a Constitution is not agreed also denies Historical Society , 2003. E15, £12. realities and can only promote the status 5 Book Review: Manuel Sarkisyanz, PhD: Hitler’s English Inspirers. than sensitive or thoughtful—playing 348pp. Bibliographical Index. Index. ISBN 0 85034 086 1. AB, 2003. E25, £20. cricket and rowing, were (and possibly still are) considered ‘infinitely superior to philosophising German louts and spindly French intellectuals arguing England: about politics and art’. (Those attitudes persist amongst the English, though Germans have not philosophised for Hitler’s Inspiration quite some time)” (p111). Nobody who reads Mein Kampf can imitators. Education is entirely outside “The motto of the NAPOLAs… doubt that Hitler admired England and my experience, and I am not the person to was ‘Be hard’. ‘The harder and more modelled himself on it. The only question judge Sarkisyanz’s argument in this rigorous the training, the better the is whether his admiration was soundly- respect. He takes Dr. Arnold of Rugby, finished product: and I have no doubt based, or whether he caricatured England Professor the Rev. Charles Kingsley, and that this is achieved’. So remarked in the process of imitating it. Manuel the schooldays of Tom Brown as described Christopher Sidgwick, a British Public Sarkisyanz’s book gives the definitive by Tom Hughes, as typifying the ethos of Schoolmaster, after his 1937 answer to that question. The England English education. I know something of inspection of Hitler’s elite training— which Hitler admired was the real England Kingsley and Hughes, the “Christian truly satisfied by the National Socialist —the State and society which rejected the Socialists” who propagated the “muscular parallel to the English models” (p120). French Revolution and the general rights Christianity” which was an important of man and asserted privileged rights for component of the popular Imperialism This attitude has declined in England. itself; which in its internal structure was that functioned as a kind of English A generation ago, in the brief era of Ted an ordered hierarchy based on leadership national culture during the half-century Heath and Harold Wilson, it seemed that and deference; which established ample before 1914. I saw a residue of it around it had been discarded. There has, however, Lebensraum for its people in other coun- 1960 during a brief acquaintance with the been a resurgence of it under Thatcher and tries; which established an impassable Working Men’s College in Camden Town Blair—the lower middle class upstart and racial distance between itself and the native (London), and what I saw corresponds the finished Public Schoolboy. The social- peoples of those countries; and which with what Sarkisyanz says. democratic mode of development has been bred in the lower middle and working aborted, and I would not bet against a classes—which were deferential at home The function of the Public Schools complete reversion to the era of “muscular —a mentality which enabled them to was to forge the middle classes, provincial Christianity”, minus the Christianity. function as a master race in the colonies yokels, and especially talented individuals and possessions of Greater Britain, and from the lower middle classes into But the Germans give no sign that they with regard to foreigners in general. regimented expressions of Imperial will, are reverting to what they were before Nazism was in substance an attempt to inoculated against the temptations of they tried to become English at Hitler’s Anglicize the German state and German culture by having a smattering of it sprink- bidding. For two centuries Germany meant society, neither of which had the inherent led on them, and toughened against philosophy, music and poetry. It appears aptitude for these things which seemed to feelings of human affinity by the internal to have subverted itself in all of those be present among the English. regime of the schools, so that they might spheres through its gigantic attempt to go anywhere in the world and be immune. make itself a state and society of the The Anglicizing aspect of Nazism, And that is what Hitler sought to reproduce English kind—as England wiped out its and England’s appreciation of its German in the NAPOLAs—an acronym for the traditional life through the savage proteges is extensively documented by German of National Political Educational iconoclasm of its state-inspired and state- Sarkisyanz. (I hesitate to refer to him as Institutions. controlled Reformation. In Germany Professor Sarkisyanz because of the way “The way the new English leaders everything was sacrificed to statehood— that title has been thoroughly debased in and subordinate leaders were being perhaps necessarily so, in view of what Ireland and largely debased in England in trained; the inculcation of spontaneous England was doing to the world—and recent times. Of all the Professors I have conformity (what the Nazis lauded as now it is incapable of being a state, except known, there is only one who is not a Gleichschaltung); the suppression of in the formal sense of occupying a large charlatan, and I did not realise for many the social moral impulse and particul- political space at the centre of Europe. years that he was a Professor. But Sarkis- arly of intellectual individuality; the The historian who symbolises the yanz is a Professor as in olden times and moulding of individuals into a single resurgence of Victorian England under this book is based on a series of lectures type—all this meant that ‘oddities’ Thatcher and Blair is Andrew Roberts. He delivered at Heidelberg University.) were jeered out… with no exception writes to be read by people who think made for genius… This was the I have been puzzling over the intimate about public affairs, rather than by students contribution of the rising middle- relationship between Nazism and English to pass exams. A few years ago, when a classes to the very English elite culture Imperialism ever since I read Mein Kampf statue of Bomber Harris was unveiled, of spontaneous uniformity through a in Slieve Luacra over forty years ago. But many of the sensitive souls who had ‘mass production of gentlemen of a one feature of that relationship had escaped developed in the social democratic era, standardized pattern’” (p120). my notice altogether: the founding of the were upset. They asked what was the “It is plain that developing muscles, Nazi educational system on the model of military purpose of burning the civilian rather than feeling and spirit, was the the English Public Schools, and the populations of Dresden and other task of elite educational institutions. friendly interest taken by the headmasters undefended German cities in 1945 when And their products—disciplined rather of English Public Schools in their German the war was won, if not over. Some 6 thought it was designed to obstruct the policy as a bungled attempt to direct the himself with conclusions which followed Russian advance and marked the start of energy of Nazi Germany against Bolshevik coherently from his own work. the Cold War. Roberts said its purpose Russia, is that it was simply insane. was not military but moral: it was to burn The book has an Irish publisher because into the brains of the Germans the moral Sarkisyanz’s world outlook is certainly no English publisher would have it. And principle that they must never again not Bolshevik, or even Menshevik. It lies it is published by Athol Books because no confront England. And it worked. Leaving outside the Marxist spectrum. He says his commercial publisher came forward when aside the Christian Democracy of the parents had no political affiliation, but if Sarkisyanz advertised for one with a Adenauer period, it seems to me that the his orientation reflects theirs, I would whole-age synopsis in Books Ireland. German mind is a kind of English Crown guess that it was Right S.R.—the wing of Ireland is currently in the grip of Know- Colony. Habermas may jabber away the Socialist Revolutionary movement that Nothingism with regard to the history of pretentiously as if there were still a German was not Marxist. I mentioned names, in Europe, led by the magazine Translation intelligentsia, but it is only jabbering. search of a response, and the name that got Ireland (Editor Marco Sonzogni, chief Thought is extinct. And even beyond the the most direct response was Pitirim guru Hans Christian Oeser). But the region of general thought there is Sorokin, who was the most admirable of English edition still fared better than the obedience. The most socialist thing in all the intellectuals who played a part in German, where it found no publisher and Europe in the 1990s was the (West) the Russian Revolution. Sorokin main- no periodical would accept an advert for German economic system. People were tained a Right SR resistance until 1922, it—not even the bold investigative accustomed to it, and were happy with it, when he went to America and became one magazine, Der Spiegel—when Sarkisyanz but it is now being eroded because Blairite of the more interesting sociologists. published it himself. It is treated as neo- Britain says it must—and foremost Sarkisyanz knew him in the USA, where Nazi literature by the state which flourished amongst the British propagandists for the he also knew Kerensky and learned from after 1950 by maintaining an extensive capitalist reform of the German economy him that the British Government under- continuity with the Nazi state. The kind of was Kim Howells, the Minister for mined his position in the Summer of 1917 Anglophilia that motivated Hitler no Competition, who was one of the mindless by their dealings with the warlord, General longer exists in Germany. He sought to militants of Scargill’s suicidal socialism Kornilov, who might be seen as a understand England, the most successful twenty years ago. pioneering Fascist, though an ineffectual state of modern times, in order to imitate one because his position was too simply it. A different kind of Anglophilia now Sarkisyanz is the last German intellect- counter-revolutionary. This is detailed in prevails in Germany—a kind which obeys ual. He is able to be a German intellectual the book. and does not attempt to understand. precisely because he is not German. His family background is Armenian/Russian. Sarkisyanz therefore is not only the I have long had it in mind to write a His parents emigrated to Iran when he was last German intellectual but also the last book on the Pre-History of Fascism In a child and he spent the Second World intellectual of the bourgeois revolution. England. The pre-history of Fascism in War there—and he says that, when the He is a displaced Russian, but still a Germany has been written about exten- Russians invaded jointly with the British Russian by temperament, with a liking for sively in England, some writers tracing it in 1941, they dropped anti-British Nekrassov, the poet of the people. He is a back to the mauling which the German propaganda leaflets. Those leaflets had German by intellectual affinity, becoming tribes gave the Roman Legions in the been prepared in Baku in 1940 when one after Germany had ceased to be itself, Teutoberg Forest 2,000 years ago. It is Britain, having merely declared war on and preserving the outlook of the old only fair that the same standards should be Germany, was trying to start a shooting Germany in spite of the new. In recent applied to English history as England war with Russia, first in Finland and then times he has found scope for the idealism applies to Germany. And that is what in the Caucasus. Very little has been said of the bourgeois revolution in Mexico, Sarkisyanz has done. in British war histories about Allied with relation to the Indians. And in this preparations o bomb the Baku oil industry, book he has taken revenge on England for By doing it he gave great offence to the but it is now admitted. The Russians the example which, as the leading power Heidelberg University authorities. Unable printed millions of propaganda leaflets in in the world, it gave to the Germans when to sack him, they removed his lectures preparations for a counter-move, and used their world was thrown into flux—England from the printed syllabus. He took them to them even though a late change of also being chiefly responsible for throwing the Administrative Court and obliged them circumstance made Britain an ally. This it into flux. to revoke this breach of academic freedom. incident—which is not related in the book Would such a thing be conceivable in —beings out the contingency of the British The England/Nazi relationship is not Ireland? war with Germany. Sarkisyanz takes it entirely ignored by academics in England. that Russia was the fundamental enemy Some detail work is done in obscure He was offered his professorship in and this explains the apparent irrationality corners, with no conclusions drawn, and Heidelberg forty years ago after publishing of British foreign policy in the late 1930s. more with a view to explaining it away a book on Millennarianism in the Russian And Churchill tacitly concedes that point than to explaining it. One of these Revolution. He has the interesting idea in his War Memoirs, even though his Man academics, whose writing parallels Sarkis- that Bolshevism was the outcome of of Destiny role was won by keeping the yanz’s in a particular sphere, was asked to Christianity (an idea expressed by Blok war with Germany going until it led to the supply a Foreword to the English trans- during the Revolution, in a poem called arrival of Stalin as an ally and Saviour. lation. He refused on the grounds that it the Twelve as far as I remember), while And, even though I do not like an under- had an Irish publisher. Although that is a Nazism was the outcome of Humanism (a standing of events which is so closely very sound reason for a respectable view expressed somewhere by C.C. determined, the only alternative I could academic, there was also an unspoken O’Brien, I think). I don’t know if Sarkis- find to the explanation of British foreign reason—that he refused to associate yanz has developed this contrast anywhere, 7 but I can see that there is a case for it. And during the free conflict of the preceding “Morris contends that… ‘The great it is in accordance with the easy transition 60 years, until the emergence of an American democracy could not have from capitalist democracy to Fascism— effective aristocracy capable of eliciting been achieved without the extermin- and from Fascism back to capitalist deference from the other classes enabled ation of the Indians. There are cases in democracy in the case of Spain—while a the conflicting elements to be held in which the general and final good comprehensive rupture always marked the functional combination by means of justifies difficult and cruel deeds that transition from capitalist democracy to routine methods which were sometimes are carried out in the course of history’ Bolshevism, and no state of the Bolshevik almost legal. …In other words, under specific kind ever made the easy transition to conditions, specific circumstances, capitalist democracy that was made by The splitting apart of the social elem- Morris believes that it is possible to Spain. Christianity is only the humbug of ents in the twentieth century, in a capitalist justify genocide. In the case of the the capitalist state, and a state forged in economy which had made itself absolutely Indians, it is the existence of the Ameri- earnest through the spirit of Christianity dependent on profiting from world trade, can nation. In the case of the Palestin- must be dysfunctional in the Christian obviously needed more drastic action to ians, it is the existence of the Jewish capitalist world. restore the social combination than was state… The circumstantial justifica- required in the 17th century. But, what tions for transfer and for genocide are Sarkisyanz is too kind—or too was done in a rush in Germany in the exactly the same… If, for instance, Christian—when it comes to accounting aftermath of defeat, and in a condition of you have to expel, and those expelled for the difference in practical outcome deliberately applied national humiliation insist on returning to their homes, between fascism as applied in England by the victor, is what was done at leisure there’s no choice but to exterminate and in Germany. He takes it to be because in Britain in conditions of security, pros- them. Morris documents this solution the “muscular Christianity” was in some perity, and military triumph. And the in his book on Israel’s border wars in degree authentically Christian. I think racism and territorial expansionism of the 1950s.” that a great many differences in circum- German Fascism had their clearest stance should be allowed for before that Morris is the eminent Israeli historian, precedents in England. conclusion is warranted. English fascism Benny Morris. An interview with him, was applied deliberately over a period of published in the Israeli newspaper Hitler’s inspiration was England, rather centuries under the aegis of a securely Ha’aretz, is here commented on by Adi than any particular line of Englishmen. established State, which fought a multitude Ophir, a Jewish Philosophy professor in The English who declared themselves of wars and was only defeated once—by Tel Aviv University (translation, Daniel Fascist influenced him least of all. Hitler its American colony, and that defeat was Breslau). looked to the mainstream rather than the enacted far from the homeland. If it had fringe, and to actions rather than words— Extermination is today being practised been defeated in the 1914 War, and in all although he specifically acknowledged on principle in the name of the progress of probability it would have been but for the his debt to the English war propaganda in civilisation in the Middle East. It is entry of America, it would probably have the use of words. The English writers and something different in kind from tribal responded much as Germany did. (And, politicians particularly singled out by conflict in Rwanda where an oppressed because of the way Britain entered the Sarkisyanz are Burke, Carlyle, Disraeli, majority responded in the only way it war, and conducted it, a settlement would Baden-Powell, Churchill, Curzon, Milner, could to bloody conquest by a smaller but have been tantamount to a defeat, since Kingsley, Kipling, Neville Chamberlain, more aristocratic, better organised and the war was in no sense defensive on the G.B. Shaw and H.G. Wells. I put it to him better armed tribe (backed by the British side, its only European object being that Carlyle was greatly admired by the Americans and the Ugandans); or to the to crush Germany.) When defeat seemed Irish nationalists closest to his own upsurge of Balkan nationalist antagonism an imminent prospect early in 1918, the outlook, the Young Irelanders, but he when the state that had contained it for Pemberton Billing affair showed that there would not be tempted into any diversions, half a century was pulled apart at the was a Fascist movement ready and waiting. and rightly so. behest of Britain and Germany. The precedent for this civilising genocide is In any large modern state with a capital- I would, however, raise a quibble about not Nazism, because it never tires of telling ist economy there are conflicting social General Lettow-Vorbeck, not only the world that it is the only democratic elements which are held in functional because his long and effective resistance state in the Middle East. The precedent combination. In the Great War, three to greatly superior British forces in East for it is found in the state which set the major European states were destroyed and Africa in 1914-18 were to some extent an Zionist project in motion (knowing very the social elements were set free. In inspiration to the Irish who in 1919 were well that it was a genocidal project: only Russia a new system was founded on one not willing to just sit down and let their simpletons could not have known). But of the elements and the state set itself the vote be ignored by the British, but because, that state was also Hitler’s inspiration: a object of destroying the others. In Central whatever he might have done in S.W. fact for which Sarkisyanz gives chapter Europe the freely-conflicting social Africa some years earlier, his actions in and verse. elements were forcibly brought back into East Africa were the beginnings of racial Brendan Clifford functional combination by Fascism. At equality between Europeans and natives least that is the conclusion I reached thirty in Africa. years ago and I have never found reason to On the question of extermination, his change it. Taking this to be the case, it most quoted author is Sir Charles Dilke. * Manuel Sarkisyanz, PhD: follows that Fascism has existed in there was a time when England was very Hitler’s English Inspirers. 348pp. dispersed form in the British state ever frank about the need to exterminate peoples Bibliographical Index. Index. ISBN 0 85034 since it settled down about three hundred in other countries. Others are as frank 086 1. AB, 2003. E25, £20. years ago. Heads were regularly broken today: 8 REVIEW: Tom Barry—IRA Freedom Fighter by Meda Ryan. Mercier Press 2003. ISBN to unburden themselves to him. Maybe he 1 85635 425 3 has some hypnotic powers as well. The scenario is as comical as it is unreal. And, if these ‘sources’ were alive in the late 80s, they are surely dead by now and Is Peter Hart A Medium? would not be concerned about what they said being attributed to them. Unless, of Readers will be aware of our attitude She does a forensic destruction of Hart course, by an amazing coincidence, all to Peter Hart and his creative history of the by simply presenting the facts, page after these shy boys happened to live for well War of Independence in West Cork, the page of them, on Barry, the ambush and over a hundred years. But anything is gist of which is that Tom Barry was a how it has been reported and misreported possible in the world of Hart’s ‘history’. murderer who killed soldiers who had down the years to Barry’s fury. surrendered and that the IRA targeted When Bishop Coholan excommunic- Protestants because they were Protestants. For example, she nails the story that he ated the IRA in Cork in 1920, the rebuttal wrote an account for the Irish Press in of his theological arguments by Alfie It is a great pleasure therefore to read 1932 that omitted the false surrender. She O’Rahilly was reckoned to be worth at Meda Ryan’s new book, which was written quotes his correspondence to show he did least an IRA Brigade in the field. Meda’s to counter Hart’s ‘history’. We hope that not omit it but that the Irish Press did. book is worth more than the output of all all those reviewers—Foster, Harris, Myers the Departments of History in the State etc.—who hailed Hart’s book as a classic Hart says he interviewed people from and puts them to shame. will now turn their attention to Meda’s the ambush at dates in the late 1980s but It is to be hoped that other areas will be book and give us their opinion on the that they did not want to give their names. fortunate enough to have people like her massive amount of fact she details to Meda challenges him to name them, as to insist on the facts of the War of make her case. she knew all who were involved and when Independence in their localities being told they died, and thereby shows that Hart’s and to ensure that simple, basic respect for Meda Ryan is undoubtedly the most interviews become a physical impossibility the truth prevails among historians. She knowledgeable person alive on Tom Barry —unless of course he is a medium. has already done other areas and and the Kilmichael episode—and much individuals a favour, because other fighters else. But, more important, she has had the These people would deserve to have a were in line for similar treatment and the commitment to spend five years putting new new version of the famous song revisionists concerned may now think this book together without resources written about them—The Shy Boys Of twice before attempting another ‘Hart job’ comparable to those held in abundance by Kilmichael—who had to wait for Peter elsewhere. Hart and the revisionists. Hart to come along to pluck up the courage Jack Lane

worker had the same value as an hour’s Price and Value labour of another worker. This is certainly a simplification of Part 8 of a review of Das Kapital reality. The value of one hour’s work from In Marx’s analysis of value it was each other out. a highly-skilled Information Technology assumed that the price of money was (IT) professional is more valuable than, stable. We will look at his views on money Marx doesn’t deal with the possibility say, that of an unskilled factory worker. at a later stage. However, other things of some capitalists overcharging workers But, in a certain sense, there is truth in the being equal, the value of commodities for products that they consume. But, if simplification. Capitalism has a tendency will cheapen as labour productivity rises this is not compensated for by other to ‘de-skill’ and therefore ‘homogenise’ or, to put it another way, the less time it capitalists undercharging, the cost of work. In an earlier instalment we saw how takes to make a product the cheaper will labour power or the means of subsistence skilled craftsmen became factory be its price and value. will go up. So the capitalists will have to operatives and how productivity ceased to increase the wages of the workers, which be regulated by the worker, but by the In the first two volumes of Capital will defeat the objective of increasing speed of the machine (see part 3). Also, price and value are synonymous. In the profits. nowadays computers have deskilled the third volume he shows how price can work of shop assistants as well as white differ from value. UNIFORM RATE OF SURPLUS VALUE collar workers. Marx also believed that prices deviated The price can firstly differ from value from values in a systematic way. All economic models abstract from in an arbitrary way. For example, Capitalist the numerous particular details of A can overcharge Capitalist B for To understand how this can occur, it is economic phenomena to arrive at general machinery or raw materials. Marx believed important to re-examine the assumption laws which explain those phenomena. that this deviation merely represented a regarding Labour in Marx’s economic Marx suggests that we forget about the redistribution of surplus value from model. Marx assumed that labour was multifarious forms that labour manifests Capitalist B to Capitalist A. Within the homogenous or, in other words, that an itself in, such as the IT professional, system such deviations tended to cancel hour’s socially necessary labour by one Factory operative etc. etc. These are only 9 distractions from our understanding. It is constant capital and 20% variable (labour) profits as most economic textbooks imply, Labour in its abstract form, Labour in capital. but rather to maximise the “Rate of Profit” essence or Labour in general which creates or the amount of profit for each unit of value. The significance of this is that, if it is capital invested. assumed that there is a uniform rate of We have already seen that the Capitalist surplus value across all the branches of MODIFICATION OF THE LAW OF VALUE is in a position to expropriate part of the industry, the higher the proportion of But there is an apparent contradiction value produced by Labour because the capital accounted for by variable capital here. On the one hand Marx is saying that worker sells his Labour power. In the the higher will be the proportion of surplus the “Rate of Surplus Value” tends towards whole of society a given proportion of the value. Furthermore, if it is assumed that the same rate throughout all branches of value produced is expropriated by the the value of products is equal to their industry. He also says that the “Organic capitalists and the remainder is allocated price, it follows that the rate of profit in the Composition of Capital” differs in to the workers. As we have seen, the ratio labour-intensive industries will be higher different branches of industry, which of the capitalists’ share and the workers’ than in capital-intensive industries. But implies that there will be a higher “Rate of share is the “rate of surplus value” or the Marx and Engels knew that this was not Profit” in Labour-intensive industries. On “rate of exploitation” in society. the case! In fact, they knew that there was the other hand he then asserts that the a tendency for the rate of profit to be “Rate of Profit” tends towards an average There is no law that could tell us what uniform throughout all branches of rate throughout the various branches of the rate of surplus value for society should industry. industry. be, but given that the forces of production have a tendency to increase, it would be In chapter 9 of Volume 3 there is the This apparent contradiction is resolved reasonable to assume that the rate of following brilliant insight: by allowing prices to deviate from value. surplus value has a tendency to increase. “So far as profits are concerned, the The price of a commodity is equal to the various capitalists are just so many cost-price plus the share of the annual Marx assumed that the rate of surplus stockholders in a stock company in average rate of profit on the total capital value was spread evenly throughout the which the shares of profit are uniformly invested. The following example various branches of industry. So, if the divided per 100, so that profits differ illustrates how prices are determined by average rate of surplus value was 100%, in the case of the individual capitalists the average rate of profit. Assume that there would be a tendency for each branch only in accordance with the amount of there are only three products produced in of industry to have a rate of surplus value capital invested by each in the aggre- society. To simplify things further we will equal to this. gate enterprise i.e., according to his assume that none of the products employ investment in social production as a fixed capital and also that there is only one Marx doesn’t explain why there is a whole, according to the number of his turnover of capital in a year. The tendency for the rate of surplus value to be shares”. components of value of the three products spread uniformly throughout the various are as follows: branches of industry. However, it is a What Marx is saying here is that one Product A 80c + 20v + 20s = 120 reasonable deduction, given that Labour should think of the whole system as is homogenous and that workers are paid Product B 90c + 10v + 10s = 110 consisting of one big company rather than Product C 70c + 30v + 30s = 130 a means of subsistence. Even if the a multitude of companies. The number of assumptions of Labour homogeneity and shares each capitalist has in this one Total Product 240c + 60v + 60s = 360 subsistence wages were relaxed, there “aggregate company” is in proportion to would still be a tendency for the rate of the amount of capital each has invested. surplus value to be uniform. Workers who The composition of the total product of society is arrived at by adding the were over-exploited would have a Other things being equal, each tendency to move to work with a rate of individual components of the three capitalist will be entitled to a greater share products. surplus value closer to the social norm. of the profits of society the more capital he Also, capitalists in industries with a lower has. The rate of profit in all branches of than average rate of surplus value would Since there is no fixed capital and industry oscillates around an average rate there is only one turnover of capital a year, have a tendency to bring this rate of surplus of profit for the society. In industries in value in line with the social norm. the sum of the constant capital and variable which the rate of profit is below the average capital equals the capital employed. In rate there is a tendency for capital to leave each case the formulas indicate that the THE ORGANIC COMPOSITION OF CAPITAL until the rate of profit rises. The opposite capital employed amounts to 100 and the A second assumption regarding the is true in industries in which the rate of determination of prices relates to the rate of surplus value for each product is profit is higher than the average: capital 100%. The above figures also indicate “Organic Composition of Capital”. The moves into such industries until the rate of Organic Composition of Capital gives the that the average rate of profit for the profit drops towards the average. Although society or the rate of profit for the total proportion of the total capital which is there will be deviations from the average accounted for by expenditure on labour product is 20% (i.e. 60/(60 + 240)). social rate of profit the system tends However, given that the rate of profit is and other forms of capital. So, if the total towards this figure and resources allocated capital tied up in production amounts to 20%, the price of each individual product towards investment are made on the basis will equal 120 (i.e. 100 + 20%). 100 and the value of the fixed capital, raw of this figure. materials etc equals 80 and the remaining Therefore the price of Product A will 20 consists of variable capital, the “Organic It is important to emphasise that it is Composition of Capital” consists of 80% equal its value and the profit will equal the not the objective of businesses to maximise surplus value. This indicates that Product 10 A has a composition of capital equal to the of prices is an abstraction. It generalises decoration of Monsieur Hennebeau social average. Product B, on the other from the multitude of particular elements they were drinking to his own disaster. hand, has a higher value of capital in an attempt to arrive at a general or His only slight consolation was the employed as a proportion to total value essential truth. Such abstractions are only fine, devil-may-care attitude of Lucie than the social average. For this reason its valuable if they enhance our understanding and Jeanne, who were looking price of 120 is greater than its value. of reality. charming in their altered clothes, Finally, product C has a lesser proportion laughing amid the ruins, scorning of capital employed to total value than the In my view Marx’s theory of prices money like the pretty hoydens they social average and therefore its price is does capture the essence of the system: were. less than its value. the more capital that a person owns the “As they passed into the drawing- greater will be the amount of profits that room for coffee Monsieur Gregoire The sum of the individual prices equals he will be able to appropriate. Of course, took his cousin to one side and 360, which also equals the sum of the the system is not stable. There are always congratulated him on his courageous individual values as indicated by the value innovators who try to beat the system. decision. components of the total product. “‘What can you expect? Your great In Emile Zola’s Germinal, which I mistake was to jeopardize the millions referred to earlier in this series, one of the of your Montsou denier in Vandame. HAS MARX CHANGED HIS MIND? But, if individual prices are determined capitalists, Deneulin, is an example of You have let yourself in for all this by costs plus the average rate of profit, such an innovator. He, cleverly, sells his terrible trouble and the money has all what is the relevance of the law of value? shares in the Montsou Mining Company melted away in a life of unspeakable The reader could be forgiven for thinking when the price was high and uses the toiling and moiling, whereas mine, that what Marx said in Volume 3 was in proceeds to set up his own mining company which has sat tight all along in a drawer, contradiction to his theories of value as with all the most modern machinery. still keeps me quietly doing nothing, outlined in the first two volumes. Those of Unfortunately, his company fails. It hasn’t as it will my grandchildren’s a conspiratorial frame of mind might even the resources to weather the economic children’.” suspect that Volume 3 reflects the thinking crisis and the strike. Zola hints that he has of Engels and the remainder of Capital also shortcomings in management. This is I can only marvel at the sharpness of reflects Marx’s ideas and the two are not often the case with innovators. The people Zola’s insights. And what was true in the the same! with the best ideas are not always the best nineteenth century remains true to this people to implement them. In contrast to day. The names of Berkey, Ampex, It is interesting to speculate how much Deneulin, his cousin Gregoire keeps his Gablinger and Chux are long forgotten in of Capital reflects Marx and how much shares in the Montsou Company and is the business world. Yet Berkey was the Engels. But there is probably no way of therefore able to maintain his indolent company that produced the first hand- arriving at a firm conclusion on this point. lifestyle. held calculator; Ampex the first video Nevertheless, in my view there is no Here is an extract from the novel in recorders; Gablinger developed low- contradiction between what is said in which the capitalists celebrate their victory alcohol lager and Chux sold the first Volume 3 and the remainder of Capital. over the workers and the impending award disposable nappies (from an article in the The ideas in Volume 3 are a development of “Officer of the Legion of Honour” to Financial Times). and refinement of the law of value. Hennebeau, the Montsou Company’s Of course this is not to say that the It is important to understand what is General Manager: innovators and the pioneers have no role and what is not said in Volume 3. Although “Deneulin was there with his two in the system. Their role is to prevent the individual prices differ from values, this daughters, forcing himself to hide his system from ossifying. The large is not the case for the system as a whole. grief at his own ruin in the midst of all corporations have to watch the innovators, In the whole of the system the sum of all this gaiety. That very morning he had not because they fear them but because commodity prices equals the sum of all signed the sale of his Vandame they are afraid that other large corporations commodity values. Also, the sum of the concession to the Montsou Company. will adopt their ideas. profits from all commodities equals the With his back to the wall and a knife at sum of the individual surplus values. It is his throat he had agreed to all the Also, some innovators succeed in only individual prices and profits that directors’ demands, handing over the capitalising on their innovations. These differ from individual commodity values prize they had coveted for so long for people encourage the subsequent genera- and surplus values respectively. a sum hardly sufficient to pay off his creditors. He had even agreed at the tion of innovators. The most obvious Individual prices and profits differ from last moment, as a piece of singularly example of a successful innovator is Bill individual values and surplus values good fortune, to their wish to keep him Gates. He managed to patent or capitalise because social profits (or the profits of on as a divisional engineer, resigning his innovations in the operating system society) are not distributed to the individual himself to accepting a salaried post at used by IBM, the largest computer capitalists on the basis of the amount of the pit in which he had sunk his fortune. manufacturer. Gates is now one of the surplus value each generated within his This sounded the knell of small private richest men in the world. But the income own individual company, but on the enterprise, of proprietors soon doomed or profit that he now receives is not based proportion that his capital represents of to disappear, devoured piecemeal by on his innovations; it is based on his the total social capital. the insatiable maw of capital, lost in ownership of capital. Indeed, there is a the rising tide of great combines. He significant element of the American A REALISTIC ECONOMIC MODEL? was the only one to pay for the strike political establishment that would perceive Like his theory of value, Marx’s theory and he felt that in toasting the Gates’s company, Microsoft, as preventing 11 innovation. This element would like to turn might raise the prices of necessary If the system is looked at as a whole, it break up the company to allow greater products, raising the rate of profit in those appears stable. Profits or surplus value are competition. industries. Another effect of raising allocated among the various capitalists workers’ wages is that the rate of profit in according to the proportion of capital that Although, other things being equal, labour intensive industries will fall and they own. However, at the micro-level or there is a tendency for a given amount of will rise in capital intensive industries. individual business level there are constant capital to generate an average rate of profit, variations from the average. there is no guarantee of this. The system is What “supply exceeding demand” in unstable. It is constantly out of equilibrium. a market context means is that society has The drive on behalf of individual A change in one part of the system can allocated too much of its resources to the capitalists to increase their rate of profit have de-stabilising effects throughout the production of that commodity. The value by increasing productivity has the effect system. Nevertheless, the system is also of a commodity is the average socially- of cheapening the value of commodities constantly trying to correct itself in order necessary labour time contained in it. and thereby reducing the amount of to arrive at an equilibrium state. It does “Average socially necessary labour time” socially necessary labour to produce a this through the price mechanism and the does not just mean the average time it given volume of products. This forces laws of supply and demand. takes to produce a product in society. It competing capitalists to change their also requires that the production of that methods of production in order to ensure Modern economics is well aware of commodity is “socially necessary” or is that the amount of labour that they use in these laws, but it makes no attempt to required by society or to be more precise production does not exceed the average explain what lies behind them. In modern by those within society with the income to socially necessary amount. economics the demand curve and the pay for it. If too much of society’s labour supply curve, which show the relationship has been allocated to the production of Capitalists that conserve existing less between price and quantity for consumers that commodity, some of the labour is productive methods of production are and suppliers respectively, exist in separate superfluous or has no value. In such an bankrupted. Therefore the system has a universes. They only meet at a point called industry, the average product contains an continual tendency to increase the the equilibrium price in which the price amount of labour which has no value. The productive forces of society. that consumers are willing to buy at is value of each product is therefore less equal to the price at which suppliers are than the amount of labour actually contain- The system is regulated by the price willing to sell. When there is a “glut” or ed in it because part of the labour is not mechanism and the rate of profit which oversupply of a commodity, the supply socially necessary. The redundant element ensure that productive resources are not curve moves to the right and suppliers are of the labour contained in each product is allocated to producing commodities in willing to supply greater quantities of the what causes the price to drop. which there is no demand. commodity for each level of price. The effect is to reduce the equilibrium price. This is a far more thorough analysis Marx argued that there was a glaring There is no explanation as to why this glut than a modern economics textbook will contradiction in the system. On the one has occurred or whether this higher level give. But the story does not end here. As hand the capitalist system eliminated all of production will continue. a result of the fall in the price, the rate of private forms of production (i.e. production profit will also fall below the average in which the individual produces products Marx would agree that, if supply social rate of profit. This will result in a for his own needs). Under capitalism exceeds demand, the price will drop. But withdrawal of investment away from this almost all forms of production are social- he also attempted to understand what is commodity towards commodities giving ised (i.e. production organised to produce meant by supply exceeding demand. In a rate of profit equal to or above the products for society). On the other hand his view supply cannot be separated from average rate of profit. the ownership and control of the means of demand. They are part of an integrated production is in the hands of private whole. The opposite is the case if the supply is individuals who act not in the interests of less than the demand. The price will rise society but in the interests of capital. Demand is not something that exists in and therefore the rate of profit in that isolation from supply. A key determinant industry will rise above the social average. Nevertheless, Marx himself recognised of demand is income. Income is This will encourage a movement of capital that the ownership of capital and the greed determined by what is produced (i.e. towards that industry. for profits had the effect of rapidly supply) or what can be sold in the market increasing the forces of production. place. All of this assumes that capital is mobile Secondly, private ownership of capital and for capital to function it needs labour. through the price mechanism and the rate Another key determinant of demand is Therefore, by deduction, the system of profit was a means of allocating income distribution. How the revenue from requires that labour is also mobile. But, in productive resources in society. The production, or the “supply” of goods, is order to facilitate labour transferring from defenders of the market system might distributed between workers, capitalists, one industry to another, the production claim that any alternative system might landlords, financiers, state employees etc. processes in the various branches of result in stagnancy. Also, if production will affect the demand for luxury products, industry must be designed to de-skill the decisions are not decided by means of the necessary products etc. For example, an input of labour. Otherwise workers from market mechanism how else can they be increase in the proportion of total income one industry will take years to acquire the decided? We will return to these themes in allocated to workers might increase the skills of another industry once they have a later instalment. demand for necessary products and reduce been forced to move to it. the demand for luxury products. This in John Martin

12 15th. The evidence for republican see the DUP win to “voting across the Northern Ireland News Digest involvement is the location of the hold-up divide, for the pro-agreement, dubiously December 03/January 04 and the careful organisation deployed by nationalist, but definitely non-unionist the 12+ hijackers. Roadside Heist— SDLP” (12.12.03 IT). NI Assembly members are to get 70% of Republicans Blamed is the title of the Donaldson leaves the UUP on the their full salary of £41,000, ie £31,817, Irish News front-page report, in which 18th, along with Arlene Foster (also of for the time being. This could decrease UUP Assembly member Danny Kennedy Lagan Valley) and Norah Beare (Ferm/ later (16.12.03 IN). says he “suspected republican para- S.Tyr)—but not David Burnside or Martin military involvement due to the nature Smyth, who continue to disrupt the UUP, Barron Report: Irish Government and geographical location of the crime. seeking to displace Trimble. After some releases findings on 2 Irish cases to the ‘Whether it’s mainstream or dissident isn’t weeks’ delay, the 3 join the DUP. This really relevant.’” The paper reports Justice media. Joe Costello, Labour Justice raises the DUP in the Assembly-to-be to Minister McDowell’s words of earlier that spokesman criticises the British 33 seats, a majority of 9 compared to the week: “There is a close connection bet- Government “for allowing a situation to UUP’s 8 last time and 6 Westminster seats ween Sinn Fein and the IRA and I have no develop where members of the security to the UUP’s 5. These changes would also doubt that senior figures in the IRA are at forces could cooperate on such an outrage alter the Unionist/Nationalist balance in the moment, and have been for many with the loyalist paramilitaries”. He also the Executive, with it being suggested that years, engaged in criminal activity to fund criticises the Irish Government “for its instead of Ministerial positions being 5/5, the activities of the republican it would be 6/4 (19.12.03, 6.1.04 IT). utter failure to ensure that the bombing organisation” (16.12.03). Other papers was investigated in the manner it merited”. pick up the story as a mainstream repub- The Equality Commission reports that In the Dail, Labour leader Pat Rabbitte, lican robbery. calling for a Dail debate, emphasises, the number of Catholics in the NI Drugs Trade Unites Paramilitary workforce has risen by 1.2% in 2002, “More importantly, members should Chiefs claims Det. Supt. George Mc consider the report in the environment Protestants dropping by 0.6%. In the Camley of PSNI. He refuses to say whether that obtained in the country in 1974”. Public Sector Catholics have 40.5% of the Republicans he is referring to are FAIR (Families for Innocent jobs, Protestants 48%. 4,000 employers dissidents or mainstream (22.12.03 IN). Relatives) defend James Mitchell, a former were surveyed in the private sector, where Gerry Adams spends a week in the RUC reservist now in his 80s named in the the figures were Catholics 40.9%, USA and raises $1.5 for SF (5.1.04 S.Ind). Barron Report, who is still living in the Protestants 59.1%. The 2001 Census is same S. Armagh farmhouse which Barron said to show 57.3% Protestants of working ‘Stormontgate’ . Police drop case against claims was used to help prepare the bombs. age, 42.7% Catholics. However, Fiona Farrelly with no explanation. The Willie Frazer says of Mitchell is: “very Protestants have an older population caterer had been accused of having a laptop well thought of, a quiet man and has a few profile, with Catholics having 51% of the Catholic friends”. with personal details of prison officers. 16-35 age group. Joan Harbison of the Michael Gallagher demands a The other 3 remain on bail. Ciaran Kear- EC comments that Catholics are still under- Saville-type inquiry into the 1974 Bomb- ney’s solicitor, Joe McVeigh, is pursuing represented in some sections of the ings which killed 33 people and an unborn ‘an abuse of process application’ and workforce (17.12.03 IT). child. Speaking for Omagh relatives, he making legal submissions on the basis of say s “We have had very similar the charges as formulated, while solicitor Lord Chief Justice Carswell bids farewell experiences” to the Dublin/Monaghan Peter Madden is pursuing other legal issues to NI, being elevated to the Lords. Tributes relatives. on behalf of Kearney’s father-in-law, SF’s at his last sitting come from Peter Cush, The RUC Federation denies as Denis Donaldson, and for former Stormont Chairman of the Bar Council and John “fanciful” the claim that RUC members porter, Wm Mackessy. Madden estimates Pinkerton, Chairman of the Law Society. were involved, as the force had no it might be another year before a trial Carswell says when he started there were experience of explosives. The Irish News (18.12.03, 8.1.04 IN). 5 Supreme Court judges and 60 barristers, reports Convicted Killer Refused To Assist now there were 13 and 600. Carswell Barron Investigation. This is Billy Election. Fionnula O’Connor expresses followed Lord Hutton (now investigating McCaughey, who is alleged by ex-RUC satisfaction many feel at the defeats of the Kelly death). Sergeant John Weir to have been involved Trimble and the SDLP: “With a touch of He is replaced by Sir Brian Kerr (55), in collusion with Loyalists. Both were in long-suppressed amusement because they the 2nd Catholic to become LCJ. A Lurgan no longer need to struggle to empathise, the RUC Special Support Group. An Irish man, he was educated at St. Colman’s, the watchers note David Trimble News letter from ‘Q.E.D.’ of Derry says disappearing into renewed theological Newry and QUB; was called to the Bar in that, years after the 1974 UVF bombings, dispute about procedures for the NI in 1970 and England 1974; silk 1988; the RUC “were on the brink of perfecting disciplining of Jeffrey Donaldson” . And, Senior Crown Counsel for NI 1988; HC car bombs”, so how could they have made “those steering the process look away judge 1993. He is married with two sons the Dublin/Monaghan bombs? The IN from a sad SDLP. Averted eyes contain a and was appointed ahead of 3 more senior headline of 11th should thus have read stubborn mix of guilt, irritation and what colleagues: Appeal judges Nicholson, British, not Security Force Collusion In could grow up to be sheer dislike. There McCollum and Campbell. Kerr presided Dublin Bomb Says Barron (11-12,17 Dec. are limits to sympathy and many had over the DUP challenge to the manner in IT,IN). reached them before the count”. She adds which the Assembly was revived and over that Unionist and Alliance vote-monitors the SF challenge to Trimble not nominating Robbery . Republicans were widely claim their voters stayed away, dis- it to N-S bodies. blamed for the hijacking of a lorry load of enchanted by on/off devolution. They The first LCJ of NI in 1921 was a cigarettes, just north of the Border, near didn’t trust republicans and were alienated Catholic from S. Derry, Sir Denis Jonesboro, S. Armagh at 7.30 am on the by the split UUs. And UUs preferred to Stanislaus Henry, who remained in place 13 till his death in 1925. In 1916 he became feature in Roy Foster’s next book. do not involve smoking—and which, the first—and last—Catholic to represent Yours sincerely, Helen Hilton therefore, cannot be caught under the a Unionist constituency in Ulster at Safety at Work Directive. Nicotene has Westminster (12 & 20.12.03 IN). taken on a Satanic aspect that must be The Anti-Smoking Crusade combatted by every means possible. After rogressive humanity just can’t leave MacPhilemy. In a court libel hearing, P all, is it not a carcinogen? No matter that us alone. In days gone by, Vatican ultra- various shops apologise to Officers named practically everything humans consume montanism was zealous about saving in The Committee (20.12.03 IN). has carcinogenic properties, as well as souls—any and every soul, but above all many of the products in household use. Catholic souls. Statute law, judicial Smoking is the fad of the moment. rulings, social customs, literary output, In this anti-social crusade, Martin has Letters To Editor the education process, the Labour move- found support from anti-socially minded ment, public opinion, social status—all individuals, many of whom are obsessed were subordinated to Catholic ends and De Valera’s little problem? with their own longevity. The complaint Dear Editor, deployed against the errant human, usually of many is that they have to breath ‘second- We told recently that Prof. Michael to curb sexual misbehaviour: the soul was hand tobacco smoke’. Indeed, for these Fitzgerald ‘diagnoses’ Yeats and de Valera sacrosanct. people Martin has not gone far enough: he as having had Asperger’s Syndrome. He Nowadays progressive humanity has has failed to ban smoking in open-air also includes the Indian mathematician, superseded the soul. It is something of an stadiums (see Grounds For Banning Ramanujan, in this diagnosis (as well as embarrassment, best ignored. Something Smoking In Stadiums, Daire Whelan suggesting that Byron had Attention not to be discussed in polite society. It is 13.1.04)! Deficit Disorder). the body which is sacrosanct. And, just as The thought is inescapable: what these It has been suggested by some profes- the Irish Catholic Church was going to people really hate the thought of is, not so sionals that AS be designated ‘difference’ save the soul, regardless of the person much the smoke, but the idea of sharing rather than ‘disability’ once people were who went along with it, now the Liberal AIR with messy, germ-ridden, fellow- guaranteed access to the necessary support. totalitarians are going to save the body, humans—people they might not even However that would deny people such as regardless of the person who inhabits it. know (and who knows where they’ve Fitzpatrick and other psychiatrists the It seems that Irish progressives can’t been?). emphasis on the disabling nature of the desist from doing good in the world. Many of Martin’s supporters (such as condition and I wonder why? Could it be Before it was Sex, now it is Smoking. The Lady Kilbracken) aver that, given the the loss of lucrative business! The AS 19th century ultramontane crusade ousted smoking ban, pubs will magically fill with society in Ireland, ASPIRE, has a leaflet the easy-going Catholicism of Gaelic people kept out all these years by having in which they advise GPs who have a Ireland. Now the liberal crusade is taking to breathe all that second-hand smoke. young patient who may have AS to send on the easy-going way of life of continental But any publicans relying on that source the patient to a child psychiatrist. But Europe. The process started with of business might as well shut up shop there is only one in Ireland, guess who? Commissioner Padraig Flynn, who tried now. It is second-hand air—and Prof Fitzgerald! to ban any advertising of Smoking at all— particularly working class air—that A journal on conditions in childhood a ban that was overturned in October 2003 offends the faddists in their crusade. was sceptical of the ‘diagnosis’ of de by the European Court in a case brought Of course, the Smoking issue has Valera. It asked whether every person by Germany. Then came Commissioner political advantages. It does not cost seen as odd or eccentric should be seen to David Byrne, who is intent on banning much money to bring into being. And it have AS. Incidentally, whereas in the case Smoking in any public place. And now distracts attention from real health of Ramanujan, Fitzgerald used 4 there is Irish Health Minister Micheál problems—such as the failure to put in biographical sources, in de Valera’s case Martin who wants to stop anyone smoking place proper health care provisions. he used only 2. One of them was Tim Pat at all, but is starting by taking an axe to Cancer care—particularly outside of a Coogan’s biography. Could anyone be working class social life by banning it in few urban areas—is abysmal in Ireland. It surprised at any conclusion drawn from pubs (among other places: wherever costs around Euro 30-40 to visit the doctor such a source? Coogan has some people are employed). in most of the country, even for children. pathological anti-De Valera syndrome that To achieve this totalitarian piece of The Medical Card system is abysmal, disables rational thinking and it deserves do-goodery, Micheál Martin has run with patients having to wait over a year for a proper name. I am setting myself up as roughshod over the law and democratic a first referral to a specialist. The dental the expert on this disability when it is norms—using a European Safety At Work service is non-existent for those who identified. I am thinking hard about a Directive in a way that was never intended. cannot afford to squander a few thousand suitable name. Any offers? And, as in the old Vatican I days in Ireland, Euro. All these things are crying out for Most are agreed that an inability to there is a Gleichschaltung of public attention, but it is so much easier to go in ‘empathise’ with other people is a feature opinion to back Good and marginalise for what is expected to be an easy victory of Asperger’s. Fitzgerald’s astounding Evil. against an ill-regarded sector of business discovery is that the Civil War and partition Though Martin sails under the flag of (cigarette companies and publicans) than were both caused directly by de Valera’s protecting workers’ rights by preventing tackle poor availability of medical inability to empathise with others. It may the occasions of passive smoking in the treatment. make the work of generations of historians workplace, he, like Byrne, is intent on redundant, but is it not reassuring to know washing people clean of their original Martin has failed to approach the that Britain and the Free Staters had smoking sin in every situation. This is Smoking issue in a pragmatic and reformist absolutely nothing to do with it. shown by the fact that he intends to manner—which there is scope for. He has Rumour has it that the discovery will introduce a ban on nicotine products that gone in for ideological purity and over- 14 kill. Failing to tackle real health problems, adding that the Government’s decen- the Fianna Fail/Progressive Democrat tralisation plans will see the Garda Government has embarked on a progres- BOMBINGS continued Inspectorate, or Ombudsman moved sive ideological crusade. But Irish to Portarlington, Co. Laois” (Irish humanity out-witted and survived the on board. Even McDowell, the Dublin Times, 9.1.2004). religious totalitarians. It will surely do the Justice Minister would have more cop-on same to their liberal descendants. than his British counterparts in that regard. Nearly 5,000 claims for injuries by the E. Courtney “An astounding shortcoming has Garda Siochana have been made over the been uncovered in legislation to last decade, with the State paying out over empower the new Inspectorate/ 70 million Euros; the average payout per THE Ombudsman. claimant in recent years is around 60,000 CLONBANIN “If they want to raid a garda station Euros. COLUMN for evidence, watchdogs will have to Since 1996, a total of 26 members of warn gardai 48 hours in advance. the force have been constructively (continued from September 2004 issue) “Northern Ireland Ombudsman dismissed. ************************************************************* Nuala O’Loan could barely speak And between January, 2000 and through the smirks, when she heard December, 2002, there were 567 cases of “AN OPEN-DOOR policy for refugees that. Her officers work to the ‘Golden internal discipline investigated while 11 and asylum seekers would ultimately Hour’ rule of evidence seizure, not the gardai were either sacked or forced to create huge tensions and could lead to the 48 hour rule” (Eve. Herald, 9.1.2004). resign and 105 gardai were brought before emergence of far-right organisations, the However, the Chairman of the current the courts on criminal charges. general secretary of the Irish Congress of Garda Complaints board, Mr. Gordon The level of complaints against Trade Unions said yesterday. Holmes stated that public confidence in members of An Garda Siochana fell to a “Speaking at the launch of the annual the Gardai was at, or near, an all time low. near 10-year low last year. The Garda report of the Refugee Information Service, While the majority of gardai were ‘first- Siochana Complaints Board received David Begg said the way we treat refugees class’, the public perception was that 1,174 complaints compared with 1,405 in and asylum seekers would ultimately officers who behaved less than honourable 2002, a record year. The level of reflect on us as a society” were not being adequately investigated complaints in 2003 was the lowest since (Irish Independent, 17.6.2003). and punished. 1995. Referring to the proposed Garda But wait for it: “The enormous number Is that not what Aine Nhi Chonaill of Inspectorate/Ombudsman, Mr. Holmes of rejections (1,998 of 2,000 recent Immigration Control told us five years said this may not be in place for a number complaints) is used by the force to deny ago? of years despite the fact that relevant wrongdoing” (Evening Herald, 9.1.2004). ************************************************************* legislation is about to come before the Dail. And whilst we’re on the question of “ATTORNEY General Rory Brady “We have a situation in the UK reform—where does the European dimen- was urged yesterday to order the reopening where legislation on a new independent sion fit into all this? All reform and of inquests into the deaths of six people in complaints body was passed last July deregulation in Leinster House appears to the Monaghan bombing nearly 30 years 12 months, yet it doesn’t begin be confined to the ‘AngloAmer’ template! ago, on May 17, 1974. operation until April, 2004,” he said, “The request was made by Monaghan very welcome but its record on equality FROM Town Council after a motion in the names and social cohesion is not to be emulated,” Athol Books of all the councillors was unanimously the Trade Union leader said. carried” (Irish Independent, 22.7.2003). “The European belief that the wealthy PO Box 339, Belfast, BT12 4GX and propertied have reciprocal obligations ************************************************************* to the society of which they are part and * Desmond Fennell: The Revision which cannot be discharged by charity Of European History. 122pp. “THE greatest political challenge alone, goes back to early Christendom” Bibliography. Index. ISBN 0 85034 104 3. facing Ireland was how to combine (Irish Independent, 22.7.2003). AB, 2003. E10, £7.50. economic efficiency, individual freedom and social justice in the right balance, ************************************************************* * Memoirs Of My Jewish Great- Irish Congress of Trade Unions general Grandfather, Karl Holzer: with secretary David Begg told the Patrick Reflections On The Fate Of A Jew/ MacGill Summer School. Arab Family by Angela Abukhalil- EDITORIAL NOTE: Clifford Appendix examines the exodus “Speaking in Glenties, Co. Donegal . Due to pressure of space of Arabs from Palestine in 1947-8, with last night, Mr. Begg urged Ireland to adopt we have been obliged to maps. 144pp. Bibliography. Illustrations. the European Social Market Economy hold over part two of a Index. ISBN1 872078 08 7. Belfast Historical Model in pursuit of that goal and abandon & Educational Society, 2003. E10, £7.50. the American model currently being report on the courted by the rich and powerful. Casement Symposium. * Roger Casement: The Crime “There is much to admire in the United Against Europe. With The Crime States in terms of its openness, its tolerance, Against Ireland Introduction by it sense of patriotism, and American B. Clifford. 184pp. Index. ISBN 0 85034 investment in this country has also been 101 9. AB, 2003. E13, £9.99. 15 BOMBINGS continued agents with unionist paramilitaries. That called Irish Parliament without a twitter! obviously is a huge thing for a British government to deal with. But Mr. Blair ********************************************************** could have little faith that it would has to deal with this issue”. concluded “They have remained unchanged since order an independent and impartial Mr. Adams. 1922. Indeed, it can be argued that they inquiry—the British had made a “The SDLP is writing to the US have not changed since the commitment to abide by the judge’s administration, to leading US senators establishment of the Irish recommendations. and congressmen and to the United Constabulary—later the Royal Irish “I don’t think the concepts of Nations urging that they use their Constabulary—The constitutional independence and impartiality are influence to force Tony Blair to live model is scarcely different from when compatible with how the British up to his word. He cannot be allowed the Inspector General of the RIC government does its business,” said to bury the truth,” said SDLP leader reported upwards through the Chief Mr. Michael Finucane. Mark Durkan. Secretary to the government of the “I think the fact that Judge Cory felt (then) United Kingdom.” (Conor Brady, compelled to contact us shows up the ROYAL GARDA SIOCHANA ex-Editor, Irish Times, 14.1.2004). British government as being, as the The Government passed the Garda very least, guilty of bad faith and, at Siochana (Police Co-Operation) Bill 2003 ********************************************************** worst, duplicity and lies,” he added. during the Autumn, allowing exchanges “Mr. Finucane described Judge of personnel between the Gardai and the LEGISLATION to create a Garda Cory as a man of ‘unquestionable Police Service of Northern Ireland as part Inspectorate/Ombudsman will be integrity’. But Mr. Finucane said he of a major cross-Border police co- published this month. The new three- was concerned that if an inquiry were operation programme. strong body will be able to investigate called the British government would The British Government had already allegations of poor conduct, corruption or attempt to restrict its remit” (Irish introduced legislation to facilitate the other charges against the gardai. Times, 13.1.2004). implementation of the proposals that The Finucane family have begun legal emerged from the Patten Report. A hue and cry has gone up in Dublin proceedings in Belfast in an effort to The Garda Siochana (Police Co- media circles after an RTE1 programme, compel the British Government to publish Operation) Bill 2003 is designed to provide Prime Time, made allegations of Judge Cory’s reports. The family want a legislative basis for the lateral movement corruption, perjury and disciplinary full judicial inquiry. Any inquiry that and secondment of personnel with full breaches by the Garda Siochana. could not compel witnesses, could not policing powers. order the disclosure of top-secret Under the terms of an agreement What’s new, you might ask! The documents and have penalties for perjury between the two Governments, Gardai problem with many of the would-be or refusal to comply would not be worth and PSNI members will be able to swap reformers is that for years some of the co-operating with, the Finucane family posts for a maximum of three years. most draconian and repressive legislation argue. Officers at the rank of Superintendent that ever existed, Offences Against the and Chief Superintendent will also be State Act, etc. has been perpetrated mainly Last November, the Northern Secre- eligible to compete for posts in the other against Irish Republicans and the Dublin tary, Mr. Paul Murphy, said he hoped the police force. liberals and reformers never said boo! reports would be published before the end The Gardai will have no difficulties in Had a substantial and serious Socialist or of 2003. taking part in joint training or exchange working-class movement existed in programmes. Joint conferences on policing Dublin, rest assured that the same legis- London has been citing issues of natio- issues have already been held under the lation would have been applied might and nal security and the protection of people auspices of the FBI at its academy in main. We saw it during the Housing Action named in the report for the delay. The Quantico, Virginia, and subsequently at protests in the late 60s and early 70s. Dublin government believes the main issue the Garda College in Templemore, Co. here is Judge Cory’s findings in relation to Tipperary and the PSNI training college Prime Time has given encouragement the UDA murder of Pat Finucane. at Garnerville, Belfast. to those seeking a new Garda Inspectorate/ Ombudsman, most of whom desire a body Dublin suspects that Judge Cory’s The training of more than 70 then based on the Northern model of Nuala findings on Mr. Finucane’s murder could RUC officers in Templemore, Co. Tipper- O’Loan or indeed, the British Independent be quite explicit and provide more detailed ary for United Nations peace observation Police Complaints Commission (IPCC). and damaging evidence of alleged British duties in Kosovo also heralded a new era In fact, the head of the current Garda collusion with loyalists in the killing. in inter-force relations. Complaints Board (GCB) made a visit to The improvement in operational rela- the IPCC last month. ‘BLAIR HAS TO DEAL’ tions between the two forces was dramati- The President of Sinn Fein, Gerry cally underlined by the joint investigations The present writer is perplexed with Adams accused the British government of into the Omagh bomb atrocity and boy, the make-up of the new British IPCC. seeking to find excuses to prevent was that not a successful joint operation? Under legislation, the 18 Commissioners publication of the reports, and said the of the IPCC must never have worked for British Prime Minister, Mr. Tony Blair, All that is left now, is for the two the police. This is New Labour political must personally address the issue. “There armies to bring in an Army Co-Operation correctness gone berserk. Akin to setting was a policy and administrative practice Bill and the Brits will be back in up a fishing inspectorate with no fishermen of collusion between British agencies and Kilmichael. This Bill went through a so- continued on page 15 16 BOMBINGS contin- linked to secret intelligence agency collu- senior RUC officers, Chief Supt Harry sion. Cory has a team of retired British Breen and Supt. Robert Buchanan, ued and Irish detectives who have been work- close to the Border in 1989" (Irish Bombings, claims that his report mis- ing six days a week since June, 2002 on Times, 13.1.2004). attributes evidence to him. the six cases, keeping in close contact In the Breen-Buchanan case, however, with the families involved. Cory reckons Cory recommends a tribunal of inquiry. Lt. Col. John Morgan told the Sunday it’s the hardest he’s ever worked in his He said he had seen “evidence that, if Business Post that the report wrongly life. accepted, could be found to constitute accords evidence to him and that no Cory is said to be an extremely shrewd, collusion”. Cory acknowledges that this attempts were made to confirm statements canny, politically-astute character who evidence was given by Newry informer with him prior to publication. This is values his integrity and independence and and self-publicist, Peter Keeley (aka Kevin despite a contention in the report that all has done a thorough job. Fulton, dubbed The Masked Spook by the interviewees were approached for “On arriving in London, he set up Northern media). confirmation. shop in a secure suite of offices at his country’s High Commission in Lon- Cory has gone over the head of the Morgan alleges that the Barron report don. He then recruited Canadian British government to inform the families is riddled with inaccuracies and lawyers, Renee Pomerance and James of Pat Finucane, Rosemary Nelson, Robert questionable terminology. He noted that Reilly, as assistants, in preference to Hamill and Billy Wright that he has the report refers to “mainland Britain” the kindly offer of personnel from the recommended independent inquiries into twice and pointed out that this was Lord Chancellor’s office. Finally, he their killings. constitutionally inaccurate. gave the bum’s rush to a group of “For a report commissioned by, and British ‘officials’ with intelligence British officials had contacted Judge submitted to, a sovereign government expertise who had been banded Cory to inform him that he would be in it contains subservient and together by Whitehall in the breach of his agreement if he attempted to constitutionally incorrect language” appropriately titled Collusion contact the families to tell them his said Morgan (Sunday Business Post, Investigation Team to ensure he recommendations. 11.1.2004). reached the right conclusions. In “This is all the more incomprehen- dispensing with their services, Judge The move angered Cory who felt the sible coming from a former Judge of Cory wrote that no reflection on the British had placed him and the victim’s the Supreme Court” (ibid.). individuals concerned was intended” families in an intolerable position. (Phoenix, 5.12.2003). LIAM CAMPBELL Cory informed the families that he On Friday, 19th December 2003, the The six cases were selected after the urged the British Government to hold Court of Criminal Appeal overturned the SDLP insisted on inquiries into the inquiries into the killings of Finucane, conviction and a five, year sentence of a Finucane, Nelson and Hamill cases before Nelson, Hamill and Billy Wright. Co. Louth man against his conviction for they would endorse the new policing membership of the ‘Real IRA’. A retrial arrangements in the Six Counties. The British Government has cited a was ordered. series of legal reasons for not publishing “In October, 2001, Mr. Liam When the British Government prop- the report into the killings. “The Prime Campbell, (39), a father of two, of osed asking a judge to review the evidence Minister has made it clear that we will Upper Faughart, Dundalk, Co. Louth, in all three cases, before deciding whether publish the reports as soon as the legal became the first member of the ‘Real such inquiries were justified, the UUP position is complete”, said a British IRA’ to be convicted, under the 1939 “went ballistic” said one observer. spokesman last night. Offences Against the State Act” (Irish They were then invited to submit cases Times, 20.12.2003). where they were concerned about alleged Cory has told the families that he was It would be up to the DPP to decide IRA/Garda collusion and came up with motivated in his actions primarily by whether there would be a retrial or not. Gibson and Breen/Buchanan cases. reasons of humanity and fairness to the Only two incidents involved accusa- families. There is little doubt that the abominable tions about complicity in the Republic— “I got a call from Judge Cory out of convictions imposed on both Colm the Border ambush of Lord Justice Maurice the blue about 3.30 p.m.,” said Mr. Murphy and Michael McKevitt in similar Gibson and his wife, assassinated in a Michael Finucane, son of the murdered courts will be overturned in like fashion— 1987 IRA radio-bomb, and those of Chief Belfast solicitor, and, now a solicitor it is a reflection of how rotten and politi- Supt. Harry Breen and Det. Supt. Robert himself in Dublin. “He said he had cally influenced justice is meted out in the Buchanan. The Cory report on the Gibson informed the Northern Ireland Office State which now presides over the Euro- killings is a classic of judicial investigation. that he was going to make the families pean Union. But then maybe it better It convincingly refutes claims that the aware of the bottom line in his report reflects how superficial the whole ‘Euro- IRA had assistance from any Garda because he felt it was the humane pean concept’ has now become! member in targeting the couple on the thing to do.” grounds that the Gibsons extensively “Judge Cory told the families of his JUDGE PETER CORY FROM CANADA revealed their travel plans. recommendations but did not go into Retired Canadian Supreme Court “In December, 2003, the Irish the details of his report. Mr. Michael judge, Peter Cory, was commissioned by Government accepted Judge Cory’s Finucane said the British government’s the Irish and British governments in May recommendation for an independent stance on the report indicated that he 2002 to investigate six killings allegedly inquiry into the IRA murders of two continued on page 16 17 BOMBINGS continued cleared the stage for Mrs. Thatcher!Now Billy Fox was shot at his girl-friend’s they are both rubbing shoulders in the home near Clones, Co. Monaghan. Fox some of the blame for the fact that this did House of Lords! was the most prominent Protestant member of the Oireachtas. The slaying of Senator not happen” (Irish Times, 20.12.2003). Despite Mr. MacConghail’s Dublin Fox was the first such death of an Oireach- Four rantings, the British Labour Govern- tas member since Kevin O’Higgins was MUIRIS MAC CONGHAIL ment were under no illusions about the shot in 1927. The former 1973 Coalition Govern- democratic nature or otherwise, of the “The Government successfully ment Press Secretary, Mr. Muiris Mac Ulster Workers’ Council, and was in daily directed the full weight of the Garda Conghail, has come out strongly in dispute ‘collusion’ with the TUC and probably Technical Bureau (the old Murder of the conclusions arrived at by Mr. Justice the ICTU to a lesser extent, as to how the Squad) to detect Senator Fox’s killers, Henry Barron and that a more robust Strike might be smashed. Mr. Mac obtaining convictions against four defence of their actions was not made by Conghail might have been prepared to do Provisional IRA members during a the former Coalition ministers in defence a ‘Churchill’ but whatever about his short- prolonged trial in the Special Criminal of their government at the time of the comings, Wilson was not prepared to take Court which started right after the Dublin/Monaghan Bombings. responsibility for the slaughter of hundreds Dublin and Monaghan bombings” “Noting that he was a friend of Dr. of Belfast workers by the British Army. FitzGerald, Mr. McConghail said: ‘I’m (Sunday Independent, 14.12.2003). surprised that the then government Muiris MacConghail was hardly obli- Five men faced trial for the murder of didn’t take the opportunity to make a vious to the real canker in the Sunningdale Senator Fox on Monday, 20th May 1974, robust defence of itself, particularly Agreement for the Unionists : the Council three days after the Dublin/Monaghan Dr. FitzGerald” (Ir. Times, 15.12.2003). of Ireland, his mentors FitzGerald and Bombings. “He said any suggestion that the Cruise-O’Brien were acutely conscious On Friday, 6th June 1974, the five men then government has ‘kow-towed’ to of the risks posed by that aspect of Sunning- were sentenced for life in the Special the British authorities was wrong. He dale. It would be incredible if their Chief Criminal Court, Dublin. noted that the Fine Gael-Labour Press Officer was not aware also! coalition had negotiated the Sunning- “On 11 March, 1974, Senator Billy Fox inadvertently arrived on the scene dale power-sharing agreement with SENATOR BILLY FOX of an arms raid in County Monaghan the Tory government led by Mr. Ted The Sunday Independent, which is and was shot dead by one of the raiding Heath and was determined to defend it opposed to a full judicial inquiry, called party. During the raid, the house, after the Labour government led by on readers to view Judge Barron’s belonging to Mr. Richard Coulson, Mr. Harold Wilson came to power.” accusations of inadequacy in the and a mobile home belonging to his Mr. MacConghail said the judge did not investigation in the context of the fact son, Geroge were burned down. The show a knowledge of the political context that, after the Dublin/Monaghan Bomb- raiding party, members of the Official in which the events occurred. The Labour ings, the Garda’s main criminal investiga- IRA, were apparently acting on the government had an ‘ambiguous attitude’ tors and most of the senior officers of the mistaken belief that there were arms in to the pact, which collapsed after the strike, Cavan/Monaghan division were tied up in the Coulson house” (Tim Pat Coogan, because ‘it wasn’t a child they had given the Fox murder trial. Disillusioned Decades, Gill & birth to.’”. “The Government in Dublin and Macmillan, 1987). “They were so taken with the use of the Garda Siochana were also most the word strike. Being a Labour concerned with the perceived threat “Billy Fox (FG). Born 1939. government they presumably meant by the Provisional IRA to overthrow Educated at Victor Weymount Gram- not to break them. It was pointed out to the State” (S. Indep, 14.12.2003). mar School, Carrickmacross, Co. them that the Labour part of the [Irish] “The assassination of Senator Billy Monaghan. A member of the Fine government were familiar with the Fox and the escape of the Littlejohn Gael Youth Group in the mid-sixties word ‘strike’ in the democratic use of brothers from Mountjoy prison, one and a radical member of the party. that weapon and pointed out that this of whom was recaptured, events that Sympathetic to Republicanism. Elec- was not a strike but a coup d’etat.” occurred within hours of each other on ted for only one term from 1969 to “The British intelligence commun- Monday night, have left the Taoiseach 1973, when Fine Gael for the only ity was out of control at the time. Some and his ministers very disturbed about time ever had two TDs for the Mona- of them were so paranoid that they the whole security system of the State” ghan constituency. Was murdered on actually believed that Prime Minister (Cork Examiner, 13.3.1974). Harold Wilson was a Soviet spy, and March 11, 1974, at a farmhouse near the border by members of the they were conspiring to bring him The Littlejohn brothers were self- Provisional IRA, when he happened down” (Ryle Dwyer, Irish Examiner, confessed British spies and gangsters, on an arms dump by accident. He had 13.12.2003). Kenneth who made good his escape was been elected to the Senate in March of Gerry Fitt, the former MP for West the more important of the two. “Specula- that year” (First “Magill Book of Irish Belfast, and now Baron Fitt of Bell’s tion in the capital last night that the escape Politics” 1981). Field, blamed the British miners for the was master-minded from the outside downfall of the Sunningdale Agreement, possibly by the British Government, though their actions eclipsing the political future such an admission even if true, is never ‘MAINLAND BRITAIN’ of Ted Heath. Muiris would surely agree likely to be made” (ibid.). A former senior army intelligence with the Fitt analysis and must have taken officer who was interviewed by Judge great satisfaction in 1979 when Baron Fitt Two months before the Dublin/ Henry Barron about the Dublin/Monaghan brought down the Labour government and Monaghan Bombings, Fine Gael Senator continued on page 17 18 BOMBINGS continued be called the Sub-Committee on the party but throughout the country. At Barron Report to report back to the one stage in the debate, the Dail was in Joint Committee… As part of its was unable to uncover evidence that a virtual state of siege, and as the stage consideration of the Report, the Sub- they were but that is hardly surprising was debated thousands of troops and Committee intends to hold a series of when the British government refused gardai ringed the Dail to keep back the hearings, starting on Tuesday, 20 to provide him with all the intelligence huge crowds of demonstrators” (Tim January, 2004, which various material that he asked for. Their failure Pat Coogan, Disillusioned Decades, interested parties and bodies and some to do so will only increase suspicions Gill & Macmillan, 1987). of those persons referred to in the of secret service involvement,” he report will be invited to attend. In added. * 20th January 1973: A car-bomb order to assist the Sub-Committee in “The families had rightly called for explosion in Sackville Place, Dublin, kills the hearing process, submissions a full public judicial inquiry into the a 25-year-old bus conductor and injures relevant to its terms of reference are bombings, he added and the SDLP 13 other people. invited from interested parties and back their call.” bodies and from members of the “Private inquiries—North or South * 20th December 1973: 13 letter bombs general public… Submissions should —are never sufficient to find the truth bearing British and Northern Ireland be made in writing.” for the families of those killed, but for postmarks are discovered in Dublin (all The closing date for written submissions a public inquiry into the 1974 bombing safely detonated by Army). was 9th January 2004. to get to the full truth, the British government must face up to the * 17th May 1974: Dublin/Monaghan ********************************************************** massive duty on it to co-operate fully. Bombings, 33 dead. “The Republic of Ireland learned some “With the Stevens, Barron and Cory painful security lessons under the reports, the truth is being uncovered * 29th November 29 1975: One killed National Coalition, but none as painful about some of the darkest days of the and five injured in explosions at Dublin as the events of May 17, 1974… Troubles and the worst acts of the state airport for which U.D.A. claim Initially, Cosgrave responded with a or its agents,” Mr. Durkan said. (Irish responsibility. proposal for an auxiliary force of Times, 11.12.2003). reserve security personnel in every city * 3rd July 1976: Bomb explosions in and town in Ireland, to offer protection Is this the same SDLP that took a Dublin, Killarney, Dublin and Rosslare, against car-bombers. The idea was not hammering in the recent Assembly elect- for which responsibility is claimed by pursued. But it was indicative of the ions? Is it the voice of political frustration Ulster Freedom Fighters. underlying law-and-order approach reflecting that it was sold short by Dublin which became a dominant factor of the and London? If it is, the SDLP might start PADDY COONEY National Coalition, and a form of falling back on whatever limited resources The points to which the former Minis- substitute policy for Northern Ireland it possesses, for it can apply the same ters of the National Coalition (FG/Labour) initiative.” (Bruce Arnold, What Kind objectivity to other issues in the manner in have most strongly objected include the of Country, Jonathan Cape, 1984). which it had adjudicated on the Barron suggestion that the Government of the day ********************************************************** Report, it future might not be so uncertain! did not show sufficient concern about or interest in the bombings; failed to give “Last Friday, the Government ruled DUBLIN BOMBS gardai information it had received politi- The Barron report gives a detailed, out both a tribunal of inquiry and cally; did not give political assistance to previously published, list of 15 UVF bomb compensation for victims’ families. the investigation and may have intervened attacks in the Republic before May, 1974, “The Government fears a tribunal to have it ended prematurely. including: because of the huge costs involved * December 1, 1972: As Dail debates and because most of the main figures According to Paddy Cooney, the Jus- the Offences Against the State are dead. tice Minister in 1974, the key personnel (Amendment) Bill, two are killed and 127 “They are worried it could turn into from the Department of Justice and the injured by two explosions in Dublin. Fine another Saville Inquiry, which is still Garda were now regrettably dead. “This Gael drops opposition to the Bill, which probing the deaths of 13 civilians shot points up the futility of trying to inquire passes (69 votes to 22, Fine Gael into events of so long ago.” by the British Army in Derry which abstaining) on 3rd December; act enables Mr. Cooney concluded with a general has so far cost the British Government a Garda Superintendent in the Republic to criticism. “This report should be regarded 207 million Euros.” (News of the secure a conviction by swearing that he with circumspection for much of its World, 14.12.2003). believes an accused to be a member of the reasoning is opaque and it relies IRA. Paddy Cooney, a future Fine Gael excessively on hypotheses, as it is forced The News Of The World is the authentic Justice Minister, saying it was a Bill “the to because its subject happened so long voice of Ahern’s Fianna Fail these days— like of which can only be found on the ago” (Irish Times, 22.12.2003). ignore it at your political peril! statute books of South Africa”. Garret FitzGerald adopts the same “Had the bombs not gone off Lynch attitude: “…it would have been better to SUB-COMMITTEE ON THE BARRON REPORT would have called a snap election and The following advertisement appeared have launched much sooner an inquiry of Cosgrave would almost certainly have the kind Mr. Justice Barron has now in the daily newspapers in Dublin during been promptly dethroned as leader of undertaken. All who subsequently held December, 2003: Fine Gael, so great was the antipathy political office, myself included, must bear “…the Joint Committee also dec- to the measure not alone in his own ided to establish a Sub-Committee to continued on page 18 19 VOLUME 22 No. 2 CORK ISSN 0790-1712

Dublin/Monaghan Public Inquiry?

By going ahead with a judicial public inquiry, the Irish Government will not only fulfil a national duty to its own citizens, it will provide credibility to Judge Peter Cory and his own quest for sworn public hearings into the Finucane, Hamill, Nelson, and Wright killings. Such action must further compel the British Government to at last admit in a frank and open way to its owful years of maladministration, neglect and sectarian rule of Northern Ireland. That would be the correct course for findings— Green Party leader, Mr. Trevor Sargent the Dail to take, but don’t hold your “as an indictment of successive Irish expressed ‘shock’ at the findings— breath—“I can see their holy patience : and British governments. “which indicate a distinct lack of but where is their holy anger?” There is “The British thwarted any proper concern on the part of the government even less ‘anger’ in the media. The investigation of the bombings. They at the time following the worst atrocity Independent Group of Sir Tony O’Reilly failed to co-operate properly with in the history of the State. is completely opposed to such a course? Justice Barron. “On top of the government’s lack The Irish Times is not sure—the Times is “The investigation pointed to the of interest, the investigation was thwar- never sure, especially when an issue of involvement of agents of the British ted by the reliance on British forensic national interest is at stake. armed forces in the bombings. laboratory facilities. Given that British “Equally serious is the report’s authorities are strongly suspected of On the demand for a full Public Inquiry, scathing criticism of the role of the collusion in these appalling crimes, it the editorial of the Irish Examiner authorities in this State. The Garda only adds to these suspicions that the (11.12.2003) was in full accord. “Such an investigation was totally inadequate, British failed to fully co-operate with inquiry is their entitlement, and, and was compromised by the close the Barron investigation. undoubtedly, the Government will face links between the Garda and elements “Despite the passage of 30 years, he strong calls for one from the opposition.” of British intelligence, including said the State should use its current Like hell they will! The calls so far from British agents within the Garda. forensic laboratory facilities to exam- the Opposition are faint indeed! “Successive governments were ine any material held since the bomb- content to preside over a conspiracy of ings.” (ibid). Labour TD, Mr. Joe Costello said: silence on all of this. It is appalling that “The 1973 Fine Gael/Labour coalition when evidence was shown to the Irish The SDLP leader, Mr. Mark Durkan, must be criticised for its ‘utter failure’ to government that the British knew the backed the families’ call for a full public ensure that the bombings were properly identity of the bombers, they showed inquiry into the bombings and accused the investigated by the Garda ‘in the manner little interest.” British government of failing to properly that they merited’” (Irish Times, assist the inquiry. He said Mr. Justice 11.12.2003). Subscribers to the magazine are regularly offered special rates on other publications Barron found it likely that individual members of the UDR and RUC assisted in Joe Costello himself serves on the Joint The Northern Star, the slaughter and it was also clear that on Committee and would undoubtedly favour PO Box 339, Belfast BT12 4GQ. both sides of the Border there was a failure a Public Inquiry—I doubt that his party Irish Political Review, to investigate the case. leadership would be so convinced of the 2 Corrig Road, Dalkey, Co. Dublin “And the stakes could not have been necessity of such an inquiry. Labour Comment, higher. Not only did key loyalists kill that day but, because they were not The Fine Gael leader, Mr. Enda Kenny, C/O Shandon St. P.O., Cork City brought to justice, they were able to issued only a holding statement pending Subscription by Post: kill and kill again in the decades that detailed study of the investigation carried Euro 25 / £17.50 for 12 issues followed without real fear of prose- out by Mr. Justice Barron. So far as we Electronic Subscription: cution,” said Mr. Durkan. know, Fine Gael are still pending, just like Euro 15 / £12 for 12 issues “What we don’t know is whether Paddy Cooney, 30 years ago! (or Euro 1.30 / £1.10 per issue) the British government or the secret You can order both postal and services were involved. Judge Barron Sinn Fein Cavan/Monaghan TD, electronic subscriptions from: Caoimhghin O Caolain described the www.atholbooks.org continued on page 19