GREAT BRITAlN.: IN~ ~GYPT CITADEL AND MOSQUE OF MEHEMET ALI, CAIRO GREAT BRITAIN IN , EGYPT
BY MAJOR E. W.•POLSON NEWM~ . B.A., F.R.G.S. . .Author of•• 'The MiJdle Eut.'' . .••crbe MetliteTTatUfP• tmd Its Problems,'~ 11tc.
. FOREWORD. B'f' GENE~ TJIE j-.T. HON. SIR •J. G. MAXWELL, P.c.; G.C.B.., K.C.M.b.• ~.V.o .• D.S,O.
With 16 Half-tone PJatea and z Mapa
I . . CASSELL AND COMPANY: LTD. Londo~ Toronto~ Melboutne6._jlnd Stdney First Published 1928 .. 't
Printed in Great Britain TO THE PEdPLE OF EqYPT AND TO THOSE BRITISH AND EGYPTIAN OFFICIALS WHO,~. BY . THEIR.. CO.M:BINEp END~AVOUR~ HAVE . . . BllOUGJI!._.OJpE:Rr'l'Y TO TIJE BAJfltS OF THE NILE CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION xiii
FoREWoRD BY SIR J. G. MAXWELL XV I.-Tim PEOPLE. OF EGYPT. I 11.-EGYPT UNDER IsMAIL PASHA ; . ~ 25 III.-·Tim ARABI MoVEMENT • .. 51 IV.-THE PO}VER$ AND EGYPT 8o
V.-THB BRITISH OCCUPATION' IOI
VI.-LoRD CROMER IN EGYPT 122 VII.-LoRD CaoMER AND HIS SucCESSORS 153 ·' . VIII.-THE SUDAN .• 1 79 IX.-WAR AND PROTECTORATE 201 X.-LoRD A.I.LENBY's REGIME 221... XI.-LORD LLOYD AND 'THE EGYPTIANS • 249
XII.-THB PRESENT SITUATION 272 • APPENDIX I 283 APPENDIX II 292 APPENDIX III 2 93 INDEX 298 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Citadel and Mosque of Mehemet Ali, Cairo Fr011tispiece Street Scene in Cairo Facing p. 32 Ahmed Pasha Arabi ,, 48 The First Marquess of Dufferin and Ava. ., . 64 British Gunboat in the Suez Canal, I882 • Mex: Forts, Alexandria, after the Bombardment, July, r88z ,
Alexandria after the Bombardment, July, r88z • 112 " The First Earl of Cromer ·· rz8 The Pyramids of Giza • The Aswan Dam • On the Nile. Sa'ad Pasha Zaghlul " Moslem Procession in Cairo, r88z The Nile Valley, from Hills above the Valley of the Kings, Thebes • • • , Lord Lloyd of Dolobran Abdel Khalek Pasha Sarwat " Maps: The Kingdom of Egypt The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan INTRODUCTION
BELIEVING that it is mainly by a close study of past policies, and especially of past mistakes, that the way can be found to a satisfactory solution of the Egyptian Question, I have endeavoured in the following pages to give a reliable and unprejudiced account of Anglo-Egyptian relations from the days of Ismail Pasha to the present time. Having been enabled to draw upon certain official documents hitherto unpublished, as well as valuable private diaries, letters, and notes of reputable eye-witnesses, both British and Egyptian, I feel that I am in a position to throw some new light upon events which must be taken into consideration in shaping the future relationships of the two countries. To many I am indebted for generous and valuable help : especially to the Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs for permitting me to have access to the archives of the Foreign Office for certain periods covered by the book, and for other valuable facilities; to Ali Fouad Toulba, English Redacteur to _H.M. the King of Egypt, for~information regard ing the Arabi movement, in which his father, Major-General Toulba Ismet Pasha, took a prominent part ; and to Mr. R. H. Goodsall for placing at my disposal the personal diary of the late Captain Walter Goodsall of the Eastern Telegraph Com pany, and for permission to reproduce certain photographs taken by him in Egypt. I further have to express my appre ciation to Baron Sir Rudolf von Slatin Pasha, to Ibrahim El Helbaoui Bey, and to Fodlo el-Kassis for substantial assistance in various ways, and to Abdul Rahman Fikry Bey of the Royal Egyptian Legation in London for help in Arabic trans lations. My grateful thanks are also due to Lord Cromer, to the Dowager Lady Dufferin, and to Mr. A. Forbes Sieveking t~r their kindness in lending photographs for reproduction ; xiii INTRODUCTION while I am indebted to The Times for permission to use their map of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Lastly, I must express my gratitude to General Sir John Maxwell for kindly writing a Foreword, and to my wife for her most valuable help throughout all stages of the manuscript. London, E. W. PoLSON NEWMAN, June, 1928. Major.
xiv FOREWORD BY GENERAL THE RT. HON. SIR JOHN G. MAXWELL
P.C., G.C.B., K.C.M.G., C.V.O., D.S.O.
I GLADLY comply with Major Polson Newman's request to write a Foreword for his book, although I do not feel I can claim any special qualifications or can do justice to what I consider an important contribution to Egyptian literature. Since x88a I have, perhaps, had better opportunities than most, because I was in a very minor way behind the scenes, and therefore knew what was happening. Lord Cromer, Lord Milner, and others of less importance have published books on the so-called Egyptian Problem. Most, if not all, of these have recorded what occurred from the writers' point of view. Major Newman has had the courage to envisage· the problem from a different angle, and acknowledges that the Egyptians themselves have some right to their point of view. He has, I think, been successful, and it will repay all those interested in our work in Egypt to study that point of view, for it is, perhaps, more important now than ever it was that we should endeavour to placate Egyptian mentality. It is difficult, because the East and West do not and never will think alike, yet in carrying out our obligations to Egypt it is of im portance that we should try to understand their mentality. We may have made many mistakes, but no fair-minded Egyp tian can con~end that since 1882 the British occupation of and political supremacy in Egypt has not been beneficial. We have, in spite of opposition and obstruction, removed grave abuses and carried through reforms resulting in ameliora tion of the lot.of the fellahin. It is as well to consider that XV FOREWORD because we know that a reform is good it does not always follow that the Egyptian thinks so too. It is like forcing a sweetmeat on a child, whether the child wants it or not : it is no use telling the child it is good, it will cry all the same. Lord Milner calls Egypt the land of anomalies ; it is surely the land of complexities, too I This book will give the reader an insight into the curious mentality of the Egyptian and will help him to appreciate the really serious difficulties our ad ministrators have had to contend with ; and they are by no means over yet. The more we syropathize with and try to understand them the easier our task will be. Major Newman's criticisms are so just and broad-minded that I hope some one will undertake to make a good Arabic translation of this book, so that the Egyptians may learn that the faults are not wholly on our side.
Queen Anne's Mansions. May 28th, 1928.
xvi APPENDIX I
EXTRACTS FROM LORD DUFFERIN"S SeimME1 AND ARABI'S MEMORANDUM
LoRD DUFFERIN•s ScHEXE FOR THE REORGANIZATION ARABI•s MEMORANDUM ON OF EGYPT EGYPTIAN REFORM
It ought to be no difficult Although I 8Jll in a prison and task to endow the Egyptian in the hands of my enemies. I people with good government. 8Jll comparatively little anxious On the contrary. there are about my present state of xnany circum.stan<:eS which in humiliation. and I do not think dicate the present moment as only of what may happen to propitious for the inauguration me in the future.. As I have of a new era. from the very first only sought to ensure the freed.OJ:D of :my country. my constant concern even now is about its happiness. and its rescue from certain venomous and powerful vipers with which it is struggling. One of the greatest of Egypt's diffi culties and dcmgers comes from the usurers and money-lenders. who have sucked the very blood of the peasants. and illtreat the natives whom they despoil. and whose hardly acquired gains they carry away by handfuls.. Another of the lamentations of Egypt is on account of the foreigners. who fill the highest posts. receive the largest salaries. and leave no room anywhere for the natives of the country. . The non-Egyptian Moslems who surround the Government on every side seek to keep the Egyptian in the lowest state I Egypt No. 6 (1.883). 283 GREAT BRITAIN IN EGYPT
of degradation and ignorance, in order that they may always continue to oppress and tyran nize over the free inhabitants of the country, without them selves possessing any real superiority of knowledge, natural talents, or civilization. These, then, are the enemies of progress, always striving, even as ser pents, to tear to pieces the body of a defenceless people, who bied in vain to escape from their relentless grasp, and who can now only hope for succour from the champions of truth and liberty amongst the English nation, which, in the past. set herself before the world as the constant defender of every worthy cause. I have thus tried to descn"be in a few words some of the more violent symptoms of the chronic disease under which Egypt is suflering, in order that a wise physician may find an appro As a consequence, responsi priate remedy for it. Now the bilities have been imposed upon English nation has taken upon us. Europe and the Egyptian itself spontaneously the special people, whom we have under care of Egyptian affairs, which taken to rescue from anarchy. is verily a task of great re have alike a right to require sponsibility before the civilized that our intervention should be world, and before the history beneficent and its results en of this critical age. It conse during : that it should obviate quently behoves the wise men all danger of future perturba amongst them to devise care tions, and that it should leave fully the means of coping most established on sure foundations effectually with the disease. the principles of justice, liberty My knowledge of the real state and public happiness. of affairs in my country. and my ardent desire to promote its happiness, have induced me, therefore, even in captivity and surrounded with trouble, to make a few remarks by way of appeal to the calm reftection 284 APPENDIX I
and impartial judgment of the champions of right in England. :rst. The ruler of Egypt most be an E;,.cryptian. weU acquainted with the country, popular amongst the Egyptians, of sufficient inft.uence to impose his authority by moral force, and wholly unconnected with Her actual rulers aze still the recent events. The present supplied, indeed. from a foreign Khedivial. family could give· us. SWck. but the progenitor of t.h.e I believe. such a n~ler, but he race was one of the most illus must fulfil all the above con trious men of the present cen ditions. u England really"'de tury, who proved his right to sin:s it she can find such a man. found a dynasty by emancipat The Sult&ll of the Osmanlis ing those he ruled from the arbi can never hope to regain his trary thraldom of an imperious ancient hold over the minds of suzerain. His successors have the E;,.ayptians. He encouraged carried the liberation of their us in our search for freedom, adopted country still further, approved our ~ce to and the Prince now sitting on invasion (all this, it DOW appears. the Khedivial. throne represents, from sel1isb. motives), and at at all events, the principle of last deserted us in our mis autonomous Government. of fortunes. Turkey has never hereditary succession. and com done good to Egypt. The mercial independence.. further interference of the Sultan with her internal affairs can only I would press upon Her be for the evil of that country. 1\lajesty•s Government a mont 2nd. The Governmen~ of generous policy-such a. policy Egypt ought to be a Constitu as is implied by the creation. tional one. There should be a within. certain prudent limits, Council of Ministers. each of of Rpresentative institutions. of whom must be responsible for municipal and communal self his acts towards the whole government. and of a political Cabinet. and the Ministry, as a existence untrammelled by ex body, to be responsible to the ternal importunity, though country. aided, indeed, as it must be for a time, by sympathetic advice and assistance. Indeed. no middle course is possible. The Valley of the Nile could not be administered with any prmpect of success from London. An attempt upon our part to aagage in such an undertaking would 285 GREAT BRITAIN IN EGYPT
LoRD DUFFElUN'S ScHEME AltA.Bt's MEMoR.ANoux
at once render ns objects of hatred and snspicion to its inhabitants. Though hitherto Eastern so 3rd. There should be an ciety has only been held together Elective Chamber and a Council by the coercive forces of ab of Sotables (or "old men"). solutism, it must be remembered All laws and legisJativemeasures that, on the one hand, the should be submitted to them, :Ma.homedan religion is essen and they must be allowed full tially democratic ; and, on the liberty of discussion and criti other, that the primitive idea cism. Elections must be free, of the elders of the Jand assem as in ch:ilized countries. For bling in council round their five years those Chambers might chief has never altogether faded only have a consultative voice, out of the traditions of the and during that time the Govern people. Even the elective prin ment might not be bound to ciple has been to some degree always act on their advice. I preserved amongst their village fully believe by that time the communities. If, therefore, we Egyptians would learn to deserve found ourselves upon what mbre extended powers. already exists, and endeavour to expand it to such proportions as may seem commensurate with the needs and aptitudes of the country, we may succeed in creating a vitalized and self existent organism, instinct with evolutionary force. In order to obtain our ends, we must lay the foundation broad and deep.
SYNOPSIS OF PROPOSED EGYPTIAN lNsnronoNs
1. The Villag' Constituency. Composed of representatives of each circumscription, chosen by manhood suffrage, who are the depositaries of the village vote.
2. The Provincial Councils. (Varying in number from four to eight members.)-Chosen by the spokesmen of the villages. 286 APPENDIX I
3· TJ. ~coe eo.n.Al. Consisting of twenty-six mem bers, of whom twelve are nomi nated by the Khedive on the advice of his Kinisters. and sixtftD are elected by the Provincial Councils.
4- TN W...Z AssnUiy.- 01 eighty members: eight Ministers. tweaty.six members of the Legislative Council, forty sis delq;ates elected by the spokesmea of the villao~
S. Eigll Milrist#s.-Respoa sible to the Khedive.
6. His Highness the~
It may be objected that the f~ machinery does not really embody the Parliamentuy priDc.iple in the tnae acc:eptatioa of the tenn. both the Council of Legislation and the General Assembly being eonsultative rather tha.ll law-making bodies ; but few people would be pe pued to maintain that: Egypt is yet ripe for pure popular govemment.
4th. The proceedings of the two Assemblies to be public_ and inserted in Arabic and French pa~this would ac:custom. the nati"-es to take part ia theit owa ~ and ~ them. for political life. At: the expin.tion of 1ive yean. powers of Assembly to be definitely fixed according to what experience may suggest --and these Kinisters ~d be wholly respcmsible to the Chamber. 287 GREAT BRITAIN IN EGYPT
LoRD Dt:FFEJUN'S ScHEME
5th. Political laws ought to be made, determining the powers and special privileges of the ruler, the duties of lfinisters no act of the ruler to be valid unless approved by the Cabinet, or by the special Minister whom it may concern. The ruler shall have no direct communications with Foreign Representatives or their Governments except through his Minister for Foreign Aft'airs.
There is no doubt that the 6th. Perfect equality be fact of foreigners in Egypt tween all the inhabitants of being exempt from taxation to Egypt ; no difference to be which its inhabitants are sub made between foreigners and ject is extremely galling to the natives with regard to general native mind. The removal of treatment, to the payment of so g1aring an injustice would do taxes, and so on. much towards suppressing the very general feeling that the philanthropy of foreign Govern ments towards the Egyptians becomes paralysed the moment the pecuniary interests of their own subjects are a1fected. The chief requkement of 7th- A thorough reform of Egypt is justice. A pure, cheap, judicial administration being and simple system of justice accomplished, a uniform body will prove more beneficial to of laws should be applied in the country than the largest all the Courts of Justice in Constitutional privileges. The Egypt : those laws ought to be structure of society in the East in accordance with the customs is so simple that, provided the and nature of the inhabitants : taxes are righteously assessed, the execution and proper carry it does not requke much law ing out of the law to be accu making to make the people rately watched over, in order to happy : but the most elaborate leave no room for undue in legislation would fail to do so ftuence, and the old system of if the laws invented for them observing the law apparently were not equitably enforced. and evading it in reality. At this moment there is no real justice in this country. What passes under that name is a mockery, both a.s regards z8S APPENDIX I
the tribunals themselves. and the UW'JINS jwris they pretend to administer. It is evident that all our efforts 8th. Special care to be taken to provide Egypt with appro of national education. and the priate administrative xna.chinery diffusion of knowledge to all will be in vain unless we can parts of the country--and more depend upon the various parts particularly the knowledge of of which that xnachinery is the laws and institutions of the composed perfotming v.-ith effi land. in. order to increase the ciency the duties allotted to number of those ·who are able them. Nor have the Egyptian to apply the laws. people a right to com.plain that the Departments are unduly • crowded v.ith foreign officials if it is impossible to find native employ~s ptlSS sing the neces sary education and other quali· fi.cations for occupying the posts now. through sheer necessities of the case. entrusted to strangers. If this grievance. a.nd it is undoubtedly a legiti mate one. is to be got rid of. it can only be by the Egyptian Government taking in hand. in an energetic and conscientious m.anner. the education of the risiug generation. But there are other ~ gth. The unnecessary Euro n:forms which will have to be pean employ& to be dismissed. inau.,.crurated befon the Civil and only such of them to be Service of Egypt can become kept as may be really useful and either efficient or economical. necessary ; their salaries to be Unfortunately. the introduction fixed in. accordance with the of these will occasion much resources of the country. and dissatisfaction. and may in a proportion to be observed flict some individual hardship. · between·their salaries and those In his Report of the 18th Sep allowed to natives. in order to tember last.· transmitted to avoid jealousy and discontent your Lordship by Sir Edward by undue partiality. Malet. Mr. Fitzgerald has shown that the number of employ&. in the servic:e of the Egyptian Government is ridiculously in excess of the public needs.
T GREAT BRITAIN IN EGYPT
Nevertheless, it is very de sirable that the European sta1l should be considerably reduced, especially where it has been duplicated for political reasons.
There is no service in Egypt xoth. Natives ought not to of which the people have more be kept back from employment, just reason to complain than and from occupying any official that by which the cada.straJ. post, so long as they possess the survey of the country has been necessary qualities ; persons conducted, and it is not sur- excluded from Government func prising that it attracted the tions on acount of their asso attention of the Chamber of ciation with the late events Notables. ought ·also to be allowed to The cost has been excessive, compete for employment. if the results small ; and the ser- they are capable enough to do vice has been crowded with so. European employes, whose tech- nical knowledge has not always been of a high order. I now proceed to call your nth. Special attention ought Lordship's attention to one of to be paid to the question of the most distressing subjects usury, and the means of pre connected with the present venting usurers from employ social condition of this country. ing the most unfair means to It is a question of recent growth, despoil the nation. namely, the encumbered con dition of a considerable propor- tion of the fellaheen lands, especially in the Delta.
Unfortunately, the s,ooo,oool. of mortgage debt above referred to does not by any means represent the whole of the fellah's indebtedness. I am told, on good authority, that he owes at least another 3.ooo,oool. or 4,ooo,oool. to the village usurer, who holds his bond, and is able to sell him up with the same s:i.nister expedi tion as the mortgagee. 290 APPENDIX I
Loao DUFI'Eitm's Sc.Raa:s
Ha'ing thus satisfied the nth. Cue must be taken moral ~uirements of Egypt of the irrio..-ation "'OI'I..-s and other by providing her with domestic means of fertilizing the soiL security. freedom. and justice. These have been greatly neg we may now tura to consider lected. and they touch the 'ftTY her material Deeds. The wealth life of Egypt. of Egypt springs from. the soil. whose fertility is entirely de 1:3th. All the foftgoing pendent upon irrigation. Year measures under existing cll"- after year the Nile conveys in cum.stances must be adopted its a.ftluent waters ricllet and carried out under thesupel' ~.asures than did ever the visi.on and direction of Directors fabled Pactolus. specially appointed by the At the ~t moment we British Government for a. cer- an labouriDg in the illtensts tain time. until those reforms of the world at Jarg6. The have produced their effect. and desideratum of everyone is an the Egyptians become capable Egypt peaceful. prosperous and of eonducting their own affairs. contented. ablo to pay its If these Rforms an <:at'efully debts. eapahle of mailltaiDiog st:udied and earried out. the order along the Canal. and offer. Egyptian people will ~ the ing no excuse in the troubled end of the long and painful conditions of its a1fa.irs for in disease under which it has been terference from outside.. F'ranc:e. labouring. through the wisdC)ln Turkey. ~-ay Euopeau Power of its medical advisers, and must be as anxious as ourselves England will have accomplished for the attainment of these her task in a manner which will ft:Sults. nor can they be jealous reflect great honour upon her. of the means we take to secure them. The very fact of our having endowed the country with n presentative institutions is a (Signed) AHMED ARABI '!:H& proof of our disinterestedness. EGYPTIAN. APPENDIX II
DECLARATIO!If OF n."DEPDillESCE, 28TH FEBRCARY, 1922.
Whereas His Majesty's Government, in accordance with their declared intentions, desire forthwith to recognize Egypt as an independent sovereign State ; and Whereas the relations between His Majesty's Government and Egypt are of vital interest to the British Empire ; The following principles are hereby declared :
1. The British Protectorate over Egypt is terminated, and Egypt is declared to be an independent sovereign State. 2. So soon as the Government of His Highness shall pass an Act of Indemnity with application to all inhabitants of Egypt, martial law as proclaimed on the 2nd November, 1914, shall be withdrawn. 3· The following matters are absolutely reserved to the dis cretion of His Majesty's Government until such time as it may be possible by free discussion and friendly accommodation on both sides to conclude agreements in regard thereto between His Majesty's Government and the Government of Egypt: (a) The security of the communications of the British Empire in Egypt; (b) The defence of Egypt against all foreign aggression or interference, direct or indirect ; (c) The protection of foreign interests in Egypt and the protection of minorities ; (d) The Sudan. Pendi.ng the conclusion of such agreements the status quo in all these matters shall remain intact.
In the covering communication from Lord Allenby to Sultan Fuad " the creation of a Parliament with right to con trol the policy and administration of a constitutionally re sponsible Government " was pronounced to be a matter for llis Highness and the Egyptian people to determine ; and it was also declared that there was " no obstacle to the re establishment forthwith of an Egyptian 1\linistry for Foreign Affairs which will prepare the way for the creation of the diplomatic and consular representation of Egypt." 292 APPENDIX Ill
THB DRAFT TREATY OF I9:Z']-Z8
His Majesty the King of Great Britain. Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, and His Majesty the King of Egypt, Being anxious to consolidate the friendship and to maintain and perpetuate the relations of good understanding between their re spective countries, And considering that in order to seGure this objeGt it is desirable to give precision to the relationship between the two countries by resolving and defining the outstanding questions at issue which formed the subject of the reservations which His Britannic Majesty's Govermnent considered it necessary to make on the occasion of the declaration of the 28th February. :1922, Being anxious to eljmjnate the possibility of interference in the internal administration of Egypt. And considering that these objects will best be achieved by the conclusion of a treaty of friendship and alliance, which in their common interest will provide for efiective co-operation in the joint task of ensuring the defence and independence of E,.c:rypt ; Have agreed to conclude a treaty for this purpose, and have appointed a.s plenipotentiaries: His Majesty the King of Great Britain, Ireland, and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India : for Great Britain and Northern Irela.nd: The Right Honourable The Lord Lloyd, G.C.S.I•• G.C.I.E.• D.S.O., Member of His Most Honourable Privy Council ; His Majesty the King of Egypt : His Excellency Abdel Khalek Sa.rwat Pasha, President of the Council of Ministers : Who, having communicated their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed as follows :-
AanCLE x. An alliance is established between the high contracting parties in consecration of their friendship, their cordial understanding and their good relations. AllTICLE 2. His Majesty the King of Egypt undertakes not to adopt in foreign countries an attitude incompatible with the alliance or liable to create difficulties for His Britannic Majesty : not to oppose in 293 GREAT BRITAIN IN EGYPT foreign countries the policy followed by His Britannic 1\.Iajesty and not to conclude with a foreign Power any agreement which might be prejudicial to British interests.
ARTICLE 3· If, by reason of any attack or act of aggression whatsoever, His :Majesty the King of Egypt should be involved in war for the defence of his territory or for the protection of the interests of his country, His Britannic Majesty will, subject always to the provisions of the Covenant of the League of Nations, come immediately to his aid in the capacity of belligerent.
ARTICLE 4· Should circumstances arise likely to imperil the good relations between His :Majesty the King of Egypt and a foreign Power or threaten the lives or property of foreigners in Egypt, His Majesty will at once consult with His Britannic Majesty with a view to the adoption of the measures best calculated to solve the difliculty.
ARTICLES· In view of the co-operation between the two armies as contem plated in Article 3, the Egyptian Government pledge themselves to carry out the instruction and training of the Egyptian army in accordance with the methods of the British army ; should the Egyptian Government deem it necessary to have recourse to the services of foreign officers or instructors, they will choose them from among British subjects.
ARTICLE 6. In the event of His Britannic Majesty being menaced with or engaged in war, even though such war should in no way affect the rights and interests of Egypt, His Majesty the King of Egypt undertakes to furnish to His Britannic Majesty in Egyptian territory all the facilities and assistance in his power, including the use of his ports, aerodromes and all means of commnnication.
ARTICLE 7· In order to facilitate and secure to His Britannic Majesty the protection of the lines of commnnication of the British Empire, and pending the conclusion at some future date of an agreement by which His Britannic Majesty entrusts His Majesty the King of Egypt with the task of ensuring this protection, His Majesty the King of Egypt authorizes His Britannic Majesty to maintain upon Egyptian territory such armed forces as His Britannic Majesty's Government consider necessary for this purpose. The presence of these forces shall not constitute in any manner an occupation and will in no way prejudice the sovereign rights of Egypt. 294 APPENDIX III Alter a period of ten years from. the coming into force of the present treaty. the high contracting parties will reconsider, in the light of their experience of tho operation of tho provisions of tho present treaty. the question of the localities in which the said forces are to be stationed. Should no ~ ARTICLE 8. In view of the friendship between the two countries and of the alliance established by this treaty. the Egyptian Government when ~ing the services of foreign officials will as a rule give preference to British subJects. Nationals of other Powers will only be engaged if no British sub jects possessing tho necessary qualifications and fulfilling the requisite conditions are available. bTICLB 9• His Britannic Majesty undertalres to use all his influence with the Powers possessing capitulatory rights in Egypt to obtain the modi fication. of the capitulatory regime now e."Cisti.Dg in ~crypt so as to make it conform more closely with the spirit of the times and with the present state of Egypt. ARTICLB IO, His Britannic Majesty will use his good oflices for tho admission of Egypt to 'the League of Nations. and will support the request which Egypt will present to this effect. Egypt for her part declares herself ready to accept the conditions prescribed for admission to the~e. ' ARTICLB II. In view of the special relations created beh.-een the high con tracting parties by the alliance, His Britannic Majesty will be re- presented at the Court of His M$jesty the l{ing of Egypt by an Am.bassador, duly accredited, to whom His Majesty the lOng of F.. gypt will grant precedence over all other foreign representatives. AR.TlCLE "12. Nothing in the pnsent treaty is intended to or shall in any way prejudice the rights and obligations which devolve or may devolve upon either of the high. contracting parties under the Covenant of the League of Nations. 295 GREAT BRITAIN IN EGYPT AancLE 13. The a.tTa.ngements for carry:in.g certain provisions of the present ireaty into effect form the annex hereto, which shall have the same validity and duration as the ireaty. ARTICLE 14. The high contracti.Dg parties, although convinced that by reason of the precise definitions laid down above as to the nature of the relations between the two countries no misunderstanding is to be anticipated between them, a,.aree, nevertheless, in their anxiety to maintain their good relations, that any disagreement on the subject of the application or of the interpretation of these provisions which they are unable to settle by direct negotiation shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of the Covenant of the League of Nations. The present treaty shall be ratified and the ratifications shall be exchanged at as soon as possible. In witness whereof the undersi~ have signed the present treaty and have affixed thereto their seals. Done at Cairo, in duplicate, the day of I (a) In default of previous agreement between the high con tracti.Dg parties to the contrary, British personnel on the existing scale shall be maintained in the Egyptian army with their present functions and on the conditions of the ex:isting contracts during the period of ten years provided for in Article 7 of the treaty. {b) The Egyptian Government will not cause the personnel of the Egyptian army to be trained abroad elsewhere than in Great Britain. The Government of His Britannic Majesty for their part undertake to receive any mission which the Egyptian Government may send to Great Britain for this purpose. {c) The armament employed by the Egyptian army shall not differ in type from that of the British army. His Britannic Majesty's Government undertake to use their good offices, whenever so desired by the Egyptian Government, to facilitate its supply from Great Britain. . • {d) The privileges and immunities at present enjoyed by the British forces in Egypt shall continue. The Egyptian Government will continue to place at the disposal of the said forces, free of charge, the land and buildings at present occupied by them until such time as an alteration is made, in accordance with the second para,.araph of Article 7 of the ireaty, in the localities in which the said forces are stationed. When any such alteration is made, the land and buildings vacated shall revert to the Egyptian Government, who 296 APPENDIX III will provide,. free of charge. in the localities to which the forces are transfeued. equivalent accommodation to that provided by the land and buildings vacated. (<') Unle;;s the hi.gh contracting parties shall previously have ~"Teed to the contrary. the Egyptian Government will prohibit the passage of aircraft over the territory situated on either side of the Suez Canal. and within 20 kilom.. of it. This prohibition will not. however. apply to the forces of the high contracting parties or to services already established under existing agreements. II (a) The Egyptian Govemment. in agRement with His Britannic Majesty•s Government. will appoint a financial adviser. "\Vhen it shall be so desired. the powers at present e..'l:.ercised by the Com missioners of the Debt shall be conferred upon him. He will be kept infonned of all legislative proposals of such a nature that. to be applicable to foreigners. they would require ia present cir cumstances the consent of the capitulatory Powen. He shall be at the disposal of the Egyptlb.n Government for aU other matters in regard to which they may wish to consult him. (b) HaviDg l'egud to futwe dumg~ in the judicial orgaoiaation as envisaged iD. Article g of the treaty. the Egyptian Government will name. in agreement with His Britannic Majesty'11 Govemm.ent. a judicial adviser. He shall be kept informed of all matters con cerning the administration of justice in which foreigners are con cerned. and will be at the disposal of the E.,.ayptian Govemm.ent for all other matters in regard to which they may wish to consult him. (c) Until the coming into force. as the nsult of '-oreements between Egypt and the Powers concerned. of the refonn of the capitulatory system contemplated in Article g of the treaty. the Egyptian Government willaot modify. except iD. agreement with His Britannic Majesty's Government. the aumber. status and func tions of the British officials engaged at the moment in the public security and police services. 297 INDEX A Arabi Pasha, 2, 8, 10, 39, 46 el seq., 51, 53· 56, 57• 58, 65, ABBAS PASHA, 27 70, 73· 74· 77· 92, 96. 97· 98, Abbas Hilmi. Khedive,147• 154, 101, IfYl, 112, 114, 283 159. 168, 175· 177· 201, 202, Armenians in Egypt, 6, 21 206,264 Army, Egyptian, 9, 38, 46, 53. Abd-el-Al, 53, 54, 57• 74 57·75·93,I74.192,2fYl,259,26o Abd-el-Latif, I82 Assim Pasha, no Abdin Palace, Cairo, 42, 57, 6o .AssyriaDs in Egypt, 4 Abdul Aziz Bey Fehmi, I77, 250 Aswan, 18, 141, 143, 173, 189 Abdullah, Mahdist Khalifa, 184, Asyut,277 188 Atbara, 18g, 243 Abdur Rahman Pasha, 95 Austria and Egypt, 96, 97, 156 Aboukir, 217 note Auxiliary Egyptian Corps, 205 Abu Hammad, 278 Mil Ada. Fort, Alexandria, I02 B Adly Pasha, 23I, 232, 253, 254, 258 BAGGARA, I83. ISS Administration of k882, 123 Bahr-el-Gbazal, I84. 188 Adua, Battle of, 189 Baker, Sir Benjamin. 173, x8x, Ahmed Effendi Maher, 252 182 Ahmed Ismail Effendi, 25I Balkan Wars, I71 Ahmed Pasha Arabi, see Arabi Bank of Egypt, 28 Pasha Baring, Sir Evelyn, see Cromer, Alexandra, H.M.S., 100 el seq Lord Alexandria, 14, 28, 37, 65, 72, Barrages, Nile. 26, 14 3 14• 78, 89, go, 97 el seq., 101 Beaman, Hulme, 1o6, 118 el seq., 138, 141, 23I, 2+f Beduins, 5,6,1g Ali Fehmi, 53, 54• 74 Behera Province, 133 Ali Pasha Moubarek. 39, 143 Bell, Moberly, 40, 42, 77 Alison, Sir Archibald, 113 Berber, 18o, 186 Allenby, Lord, 213, 220, 221 Berberin, IS et seq., 244• 247 Bismar~k. Prince, 36, 9I, 95 Anglo-Egyptian Convention Blignieres, M. de, 36, 38, 45 (x8gg), I79• 190, I99 Blue Nile, 189, 195, 196 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty (1927· Blunt, Wilfred Scawen, 10, 71, 8), 263, 267, 270, 272 et seq., 73· 78. g6, 116 293 Boats, Tax on, 140 Anglo-French Declaration (1918), Bombardment of Alexandria, 214 98 et seq., 101 el Sefl Antonius, G., 261 Boutros Pasha Ghali, 21, 161 Appeal, Courts of, 129 Boycott of Milner :Mission, 227 2g8 INDEX Brigandage Commission. :1.15 Consul-General, British, Duties British Officials in Egypt. 12.fa of, 126 :~68. 172· 222, 237 Cookson. Sir Charles, 57. 59. 62,77 Broadley, A. M., 116 Copts,. s. 6, :rg Budget. Egyptian. 70, 136, 138 COre, Count. 93, I09 Bulful. General. 219 Con~u, Forced Labour, 16, 144. 145 c Cotton Markets, :173 CAIRO, 14, 26, 28, 39, IIJ, 141, Cromer, Ist Earl of. 1], ]2, s6. 219, 221, 227, 231, 233• 263, 45o I~U, :122 d $~.. :133, :136, 268a277 147· ISJ:, 157. 158. I6I, 1fi4, Caiss• tl6 14 D.U. Publigsu, 32, 165. 182, 186. ~n6 123, 128. 137. 138. :156 Curbasb, Punishment by, 144- Camel Transport Corps. 21:3,214 146 Campbell. Col., Consul-General, Curzon. Marquis, 232, 233 27 Capitulations. 130, 135. :r6o, 236, D 274 DAJRA SANl:EB EsTATES, n:4, Cave, Stephen, 31 :129, 144 Chamberlain. Sir Austen. 262, Damascus, '107 267,272 Damietta. 14. :l.f-3 Cheetham.. Sir Milne. zo:r, 206 Darfur, I82, I84a 188, 1:93 Cheru Pasha. 41, 42. 45. 51:, S9. Debt_ Public_ 29, 31o 32. :139 61, 66. 6g, 70, 72, 83. 107· 184 Dedaration of 1904, ISS ChiroJ.. Sir Valentine, 35 Deirut. 2:19 Cltilttwft, CableShip,gg,IOid$'f Delegation. tAdly Pasha'S. 23Xa Cholera. Epidemic of 1883, 9 232 Christians in Egypt, :19 Delta.. Irrigation in. :14:1 Circassians in Egyptian Azmy. Dervish Army, :r88. 1.89 38. 47· 49· 53· 71 Dervish Pasha_ 75o 76, 92o 99 Civil Lists, Khedivial. I37 Diary of Bombardment of Alex- Clemenceau, · M.. :1o8 andria. 99. xo:r el s~ Coles Pasha. :1:49, 1:68 Disraeli, Benjamin. x, 3:1 Colvin, Sir Auckland, 57. 58, S9. Distress in Egypt. 34. 72 61, 66, 68, 690 79, l26 Domains Administration. 129 Commissions. Cave (1:875). 31 : Domiciliary Visits, Laws, Con- :1878. 36 ; Liquidation. 45 ; cendng. 131: Sultan's (I882), 75 : Brigan Dongola. :r8o, :rSg dage, 145 Drummond-Wolff. Sir Henry, Condominium. Anglo-Egyptian. 127 1 :191, :198 Dual Control. 32 Condor, H.M.S.• :roz Dufferin and Ava. Marquess of, Conference of Powers (x882), 92, 75· go, 92. 93. gs. Iog, 112, 97, Io8, :no us. 157· 283 Connaught. Duke of. I 13 Conrad, Admiral, 97 E Conscription. 9 EDUCATJ:ON REFoRMS, ISO. 1.64 Constitution of 1923, 240, 241: Egyptian Expeditjonary Force, Constitutionalist Party, 64 210 299 INDEX Egyptiin Labour Corps, 212, George, Rt. Hon. D. Lloyd, 235 213, 214 Germany and Egypt, 81, 88, g6, Egyptian Peoples, 3 156 " Egyptian Problem, The " (Sir Gezira Plain, xg6, 197, 246 Valentine Chirol), 35 Ghaleb Pasha, u8 El-Arisb, 14 Ginnis, 188 El-.Azbar University, Cairo, 12, Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., 2, 47· 49· 151, 222,. 227 6o, 68, 82, 186 El Obeid, 184 Goldsmid, Sir Frederic~ 57 El Teb, Battle, 184 Gondokoro, 190 Emin Pasha, x88 Goodsall, Captain Walter, 99, Entente Cordiale, 155 101 et seq Equatorial Provinces, 182, 188 Gordon, General, 182, 185, x86 Eritrea, 198 Gorst, Sir Eldon, 155, 158, 161, Essad Efiendi, 75, 76 167, 168, 170, 196 Ethiopia, 4• 179 Goschen, Lord, 32 Extravagance in Egypt, 36 Granville, Lord, Foreign Secre tary, 57, 6o, 69, 72, 73• 75• 81, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93, III, 120 F Greeks in Egypt, 4 FAKBRI PASHA, 154 Fashoda lncid~t, 155, 190 H Fazokl, 181 • · Feisal, Einir, 215 HA:l.FAYA, 180 Fellahin, 5, 6, 7, 15, 23, 26, 28, Halim Pasha, 88, no 34· 56, 139. 205, 212, 221 Havas Telegraphic Agency, 137 Financial Adviser, 126 Heyha., Village of, 47 Firket, Battle of, 8 Hicks Pasha, 184, x88 Five Feddan Law, 172, 175 Holy Carpet for Mecca, 137 •• Four Reserved Points," 229, Hoskins, Admiral, 105, xo8 234, 254, 267, 273, 280, 292 Hospitals, Reforms in, 149 France and Egypt, 22, 31, 65, 73, House Tax, 140 So, S4, g6, 97, 108, xog, uo, "How we defended Arabi" (A. 135· 155 M. Broadley), u6, uS Fresh Water Canal, 278 Hussein, King of Hedjaz, 215 Freycinet, M. de, 72, 73, 75, 88. Hussein Kemal, Sultan, 2o6, 208, 8g, go, 91, 96, 97, 108 :no, 211 Fuad, King, 2II, 240, 241, 247, Hussein Pasha Rus)ldi, see 249· 262, 268 Rushdi Pasha Funj, xSo Hyksos in Egypt, 4 G I GAMBETTA, M., 23, 67, 69, 72, INDEMNITY, Ac::r OF, 241, 242 85, 86, 88 Independence, Declaration of Garrison, British, in Cairo, 233, (1922), 235· 292 277 Inflexible, H.M.S., 10:1 Garstin, Sir William, 196 Invintible, H.M.S., 102 Gash,~ver, 195,197 Irrigation, 141, 151, 152, 189,196 300 INDEX lsm.ail. Khedive. 25. 28 d ~eq •• L 49• S Ia sS. :t8z Ismail. son of Mehemet Ali. xBo. LANE-POOLE. STANLBY, 13 J:8J: Lascelles. Sir Frank. .p: Ismail Pasha Sidki. su Sidki LalJS?.Uile_ Peace Conference at. Pasha 240 Ismailia. 14, xos. 2:1:0 Lebib Effendi. 76 Ismailia Palace, Cairo, 42, 51 LegislativeCouncil and.Assembly, Italo-Turkish War. 176 :124, X57a J:6o. x6I0 I77• 230 Italy and Egypt, 81. 88, 109, 156. Lesseps, M. de, 36, I Ill 189, 256 Levantines in Egypt, 6. :1:9 Liquidation. Law of, 1:36, 1:46 Lloyd Lord. 248, 249 el seq., 275 J London Convention. (x885). :138 jEBEL AULYA, DAM. 197. 227 Lower Egypt. B. :r42 JointNoteof France and Britain Lunatic Asylums. Reforms. 1:49 (x88z). 67 el seq•• 73a 75. 85, 88 Lupton Bey. 1:84 Joubert. M •• 3Z Lutfi Pasha. 4Ia 78 Lyons. Lord. 67. 73, 86 K M IUDI, THB GRAND, 12 Kafr Dawar, :107, 1:13 MAcDoN~, R~. HoN. J. RAM Kairy Pasha, 42 SAY,2421243 Kasr-el-Nil Barracks, 54, 55. J:.I7 MacMahon. Sir Henry, 201, 210 Kassala, x89, :r.97 Mahdi,The (Mohammed Ahmed), Kassassin, Battle of, 112 I83, 185, :r.88 Keel-hauling; Punishment, xos Mahmoud Pasha Sami, 54 •ole, Kemal. Prince Hussein, ~e• ss. 59. 70, 76, 77· 79 Hussein Kemal Mahmud Effendi Nakraski. 252 Kenya, 1:96 Mahmud Fehmi, u:a Kershaw, Judge, 251:. 252, 253 Mahmudiyeh Canal. 26 Khalifa. su Abdullah Mak:war, 1.97 Kharadji Lands. 139 Malet. Sir Edward. 55. 56. 6o, 65, Khartum, xSI. J:Sz. xBs, 1:86. 68, 69, 73. 79, Sx, g6, xu: 189. 190,:195.243·246 Mamelukes, 180 Khedive, Title, 29 Ma'mur, IS .. Khedives and Pashas .. (C. F. Mansourah, 157 Moberly Bell), 40• 45, 59. 77 Marchand, Colonel, 1.90 Khedivial Decree (1904), .156 Mariut Railway, :r.76 Khedivial Faction, :1:76 MaYiuu:, 15 Khursid Pasha, :182 Marsa-el-Rana.t Fort, Alexan King, Title assumed by Sultan, dria. IO:Z 235. 237 Martial Law, Declared in xgx9. Kitchener of Khartum. Earl. 224. 230, 235 171: el Sef•• 176• 1780 1890 Igo, -Massawa, 48, xS:r. • 193, I97o 264 Maxwell, Gen. Sir John. 204. 209, Kordofan, x8x 2IO, 226 Kosti. I95 Medical Administration, 149 30:1: INDEX Medicine, School of, Cairo, 149 Nile, River, 3, 14I, I42, 179, 191, Mehemet Ali, 16, 26, 47, 58, 77• I96, I98, 278 179, 180 Ninet M., tOI, 104 Metemm.a, 181 Noailles Marquis de, 94 Mex Forts, Alexandria, 102 Northbrook, Lord, I38, 186 Milner, Lord, 226, 228 Notables, Chamber of, 40, 59, Milner Mission and Report, 226, 64, 66, 70, 76 228, 229, 231 Nubar Pasha, 22, 38, 39, 145, Minia, 260 147· 153· 184 Mixed Courts of Justice, 129, Nubia and Nubians, 6, 8, 18, 179 131, 257· 269 " Modem Egypt" (LordCromer), 0 14, 23 Mohammed Abdu, Sheikh, 13,14, OCCUPATION, BRITISH, IN EGYPT, I65, 175 Bs, 87, xo8, I33· I56, I6o, I75r Mohammed Ahmed, see Mahdi 202 Mohammed Bey, I8I Octroi dues, 140 Mohammed Said Pasha, I77, 226 Omar Pasha Lutfi, see Lutfi Monophysite Sect, 20 Pasha Morley, Lord, 70 O~h. 14,15,257 Moslems in Egypt, I2 Omdurman, 184, 189 Motor Cars, Effect of, 172 Oom e1 Kubebe Fort, I02 Mouka.bala., Law of, 37. Organic Law (t883), I24, 159 Muaftz, 15 OsmanDigna, 184, I88 Mudirs, Power of, IS, 144, 158 Osman Pasha Ghaleb, see Ghaleb Mufti, The Grand, 12, 222 Pasha Municipal Commissions, 158 Osman Pasha Rifki, see Rifki Murray, Gen. Sir A., 210 Pasha Mustapha Pasha Fehmi, 147,154 Osmanli class, 239 Mustapha · Pasha Nahas, see Ouchouri lands, I39 Nahas Pasha '• . Musurus Pasha, 92 p Mutilations, 9 PALACB PA.RTY, 249· 250 Palestine, Campaign in, 211, 212 N Palmerston, Lord, So NAG lLUIADI, I97 Pan-lslamism, 163 Nahas Pasha, 266, 276, 279 Patriarch, Coptic, 21 Nahiyeh, IS Patriotic Party, ·I75 Napoleon I., 1 Persians in Egypt, 4 Napoleon III., So Pharos,Alexandria,gg Nashaat Pasha, 249, 250 Popular Party, I 75 Nationalist Party, 10, 64, 66, Population,23,I99 6g, 116, II8, I62, 164, I67, Port Sudan, I93• 195, 243 175, 20I, 2n, 2I4, ~us, 216, Port Tewfik, 274 221, 238, 243· 255· 257 Prison Reforms, 148, I49 Nefisheh, 278 note Proclamation, Turkish, against Nessim Pasha, 238, 24I Arabi, III Newspapers, Arabic, I66, 256 Professional Tll;X, I4o, I47 J02 INDEX Promotion. Difficulties over. 54. Sennar.x8o.Ig6, I97.227 7I . Sergeant Captures IO,ooo Men. Protectorate. British. 206. 207· l:I3 2J:I0 21:4, 217, 225, 229o 235 Seymour, sit Beauchamp, 74. Public Assemblies Act. 276 g8, 99 el SIIIJ Pyramids, 26, 31 Shafik Mansur, Dr.• 2SI, 252 Shagia, 180 R Shahin Pasha, 41 Sheikhs, IS, 16. 18 RA.GHEB PASHA, g6 Shendi, 180, 18:r Railway Administration. 128 Sidki Pasha, 25~ Railways,28, I]~I9So 196,21:9 Sinai Desert Railway, 213 Ramleh, 103o lOS Slatin Pasha, 1:84 Raouf Pasha. 182 Spinks Pasha, 26o, 261: Ras-el-Tin Fort. Alexandria. Stack. Sir Lee. 244, 25 I 101:, 1:04 Stewart. Lt.-Col., ISS Recruitment, 27 • Suakin, I8o. I8I Reschid Bey, 93 Sudan, 29, 72. 136, :r:38, I79 •' Revenue. 29,31: SIIIJ.,. 229, 238, 240, 243, 24S• Riaz, Pasba, 36, 38, 45• S I, 53• 2.f6 • 54· 6o, 83, •o7, •47• •Slo xss Sudan Defence Force. 245. 2S7a Rifki Pasha. 53· 54· ss. 71 26r Ring. Baron de, ss. as. 94o g6 Rodd, Sir Rennell, 226 Suez, 14, 3' Suez Can~ x, 28, 29, 32. xo8, Romans in Egypt, 4• 179 rs6. 204, 209, 277 Rushdi Pasha, 177, :1:78, 201:. Sultan of l'urkey, 6s, 75, 84, go, 202,207,208,218,223,238 91:, 92, 97, tog, 110, 123 Russia and Egypt, 8x. 88 {iyrians in Egypt, 6, Ig, 2:1: s T SA.'AD PASBA ZAGBLUL. ~- Zaghlul Pasha · TANTA, II], 2J:g, 277 Said Pasha. 28, 47• 48, t8I Taxation, I39 Said Pasha (of Turkey). no Telegraph Company. Eastern.. 28 Sakah. 173 Tel-el-Kebir, Battle of, 8, xu Salt Tax. 140 TtmSMaire, H.M.S., 102, 103 Sandison. Sir Allred, 95 Tessenei, 198 Sanitation Refoi;IDS. 148. 1:49 Tew:fi.k, K~edive,~4o. 42, 44· 49. Sarwat Pasha, 234, 235, 238, sx. 55· 57· sa. 6o, 64, 67, 72, 247· 259· 260, 262, 265. 266, 74· 76, ?8. ss. Sg, g8, lOS, IXO, 270, 272 •I seq •• 279 .., .. us, %47· 154 Savings Banks for • · Fellahin, Tigrane Pasha.. 22 · :1:73 Toski, Battle of, :1:88 Scott, Sir John. 147 Treaty of Alliance, 228, 229 Scott-Moncrie1f. Sir Colin. 142, Trials of Sir Lee Stack's 146 ldurd~,25J:,252 •• Secret History of the English Tribun~•l4•3So36.I:29 Occupation of Egypt •• (W. Tribunals, Native. 147 S. Blunt), n Tripoli, :1:76 303 INDEX Tunis, 66: 8:f' , War, European (19I4·I8), 201 Turkey, ~~erainty of, 29, 84, Waste, Administrative, 36, 137 123, 135 .. 20~, 29~·: Watanist Party, 240, 247, 250 Turks in Egypt, .j, 6, U Watson, Major, II3 ' . White Nile, x8g, 195, 196 .... ·U •· ·• Wilson, Sir Charles, 118 UGANDA, 196 '· Wilson, Sir Rivers, 36, 38, 39 Ulemas, The, 12, 16, xq, 227 Wingate, Sir Reginald, 193, 210, Upper Egypt, 3; 5, 6, 8, 139, 217, 218, 225 141, 219 Wolseley, Lord, xo8, II2, II3, x86 • v Wood, Sir Evelyn, 189 VICTORIA, QUEEN, 60, 82 Vincent, Sir Edgar, l26 y Vivian, Lord, 34 ; . YAt:OUB PASHA ARTIN, 22 VI Yehia Pasha, ~41, 249, 250 . W ~ELAI, · 188 Wadi Haifa, 179, x8o, x88, :1;89, z 195. · Wafd PolitiCal Organization; . ZAGAZIG, 278 Hot~ 238, 239, 240, 242, 247, 249, Zaghlul Pasha, ro, 165, 176, 177, 250, 252, 253, 25&, 26(). 264, 215 et seq., 219, 223, 226, 228, 265, 269, 276, 279 ·" • 231, 234· 238. 239. 241, 242, .Wakfs, The, 16, 37. 123, 177, 258 244, 246, 247, 250, 253, 259, Walne,, Consul-GeneraJ, 28 263 • . War Committee, Report of, 259, • Ziwar Pasha, 246, 247, 250, 254 • 261 Zobeir Pasha, 185