DOCSLIB.ORG

Disciplinary Issues in the Army of the Potomac Under Grant During the Overland Campaign Robert W

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Disciplinary Issues in the Army of the Potomac Under Grant During the Overland Campaign Robert W Student Publications Student Scholarship Fall 2014 “ALL inferiors are required to obey strictly…” Disciplinary Issues in the Army of the Potomac under Grant during the Overland Campaign Robert W. Novak Gettysburg College Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship Part of the Military History Commons, and the United States History Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Novak, Robert W., "“ALL inferiors are required to obey strictly…” Disciplinary Issues in the Army of the Potomac under Grant during the Overland Campaign" (2014). Student Publications. 285. https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/285 This is the author's version of the work. This publication appears in Gettysburg College's institutional repository by permission of the copyright owner for personal use, not for redistribution. Cupola permanent link: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/ 285 This open access student research paper is brought to you by The uC pola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The uC pola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “ALL inferiors are required to obey strictly…” Disciplinary Issues in the Army of the Potomac under Grant during the Overland Campaign Abstract Between May and June 1864, the Army of the Potomac conducted yet another push toward Richmond. The intense weather, extended time under fire, and unprecedented slaughter took its toll on the rank and file. For many of the army’s best and most hardened veterans, this would be their last campaign. As their anticipation for home grew, however, their disdain for the new style of warfare grew with it. Fresh troops arrived almost daily from the cities across the north. Many of whom were conscripts or bounty men. Even the soldiers who chose not to reenlist expressed their low expectations for these men. Soon, soldiers began to become lax in their disciplinary efforts: straggling, shirking, skulking, insubordination and even the most heinous crime, desertion. This lack of discipline exasperated the army commanders, leading them to enact harsh penalties and make examples of their men. The citizens of the north saw a different and partisan picture of the army, images of Grant the Butcher, Meade the inept, and bloody losses took the place of the soldier’s story of ill-discipline and hardship. The new style of warfare that began during the Overland Campaign led to a breakdown of military discipline that infused the Army of the Potomac and left a northern populace stunned with its effects. [excerpt] Keywords Civil War, Military Discipline, Punishment, Army of the Potomac Disciplines History | Military History | United States History Comments History Thesis This student research paper is available at The uC pola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ student_scholarship/285 “ALL inferiors are required to obey strictly…” Disciplinary Issues in the Army of the Potomac under Grant during the Overland Campaign Bobby Novak December 12, 2014 HIST 425: The Civil War Novak 1 In Hartford, Connecticut on Friday, May 21, 1864, many of that community undoubtedly glanced over that day’s issue of the Hartford Daily Courant.1 The front page was dotted with advertisements. The second was covered with brief accounts of local news with small stories about the local regiments placed sporadically between. Delegated to the third of five pages, however, stands “The Latest News,” general information regarding the various campaigns being conducted by Federal forces. The details were scant, except for a dispatch from Secretary of War Edwin Stanton who reported that U. S. Grant’s movements in central Virginia were “entirely satisfactory” and that the “the army is abundantly supplied.” General Grant’s dispatch of 4 pm on May 20, printed alongside Stanton’s message, related a break in the fighting and that it had been “all quiet… up to that hour.” This issue of the Courant, however, missed a story that reverberated through the ranks of the Army of the Potomac. From only what had been printed, readers could not have imagined the bloodshed and stalemate that had characterized the campaign thus far. They would never have known that discipline was cracking and that extreme measures were being used to keep the army together. On May 20, 1864, Private John D. Starbird of the 19th Massachusetts Infantry had been executed for deserting his colors twice in the course of this campaign. The readers of the Courant and other Northern newspapers remained ignorant of these extreme measures. They remained insulated from the dark side of war.2 While soldiers throughout the army’s Second Corps mentioned the execution, why had the Northern papers not published it? More popular and widely read papers make not mention of Starbird’s fate, let alone the issues that had marked the Army of the Potomac’s campaign. A rift had formed between the true experiences of the Army and those reported to the Northern populace. What caused the breakdown in discipline and why had Union commanders grown so exacerbated that they resorted to shooting their own men? 1 “The Latest News.” The Hartford Daily Courant, May 21, 1864. 2 National Archives. RG 153, Case NN-1943. Novak 2 Between May and June 1864, the Army of the Potomac conducted yet another push toward Richmond. The intense weather, extended time under fire, and unprecedented slaughter took its toll on the rank and file. For many of the army’s best and most hardened veterans, this would be their last campaign. As their anticipation for home grew, however, their disdain for the new style of warfare grew with it. Fresh troops arrived almost daily from the cities across the north. Many of whom were conscripts or bounty men. Even the soldiers who chose not to reenlist expressed their low expectations for these men. Soon, soldiers began to become lax in their disciplinary efforts: straggling, shirking, skulking, insubordination and even the most heinous crime, desertion. This lack of discipline exasperated the army commanders, leading them to enact harsh penalties and make examples of their men. The citizens of the north saw a different and partisan picture of the army, images of Grant the Butcher, Meade the inept, and bloody losses took the place of the soldier’s story of ill-discipline and hardship. The new style of warfare that began during the Overland Campaign led to a breakdown of military discipline that infused the Army of the Potomac and left a northern populace stunned with its effects. Newspaper correspondents had always followed the Army of the Potomac’s every move. When the army was not moving, though, the newspapers searched for any rumor they might print. As the winter drug on through the closing months of 1863 and into 1864, the Northern populace was searching for any news regarding their loved ones in their winter quarters. The ever-present danger of Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia loomed large in their minds. Two invasions north of the Potomac River led Northern civilians to incessantly question 3 his whereabouts. 3 “Rebel Prospects of the Spring Campaign,” The Philadelphia Inquirer, April 20, 1864. Novak 3 March of 1864,however, brought welcome news in the promotion of Ulysses S. Grant to Lieutenant-General and the full command of all Federal forces. The country became enamored with their new commander. The Northern populace had heard countless reports of his successes in the west and his reputation preceded him on his trip to Washington to take formal command. Adam Gurowski, for one, penned in the February 3, 1864 entry to his diary his satisfaction in Congress’ approval of Grant’s promotion, “The house is awake and makes a decided step…A man and a soldier is woefully needed at the head of our armies.”4 Hundreds of other Northerners would echo these words. The series of defeats that had characterized the Army of the Potomac through its early years had created a home-front that begged for action and victory. A General as popular and as successful as Grant, then, brought cheer and great hopes to the hearts and minds of the North. Northern correspondents, officials in Washington, and the general public craved news about Grant’s movements. Newspapers documented every step. The New York Herald, for example, printed a section on its first page labeled “Lieutenant General Grant’s Movements.”5 In it, the paper reminded the people of Washington that he would not be arriving until the following Tuesday and that he would be extremely busy with no time for congratulatory speeches being required to quickly move on to his headquarters “in the field,” as he was wont to have them. Similar remarks were made the following month as General Grant made his way across to different forts and positions defending Washington. On April 4, the Herald again gave vivid remarks about his whereabouts and his doings, reporting that Grant had left Fortress Monroe and 6 had arrived in Washington the previous day. Nine days later, the Philadelphia Inquirer gives the 4 Adam Gurowski, Diary: 1863 – ’64 – ’65, Vol. III (New York: Burt Franklin, 1968), 91. 5 “Lieutenant General Grant’s Movements,” The New York Herald, March 19, 1864. 6 “The Situation,” The New York Herald, April 4, 1864. Novak 4 most detailed account yet, including the times of departure from Virginia and arrival in Washington on his “special train” as well as the number of staff he traveled with.7 The Northern public had become enamored with Grant. He was different than the other commanders that the eastern theater had known and brought with him a promise to act. The promise to act, however, did not translate into a promise for movement.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cal Reader of ARMY, “Who Is the Most Famous General Of- Ficer Of
    Remembering MG George G. Meade: Th e Forgotten Victor Of Gettysburg f one were to ask the average American or even the typi - By COL Kevin W. Farrell U.S. Army retired cal reader of ARMY, “Who is the most famous general of - Ificer of the American Civil War?” the most likely answer would be “Robert E. Lee.” Similarly, “Gettysburg” would overwhelmingly be the answer to a query as to which is the most important and most famous battle of that war, even if some historians might argue that the Union victory at Vicks - burg, Miss., on July 4, 1863, the day after Gettysburg ended, was actually more important to the ultimate Union victory. On the other hand, counterintuitively, the victor of the Battle of Gettysburg, MG George G. Meade, is largely forgotten to - A monument to MG George G. Meade stands on Cemetery Ridge in Gettysburg day. To military personnel, his memory lives on dimly at the National Military Park, Pa. MG Meade is shown atop his horse, Old Baldy, who U.S. Army post that is his namesake: Fort Meade, Md. Other survived the general by 10 years. 44 ARMY I July 2013 e l e e t S s i n n e D July 2013 I ARMY 45 MG Meade, circa 1864. than a few memorials at the Gettysburg Battlefield and in the cities of Philadelphia and Washington, D.C., his is a name largely unknown to the vast majority of Americans. Even the most popular works on Gettysburg—the eponymous 1993 film and the 1974 Pulitzer-Prize-winning novel by Michael Shaara, The Killer Angels , on which it was based—barely address the Union victor of the battle, con - tinuing a historical oversight that dates almost to the battle itself.
    [Show full text]
  • The Battle of Sailor's Creek
    THE BATTLE OF SAILOR’S CREEK: A STUDY IN LEADERSHIP A Thesis by CLOYD ALLEN SMITH JR. Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS December 2005 Major Subject: History THE BATTLE OF SAILOR’S CREEK: A STUDY IN LEADERSHIP A Thesis by CLOYD ALLEN SMITH JR. Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, Joseph Dawson Committee Members, James Bradford Joseph Cerami Head of Department, Walter L. Buenger December 2005 Major Subject: History iii ABSTRACT The Battle of Sailor’s Creek: A Study in Leadership. (December 2005) Cloyd Allen Smith Jr., B.A., Slippery Rock University Chair: Dr. Joseph Dawson The Battle of Sailor’s Creek, 6 April 1865, has been overshadowed by Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House several days later, yet it is an example of the Union military war machine reaching its apex of war making ability during the Civil War. Through Ulysses S. Grant’s leadership and that of his subordinates, the Union armies, specifically that of the Army of the Potomac, had been transformed into a highly motivated, organized and responsive tool of war, led by confident leaders who understood their commander’s intent and were able to execute on that intent with audacious initiative in the absence of further orders. After Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia escaped from Petersburg and Richmond on 2 April 1865, Grant’s forces chased after Lee’s forces with the intent of destroying the mighty and once feared iv protector of the Confederate States in the hopes of bringing a swift end to the long war.
    [Show full text]
  • General AP Hill at Gettysburg
    Papers of the 2017 Gettysburg National Park Seminar General A.P. Hill at Gettysburg: A Study of Character and Command Matt Atkinson If not A. P. Hill, then who? May 2, 1863, Orange Plank Road, Chancellorsville, Virginia – In the darkness of the Wilderness, victory or defeat hung in the balance. The redoubtable man himself, Stonewall Jackson, had ridden out in front of his most advanced infantry line to reconnoiter the Federal position and was now returning with his staff. Nervous North Carolinians started to fire at the noises of the approaching horses. Voices cry out from the darkness, “Cease firing, you are firing into your own men!” “Who gave that order?” a muffled voice in the distance is heard to say. “It’s a lie! Pour it into them, boys!” Like chain lightning, a sudden volley of musketry flashes through the woods and the aftermath reveals Jackson struck by three bullets.1 Caught in the tempest also is one of Jackson’s division commanders, A. P. Hill. The two men had feuded for months but all that was forgotten as Hill rode to see about his commander’s welfare. “I have been trying to make the men cease firing,” said Hill as he dismounted. “Is the wound painful?” “Very painful, my arm is broken,” replied Jackson. Hill delicately removed Jackson’s gauntlets and then unhooked his sabre and sword belt. Hill then sat down on the ground and cradled Jackson’s head in his lap as he and an aide cut through the commander’s clothing to examine the wounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Perspective on Meade's Actions Following the Battle Of
    HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON MEADE'S ACTIONS FOLLOWING THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG Terrence L. Salada and John D. Wedo Pursuit and destruction of a defeated army is an often unfulfilled wish of both generals and history. Accounts of battles sometimes offer a postscript similar to this: "But General (or Admiral) So-and-So did not pursue and destroy the enemy thereby losing an opportunity to end the war then and there." In many cases, the battles are tremendous victories, such as Borodino in the Napoleonic wars, Shiloh in the American Civil War (referred to hereafter as simply the Civil War), and Midway and El Alamein in World War II (WW2). This is particularly true for the Battle of Gettysburg in the Civil War and the Union commander, Major General George Meade. For almost no other battle is the criticism of no quick pursuit and destruction more injurious to the reputation of the victorious commander. This paper first presents a summary of the arguments pro and con for a pursuit after Gettysburg. It then presents the core of the paper, a meta-analysis of five decisive victories without pursuit and the conditions leading to those decisions. These battles span roughly 130 years, occur on land and sea, and include three wars. The objective is to present Meade's decision in a historical context both in situ (discussing only that battle) and in comparison with other such decisions. The goal is to ascertain whether historiography has been more critical of Meade than others. The hope is that examination 1 of the actions of other commanders of great victories will open the door for a different interpretation of Meade's actions.
    [Show full text]
  • Gettysburg: Three Days of Glory Study Guide
    GETTYSBURG: THREE DAYS OF GLORY STUDY GUIDE CONFEDERATE AND UNION ORDERS OF BATTLE ABBREVIATIONS MILITARY RANK MG = Major General BG = Brigadier General Col = Colonel Ltc = Lieutenant Colonel Maj = Major Cpt = Captain Lt = Lieutenant Sgt = Sergeant CASUALTY DESIGNATION (w) = wounded (mw) = mortally wounded (k) = killed in action (c) = captured ARMY OF THE POTOMAC MG George G. Meade, Commanding GENERAL STAFF: (Selected Members) Chief of Staff: MG Daniel Butterfield Chief Quartermaster: BG Rufus Ingalls Chief of Artillery: BG Henry J. Hunt Medical Director: Maj Jonathan Letterman Chief of Engineers: BG Gouverneur K. Warren I CORPS MG John F. Reynolds (k) MG Abner Doubleday MG John Newton First Division - BG James S. Wadsworth 1st Brigade - BG Solomon Meredith (w) Col William W. Robinson 2nd Brigade - BG Lysander Cutler Second Division - BG John C. Robinson 1st Brigade - BG Gabriel R. Paul (w), Col Samuel H. Leonard (w), Col Adrian R. Root (w&c), Col Richard Coulter (w), Col Peter Lyle, Col Richard Coulter 2nd Brigade - BG Henry Baxter Third Division - MG Abner Doubleday, BG Thomas A. Rowley Gettysburg: Three Days of Glory Study Guide Page 1 1st Brigade - Col Chapman Biddle, BG Thomas A. Rowley, Col Chapman Biddle 2nd Brigade - Col Roy Stone (w), Col Langhorne Wister (w). Col Edmund L. Dana 3rd Brigade - BG George J. Stannard (w), Col Francis V. Randall Artillery Brigade - Col Charles S. Wainwright II CORPS MG Winfield S. Hancock (w) BG John Gibbon BG William Hays First Division - BG John C. Caldwell 1st Brigade - Col Edward E. Cross (mw), Col H. Boyd McKeen 2nd Brigade - Col Patrick Kelly 3rd Brigade - BG Samuel K.
    [Show full text]
  • General Meade at Gettysburg a Life of Service to His State and Nation
    337th Regular Meeting Volume 35 Number 6 February 3, 2017 A life of service to his state and nation Friday, February 3, 2017, 7:30 p.m. his final resting place in Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, on his birthday, December 31. Each Arlington Heights Historical Museum 110 West Fremont Street, Arlington Heights, Illinois year since 1990 Meade enthusiasts have gathered at his grave to honor him, his career, and his vet- erans. Depending on the weather, the event rou- General Meade tinely attracts hundreds of visitors. Waskie served for 10 years as a Pennsylvania at Gettysburg Commonwealth Speaker/Scholar, representing Pennsylvania by giving his presentation, entitled Meet General Meade, to groups and institutions throughout the Commonwealth. It is a first- person, living-history-style presentation in which he portrays Meade using Meade’s own words and reminiscences to introduce him to the public. He wears an authentic uniform and uses his extensive background with Meade and his family and per- sonal research. He has received a number of awards for this presentation and has been invited nationwide to present the program, including at West Point, the Naval Academy, the Air Force Academy, the Smithsonian, and the National Archives. He has also appeared in several movies, docu- mentaries, and programs and done voice presenta- tions of Meade for various purposes. He gives an annual presentation on the first Saturday in Janu- ary at Barnegat Lighthouse on Long Beach Island, one of the 10 lighthouses associated with Lt. Andy Waskie as General George Meade Meade of the U.S. Coastal Survey before the Civil War.
    [Show full text]
  • Course Reader
    Course Reader Gettysburg: History and Memory Professor Allen Guelzo The content of this reader is only for educational use in conjunction with the Gilder Lehrman Institute’s Teacher Seminar Program. Any unauthorized use, such as distributing, copying, modifying, displaying, transmitting, or reprinting, is strictly prohibited. GETTYSBURG in HISTORY and MEMORY DOCUMENTS and PAPERS A.R. Boteler, “Stonewall Jackson In Campaign Of 1862,” Southern Historical Society Papers 40 (September 1915) The Situation James Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” in Annals of the War (Philadelphia, 1879) 1863 “Letter from Major-General Henry Heth,” SHSP 4 (September 1877) Lee to Jefferson Davis (June 10, 1863), in O.R., series one, 27 (pt 3) Richard Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction: Personal Experiences of the Late War (Edinburgh, 1879) John S. Robson, How a One-Legged Rebel Lives: Reminiscences of the Civil War (Durham, NC, 1898) George H. Washburn, A Complete Military History and Record of the 108th Regiment N.Y. Vols., from 1862 to 1894 (Rochester, 1894) Thomas Hyde, Following the Greek Cross, or Memories of the Sixth Army Corps (Boston, 1894) Spencer Glasgow Welch to Cordelia Strother Welch (August 18, 1862), in A Confederate Surgeon’s Letters to His Wife (New York, 1911) The Armies The Road to Richmond: Civil War Memoirs of Major Abner R. Small of the Sixteenth Maine Volunteers, ed. H.A. Small (Berkeley, 1939) Mrs. Arabella M. Willson, Disaster, Struggle, Triumph: The Adventures of 1000 “Boys in Blue,” from August, 1862, until June, 1865 (Albany, 1870) John H. Rhodes, The History of Battery B, First Regiment Rhode Island Light Artillery, in the War to Preserve the Union (Providence, 1894) A Gallant Captain of the Civil War: Being the Record of the Extraordinary Adventures of Frederick Otto Baron von Fritsch, ed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pennsylvania State University the Graduate School College of The
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts CITIES AT WAR: UNION ARMY MOBILIZATION IN THE URBAN NORTHEAST, 1861-1865 A Dissertation in History by Timothy Justin Orr © 2010 Timothy Justin Orr Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2010 The dissertation of Timothy Justin Orr was reviewed and approved* by the following: Carol Reardon Professor of Military History Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Director of Graduate Studies in History Mark E. Neely, Jr. McCabe-Greer Professor in the American Civil War Era Matthew J. Restall Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of Colonial Latin American History, Anthropology, and Women‘s Studies Carla J. Mulford Associate Professor of English *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School ii ABSTRACT During the four years of the American Civil War, the twenty-three states that comprised the Union initiated one of the most unprecedented social transformations in U.S. History, mobilizing the Union Army. Strangely, scholars have yet to explore Civil War mobilization in a comprehensive way. Mobilization was a multi-tiered process whereby local communities organized, officered, armed, equipped, and fed soldiers before sending them to the front. It was a four-year progression that required the simultaneous participation of legislative action, military administration, benevolent voluntarism, and industrial productivity to function properly. Perhaps more than any other area of the North, cities most dramatically felt the affects of this transition to war. Generally, scholars have given areas of the urban North low marks. Statistics refute pessimistic conclusions; northern cities appeared to provide a higher percentage than the North as a whole.
    [Show full text]
  • CIVIL WAR on the WEB
    THE CIVIL WAR on the WEB THE CIVIL WAR on the WEB A GUIDE TO THE VERY BEST SITES Completely Revised and Updated ALICE E. CARTER & RICHARD JENSEN Foreword by Gary W. Gallagher New Introduction by John C. Waugh © 2003 by Scholarly Resources Inc. All rights reserved First published 2003 Printed and bound in the United States of America Scholarly Resources Inc. 104 Greenhill Avenue Wilmington, DE 19805–1897 www.scholarly.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Carter, Alice E., 1964— The Civil War on the Web : a guide to the very best sites / Alice E. Carter & Richard Jensen ; foreword by Gary W. Gallagher and new introduction by John C. Waugh. — Rev. & updated. p. cm. Rev. and updated ed. of: The Civil War on the Web / William G. Thomas, Alice E. Carter. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8420-5134-1 (alk. paper) — ISBN 0-8420-5135-X (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865—Computer network resources—Directories. 2. Web sites—Directories. I. Jensen, Richard J. II. Thomas, William G., 1964– Civil War on the Web. III. Title. E468.9 .C35 2003 025.06'9737—dc21 2003009604 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for permanence of paper for printed library mate- rials, Z39.48, 1984. A CKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank Will Thomas, who co-authored the first edition and who developed the book’s organization and focus. Will’s scholarship, leadership, and innovation in putting history on the web have made the Internet a better place.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Original 14.56 MB
    S. 6. and E. L. ELBERT lln^ntleiVkt ella smith albert. 188 Jkx ilUumviaat XV KATHARINE E . COKAN The Life of Abraham Lincoln Volume Three Mt Xiift of jBC^raJam Unttoln ©raton ftom ortgfnal sources ano contamfng many ^>peec^e& Letter^ ano Celegramg &ft$etto unpublfstyeD ano 9!Uuj5tratcD toftto man? reproouctfonss from original painting ^footographj, etc. itfacoln f^fetot^ l&ocfetp jttcmbW Copyright, 1895, 1896, 1898, 1899 By The S. S. McClure Co. Copyright, 1900 By Doubleday & McClure Co. Copyright, 1900 By McClure, Phillips & Co. CONTENTS Volume TEbree CHAPTER PAGE XXIX. The First Inauguration of Lincoln—The Relief of Fort Sumter—Seward's Ambition to Control the Admin- istration I XXIII. The Beginning of Civil War 33 XXIV. The Failure of Fremont—Lincoln's First Difficulties with McClellan—The Death of Willie Lincoln . 61 XXV. Lincoln and Emancipation 93 XXVI. Lincoln's Search for a General 127 XXVII. Lincoln and the Soldiers 146 XXVIII. Lincoln's Re-election in 1864 170 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Volume Ubree PAGH Bust of Lincoln Frontispiece Lincoln's Inaugural Address facing 10 Lincoln Early in *6l •••••• • facing 40 Gen. Geo. B. McClellan facing 56 Willie Lincoln • • facing 88 Lincoln in 1861 facing 94 Lincoln in 1861, Age 52 facing 100 Lincoln Cabinet Room, White House .... facing 112 Reading Emancipation Proclamation .... facing 116 Lincoln at McClellan's Headquarters .... facing 130 General Jos. Hooker facing 138 H. W. Halleck facing 140 Grand Review, Army of Potomac • facing 142 Gen. Grant in 1863 facing 144 Lincoln in Camp • facing 148 Facsimile of Check • facing 150 Note to Secretary of War .
    [Show full text]
  • Girding for War: the North and the South ---Civ:L'""-- 1861-1865
    Girding for War: The North and the South ---civ:l'""-- 1861-1865 I CONSIDER THE CENTRAL IDEA PERVADING THIS STRUGGLE IS THE NECESSITY THAT IS UPON US, OF PROVING THAT POPULAR GOVERNMENT IS NOT AN ABSURDITY. WE MUST SETTLE THIS QUESTION NOW, WHETHER IN A FREE GOVERNMENT THE MINORITY HAVE THE RIGHT TO BREAK UP THE GOVERNMENT WHENEVER THEY CHOOSE. IF WE FAIL IT WILL GO FAR TO PROVE THE INCAPABILITY OF THE PEOPLE TO GOVERN THEMSELVES. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, MAY 7, 1861 braham Lincoln solemnly took the presidential oath The Menace of Secession A of office on March 4, 1861, after having slipped into Washington at night, partially disguised to thwart assas­ Lincoln's inaugural address was firm yet conciliatory: sins. He thus became president not of the United States there would be no conflict unless the South provoked it. of America, but of the dis-United States of America. Secession, the president declared, was wholly impractical, Seven had already departed; eight more teetered on the because "physically speaking, we cannot separate." edge. The girders of the unfinished Capitol dome Here Lincoln put his finger on a profound geo­ loomed nakedly in the background, as if to symbolize graphical truth. The North and South were Siamese the imperfect state of the Union. Before the nation was twins, bound inseparably together. If they had been restored-and the slaves freed at last-the American divided by the Pyrenees Mountains or the Danube River, people would endure four years of anguish and blood­ a sectional divorce might have been more feasible. But shed, and Lincoln would face tortuous trials of leader­ the Appalachian Mountains and the mighty Mississippi ship such as have been visited upon few presidents.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gettysburg Campaign: a Contemporary Account by Whitelaw Reid
    I The Gettysburg Campaign: A Contemporary Account by Whitelaw Reid Assignment 1863, June 18 From Philadelphia “Pennsylvania invaded!” “Harrisburg expected to fall!” “Lee’s whole army moving through Chambersburg in three grand columns of attack!” And so on for quantity. Such were the pleasing assurances that began to burst on us in the West on Tuesday morning. All Pennsylvania seemed to be quivering in spasms over the invasion. Pittsburgh suspended business and went to fortifying; veracious gentlemen along the railroad lines and in little villages of the interior rushed to the telegraph offices and did their duty to their country by giving their fears to the wings of the lightning. I was quietly settling myself in comfortable quarters at the Neil House to look on at the counterpart of last week’s Vallandigham Convention1 when dispatches reached me, urging an immediate 1 Reid’s reference is to the Ohio state Democratic convention, which convened in Columbus on June 11 and nominated Clement L. Vallandigham for the gover- norship. A leader of the northern Peace Democrats (often called Copperheads), Vallandigham had been arrested for treason on May 5, 1863, and, following banish- ment to Confederate lines, took up exile in Canada that July. The peace movement in the North gained thousands of adherents in the spring of 1863. 99781405181129_4_001.indd781405181129_4_001.indd 1 99/9/2008/9/2008 88:02:01:02:01 PPMM 2 Two Witnesses at Gettysburg departure for the scene of action. I was well convinced that the whole affair was an immense panic, but the unquestioned movements of Lee and Hooker gave certain promise to something; and besides, whether grounded or groundless, the alarm of invasion was a subject that demanded attention.2 And so, swallowing my disgust at the irregular and unauthorized demonstrations of the rebels, I hastened off.
    [Show full text]