THE OREGON PLAN for Salmon and Watersheds
WESTERN OREGON REARING PROJECT TRAINING MANUAL - 2011
Photo by Pat “Chickpea” Burns, ODFW
CONTENTS
Page
FIGURES ...... 4 TABLES ...... 4 WHAT IS WORP? ...... 5 WORP and the Oregon Plan ...... 5 STUDY DESIGN CONCEPTS ...... 7 Site Selection...... 7 Coordination of Monitoring Activities ...... 9 SURVEY PREPARATION ...... 10 PDA Site List ...... 10 Gear Check out ...... 11 Landowners ...... 12 Survey Priority ...... 16 Survey Logistics ...... 17 Driving Directions and Access Description ...... 19 SNORKELING METHODOLOGY ...... 20 Snorkeling Protocols ...... 22 Barriers ...... 23 Pool Size and Depth ...... 23 Pool Type...... 24 Side Channels and Braids ...... 24 Visibility ...... 25 Endpoints ...... 25 Survey Status ...... 25 Resurveys ...... 26 ELECTROFISHING METHODOLOGY ...... 27 Electrofishing Presence/Absence Survey Protocols ...... 27 General Guidelines for Electrofishing (EF) ...... 28 THERMISTORS ...... 33 FRESHWATER MUSSELS ...... 33 Sampling Protocol ...... 35
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MUD SNAILS AND INVASIVE SPECIES ...... 35 DRY SUIT CARE ...... 38 PDA AND BLUETOOTH PROCEEDURES ...... 39 Instructions For Setting Up Data Sync For PDA‘S ...... 49 ODFW POLICIES AND PROCEDURES ...... 51 WORP Guidelines ...... 51 State Rigs and Mileage Reports ...... 51 Direct Deposit and Other Money Matters ...... 53 ODFW/WORP Safety Responsibilities and Training ...... 53 Injured Worker Guidelines and SAIF Reporting ...... 54 Check in/ Work Alone Policy ...... 55 Emergency Response Plan and Procedures ...... 56 APPENDIX I ...... 58 Fish ID ...... 58 APPENDIX II ...... 63 HABITAT TYPES ...... 63 APPENDIX III ...... 68 Contact Information ...... 68 APPENDIX IV ...... 70 Gear Checklists ...... 70 APPENDIX V ...... 72 4th Field HUCs ...... 72 REFERENCES ...... 74
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………....84
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FIGURES Page
Figure 1. The spatial extent of juvenile salmonid rearing habitat in six Monitoring Areas in western Oregon...... 6 Figure 2. The rotating panel design...... 8 Figure 3. Overlay of Monitoring Area Coordination among ODFW projects ...... 10 Figure 4. Example of a site map; red line indicates the proposed survey, within previous survey boundaries (red and green triangles) and not crossing OASIS boundaries (purple triangles)...... 21 Figure 5. Example of where to end surveys in side channels...... 24 Figure 6. Electrofishers employing the ―Pennsylvania Wallop‖ to capture juvenile steelhead in Tenmile Creek...... 31 Figure 7. Asian Clams and Western Pearlshells are the two mollusks most likely encounted during WORP surveys...... 34 Figure 8. The spread of New Zealand Mud Snails since 1995. In Western Oregon, mud snails have been found in tributaries of the lower Columbia River, Devil‘s Lake on the central coast, in the Umpqua River near Scottsburg, in the Coos River, Garrison Lake near Port Orford, and the Rogue River...... 37 Figure 9. Example of ODFW Vehicle Log ...... 52 Figure 10. Chain of Response for end-of day Check-in for WORP surveyors ...... 57 Figure 11. 4th Field HUCs of the Lower Columbia, North Coast and Mid Coast ...... 72 Figure 12. 4th Field HUCs of the Umpqua, Mid Coast and South Coast ...... 73
TABLES
Table 1. Status codes for data entry ...... 26 Table 2. Common fish responses to electrofishing ...... 29
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WHAT IS WORP?
The Western Oregon Rearing Project (WORP) conducts surveys for juvenile coho salmon, steelhead, and cutthroat trout in western Oregon. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) began this project in 1998 as part of the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The purpose of WORP is to allow ODFW to monitor trends in the distribution and abundance of juvenile salmonids during their summer rearing phase and provide information needed to investigate the relationships between freshwater habitat characteristics, adult spawner abundance, and juvenile recruitment. Information gathered by WORP is a key element to the Oregon Plan‘s efforts to restore healthy salmonid populations and watersheds. Some background information on the Oregon Plan is helpful in understanding the purpose and objectives of the Western Oregon Rearing Project.
WORP and the Oregon Plan
At the turn of the 19th century, coho salmon populations in coastal Oregon north of Cape Blanco exceeded one million fish. Today this population numbers only five to ten percent of that size and many of Oregon‘s salmonids are listed under the Endangered Species Act. The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds (OPSW or The Oregon Plan) is the state‘s response to these trends and Oregon‘s coordinated approach to recover salmon populations and restore watershed health. The Oregon Plan is based on the idea that, although important, salmon recovery will not be achieved by regulatory and government action alone. The approach of the Oregon plan is to coordinate state and federal salmon recovery efforts with watershed councils, communities, and landowners who have local knowledge of recovery obstacles and ownership in solutions. The Oregon Plan is designed to function within the state‘s regulatory requirements, social realities, and funding constraints
Monitoring salmon populations and habitat is a key part of the Oregon Plan. The goal of monitoring is to document the current condition of Oregon‘s key watershed health parameters, track changes over time, and determine if restoration efforts are effective. There are four main ODFW projects that contribute to the monitoring efforts of the Oregon Plan. These projects are: the Aquatic Inventories (AQI) Project, which examines habitat; the Life Cycle Monitoring (LCM) Project, which examines marine and freshwater survival rates, the Oregon Adult Salmonid Inventory and Sampling (OASIS) Project, which monitors trends, abundance, and distribution of spawning adult salmonids; and the Western Oregon Rearing Project (WORP), which monitors trends in juvenile distribution and abundance. These projects are linked through the use of the same random, spatially balanced site selection process and a common rotating panel design in order to promote sampling efficiencies and allow for integration of data and analysis.
What is significant about this approach is that ODFW is monitoring salmonids at each phase of their life cycle. Each year LCM, OASIS, and WORP generate distribution, abundance, and trend data on adult salmonids, juvenile salmonids, and salmonid smolts. The AQI project contributes information on habitat. Data is collected in six Monitoring Areas (MA) that cover all of Western Oregon (Fig. 1). By examining these data over time and across each management area ODFW is able to track factors such as fish abundance and distribution, habitat productivity and capacity, and changes in fish communities. These, along with other factors that can be measured by this integrated approach, allow managers to assess whether or not recovery goals
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are being met, guide recovery planning, and direct limited resources to areas where they are most needed. The juvenile salmonid surveys that you will be conducting are a key component of the monitoring efforts of the Oregon Plan.
LCR Coho ESU & µ LCR Steelhead DPS
North Coast
Mid Coast OC Coho ESU & OC Steelhead DPS
ESU/DPS OCC Strata Boundaries Sampling Frame
Umpqua
Mid-South Coast
SONC Coho ESU & KMP Steelhead DPS
Figure 1. The spatial extent of juvenile salmonid rearing habitat in six Monitoring Areas in western Oregon. The stream network of reaches with rearing habitat formed the sampling frame for selection of snorkel survey sites. Sample frames were stratified as described in Jepsen and Leader (2007). The ESUs (Evolutionarily Significant Units)/DPS (Distinct Population Segments) are stocks of coho/steelhead considered distinct for conservation purposes and contribute significantly to the ecological and genetic diversity of the species (see Weitcamp, et. al., 1995)
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STUDY DESIGN CONCEPTS
Because it is too costly and time consuming to conduct a complete census in each Management Area, WORP relies on a monitoring system designed to produce estimates that statistically represent each area. The fundamental feature of this system is that a representative sample of the target resource (e.g. streams within the rearing distribution of coho salmon) is selected using randomization to avoid bias in the selection process. Measurements made on the sample (stream sites), such as the number of juvenile coho, are used to make inferences about the resource as a whole. If the appropriate design principles are followed, the results derived from measurements on the sample produce an accurate representation of the entire resource (e.g. the average density of juvenile coho in North Coast MA streams).
Site Selection
Sites are randomly selected using Generalized Random Tessellation Stratification (GRTS) protocol (Stevens, 2002). The GRTS site selection process uses a GIS to lay a hexagonal grid over a 1:24,000 scale digital maps of streams. Stream segments within a grid cell are identified and clipped. The segments from neighboring cells are then linked end to end to form a continuous line. A point is randomly placed on the line and additional points are then placed at regular intervals along the line. These points are then re-projected on to the stream coverage map. This process is random, but decreases the amount of clustering that can occur in simple random sampling and provides a more spatially balanced sample of each management area, potentially decreasing the amount of variance in our estimates.
WORP incorporates these sites into a rotating panel design (Figure 2) to best meet our goals of detecting both juvenile salmonid status and juvenile salmonid trends. These goals are often in conflict as requirements that would optimize our ability to predict status differ from those that would optimize our ability to predict trends. For example, to estimate status (average juvenile coho density in the Mid South MA) large sample sizes are desirable. A good design for this would be to survey 100 different sites in the MA each year for five years, giving us a total sample size of 500 sites in that time period. To detect trends (how do densities now compare to those five years ago), it is best to revisit sites each year. In the above example we would revisit the 100 sites sampled in the first year in each year of the study, yielding a sample of 100 sites of the 5 year period. The rotating panel design seeks to balance the requirements of both trend and status detection.
In our design, rows indicate years (2011 highlighted), with the first row being the first year of the project. There are 14 panels, represented by the columns. The first panel (column S0 ) consists of a set of sites visited every year (annual sites). The last panel (S4) consists of a set of new sites selected each year from the pool of sites not selected for any of the other panels (random sites). Between these ―bookend‖ panels are three sets of panels that make up a three- year rotating design, patterned after the three-year coho spawning cycle. These three sets are grouped as blocks. S10 , S20, and S30 consist of a set of sites that would be visited every three years, with S10 sites visited the first year, S20 sites the second year, and S30 sites the third year, then every three years thereafter. Within each of these three-year panels is an additional set of sites that would be visited on a nine-year cycle (i.e. S11, S12, S13, S21, S22, S23, S31, S32 and S33).
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The sites visited every year (S0) provide good trend detection capability and contribute to the representation of the area needed to estimate status. The sets of sites making up the rotating panels (three and nine-year cycles) augment trend detection capability and contribute to the sample size for status. Finally, the random set of new sites (S4) allow an expansion of the sampling effort by adding sites that would not be considered in the basic fixed and rotating panel design. This improves overall representation of the resource of interest and allows for a buffer in the event that budgets change. Sample sites could be added or deleted from S4 without markedly disturbing the trend detection capability of the basic design.
Year S0 S10 S11 S12 S13 S20 S21 S22 S23 S30 S31 S32 S33 S4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 2011 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Figure 2. The rotating panel design.
This design also provides flexibility in allocating sample sizes for different indicators over different geographic areas within a monitoring area. For example, the initial requirement is that coho spawner densities will be estimated with the greatest number of sites, followed by juveniles, then habitat. An added complication is that the spawners occupy a more restricted
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set of stream miles than do the juveniles, and physical habitat inventories are needed over additional stream miles not occupied by adult and juvenile coho. Furthermore, monitoring designs need to be flexible should the need arise for additional indicators (biological integrity, steelhead, etc.). This design layout is compatible with the need for variable sample sizes and spatial extent for a variety of indicators.
Coordination of Monitoring Activities
The GRTS randomized sampling design not only permits statistical estimates of the status and trends of each resource, it also allows habitat, water quality, adult escapement, and juvenile population data from variable sample sizes to be directly compared because overlap of sampling sites is built into the selection process. Each of the parameters monitored by Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife‘s Western Oregon Rearing Project (WORP), Aquatic Inventories Project (AQI), and Coastal Salmon Inventories Project (OASIS) partially overlap, while some survey sites are specific to the needs of each resource, creating a partially nested design (Figure 3). Spawning surveys encompass the greatest number of sites (120) within a monitoring area. These sites are selected from a subset of all streams where adult coho spawn. A smaller number of sites (50) for the summer rearing surveys overlap with adult surveys, but also extend to salmonid rearing habitats outside the distribution of adult coho spawners. Finally, the 45 habitat survey sites overlap with sites sampled for adult spawners and juvenile coho and steelhead populations, but also include other habitats upstream. In this way, the rotating panel design provides an organizational structure for integrating the results of otherwise separate sampling activities.
Through the OPSW Interagency Monitoring Team, state and federal agencies are also coordinating their field activities to avoid duplication of effort and to make better use of limited resources. For example, the ODFW habitat surveys monitor conditions in smaller 1st -3rd order streams (as derived from the digital 1:24 or 1:100,000 GIS stream coverage). Biologists of the Environmental Protection Agency‘s EMAP program will complement these activities by surveying larger fourth-order streams. In a small subset of the stream reaches surveyed for habitat, the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality will collect data on fish presence- absence, water quality, and other habitat conditions. Their selection of sites will also follow the rotating panel design and their site-specific habitat methods should provide some useful comparison to the larger-scale methods used by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.
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Sample Survey Segments in GCGA Habitat surveys (45) Snorkeling surveys (50) Spawner coho spawning reaches surveys (120)
coho bearing streams
all streams
Figure 3. Overlay of Monitoring Area Coordination among ODFW projects
SURVEY PREPARATION
WORP crews will be given a two day training course in Corvallis at the start of the field season. At the training you will meet with your crew leader, the assistant project leader, and the project leader. You will meet your survey partner and be assigned a state vehicle and all the gear you will need to complete the WORP surveys in your area. Depending on your area you may also receive gear for the retrieval of thermistors, macro invertebrate surveys, mussel surveys, and/or mud snail control. Each crew will receive a three ring binder that includes approximately 55 survey packets, one for each survey to be completed during the field season. The packet will have a site map ( a contour map of the site showing the site ID number, GRTS point, and approximate location of the survey) and a map showing the tax lots of the landowners in the survey reach. This information is also loaded into each crew‘s PDA. In the front of the binder you should have a Master Site Checklist, which lists all of the surveys for the season, their ID number, and a column for the status of the survey. You will also receive a large format map showing the location of all of the surveys in your management area on an Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF) road map.
PDA Site List
All data entry for surveys, GPS locations, and landowner contacts must be entered on the PDA in the Pendragon Forms 5.1 program. To view your site list first select your crew then tap Site Descriptions and Entry. This will bring up a list of sites assigned to your crew sorted by priority. Tapping on a row will load the Site Data Form where you will enter site information like driving directions and access sub-forms to enter landowner data and take GPS coordinates.
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After you have completed the training there are still several steps to take before you can begin surveying.
Gear Check out
There are equipment checklists for all of your gear in Appendix 4 of this manual. You should have all the gear you need to conduct snorkel surveys and presence/absence (electrofishing) surveys. You should also be prepared to retrieve thermistors and to control the spread of exotic species. Take some time to double check the contact information given in Appendix 3 and be sure you are able to contact your partner, crew leader, and supervisory staff in Corvallis. Make sure your vehicle has been checked in. Check to see that the gear is in good, working order - especially the electronics such as the PDA, GPS, phone, thermometer, conductivity meter, and flashlight. The best time to deal with missing or malfunctioning gear is while you are still in Corvallis at the training session. If gear is missing or not working, talk to your crew leader about replacing it. There is a lot of gear for these surveys. You will not always need all of it, but over the summer each piece will probably get used at least once. It can be hard to predict when, so be prepared.
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Landowners
Before any surveys can be conducted the crew must have permission from those who own the land where the survey is located. Permission to survey on federal and state land has been secured by supervisory staff. Large landowners, such as timber companies, are contacted by crew leaders or the Corvallis office. There should be an OK date next to where these landowners are listed on the PDA. If not, check with your crew leader. We strive to have well coordinated and efficient contacts with corporate landowners, with one representative of ODFW asking for permission for many sites at a time for an entire field season. This is less time consuming for us and the landowner; it helps us avoid repeat contacts that come from different people from several different projects, which annoys landowners and creates a huge mess. We want to maintain good relationships with these large landowners, so do not contact corporate landowners unless instructed to do so by your crew leader.
It is up to the crew to identify any remaining landowners. Many of these may have been previously contacted and any information about them will be on the PDA and on the landowner sheets with each site map.
Coordination with Aquatic Inventories
Many WORP sites will overlap with sites being sampled by the Aquatic Inventories project (aka, AQI, The Habitat Project or HAB). These sites are highlighted in the Master Site Checklist and on the first page of the Site Data Form. If a site is shared with AQI it will also be noted on the site maps and indicated on the large format map. At shared sites it is important to coordinate landowner contacts and your survey with the AQI project. Landowners on shared sites should only be contacted by one person that asks for permission for both projects. Multiple contacts from several different people can annoy landowners. If permission is granted from the landowners, survey the site at the same time to avoid multiple visits. Make sure that WORP and AQI are using the same start and endpoints on these sites. Phone numbers and contact information for AQI crews is located in Appendix III. Contacting Landowners
For most sites you should have at least some information about the landowners, such as their names and addresses. Use this information and the phone book and/or web-based directories to find phone numbers for the landowners. A phone call is the most efficient way to contact landowners. It is often best to contact landowners in the evening, after business hours. Make an effort to call each landowner within the first week of the field season. If you cannot obtain a phone number, a posted envelope and a form letter asking for permission to survey has been provided for you. Mail these letters to all landowners for which you could not find a phone number within the first week of the field season. Include the addressed and stamped post card which the landowner can easily return to the Corvallis office. You have also been provided with pamphlets describing our surveys which can be given to landowners who require more information. Make sure to write down your name and phone number on the appropriate lines in the pamphlet. If a landowner does not return the postcard in a reasonable amount of time, the next step would be to knock on their door to personally ask for permission. Please remember to be courteous and professional when contacting landowners.
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Information on new landowners, or changes to information on landowners already in our database should be recorded on the landowner data form in the PDA. In addition to recording basic information such as name, address, and phone number make sure to record if the landowner wants data for the survey, whether or not permission was granted for the site, and the date of this result. Also include in the comments any special information that may assist future surveyors in maintaining good relations with that landowner. Many landowners will request to be contacted the night before or the day of the survey. Be sure to record this information and place it in a prominent place so that you will remember to do so before driving to the survey.
Entering Landowner Data
The second page of the Site Data Form contains landowner information. Enter general site information regarding landowners, and mark if a key is required for access. Tapping the Landowners button brings up the landowner list. A landowner may be listed more than once if they own more than one taxlot. A taxlot may be listed more than once if there are multiple owners. Tapping a landowner row brings up the entry screen.
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The first page contains reference information on the landowner. If any of this changes, enter it here and check ―Yes‖ in the Address/Name Change field. The second page contains the data entry fields. Record who you spoke to, the date you received a response, and what response you received. If they want data from their site, record that here. If they are not on the survey, or on an access route, and they should not be contacted in the future check the Not on Survey box.
Use site maps or tax lot maps when talking to landowners so you will know who owns the point (black dot), entry location (green triangle) and exit location (red triangle). This will help you know if you need to cross their property or if you are only likely to be in the creek.
Landowner Talking Points
When you contact landowners introduce yourself in a professional manner and inform them that you work for ODFW. Explain the reason for your call in a clear, concise manner and be familiar with the project‘s methods and objectives.
Introduction Always identify yourself and who your work for. o Hi, this is
Landowner FAQs What type of survey are you doing? o We are snorkeling and counting juvenile coho, steelhead and cutthroat trout. We snorkel every pool in a 1000 meter section of the creek. Any pool that is deeper
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than 20 cm (about 9 inches) is deep enough for us to snorkel. The surveys help us estimate juvenile salmon distribution and abundance. o Surveys take about 3 hours to complete and we will only be there one time. o If this is a shared site with AQI, say that we are recording stream habitat information as well.
Do you need to walk across my property, or will you only be in the creek? o Have the map and tax lot information ready and be able to answer this question before you make the call. Know where you plan to enter and exit the survey and the names of the landowners at this point. It helps to know the names of the landowner‘s neighbors. Our surveys are confined to the stream bed, but we may need to walk on land if we are entering or exiting the survey or if we need to detour around an obstacle (brush, log jam, deep pool, etc.)
What is the data used for? o We use the data to monitor trends in juvenile fish abundance and distribution in western Oregon. Since the study has been going on since 1998, we can see if populations of juvenile salmon are increasing, decreasing, or staying the same. This helps ODFW and other managers make informed decisions and to see if recovery goals are being met.
The creek is dry. You don‘t need to go there. o I appreciate that you would try to save me the time and effort of going to a creek that is dry. Dry sites are important for us to document for several reasons. ODFW is trying to map the distribution of juvenile salmon, so if we can document that a creek is dry on a consistent basis, then it makes our distribution maps more accurate. When ODFW tries to estimate the number of juvenile salmon or steelhead in the
If the landowner wants to discuss ODFW projects that the district may be conducting, refer them to the district biologist; contact information is in Appendix II of this manual.
Hard to Contact Landowners
There is a balancing act between being persistent with a landowner who will not return calls or letters and harassing that landowner. You must use your judgment and any available history (contacts for access permission in the past) ODFW has with the landowner to know how many contacts is too much. As a guideline three contacts by letter or phone message followed by a visit (knock on the door) is an appropriate amount of contact. Often an unresponsive landowner is simply away from home. Neighbors can be a good source of information on how to contact hard to reach landowners and/or their feelings about ODFW surveys on their land.
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Landowner Denials and Shifting Surveys
If a landowner denies you access, you must not trespass on their land for any reason. If a landowner denies you access and they own the land where the GRTS point falls, you cannot complete the survey. Select Denied as the status on the Survey form. For these reasons it is best to start landowner contacts by contacting the person who owns the point. If they give the OK, then the survey can go forward, at least in some fashion. If they deny permission, the entire survey is denied and any contacts with other landowners are futile. If a denial is within the 1000 meter reach, but does not encompass the point, the survey can be shifted upstream or downstream to avoid the denied land. When shifting surveys, try not to cross OASIS survey start and end points (purple triangles on the site map) and try to start at a permanent landmark such as a road crossing or a tributary. Often a survey can be extended in a taxlot for which permission has already been given. If a continuous 1000 meter survey that encompasses the point cannot be established, survey a shorter reach. If a survey is shifted or shortened be sure to indicate which landowners are no longer part of the survey by entering a “Y” in the Not On Survey column in the PDA. Often creeks are property boundaries, so if you have a denial on one side of the stream you may be able to stay on the opposite bank and complete the survey. When it is necessary to survey in this fashion be extremely careful not to trespass. If you have denials in the area of the survey but are able to make adjustments so that the survey can still be done, call back the landowner(s) who have denied access. Let them know that you are aware of their denial and that you will respect their wishes and property rights. Explain that you have adjusted the survey around their property and that you have permission from the other landowners in the area. Tell them when you will be there and describe your vehicle so they are not suspicious of ODFW vehicles and personnel in the vicinity of their land. If property lines are unclear, err on the side of caution. Once you have permission from the site landowner(s), a site is ready to be surveyed. The next step, which can and should be worked on simultaneously with landowner contacts, is to organize your surveys logistically so they are completed in the most efficient manner.
Survey Priority
Most crews will receive about 55 surveys for the field season. WORP has a 7-8 week field season, which includes the two day training session and the Labor Day holiday. Even an experienced crew would be highly challenged to complete all of their surveys in this amount of time. Crews are not expected to survey every site. It is expected that, on average, crews should be able to complete (electrofish or snorkel) 40 surveys. Complete these surveys according to the Priority and Use Order on the Master Site Checklist: Annual sites have priority over three-year sites, which have priority over nine-year sites, which have priority over once-only sites. Complete ten annual sites (Priority 1) before moving on to three-year sites (Priority 2). If a Priority 1 site needs to be dropped for any
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reason (landowner denials, inaccessibility) then replace it with the Priority 3 site with the lowest Use Order. After ten Priority 1 sites are complete, move on to the Priority 2 sites. Replace any dropped Priority 2 site with a Priority 4 site of the lowest Use Order. When ten Priority 2 sites are done, complete the remainder of the annual (Priority 3) sites and then the remainder of the three-year (Priority 4) sites. When all of the annual and three-year sites are done (all of the Priority 1-4 sites) then complete ten nine-year sites (Priority 5), replacing any that need to be dropped with a Priority 6 site. Then complete the remaining Priority 6 sites. Once all of the nine-year sites are done, complete the ten Priority 7 once-only sites and then (after asking for a big, fat raise) the rest of the once-only (Priority 8) sites. This will insure that your sites are completed in order of importance. Depending on logistics it may be most efficient to survey some low priority sites before completing all the highest priority sites. The first page of the Site Data Form on the PDA shows the priority and use order for a site.
Survey Logistics
The degree of difficulty in accessing a site can vary greatly among management areas, as can the number and attitudes of landowners. Some crews will be expected to survey more than 40 sites, and others fewer. It is also expected that a few sites will be dry or above a barrier to fish passage. These sites should be visited and the endpoint, start point, and any barriers documented, described, and saved as GPS locations in the PDA. Crews will also be denied access from landowners on at least a few surveys. Gather as much information about these sites as you can without trespassing into the denied areas. Meeting the target of 40 completed sites can still pose a challenge, especially for inexperienced crews. Having a plan to complete your surveys accurately and efficiently will help to meet or exceed the target. Crew leaders and experienced surveyors will often have methods that work well based on past experience and local knowledge of the management area and its landowners. Coupled with their wisdom, use the following guidelines for planning your field season and completing the maximum number of surveys. 1) Determine which survey sites are also thermistor sites. Plan to survey these sites in September, as thermistors should be recovered after summer maximum temperatures. The site maps for these surveys will have an additional point indicating the thermistor location. Thermistor sites are highlighted on the master site checklist in the front of your binder. It may also help to paper clip the thermistor site packet to the survey site packet. A few thermistors are located in streams for which we do not have annual sites. There will be additional site maps for these thermistors. These steps serve as a reminder to retrieve the thermistor while surveying and avoid a repeat visit to the site or backtracking through the survey to pick up the thermistor. This sounds simple, but second trips to a site for a forgotten thermistor happen every season and can cost precious time. Some thermistors will be located in streams where you do not have a survey. Pick up these thermistors when surveying the closest nearby site. 2) Take a few minutes to study each site and flag those that might be dry, too steep to contain salmonid habitat, or above a potential barrier. Barriers, such as dams, waterfalls, and reservoirs are often located on the ODF maps and may not appear on the site contour maps, which are of a much smaller scale. Indicate these sites on the survey Master Site
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Checklist. If these sites have good access they can generally be completed quickly and removed from the work load. ODFW district offices (see listing in Appendix III) or your crew leader may have information on fish passage above falls, dams or reservoirs. If these surveys have been done in the past or if a spawning survey has been set up in the area of the survey (as indicated by the purple triangles on your site map) the Corvallis research office may have information on fish presence in the stream. Previous surveyors should have noted if the site was above fish passage, dry, or had no snorkelable pools. Often a phone call to Corvallis, your crew leader, or a district office can confirm that a site is above fish passage and eliminate the need to visit the site. Mark the status as Above Barrier in your PDA, describe the barrier and record GPS coordinates, and write who has confirmed it. Sites that were dry, above changeable barriers (such as culverts or dams that could have been replaced with structures that allow fish passage), or had no snorkelable pools in the past still need to be visited as conditions change from year to year. Keep these sites in mind for days when you don‘t have enough time to do a full fledged survey (a reach with dozens of snorkel pools) but have sufficient time to access and walk a 1000 meter reach to confirm that it is dry or has no pools of adequate size. When visiting one of these sites, be prepared to snorkel if need be. 3) Read any driving directions and determine if you will need keys to access a site. If so, work on securing these keys. Often timber companies will issue only a limited number of keys to ODFW during a field season. Coordinate with your crew leader on this. 4) While studying each site, determine which sites are ready to be surveyed (have permission from the landowners) and which sites are waiting for landowner permission. This information is on the Master Site Checklist. Flag each site as being ready or waiting and indicate this on the Master Site Checklist. As stated previously, you should contact each landowner at least once (either by phone or letter) within the first week and a half (the two days after training and the next four working days) of the field season. Strive to always have a few sites that are ready and remember that it is often easiest to contact landowners in the early evening. Remember that one crew member can call landowners while the other is driving, provided that you are in an area with solid cell coverage. 5) The sites in your area are plotted on a large format ODF road map. On this map you can see access conditions for each site and how all the sites are arranged geographically. Refer to the Master Site Checklist to see the status/priority level of each site. This helps you to make good logistical decisions about the order in which to do your surveys. Here are a few examples; there are many more: There are two surveys that are close to each other – about a twenty minute drive – but they are about a two hour drive from the office. There are no other sites along their access roads. One survey has landowner permission and the other is waiting for permission from landowners. Wait for permission on the second site before driving out to this area and survey both these sites on the same day, making one four hour round trip instead of two. If it takes you three hours to do a survey, you could do both surveys in a ten hour day. If you visited the area twice it would take 14 hours. You cannot find the phone number for a landowner, and they have not responded to the form letter. Permission from this landowner is all that is needed for the survey to move forward and it looks like you will need to knock on their door to get it. Don‘t make a special trip to make the contact. Pair it with a survey that is ready and is close by, preferably along the same travel route.
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You have driven to a site and completed the survey. It had poor access and took you five hours to complete. It will take an hour to drive back to the office. You will have an excess of time if you return now, but there is not enough time to do another full survey. Use this map to visit a potentially dry site in the area (or along your route home) or knock on the doors of a few hard to contact landowners that are in the vicinity. If you can complete the dry site, you will have done two sites in the day instead of one. 6) Use the map to select two sites that have landowner permission and relatively good access (are close to drivable roads). These surveys should appear to be snorkelable and downstream of any barriers. Complete these surveys, one each day, in the two days after the training (week 1 of the field season). This will give you an idea of how long it will take to complete a survey. In these first few surveys you will also begin to establish your crew‘s rhythm and work the bugs out of following the survey protocol. Allow plenty of time during the first week to contact landowners, so keep these surveys simple. They should be the easiest surveys you have. 7) Divide the remaining sites into 7 groups, with 6-8 surveys per group that are logistically close to each other. This employs the ―divide and conquer‖ tactic to create one group of surveys for each remaining week of the field season. Using the ODF map with your plotted sites, the individual maps, and the Master Site Checklist examine the sites in each group. Choose or rearrange the groups to create a group that has a fairly light work load for the second week of the field season. This group should have about six surveys with decent access and are ready (or very close to ready) in terms of landowners. Completing six surveys a week is a good pace and one that will slightly exceed the target of 40 completed surveys. This means that crews will have to complete two surveys a day for two days a week. To do this, study the six sites in the group. Choose the two hardest sites and plan to use a full day apiece on these. In this first week these ―one a day‖ sites should still be fairly easy, allowing time for landowner contacts. Split the remaining four sites into two ―two a day‖ pairs. They should be split so that there is minimal drive and access time between the sites. For this first week you may want to pair sites that seem small and may have very few snorkelable pools. During this week, try to have contacted each landowner at least once. Then focus on getting permission for the group of sites you plan to do in week 3. The week 3 group should be a bit more challenging, but still allow time for landowners and to establish a rhythm. If you are falling off of the six surveys per week pace, turn to a few surveys that may be dry or have limited snorkel pools to keep the pace going. You may need to rearrange the groups as the season moves on. While surveying a group of sites, try to focus landowner contacts on the group for the following week. You may be denied access by landowners, be unable to contact landowners, and/or encounter sites that have abysmal access, all of which may cause you to swap sites from group to group. It is likely that a few sites will emerge as problem sites. These sites can be moved to their own group – one that will be worked on after all other sites are completed. Keep in mind that this manual is a guide and will not be able to predict every situation. If common sense contradicts the above suggestions, common sense should generally prevail. Also keep in mind the priority of the sites you are planning; completing one Priority 1 site is worth more than two Priority 7 sites.
Driving Directions and Access Description
Before driving to a site, be sure that you will have all the gear necessary to complete the survey. Determine if it is a thermistor retrieval site. Have any gate keys that are needed and
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double check to see if any of the landowners need to be called with specific information on the day of the survey, especially those that have instructed us to call them ahead of time. Try to determine from any maps if the survey is above a barrier. Also try to determine if the site is snorkelable or if it will need to be electrofished. Much of this information should be on the site maps or on the Master Site Checklist. Past surveys on the stream, your crew leader and ODFW district staff may also have information about this. Driving directions to sites previously visited are in the PDA. If this field is blank, make sure to record driving directions; update existing information as necessary.
When you record new or update old driving directions, start the directions at a major landmark such as an intersection, railroad crossing, or bridge. Record the mileage on your odometer from this point to where you turn and then reset the odometer and record mileage to the next turn or landmark. Repeat this process to where you park the vehicle, and then give directions to the survey‘s start sign, a postcard sized yellow plastic sign generally hung on a tree at the beginning of the survey. Record the names and numbers of roads and any other information that will help future surveyors to find the site. Road signs are often damaged, obscured by brush, or can otherwise become hard to see, so the more information, the better. Use the GPS locations form to mark the parking spot for the survey. If a surveyor needs keys to access the survey or must contact a landowner to give an exact time when the survey will take place, check the Key Required box on the PDA and describe this first and foremost in the driving directions. Once you have driven to the site, walk to the survey‘s start point. This is the downstream end of the red line on the map. Be sure that starting at this point will encompass the GRTS point in the course of the 1000 meter survey (see below). Continue to give directions all the way to the start point in the creek.
SNORKELING METHODOLOGY
Locating the Start Point
Topographic site maps of each survey are ordered in each crew‘s binder according to the site ID Number. The site maps show the location of the GRTS point and the approximate start and end of each survey. (Fig. 4). The red lines indicate the approximate survey location. Sites that have been previously surveyed must start at the previous start point, indicated by the green triangle on the map. Use the map, previous UTMs and site descriptions in the PDA, and the GPS to enter the stream at the start point and locate the previous start sign. Update the site description and the UTMs on the PDA. For sites that are shared with AQI, both crews must use the same start point. The locations of new surveys are indicated by the red lines on the site maps. When establishing the start point of a new survey, begin at a landmark such as a road crossing or a tributary junction. The survey must encompass the GRTS point. When possible, do not cross spawning survey segment breaks (pink triangles). Enter the UTMs of the start point in the PDA.
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Also give a brief description of the start point (where the sign was hung and any physical landmarks) that will aid future crews or resurveyors in finding the site.
Figure 4. Example of a 1:24,000 site map; red line indicates the proposed survey, within previous survey boundaries (red and green triangles) and not crossing OASIS boundaries (purple triangles). The label also indicates the priority, landowner permission status, if there is past data, and if it is a shared (with AQI) site. The GRTS point is the green dot with the IDNum.
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To record GPS coordinates in the PDA first choose Enter GPS locations then hit the Acquire button on page one then hit the Fix button on the following page. Coordinates will not be saved until you hit Fix. If coordinates have been successfully saved you will see the date and time (in UTC).
Snorkeling Protocols
Once the start point is located the crew surveys upstream, measuring the distance from the start point to the tail (downstream end) of the first pool that meets WORP snorkeling size criteria. We snorkel only in pools and only pools that are at least 20cm in Maximum Depth and 6 square meters or larger in surface area. In each pool that meets this criteria a snorkeler counts juvenile coho, Chinook, steelhead, and Cutthroat trout. The snorkel count is made in a single pass, starting at the downstream end of the pool and working methodically upstream to the head of the pool. Smaller steelhead and Cutthroat are difficult to identify during visual counts, therefore they must be at least 90mm in fork length to be counted. Steelhead and Cutthroat under this size limit are described as 0+ Trout and are noted as being present or absent from each pool, but are not counted. The snorkeler(s) also determine the presence or absence of dace and shiner in each pool, but these species are not counted. After the pool has been snorkeled the crew determines its type and measures its maximum depth, length, and average width. The crew also rates the pools visibility and numbers it with soapstone for resurveys. The crew then proceeds to the next pool, working its way upstream approximately 1000 meters to the endpoint. Hard counts of coho, Chinook, and trout (steelhead and cutthroat ≥90mm) are made in each pool. 0+ trout, dace, and shiner are noted as present or absent. Each pool that is snorkeled is measured for length, average width, and maximum depth, numbered in soapstone, and given a visibility rating.The Pool Distance, or distance from the tail out of the pool to the start of the survey is also tallied. Tap the Enter Snorkel Data button on the PDA to enter data for each pool. Do not make approximate counts of salmonids or mark them as present or absent, you must make a hard count of all juvenile salmonids.
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Barriers
If you discover a barrier to the upstream migration of adult coho, the start and/or end point of the survey needs to be reestablished to insure that 1000 meters of stream accessible to coho are surveyed. This usually involves reestablishing the start point at a location sufficiently downstream of the original start point to ensure a 1000 meter survey that encompasses the GRTS point. If the barrier is downstream of the GRTS point, the survey is above coho and steelhead distribution and you do not have to complete this survey. Replace it with another survey according to priority and use order. If you have surveyed up to the point of the barrier, save your data and snorkel 3 - 4 pools above the barrier to determine if it is a complete barrier. If you see juvenile coho or steelhead in these pools, keep going – it is not a complete barrier.
Gerardus Mercator, the 16th century Flemmish cartographer who is honored in modern, GIS based, cartography by the eponym Universal Transverse Mercator or UTM, a grid based coordinate system used to specify locations on the globe.
Acquire and fix the UTMs of any barrier in the PDA. Write a description of the barrier, indicate if it was man-made or natural and if it is a partial or complete barrier. Take photos of the barrier with your phone. Use a crew member or the depth staff for height reference, and record the file name on the PDA.
Pool Size and Depth
In past years only pools that were ≥ 40 cm deep and ≥ 6 m2 in surface area were snorkeled. In 2010, as a result of data gathered from the Smith River Verification study, these size criteria are being lowered. Beginning in 2010 pools that are ≥ 20 cm deep and ≥ 6 m2 in surface area met our size criteria and should be snorkeled. Based on data from the verification study, this will allow us to sample a much larger and more consistent portion of the juvenile coho and steelhead summer rearing populations and more accurately reflect coho site occupancies. This change in size criteria will be monitored in terms of crew effort to complete sites and effectiveness in juvenile monitoring. We measure the maximum pool depth (to nearest cm) with a staff and measure the length and average width of all snorkeled pools (a rangefinder or wading staff may be used to measure the length/width of pools) and record it on the second page of the Pool Data Form. Record Max Depth in centimeters (no decimals, round to the nearest cm) and record Pool Length and Width data in meters, to the nearest 0.5 meter.
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Pool Type
Record the pool type (See appendix II for definitions/descriptions of each pool type) in the appropriate place on the PDA/datasheet. Use the following codes:
PP Plunge Pool SP Straight scour Pool LP Lateral scour Pool TP Trench Pool DP Dammed Pool BP Beaver dam Pool AL Alcove BW Backwater Pool IP Isolated Pool
Side Channels and Braids
If a side channel (defined as a stream channel having less than 50% of the stream‘s flow and separated from the main channel by an island with permanent vegetation) enters or exits the main channel within the survey reach, we will sample all pools meeting our pool size criteria within that side channel. If the side channel extends beyond the start or end of the main channel survey, we will end the side channel survey at a point perpendicular to the start or end point in the main channel (Figure 7). Data collected from side channels must be identified as a side channel on the PDA. Pools in channels that split from the main channel that are not separated by an island with permanent vegetation should be identified as a braid on the PDA.
Side Channel
Main Channel
End of Survey
Figure 5. Example of where to end surveys in side channels.
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Visibility
Visibility for WORP surveys is rated on a scale of 0 to 3 where:
0 = not snorkelable due to an extreme amount of hiding cover or zero water visibility 1 = high amount of hiding cover or poor water clarity 2 = moderate amount of hiding cover or moderate water clarity neither of which are thought to impede accurate fish counts. 3 = little hiding cover and good water clarity.
Note that visibility is not solely based on water clarity, but on all factors that could impede the surveyor‘s ability to view and count fish. Use only these codes when rating visibility. Do not use decimals or fractions. Please note that this ranking scale is in the reverse order of the scale used by the spawning project where 1 is the best visibility and 3 is the worst. This is an understandable source of confusion every year.
If pool visibility is less than two for over 80% of the pools in a site the site should be electrofished (see protocols below). Do not record snorkel data for pools that have a visibility less than 2.
Endpoints
Once the 1000 meters has been sampled, the end of the survey is reached. If the 1000 meter measurement is within a snorkel pool, complete the pool and enter the survey length as the entire measurement from startpoint to endpoint. Hang an end sign, write and endpoint description and fix the UTMs in the PDA. The status of the survey should also be changed from pending to snorkeled in the PDA. Once the survey status is Snorkeled or Electrofished other fields become required; you must also enter if a key is required to access the site and who the snorkeler was as well survey attributes like length, temperature, and beaver activity. In 2011, as in 2010 we also record the relative abundance of mussels, the presence of Asian
clams, and whether a shell sample was collected.
Survey Status AT THE END OF THE SAMPLING SEASON, ALL SITES MUST HAVE THEIR STATUS CHANGED FROM “PENDING” TO THE PROPER STATUS CODE GIVEN IN TABLE 1 (BELOW). IF THE SITE WAS NOT VISITED, ENTER “NOT VISITED”. Use the comments field on the Site Data Form page 3 about the status of the site (e.g. the site is above a barrier because of a 15 meter vertical waterfall). You can also include any other comments you would
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like on the general condition of the stream in the comments field of this form. Our status codes are as follows:
Table 1. Status codes and descriptions for data entry in the PDA.
Status StatusID Comment Snorkeled 1 Successfully snorkeled survey Electrofished 2 Successfully electrofished survey Tidal 3 GRTS Point is Below rearing distribution Above Barrier 4 GRTS Point is Above rearing distribution Dry/No Pools 5 Survey did not have pools that met size criteria Denied 7 Landowner denied access Non-responsive LO 8 Unable to contact or get response from a Landowner Inaccessible 9 Cannot reach the survey Unsampleable 10 Poor visibility and too large to electrofish or too brushy Not Visited 11 The site was not visited during the survey season
Resurveys To quality check the snorkel data, and to provide information on temporal changes in fish abundance during the course of the sampling season, a random sample of 10 to 20 percent of the sites surveyed in each MA is resurveyed by supervisory staff. We hope to limit between- diver error to 20% or less with intensive pre-survey training of field crews and regular random resurveys. In order for resurveys to function, each pool number of the original survey must match each pool number in the resurvey. To facilitate this, use a soapstone marker to number each snorkel pool in every survey. If the pool does not have a clearly defined start mark where you started and ended with soapstone (i.e., ―1S‖ for the start of pool number 1 and ―1E‖ for the end). Take notes of any landmarks (trib junctions, debris jams, road crossings, etc.) to help the resurveyor navigate through the site and ensure that the resurveyed pools match with each pool in the original survey. Record these notes in the PDA
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ELECTROFISHING METHODOLOGY
Electrofishing Presence/Absence Survey Protocols
Electrofishing is used to determine the presence/absence of juvenile salmonids in sites with poor visibility or health hazards. We will only electrofish sites for which we have past data and for which over 80% of the pools have poor visibility and/or are a health concern. If a site has not been surveyed (snorkeled or electrofished) in the past, do not electrofish it. Move on to the next site. If you can adequately snorkel 20% or more of the pools in the site, you do not have to electrofish. Snorkel these pools and record the site as being snorkeled. Coho presence/absence is determined for each pool, and steelhead and cutthroat presence/absence is determined for each site. Each pool that meets size criteria needs to be shocked for coho presence/absence but once you have identified a cutthroat and a steelhead in a site you no longer need to pursue them. This is a change from previous years, and it should change your electrofishing strategy. It takes much more effort and very complete electrofishing to turn steelhead and cutthroat. Coho are relatively easy to shock, and we want to shock as few of them as possible. Once steelhead and cutthroat presence has been determined, try to shock in a manner that will impact the least number of coho, for example shock briefly in the deepest part of the pool or in areas where you can see coho, especially in shallow water on the margins or tail-out of the pool where only a few coho will be present. Do not shock pools that do not meet our size criteria.
If pools are too large to be adequately elelctrofished and have poor visibility, the site is Unsampleable.
Follow these guidelines for electrofished sites:
1. Review the copy of our Permit in the file box. This will detail the number of fish we are permitted to handle while electrofishing and places a cap on the number of electrofishing- related mortalities. Be aware of these numbers before electrofishing commences, and if either of these numbers are reached, stop electrofishing and contact your crew leader, assistant project leader, or project leader. 2. Review and follow the electrofishing guidelines and safety protocols outlined below. 3. Choose ―Electrofished‖ for the site status in the PDA on the site description screen. 4. Measure the water conductivity and water temperature; record these in the PDA as part of the site description. Do not electrofish if Water Temperature is above 18o C or if you expect the temperature to rise above 18º C before you have completed the site. Return at a time when temperatures may be lower (early mornings late in the field season). 5. Do not electrofish when adult salmonids are present. 6. Use the minimum settings needed to capture fish. Start with a setting of I5 and 200 volts if in average sized pools, and I5 and 300 volts if in deeper pools. Reduce to I4 or H5 or H4 and 200 volts if necessary to minimize mortalities. Make sure to record shocker settings on the form. 7. Be sure all crew members are aware when electrofishing is about to begin. 8. The best way to shock fish is to "surprise" them. Position the probe in a new area while turned off, and turn it on only after it is in place. Sweeping a live probe about the stream merely introduces the weak border of the electrical field to new areas and fish will easily
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escape. Start where you are most likely to capture fish – in wood, under cut banks, around boulders, at the head of the pool where the riffle enters, and in deep pockets with cover. Then cover the pool systematically, moving the anode in a herringbone pattern through the water, making a pass from one end of the pool to the other. Do not electrofish one spot (i.e., under a log) for an extended period – when the shocker is working and fish do not ―turn‖ within the first few seconds in a certain spot they are either not there, have escaped, or have embedded themselves into the substrate or in cover and you will kill them. 9. Once one steelhead and one cutthroat have been identified in the site, change the method described in #8 above to briefly shock each pool in a way that subjects the minimal number of coho to electrofishing. This can be done by shocking around the margins of the pool or shocking the pool tail-out. If you determine coho presence this way there is no need to shock the entire pool. Stop shocking the pool once one coho has been identified and move on to the next pool. 10. Record the actual number of all salmonid species observed in the PDA. This is important for our permit reporting, which requires us to know how many fish are being subjected to electrofishing and handling during the course of our field season. Record any mortalities in the PDA.
General Guidelines for Electrofishing (EF)
EF has the potential to harm or kill fish. Use the least amount of voltage and lowest frequency pulse that effectively captures fish (start with the settings of I and 5 and 200 volts). This decreases stress and chance of injury to the fish and extends battery life. Increase voltage when target fish are small or when the conductivity of the water is low. Decrease the voltage and frequency if large fish are observed in the habitat unit.
The zone of potential fish injury is 0.5 m from the anode. Care should be taken in shallow waters, undercut banks, or where fish can be concentrated because in such areas fish are more likely to come into close contact with the anode. Crew members should carefully observe the condition of sampled fish. Dark bands on the body and longer recovery times are signs of injury. When such signs are noted, the settings for the electrofishing unit should be adjusted. Sampling should be terminated if injuries or abnormally long recovery times persist.
The Effect of Pulsed Direct Current on Fish EF surveys are conducted with Smith-Root backpack electrofishers that discharge pulsed DC. When the button on the probe (anode) is pushed, an electrical circuit is completed through the water when the current flows from the negative cathode (rattail) through the water and then to the positively charged anode (probe). Fish on the periphery of a weak electrical current experience mild nerve excitation but still retain control of swimming ability and will escape from the field. Under a strong electrical field, fish experience a progressive series of reactions that culminate in immobilization. The polarized nature of body musculature often causes fish to curve toward and face the anode, but the initial orientation of fish in the electrical field results in varied directional responses. Spasmodic undulations of the musculature induced by the electrical field may also result in involuntarily swimming (galvanotaxis) towards the anode probe. As fish move closer to the anode probe, they experience increased intensity of electrical current.
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Above a certain intensity, body muscles become cramped and fish are immobilized (tetany). Fish should be captured when they are 0.5 meter or more away from the anode. If fish are immobilized at this distance, reduce the settings. Fish recover the ability to swim quickly after EF if the applied current is not too strong and the amount of time they are exposed to the electrical field is short. However, the fish may experience physiological stress for several days following shocking. Injury (damage to swim bladders, muscles, and skin; fractured vertebrae; and bleeding have been reported) or death can result if excessive current is applied.
Table 2. Common fish responses to electrofishing
Fish Response Definition Action
Not Turning Fish not responding to current Increase voltage (ie, from 200 to 300
Increase Frequency (Hz) Escapes Fish are turning but swim out of field
None. Desired response Taxis Fish swim toward probe (anode)
Fish swim toward anode, but are None Equilibrium Loss unconscious or on side
Fish immobile with slack muscles Reduce Hz Narcosis
Fish immobile and rigid with flared STOP. Turn down Hz and voltage. Tetany opercules If problem persists, stop sampling
Hemorrhaging on skin as shown by STOP. Turn down Hz and voltage. Branding dark brands, internal injury If problem persists, stop sampling
Electrofishing Safety
The use of electrofishers can be dangerous. Some human fatalities have occurred with older electrofishers that lacked tilt switches. Common sense will eliminate most of the potential for injury. Do not expose yourself to the electrical field. Do not use nets with un-insulated metal handles. Leaky waders or boots that are wet on the inside (as well as some types of "ultra light" waders) can also conduct electricity. We require our crews to wear gloves when the electrofisher is active. Getting shocked is really not much fun and the electrical energy used in electrofishing is enough to electrocute a human. Follow these guidelines adapted from the USFWS electrofishing training manual to keep safe:
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Do not electrofish alone All personnel involved in electrofishing, whether operating the electrofisher or not, must wear non-leaking, insulated waders or a drysuit. If waders or the drysuit is leaky or become wet inside they may not protect you against electric shock. All personnel must wear the black rubber electrician‘s gloves provided in the electrofisher case while participating in electrofishing Keep the power off until everyone is aware that electrofishing is about to start Do not electrofish in areas where people, pets, or livestock may suddenly enter the water. Avoid contact with the electrodes and surrounding water Do not electrofish in thunderstorms or in soaking rain If you need to reach into a stream for any reason have a well understood convention with the electrofisher operator, such as saying, ―off‖ and having the operator cease electrofishing and then repeat ―off‖. Most electrofisher safety features will protect the operator, but do little to protect other crew members who may be in the electric field netting or bucketing fish. If you feel that you are in danger, especially if you are slipping or falling, speak up loudly so the operator can stop shocking! Any crew member has the right to decline to participate in electrofishing if they feel unsafe.
To safely set up the electrofisher: Place the electrofisher on the ground Place battery in housing, but do not connect the wiring Connect the Anode (probe) and Cathode (tail) Make sure that the unit in turned off Make sure that the unit is set to I-5 and 200 volts Connect the wiring to the battery Place shocker on back and adjust straps Enter stream with shocker, just downstream of pool to be sampled Place tail and probe in water, about 1-2 meters apart Make sure crew is aware that shocking is about to commence and everyone is clear of the electrical field Turn shocker on and begin sampling Turn off shocker in between pools Do not place the shocker face down; lay flat with the pack frame in contact with the ground or place upright with the pack frame against the support (tree, boulder, ect.) When the site is complete turn unit off and disconnect battery before exiting the site. Disconnect the rest of the components and store shocker
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Figure 6. Electrofishers employing the ―Pennsylvania Wallop‖ to capture juvenile steelhead in Tenmile Creek.
Electrofisher Troubleshooting and Care
Malfunction of the electrofishing system often occurs in the field and can be very frustrating. Try to prevent this problem by testing the electrofisher at the start of the season and before hauling it into remote sites. Connect the battery, probe, tail and place the mode switches at I, 5, and 200 volts. Turn the unit on. It should produce a short beep. It should also make a continuous beep when the anode pole switch is depressed. This is a quick initial test of an electrofisher. If this does not work, or if the unit will not shock fish try the following steps:
1. Turn the power off – disconnect battery. 2. See if all the connections are tight. 3. Be sure that the unit is upright. As a safety feature, electrofishers have a tilt switch that shuts the unit off if it is tilted at too steep an angle. 4. Replace the battery with a known good battery. Put the original battery on a known working electrofisher. If the unit begins to work and the known working electrofisher now fails to work, the battery is the problem. 5. Swap the cathode ―tail‖ with the tail from a known working electrofisher to see if the problem is with the tail. 6. Swap the anode pole with the pole from a working electrofisher to see if the problem is with the pole. 7. Swap the anode pole ring with a ring from a working electrofisher to see if the problem is with the ring. 8. If the unit overloads reduce the voltage setting and/or move the anode and cathode further away from each other.
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Our Smith-Root backpack electrofishers are powered by a 24 volt gel cell battery. Following these simple procedures can prolong a battery‘s service life:
1. Protect batteries both in use and in storage by periodically charging them during cold weather. Cold temperatures reduce the amount of cranking capacity a battery can offer, so it is best if batteries are not left in the cold.
2. Always place batteries on a wood surface when in use or in storage. If left directly on the ground, the battery will discharge.
3. Occasionally try to fully discharge and fully charge a gel cell battery. The gel cell battery has a "memory" and so requires this type of full discharge/charge cycling.
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THERMISTORS
The Western Oregon Rearing Project has coordinated with the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) to deploy water temperature loggers (Sometimes refered to as Hobos or thermistors) in coastal streams of Western Oregon. These data are being used to assess stream condition. We selected 21 candidate sites in 1-3 order streams, one in each independent or functionally independent coho population. ODFW staff deployed these units in the spring, and WORP crews will retrieve them during snorkel surveys in September. WORP supervisory staff put together site packets for each site, which include a data sheet to record the exact TL deployment location, date and time of deployment, a site description and driving directions. The packets also include landowner information and a colored topo map of the site. When retrieving the TL complete the data sheet and use the Digital Thermometer (NIST probe) to verify water temperature. Take the water temperature next to the hobo while the hobo is still in place. Using your GPS/PDA double check and record the UTMs of where the TL was placed. Record water temperature from the digital thermometer, UTMs, date, time, the hobo ID number, and the Digital Thermometer ID number on the datasheet and in the PDA. All equipment will be returned to WORP supervisors as soon as possible. When you receive the binder for your WORP surveys, flag the surveys for which you will need to retrieve a TL. Most surveys overlap the TL location; flagging it serves as reminder during the often hectic field season to retrieve the TL during the survey so the site does not have to be visited twice. Not to mention any names, but this has happened before…
FRESHWATER MUSSELS
Surveys conducted by the Western Oregon Rearing Project provide an opportunity to collect data on distribution and abundance of freshwater mussels, either by direct observation while conducting snorkel counts of fish, or incidentally along the bank while walking to or from survey reaches. Following is a summary of ecological threats, life-history, and a sampling protocol for recording observations. As a group, freshwater mussels are imperiled nationwide. Of the nearly 300 species in North America, 35 are extinct, and of the remainder, approximately 25% are federally listed as threatened or endangered. Freshwater mussels in western Oregon are subject to many of the same environmental impacts that have caused declines in fish populations. Some mussel species have very long lives (up to 100 years for the western pearlshell found in Oregon coastal streams), and are sensitive to habitat alteration and diminished water quality. As such, these species are good bio-indicators of watershed health, either by their absence or low abundance in streams within their former range, or through re-establishment in restored watersheds where their populations have been severely reduced or extirpated. In addition to needing many of the same things as salmonids—cool, clean water and high dissolved oxygen, native Oregon mussels have unique attributes that make them especially suited as bio-indicators—limited mobility, a filter-feeding life-style, dependence on appropriate bottom substrate and the requirement for living proximal to specific fish species that serve as hosts for larval rearing and dispersal. In Oregon, freshwater mussel populations have been significantly reduced, and in some cases extirpated, by habitat loss, introduction of non-native species, or loss of host fish species for their larval stage, among other challenges. In western Oregon, the principal cause of
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population decline is probably habitat loss. Water impoundment behind dams, timber harvest, agricultural conversion and urbanization have had significant impacts on water quantity and quality, and altered essential stream substrate for adult mussels. Many basins have a history of splash dams, which caused removal of sediment down to bedrock. Forest removal has altered hydrologic regimes, increasing peak winter flows and preventing aggradation of coarse sediment. In many streams, timber harvest and road construction has significantly increased input of fine sediments that may smother mussels. Additional challenges include water withdrawal for agricultural use (affecting both summer flows and water temperature), pollution, and sediment disturbance resulting from channelization, commercial gravel mining and recreational gold dredging. A variety of species-specific strategies are used to facilitate larval rearing and dispersal, but in general, native fishes with which mussels co-evolved are used as hosts for the larval stage. During spawning, females ―inhale‖ (through the feeding siphon) sperm released into the water from nearby males. Fertilization and early larval development takes placed inside the female. Advanced larvae called glochidia are strategically released into the water to deliver larvae to the gills or fins of a host fish. After a period of days or weeks, during which the host fish may inadvertently serve as a dispersal agent, the larvae drop from their host and take up residence in the stream substrate. Early juveniles remain buried in the sediment but become surface oriented as they mature, enabling them to filter feed from the water column above. Opposite the feeding siphon is a muscular foot that provides the adult mussel a limited ability to rebury itself if disturbed, or move short distances if de-watered during summer low flows. In Oregon coastal streams, the most common mussel species is the western pearlshell Margaritifera falcata. This species requires much the same as salmon and trout—clean cold creeks with gravel, cobble or coarse sand bottoms. They also require any of several salmonid fish species, or speckled dace, to serve as larval hosts. Preferred habitats are low-gradient glides and riffles where fine sediments cannot accumulate. Another species that may be encountered in low-gradient tributaries of dune lakes along the south-central coast is the California floater Anodonta californiensis, having a thinner shell and found in more muddy or sandy habitats of both rivers and lakes. The Asian clam is an introduced non-native bivalve that is very common in the lower Columbia basin. This species prefers sandy or gravel bottoms. Distribution of Asian clams outside of the Columbia basin is not well known.
Asian Clam Western Pearlshell
Figure 7. Asian Clams and Western Pearlshells are the two mollusks most likely encounted during WORP surveys.
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Other mussel species have been recorded in western Oregon, but distribution and current population status is poorly known. The wide geographic coverage of the WORP surveys provide an opportunity to greatly increase existing databases of mussel distribution in coastal Oregon and tributaries of the lower Columbia River. In addition to documenting distribution of common species such as the western pearlshell, information on distribution of less common species, as well as the introduced Asian clam, will be valuable.
Sampling Protocol
Presence of mussels can be noted by two methods; observation of live mussels noted incidentally while making snorkel observations for fish, or observations of dead shells. The latter can be found on the stream bottom and noted while snorkeling, or observed along the stream bank while walking to or from the survey reach. Dead (empty) shells observed underwater or along the stream bank should be collected and labeled for later identification. Place several dead (empty) shells (preferably including a variety of sizes) into a Zip-Loc collection bag and label the bag with the site code and sample date. Protect bags from crushing. On the pda device, two fields pertaining to mussel or Asian clam observations will require entries before the site file can be closed, specifically, ―Mussels Observed?‖ and ―Asian clams observed?. If ―yes‖ is entered for observed mussels, a drop-down menu will ask for one of five options: 0 = few (1-50), 1 = many (51-200), 2 = dense beds observed, 3 = dead shells only, and 4 = shells retained. The first three options apply when observing live mussels while snorkeling and provide a relative measure of abundance. Option 3 applies when dead shells are observed either underwater or along the stream bank. No drop-down menu will appear if Asian clams are noted, but this field should be entered as ―yes‖ if either live clams or dead clam shells are observed..
MUD SNAILS AND INVASIVE SPECIES
New Zealand mud snails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) are an introduced species spreading rapidly among rivers and streams in the western United States. By competing with native invertebrates for food and habitat these snails may have a detrimental impact on fisheries and other aquatic biota. Since they were reported in the Snake River in Idaho in the 1980‘s, the snails have been discovered in at least ten western states. New Zealand mud snails are parthenogenic, so a single introduced snail has the potential to start a new population. Researchers believe wading by recreational anglers may be a primary vector by which mud snails are transported among streams. Mud snails are resistant to desiccation and may survive for days out of water on moist waders and sampling gear. Because WORP crews wade in multiple watersheds during the field season, it is important that the project take measures to minimize the spread of invasive snails.
In the western U.S., mud snails reach a max. length of 6mm. (photo D.L.Gustafson).
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Preventing Transport of Invasives Between Watersheds
To avoid mud snail transport crews must sanitize waders, boots and other gear when moving between 4th field HUCs. A 4th field HUC is a major river basin, for example the Umpqua River consists of three 4th field HUCs – the North Umpqua, South Umpqua, and Lower Umpqua. Appendix V contains the maps of 4th field HUCs in your area.
Mudsnails are often attached to seams of boots or bootlaces. (Photo by Jane and Micheal Liu.)
Crews should try to complete as many surveys as efficiently possible in a 4th field HUC before moving on to surveys in a different 4th field HUC. This will minimize not only the chance of spreading mud snails but the number of times gear must be sanitized and any damage the sanitization procedure has on the gear. According to ODFW‘s Aquatic Invasive Species Coordinator, three days between work weeks is an insufficient drying period for dry suits, waders and boots to completely desiccate mudsnails and mussels due to Oregon‘s high humidity conditions. As a result, crews will need to chemically sanitize their gear, using the procedure outlined below, at the end of each week unless they will be returning to the same 4th field HUC the first part of the following week.
Gear Sanitization Procedure (adapted from Hosea and Finlayson, 2005 and Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Aquatic Invasive Species Program, 2011) Required equipment: hand sprayer latex gloves 252 mg/L Cu working solution (equivalent to 1 g/LCuSO4)** clean water supply (not stream water) 1. Prior to leaving a site remove as much mud, soil, and plant material as possible from gear. Remove waders and boots, and when possible remove insoles from wading boots. 2. Fill spray bottle with CuSO4 working solution. (**If necessary, mix additional working solution using dilution procedure below.) 3. Spray waders, wading boots, boot insoles, dive bag (especially the buckle), wading belt, and the streambed contact end of wading staff with the cleaning solution to the point of saturation and runoff. Be sure to treat the inside of the
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wading boots as well as the outside, paying special attention to bootlace grommets, seams, felt soles, and any other places where mud snails might cling. 4. Allow treated gear to sit for five minutes. 5. Gear must be rinsed with clean water and preferably over a gravel surface so the copper sulphate can be diffused before reaching groudwater. DO NOT USE STREAM WATER. Ideal rinse stations are outdoor hoses at ODFW district offices. When sanitizing gear in the field a separate spray bottle filled with tap water should be used for rinsing. 6. When possible, store wading gear in a dry location for later use.
**Dilution procedure: Crews will be supplied with pre-weighed bags containing 3.785 grams of copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4 ∙ 5H20, 99.0% purity). These should be mixed with 1 gallon of clean water (not stream water) to make the 252 mg/L copper cleaning solution. Crews should wear latex gloves while handling copper sulfate to minimize contact with skin. Clearly marked storage containers will be provided to crews for mixing and storing copper sulfate solution.
For more information on New Zealand Mud snails and maps of documented distributions, visit http://www.esg.montana.edu/aim/mollusca/nzms/.
1995 2001 2009
Figure 8. The spread of New Zealand Mud Snails since 1995. In Western Oregon, mud snails have been found in tributaries of the lower Columbia River, Devil‘s Lake on the central coast, in the Umpqua River near Scottsburg, in the Coos River, Garrison Lake near Port Orford, and the Rogue River. Maps courtesy of Amy Benson, U.S. Geological Survey.
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DRY SUIT CARE
Follow these procedures to care for and prolong the life of your dry suit:
Be gentle while taking off and putting on your dry suit. Take your time and do not apply an excessive amount of pressure to the seals and booties, which can easily tear. Use silicone spray if necessary, but only in small amounts After use, hang your suit to dry, both inside and out. Make sure that water is not trapped in pockets or folds of the suit, especially in the booties, wrists, and neck seals. Talc seals and booties (once per week). Remove any debris from the zipper and give it a light coat of wax (once per week). Leave the zipper open. Apply a liberal dusting of talc to all latex surfaces on both sides. Do not leave the suit in the rig for an extended period. Store in a cool, dry area out of the sun. Heat will degrade the latex seals. Be aware of wrist and neck seals while traveling through brush. Keep seals tucked in and avoid snagging.
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PDA AND BLUETOOTH PROCEEDURES
Getting Started
A B C
When the PDA is turned on screen (A) with battery power and brightness control should appear. Tap the start icon to bring up the main menu (B). From the main menu tap Forms 5.1 to enter landowner, GPS, and snorkeling data and to sync the PDA. Tap File explorer to open arc pad maps. Tap Pocket Navigator to see your location and site locations (GRTS points). Tap Settings to pair the PDA with a GPS.
Site Lists, Descriptions, and Landowner Data
D E F
Tapping Forms 5.1 on the main menu brings up screen C. From here tap ―WORP Snorkel Surveys‖ for site lists and descriptions and to enter landowner data, GPS locations, and snorkel data. If your crew is not shown on screen D, choose it by tapping on the name of the crew that is shown (red oval), this will bring up a list of crews (not pictured). Tapping ―Site Descriptions and Entry‖ in brings up the crew‘s list of sites (E). You can search for a specific site on this screen by tapping ―All Fields‖, choosing IDNum, entering the IDNum, and then tapping the magnifying glass icon. Tapping on the name of the stream will highlight this survey and bring up screen F,
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which gives you important information about the site such as its priority, if it is shared with AQI, and if it is a thermistor site.
Landowner 1 Landowner 2 (w/directions) Landowner 3
Tapping ―Next‖ on F brings you to landowner information (Landowner1), where landowner comments are noted. Be sure to follow all landowner instructions. You will need to select if a key is required for this site. Tapping the ―Next‖ button on Landowner 1 will take you to Landowner 2 where driving directions and additional survey information is located. Tapping the ―Next‖ button on Landowner 1 will take you to Screen Site Description 1 for site data entry. Tapping the ―Landowner‖ button on Landowner 1 takes you to Landowner 3, which lists all the landowners for the site and their contact result information. Tapping on a landowner on Landowner 3 gives information about the landowner in Landowner 4.
Landowner 4 Landowner 5 Site Description 1
Make sure this information is correct and if there are any changes tap Yes. Tapping ―Next‖ in Landowner 4 brings up Landowner 5, giving you the contact date and result for the landowner. In order to go on this property the Contact Result must be “OK” with a current (from the survey year) date. The data request field should also have a Yes or No selected. If a landowner is no longer on the survey click the remove box.
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Site and GPS Data Entry To enter site data start with D and proceed through the landowner information to Landowner 1. Tap ―Next‖ on Landowner 1 to get to screen Site Description 1 for site data entry. This screen has vital information.
Site Description 2 GPS 1 GPS 2
The initials of the snorkeler, the survey length, water temp. and beaver activity all must be completed. It is very important to change the status of each site from pending to a choice given in the drop down box. Even if you do not go to a site, its status should be changed to ―Not Visited‖. Tap ―Next on Site Description1 to enter information about Freshwater Mussels and Asian Clams (Site Description 2). In order to record GPS coordinates and descriptions of the survey start and end points of other features encountered during the survey (such as barriers), tap the ―Enter GPS Locations‖ button on Site Description 1 to bring up GPS 1. From GPS 1 tap ―Add‖ to record a feature, which brings up GPS 2, from which you can select a feature by tapping the ―Lookup‖ button. A drop down menu of features will appear (not shown). Select the feature, which will return you to GPS 2. The feature name should be listed. The GPS coordinates of the
GPS 3 GPS 4 feature will be added automatically (provided that the GPS is on and has a lock – described in the Navigation section of this appendix) by tapping ―Acquire‖ and then ―Fix‖ (GPS 3 and 4). Both
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of these buttons must be tapped to record GPS data. When done correctly you should see a screen similar to GPS 3 but with the current date and time stamp.
Thermistor Data
If the site has a Thermistor that needs to be retrieved you will see a button labeled ―Thermistor Site‖ as in F. To enter retrieval data tap this button and the names and ID Nums of all thermistor sites will be listed in the next screen, Therm 1. Tap the name of the creek from which you are retrieving the thermistor to enter retrieval data. This brings up screen Therm 2. Tapping the ―Acquire‖ button in this screen allows you to enter the GPS location of the Thermistor. This is done through the two step Acquire and Fix process as described above in the Site and GPS data entry section. New GPS data is necessary upon retrieval of the thermistor. Tapping ―next‖ on Therm 2 takes you to Therm 3 where the water temperature (taken with the NIST digital thermometer) Thermistor (Hobo) ID, and any other comments should be entered. You should also enter the ID of the digital thermometer used to take the water temperature.
Therm 1 Therm 2 Therm 3
Snorkeling, Pool, and Fish Count Data
To enter Snorkel data tap the ―Enter Snorkel Data‖ button from the Site Description 1 screen, above. This will take you to Snorkel Data 1. If this site has been snorkeled this season (as a resurvey or a site that was only partially completed and then returned to) there should be pools listed in the window. This window will usually be blank, as shown. To enter snorkeling and pool data tap the ―Add‖ button. This will bring up Snorkel Data 2 where pool distance (the measurement from the start of the survey to the downstream end of each pool) is entered. Distances measured by the rangefinder or other means should be entered in the ―Rangefinder‖ field. Tapping ―Add Rangefinder Measurement‖ adds the rangefinder measurement to previous measurements and keeps a cumulative total in the Temp Distance field, as shown in Snorkel Data 3. Once you have measured from the start point to the downstream end of a pool tap ―Set Pool Start Distance‖, which will put the temporary distance total in to the Pool Distance field.
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Snorkel Data 1 Snorkel Data 2 Snorkel Data 3
Enter the number of the pool (pools should be in numerical order, moving upstream from the start point to the end point) in the Pool Number field. Then tap ―Next‖ to enter pool dimensions in Snorkel Data 4. Enter if the pool is on a side channel or a braid from the Side Channel drop down and also choose the Pool Type from the drop down. Then enter the dimensions of the pool. Tap ―Next‖ to bring up Snorkel Data 5 to enter fish counts, fish presence/absence and the Visibility of the pool. If the site is electrofished, enter the number of fish shocked in this screen and also any electrofishing mortality. Data can be reviewed by tapping Previous. Once all the data for the pool is correct, tap ―End‖ on Snorkel Data 5. This will return you to Snorkel Data 2. The form automatically numbers the next pool and adds the length of the previous pool to the temporary distance.
Snorkel Data 4 Snorkel Data 5
Reviewing and Syncing Review survey data at the end of each pool by Tapping the ―Previous‖ button (Snorkel Data 2- 5). Also review data at the end of the survey before you have left the site. This can be done by tapping ―Review Survey Data‖ as shown in D. A window will show a list of surveyed pools, (Review 1). Tap on any pools in question to review and/or edit. If there are pools from more than one site it will be helpful to use the drop down box and magnifying glass to isolate the site you
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wish to review. To do this, tap the drop down box arrow as shown in the red circle in Review 1. A window will show a list of fields that can be sorted or searched for, as in Review 2. Tap IDNum and then enter the IDNum of the site to be reviewed and then tap the magnifying glass icon shown in Review 3. You should now only see pools form that site. The pools can be sorted by tapping the ―Sort‖ button.
D Review 1 Review 2
To sync the PDA tap the ―Synchronize Data‖ data button (Screen D) and then tap the ―Sync Now‖ button on the next screen. You should receive a sync successful message.
Review 3 Sync 1 Sync 2
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Navigation
Your PDA should be paired with a GPS unit to facilitate navigation to your survey sites. If your PDA is not paired with a GPS, follow the instructions at the end of this section.
To begin, make sure you GPS is on and has a relatively unobstructed view of the sky. It should work under forest canopy, but will generally not work indoors or in a vehicle. Tap the start icon and select Pocket Navigator (Nav1). Pocket Navigation will take a few minutes to open. Once it does a map should appear with a blinking red circle and dot showing you your location (Nav2). If not, tap the lock icon (Nav2) and the image should shift to your current location. If you tap the lock icon and nothing happens, you do not have a satellite ―fix‖. You can check if you have a fix by tapping menu and then tapping GPS and then Satellites. A window will appear (Nav3) telling you if you have a fix or not. If you do not have a fix the GPS does not have a good ―view‖ of the sky, or it is not correctly paired with the PDA.
Nav1 Nav2 Nav3
From the Nav2 screen you can also change the scale of the map by using the magnifying glass icons to zoom in or out.
To mark your position (for example if you are about to bushwack to a site and may need help locating you vehicle when returning) tap Menu then GPS then Mark Position (Nav4). The PDA will mark you position with a flag – to change this symbol, hold down on it then choose properties and a different symbol from the drop down box.
To view the GRTS point of a survey, Tap menu, then Overlay and then List (Nav5). A list of surveys will appear in the next screen (Nav6). Tap the survey you wish to view and then tap the ―View‖ button. A map with the survey‘s GRTS point (marked by a red flag) will appear. You can scale up and down and if you are close enough to the site your positon will be marked.
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Nav4 Nav5 Nav6
Arc Pad Maps
Maps cannot be opened from ArcPad. ArcPad must be closed and then maps can be opened from the File Explorer.
Once the map is opened, turn on the County Taxlot identifier by clicking on the layers button and then the County (Lane in the example) box. Use the identify tool to see the owner information for a tax lot. Save the map at this point to keep this change.
Click the Satellite button to activate the GPS. With this you can see whose property you are on as well as the location of the GRTS point.
Use File Explorer to navigate to the ArcPad Maps folder on the SD card.
Select the layers button (far right picture).
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PDA-Arc Pad Tips
To open an ArcPad map: Click on the Windows Icon in upper left corner of screen, click File Explorer. Click on upper left (2nd window bar down from top of PDA with small PDA picture) and click ―SD Card‖…this is where your maps are stored, not on the device. Click in the same spot again in upper left (2nd window bar down from the top of PDA with small PDA device picture), click on your ‗ArcPad Maps.‘ This will open a list of folders that are labeled by the Site Number for the site. Click once on the Site Number for the site you would like to look at. This will open a list of many files that make up your map. Click once on the file labeled with the Site Number you would like to view, with the PDA icon next to it.
To view your map after you have opened the file (finding the data): There are 2 easy ways to view your map: Click on the arrow to the right of the globe icon in ArcPad toolbar, then you can zoom in or out, or zoom to a layer of data (site point, tax lot info, previously set up sites, etc.). Click on the arrow to the right on the binoculars icon in the ArcPad toolbar, click ―find features‖, click ―results‖, click ―yes‖ to show all records, click on ―object id‖ then click green OK button at the bottom.
If you keep selecting different Site Numbers to view, but keep getting same map: o Do you still have ArcPad open??? ** Remember, to view a different map in ArcPad, you must completely exit the program each time by clicking on the arrow next to the folder icon and then clicking ―exit.‖ o If you still have ArcPad open (when you are at the main, Microsoft Windows screen on your PDA), you will see the small PDA icon on the bottom right corner of screen. This means ArcPad is still active).
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To Pair an HP PDA and GPS
Your PDA will be set up to communicate with your GPS, keyboard, and modem. The following instructions are included for troubleshooting problems. In some cases simply restarting the PDA will solve the problems.
Your GPS and keyboard use Bluetooth to communicate with the PDA. If you are having problems first ensure that Bluetooth is turned on. On the PDA – the blue LED in the upper right should be lit and the Bluetooth box on the home screen will be green. If your GPS is not working in Forms 5.1 check to see if it works in Pocket Navigator or ArcPad before re-pairing the GPS. The GPS can only be used by one program at a time; if Pocket Navigator is running you will not be able to get a fix in Pendragon.
If BT icon does not work or there is no tab, go to Start>Settings>Connections>Bluetooth>Bluetooth Manager
Ensure that your BT is on. Turn on the GPS and make sure others in vicinity are off. 1. On the PDA tap Start>Settings>Connections>iPAQ Wireless>Bluetooth tab*. Status should be ON. 2. Tap Bluetooth Connections, tap New (lower left), choose Explore a Bluetooth Device and tap next. In a few seconds the GPS icon and name should appear. 3. Tap the GPS icon (may be named BT-GPS or HOLUX…) to go to the next screen. 4. In the Service Selection box choose SPP Slave or BT-COM PORT (only one item should be listed) and tap Next. 5. You should get a message that the shortcut was created, but you are not done yet. Follow the ―To Connect‖ instructions: Tap Finish then tap and hold down on the the icon, and choose connect to establish the connection. 6. The PIN is 0000.
*Pocket Navigator and ArcPad GPS settings should have NMEA and COM6 selected.
To Pair an HP PDA and Keyboard
1. Tap the Start button on the PDA and then select Stowaway Keyboard. 2. Select the BT tab (bottom of screen) and tap the connect button. 3. Make the keyboard discoverable by simultaneously pressing Ctrl, Fn (Blue) and Fn (Green). 4. Enter a 4-digit pin on the PDA then enter the same number on the keyboard (you must press the Fn (Blue) to enter numbers).
To use the onscreen keyboard as well as the BT keyboard, tap the dropdown box next to the keyboard icon at the bottom of the screen and select Keyboard from the Options.
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Instructions For Setting Up Data Sync For PDA’S
To set up the PDA and modem connection:
Plug the CompactFlash 56K Modem into the top of the PDA (you have to remove the plastic ―placeholder‖ from the top of the machine). This will prompt an install wizard if the PDA hasn‘t been set-up before. Follow the step-by-step instructions.
Message: New Modem Detected Choose ―The Internet Work‖
Message: Make New Connection Highlight ―MyConnection‖ and replace with your corresponding office (Springfield, etc.) Select ―Socket_CF+56_K_v.92_ModemCard ‖ for the modem type (should be there already) Select Next at the bottom right of the screen.
Enter the phone number that corresponds with your location from the list of iinet.com numbers. Depending on the office you‘re sync‘ing out of you may be required to have a format such as 91541******* or 9541******* or sometimes just 541******* (no spaces, hyphens, etc). You will have a chance to edit this number later if it does not work.
To Connect and Synchronize data to Corvallis: Locate the office fax machine and unplug the connection from the wall socket. Plug the Triplex Adaptor into the wall socket and plug the office fax machine into one of the 3 outlets provided (please get permission from the office staff before you do this). Plug the 15ft. line cord into one of the remaining open slots. Plug the modem into the top of the PDA and then the line cord into the modem (label this line somehow – masking tape, duct tape, etc – to indicate ―Data communication to Corvallis Research Lab‖).
On the PDA: go to Settings/Connections/Connections. Choose ―Manage Existing Connections.‖ Select the connection you have established for the modem. Press and hold with the stylus until the menu box pops up. Choose ―connect‖. The fax machine sound can be heard at this point (pops, buzzes, berr-beee-brrr). If the connection is successful the light on the modem will be a constant green. If it does not do this, you may have to go back and edit the number you entered. How? Go to Settings/Connections/Connections, highlight the named connection and then select EDIT. Proceed with the NEXT at the bottom of the screen until you get to the number. Highlight and change as necessary. Sometimes a 91 then area code and number are required, sometimes (such as in Corvallis) just 9 then the area code and number. Other places (Central Point) only needed the area code and number. Play with it until it works.
Once it connects: Get back into Pendragon forms on the PDA (main menu of AQI) and choose SYNCHRONIZE. Be patient as it transfers the data. Wait until the message indicates that the synchronization is done.
To Disconnect: Select the double arrow icon at the top of the PDA screen. Select ―disconnect.‖
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NOTE: Sometimes synchronizing takes a few minutes. If you have inactivity on your screen your PDA will enter sleep mode and then disconnect, so synchronization will be terminated prematurely. To get around this you may have to change the auto time-out setting under Settings/System/Power and then the tab ―advanced‖. Change it to 5 minutes. Remember to change it back to 1 or 2 minutes after sync‘ing up.
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ODFW POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
WORP Guidelines
•Work Schedule: 4-10 hour days per week, flexible within the week, normally M-TH, 40 hr/week.
•Overtime: Avoid it by scheduling accordingly with Crew Leader or Project Leader.
•Time Sheets: Seasonal EBA‘s sign original at beginning of season. Then on copies, fill out actual hours worked in pencil. For all employees, make sure they are on Project Leader‘s desk by July 28, Aug. 25, and Sept. 28 (seasonal staff by Sept. 27). If you don‘t receive a paycheck on the first of each month, let the project leader know ASAP!
•Leaves: 8 hrs sick leave each month; new hires have none until Sept. 1. After 6 months, have 48 hrs of vacation.
•Holidays: Labor Day, Monday (32 hour work week).
•Benefits: For continuous employment for 3 months or more, health Insurance and retirement.
•Performance Evaluations: Seasonal EBA‘s at end of season; permanent EBA‘s at SED.
•Travel and Work Expenses Reimbursement: Fill out completely in pencil, send to Project Leader. See sample form and Per Diem policy (page 46).
•Coordination/Communication: Talk to crew leader or supervisor if you don‘t understand something or have a personal/personnel issue.
•Cell Phones: Work related calls only, program a voice mail greeting at start of season.
State Rigs and Mileage Reports
For Official Use Only Children, hitchhikers or stranded motorists, and pets are not allowed in vehicles. Smoking in vehicles is prohibited. Operate vehicles in a safe manner at all times. Do not exceed posted speed limit. Always be courteous to other drivers (even knuckleheads and jerks).
Fuel Use State of Oregon Voyager credit card. Make sure the vendor will take the card prior to purchase. Vendor needs to record odometer reading for each fuel purchase. Any purchases other than for fuel must be pre-approved prior to use of the credit card. Record other items and date purchased on the back of the Mileage Log.
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Maintenance and Repairs Have vehicle maintained (oil changes and fluids checked) on schedule (multiples of 5,000 miles). The project can be fined if you exceed maintenance intervals. Pre-authorize any service or repair by calling 1-800-378-0077 (0700-1800 M-F). Voyager card may be accepted by some venders; ask first. Keep vehicles clean! They also represent ODFW and must be presentable. At the end of the season, vehicles must be returned with the interior and exterior fully cleaned. The project will be charged if vehicles are returned dirty.
ODFW Mileage Report (Vehicle Mileage Log) Record each trip daily from the first of the month to the last day of the month. See Figure of sample Mileage Report below). At the end of each month turn in the white and yellow copy to your crew leader or send it to Erik Suring at the Corvallis Research Lab, 28655 Hwy 43, Corvallis OR, 97333.
Figure 9. Example of ODFW Vehicle Log
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Direct Deposit and Other Money Matters
For those of you who are not aware, once HR has received notification of a termination and has entered the termination date into the Personnel system, the Payroll system will automatically interrupt the Direct Deposit feature for that month. Please note: Interruption of Direct Deposit due to termination is regulated through DAS/OSPS policies/procedures, ODFW has no ability to override the interruption.
The employee will receive a manual check, sent by Over-Night (UPS) delivery, Signature Required to the employee‘s address of record. If you would wish to have your final check sent to another address you must write that address on your Final timesheet.
Direct Deposit will remain on your Payroll record for 3 months after termination, If you have not been rehired within 3 mos Payroll will delete Direct Deposit from the system. If your termination is due to Resignation, Retirement or Dismissal, then your Direct Deposit will be deleted when your termination is processed in the Payroll department.
Keep in mind that address changes are submitted to and entered by Human Resources. It is the employee‘s responsibility to ensure HR has been notified of an address change and/or confirm with your Regional Office Manager that your request has been submitted to HR. You can contact HR directly @ 503-947-6051. If you do not know who to contact in your region, please ask your supervisor or manager.
Per Diem
If you are required to camp for the completion of your WORP surveys, you will be reimbursed for your expenses. Camping is reimbursable as non-commercial lodging at the rate of $25.00 per night. Meal per diem rates are based on IRS Publication 1542. The standard rate is $46 per day, but this can vary depending upon the location of travel. Google ―irs 1542‖ to find the exact rate for your destination. On the initial day of travel (day you leave from the office) you can claim 100% of the meal per diem if leaving before 6:00 am, 75% if leaving between 6:00 am and noon, 50% if leaving between noon and 6:00 pm, and 25% if leaving after 6:00 pm. Likewise, on the day you return you can claim 25% of the meal per diem if returning prior to 6:00 am, 50% if returning between 6:00 am and noon, 75% if returning between 12:01 pm and 6:00 pm, and 100% if returning after 6:00pm. Each crew will be provided with Travel Expense claims (ODFW – 635) in their file box which must be completed to receive your reimbursement check.
ODFW/WORP Safety Responsibilities and Training What We Are Expected To Do ODFW must provide employees with a safe and healthful workplace. Here are the most important things we can do to enhance workplace safety. Items bolded in parentheses are current ODFW efforts to achieve workplace safety.
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Post the OR-OSHA Job Safety and Health poster where employees can see it (at ODFW offices). Properly train all employees (Safety Training Certification). Establish and administer a safety committee (see note in Safety Training Certification). Record workplace injuries and illnesses properly. Fax copies to Safety Manager and to SAIF within 5 working days. (OFDW Safety Manager Injured Worker Packet). Regularly evaluate hazards specific to WORP worksite and activities (Hazard Summary and Hazard Analyses). Investigate all workplace injuries promptly (ODFW Accident/Incident Analysis Form). Keep your workplace alcohol and drug free (ODFW Substance Policy sheet, signed).
What our Employees Are Expected To Do All ODFW/WORP employees share responsibility for workplace safety and health, but they need to know what is expected of them. Our objective is to train employees so they know their responsibilities and make them accountable for their actions by ensuring they do the following:
Conduct all work in a safe and professional manner. (No horseplay.) Comply with ODFW‘s occupational safety and health rules. Report injuries and hazardous conditions immediately to a supervisor. Abide by project specific safety protocols provided by supervisors. Operate only equipment that is in good condition. Keep hands and arms away from moving equipment parts. Use only tools that are in good condition and only for the tools' intended purposes. Work cooperatively with co-workers to reduce incidental injury related to stream walking and electrofishing. In addition to the project-specific responsibilities, employee acknowledges agency supported guidelines by signing the Employee Responsibilities Safety and Health sheet.
Injured Worker Guidelines and SAIF Reporting
Immediately:
1. Report all incidents to the Supervisor (or to field crew leader if Supervisor is not available), even if not seeking treatment. If unable to report immediately, report no later than the end of work shift 2. Review the Injured Worker Information Packet (17 pages! Located in File box) 3. Sign the Notice of Employee Rights/Responsibilities (NERR) form (pages 6-7 of packet), and fax to Supervisor 4. Follow the Injured Worker Responsibilities checklist (Employee and Supervisor use this checklist to ensure proper handling of a claim) 5. Assist supervisor in completing an Accident and Incident Analysis (AIA) form. 6. If not injured, return to regular work
If Employee needs and seeks medical treatment for work related injury/illness:
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7. Employee completes and signs the Worker‘s section of the 801 DCBS Report of Injury (SAIF) Form, and faxes to Supervisor by end of day. Ensure that ALL areas of the employee section are filled out completely.
The supervisor faxes completed 801 and NERR forms to SAIF and ODFW Safety Manager. (Assistant Project Leaders cannot fill out the employer section of 801 form unless the supervisor is not available)
8. Employee gives attending doctor the First Letter to Treating Physician and copy of the Release to Return-to-Work (RRW) form. Physician gives copy of RRW form to patient before you leave. Employee faxes completed RRW form to supervisor after doctor‘s appointment within 24 hrs.
If physician releases you for regular work with no follow-up, report to regular work hours.
If released for temporary modified work, supervisor and physician will work with you to develop temporary tasks. It is your responsibility to give the physician a new RRW for each medical visit and to submit it to supervisor within 24 hrs. Report to work as directed with modified tasks.
If physician does not release you for regular or temporary modified work: o employee must 1) request leave for absences over 3 days (FMLA), 2) report to supervisor weekly, 3) provide current contact information to HR and supervisor, and 4) use correct time sheet codes o Continue to provide RRW forms to supervisor after each doctor visit, within 24 hrs. This is your written authorization for time loss.
Check in/ Work Alone Policy
General Work-Alone Procedures for WORP:
1. In most cases field personnel will work in pairs or larger groups, but in some cases our staff will work alone. In either case, before departing the fixed station a check-out and check-in procedure must be arranged between field personnel and a responsible person. Procedures may vary depending on activity involved and availability of a radio-phone or cell-phone. Personnel should not work alone if an immediate supervisor or a co-worker is not available to verify the check-out/check-in of an employee (or the responder is not familiar with the field site, or would not be able to initiate an effective search response).
Check-out Procedure: Before departure from a fixed station, personnel should leave an itinerary with a responsible person and arrange to check-in upon return from the field. The response person will preferably be a crew leader or co-worker, but may be a spouse or significant other (see Figure 1 response chain). The itinerary should include where the personnel will be surveying, where the vehicle will be parked, and the expected time of return. A copy of this itinerary should be posted at the fixed station or, if departing directly from home, with a field supervisor or co-worker by phone. If location of the site is unknown
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at departure (e.g. when stream flows or turbidity can alter plans for a given day), the field person should leave a voice message describing a new site location and the driving directions to the site (and ideally where the vehicle will be parked).
Check-in Procedure: Unless arranged ahead of time, field staff must check-in before 7 pm. Check-in may be from the field by radio or phone, or by return to the fixed station. A failure to check-in will initiate a response by the response person. It is the responsibility of the response person receiving the call to ensure that the field person checks-in, and to respond accordingly if no call is received (Figure 1). Because a responder may not be available to receive a late check-in call (example: responder themselves out of phone range) there should be an alternative number for the field person to call to leave a message that he/she is returning late. If the responder has an answering machine or voice mail that can be checked for messages from another phone, then the responder can check for a late call.
Follow-up Response: This procedure may vary depending on who has been designated the response person. If there is no check-in call, the responder should contact the next person in the response chain. Normally this would be the Project Leader. The Project Leader and associated staff will initiate a preliminary search after the Project Leader has contacted the ODFW District office and the Program Manager. The preliminary search is principally a search for the vehicle, and should be done by the crew leader (if available) and/or co-worker familiar with the area the field person is working in. If the responder is a spouse or friend not familiar with the field site, they should contact the immediate supervisor or a co-worker. Again, the availability of an immediate supervisor or a co-worker to respond is a prerequisite to permitting personnel to work alone. The response person(s) should proceed directly to the field site, if known, or to the site where a note was to be left. If a preliminary search fails to locate the field vehicle, the search team should contact the Project Leader, who will then notify the proper search-and-rescue authorities.
2. If vehicles are equipped with radio-phones, all personnel should have instruction on radio protocol. Call number list will be posted in vehicles. Radio use protocol is provided in the District Office Procedures Manual.
3. Review with response persons the protocols outlined in site-specific documents and ensure that responders have all relevant contact information, including names and phone numbers for supervisors, co-workers, state and county emergency response personnel (Oregon State Police and county sheriff search and rescue departments). Descriptions and maps of field sites and travel routes should be available to response persons.
Emergency Response Plan and Procedures
In the event there is an injury or other emergency, the following steps need to be followed:
1. Assure sufficient supply of first-aid, rescue, and emergency equipment. 2. Enact rescue procedures, and administer any First-Aid to the level you are qualified. 3. Contact appropriate authorities Fire-OSP, landowner Medical-911
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Technical or site-specific-Crew Leader Emergency Telephone Contacts-each Crew Leader keep an updated list for your region. 4. Use available radio or other electronic communication resources; CB‘s, cell phones if coverage is available. Crew Leaders have channels programmed in or have list available.
Surveyor(s)
By 7 pm
Crew Leader Co-Worker, Spouse, etc.
Project Leader
ODFW District Office
Program Leader (Kelly Moore)
Preliminary Search (vehicle search)
Sheriff, OSP (Formal Search and Rescue)
Figure 10. Chain of Response for end-of day Check-in for WORP surveyors
Additional information about specific hazards and safety is in the Safety packet in your file box.
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APPENDIX I
Fish ID
Your primary objective in WORP surveys is to identify and count juvenile fish. There are four different species that you will be expected to identify. To accomplish this you will use a number of characteristics including geographic location, coloration, body markings, morphology, and behavior.
Coho Salmon
Coho will use all areas of streams that are reachable. In larger (main stem) areas of rivers coho use margins, log jams, deep pools, and undercuts. In smaller waters coho prefer pools and glides. Coho are the most common and easily seen juvenile salmon.
Illustrations on p. 52 - 55 from Pollard, W.R. et. al. 1997. Field Identification of Coastal Juvenile Salmonids, Harbour Publishing, Madeira Park, BC Canada. Illustrations by C. Groot.
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Chinook Salmon
Compared to coho, Chinook are generally distributed in larger streams and use main stem areas for rearing. Chinook can live in faster, deeper water than coho of the same size class and may also rear in estuaries.
Chinook vs Coho Chinook have a ―clear window‖ in the adipose fin Chinook do not have sickle-shaped anal fins and lack the white and black stripes on the leading edges of the anal and dorsal fin. Coho have a sickle shaped anal fin with the leading edge longer than the base. Chinook frequent main stems of moderate to large rivers. Coho are found in all accessible stream reaches, including seasonally wetted areas
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Steelhead
Steelhead are distributed in main stems, side channels, and permanent tributaries. They have spots on the dorsal fin, unlike coho and Chinook.
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Cutthroat
Cutthroat can live in all areas of the watershed. Compared to steelhead, they are more likely to occur higher up in the system and can be found above anadromous fish passage barriers.
Cutthroat vs Steelhead
The Cutthroat maxillary extends past the eye and a red slash is present on the bottom of the jaw. The head and snout of steelhead are more rounded than that of cutthroat. The parr marks on steelhead appear to be superimposed on the spots, on cutthroat the spotting appears to be superimposed on the parr marks. Steelhead usually have about five median – dorsal parr marks, these parr marks are generally absent in Cutthroat. The white pigment on the dorsal fin of steelhead covers about 3-5 fin ray interspaces, on cutthroat this pigment covers only 1-3 interspaces.
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Non-Salmonids
Shiner – photos by Bruce Miller Dace
We note the presence or absence of Shiner and dace to help monitor how fish communities change over time. There are several species of dace and shiner in Western Oregon, but for WORP purposes it is not necessary to distinguish them. Shown here is the Red Sided Shiner, the most common species encountered in Western Oregon and the Blackside Dace, which is common in the Lower Columbia and the Umpqua Rivers. The shape of the head and mouth and size of the eye distinguish the species.
Largemouth Bass Smallmouth Bass
In warmer waters we occasionally see bass and pike minnow. Although not a target species of WORP several ODFW district offices are interested in the presence of these fish, and they should be noted in the comments field. It is not necessary to obtain hard counts of these species.
Pikeminnow Large Scale Sucker
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APPENDIX II
HABITAT TYPES
Pool Types
1) Lateral Pool (LP) Lateral Pools are the most common pool type. They are formed by flows impinging against one steam bank or a partial obstruction in the stream such as a log, root wad, or boulder. For lateral pools the stream will have an asymmetrical cross section with the scour being located against one of the stream banks.
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2) Straight Pool (SP) Straight Scour Pools are formed by a mid channel scour and generally have a broad scour hole and a symmetrical cross section.
3) Trench Pools (TP) Trench Pools generally occur when at least half the substrate is comprised of bedrock. They are often long and narrow with a V or U shaped cross section when the stream is flanked by bedrock walls.
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4) Plunge Pool (PP) Plunge Pools are formed by water flowing over a complete or nearly complete channel obstruction (logs, boulders, or bedrock ―steps‖). They are generally (but not always) wider than they are long and shorter than the active channel width.
5) Dammed Pool (DP) Dammed pools form when water is impounded a blockage in the channel (debris jams, slides, logs). Beaver Pools (BP) are a type of Dammed Pool.
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6) Alcoves (AL) Alcoves are the most protected type of pool. They are laterally displaced from the general bounds of the active channel and are not scoured during typical high flows. Alcoves are usually formed by extreme flow events or beaver activity. The substrate is typically sand and/or organic matter.
7) Isolated Pools (IP) Isolated Pools are formed outside of the primary wetted channel, but within the active channel. They are usually associated with gravel bars and may dry up during the late summer. There is no flow into or out of an Isolated Pool.
8) Backwater Pools (BW) Backwater Pools are found along the channel margins and are created by eddies around obstructions such as boulders, rootwads, and woody debris. There is a (sometimes very small) wetted connection between backwaters and the wetted channel. Substrate is typically sand, gravel and cobble
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APPENDIX III
Contact Information
2011 WORP CREWS
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2011 AQUATIC INVENTORIES CREW
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APPENDIX IV
Gear Checklists
Snorkeling Where Drysuit Dive Bag Mask Dive Bag Hood Dive Bag Gloves Dive Bag Wading Shoes Truck Flashlight Batteries and Backup Bin Snorkel Bin Hip Pack Mesh Dive Bag holds suit, mask, snorkel, hood, gloves, etc. Sealskin Socks or neoprene booties Dive Bag Earplugs Pouch Silicone Spray Bin AquaSeal Pouch Zip Ease/ Talc Bin
Data Collection Thermometer Pouch PDA/GPS GPS also on Maps/Navigation list File Box PDA/GPS Chargers File Box Aqua Pack File Box Stylis File Box RangeFinder Battery and backup File Box Depth Staff Truck Soapstone 10 Pouch Permenant Marker 3 Pouch Signs 50 Bin Nails 100 Bin Pencils 5 Pouch Data Sheets File Box Zipper Pouch
Forms, Permits, Paperwork Data Sheets 10 File Box Injured Worker Info File Box Permit File Box Fish Key File Box Oregon Plan Pamphlet File Box Mussel ID book File Box Landowner Letters 15 File Box Landowner Post Cards 15 File Box Envelopes 15 File Box Timesheets File Box Expense Claim File Box Hazards Info File Box
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Electrofishing Gear Where? Electrofisher 1 Efish Box Battery 1 Check hookup compatibility with Efisher Efish Box Rattail 1 Check hookup compatibility with Efisher Efish Box Probe with hoop 1 Check hookup compatibility with Efisher Efish Box Battery Charger 1 Efish Box Conductivity Meter 1 Batteries Efish Box Sunglasses 1 Efish Box Adjustable Wrench 1 Efish Box Electrician's 1 Gloves pair Efish Box Dip Net 1 Truck
Thermistors (NC,MC,MS,UMP only) review retrieval instructions/deployment description and Datasheet 1 UTMs Binder NIST Probe 1 digital thermometer File Box
Invasive Species Control (CP,NC,MC,MS,UMP only) Hand Sprayer 1 Should be filled with Cu Solution Bucket Gloves 1 Bucket 1 gal. Cooler 1 Should be filled with Cu Solution Bucket Scrub Brush 1 Bucket Rinse Water 1 Use hose, if possible Do not use fire water Bucket Clips 6 Bucket
Fire control (required by corporate landowners) 5 gal. water jug 1 Must be full and dedicated to fire control Truck Fire extinquisher 1 Bin Pulaski 1 Truck Shovel 1 Truck Machete 1 Bin
Mussels Zip-lock Bags 10 Kit in Bin Marker 1 write date and ID Num on any collected shells Kit in Bin Tupperware Kit in Bin
Maps/Navigation Large Format 1 Truck Delorme 1 Bin Site Topo Binder Site Taxlot Binder GPS unit 1 linked to PDA Binder Charger for GPS 1 Binder
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APPENDIX V
4th Field HUCs
Figure 11. 4th Field HUCs of the Lower Columbia, North Coast and Mid Coast
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Figure 12. 4th Field HUCs of the Umpqua, Mid Coast and South Coast
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REFERENCES
Dias-Ramos, S., D.L. Stevens, Jr., and A.R. Olsen. 1996. EMAP: Statistical Methods Manual. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Corvallis, Oregon.
Jepsen, D. B. and Leader, K. 2007. Abundance monitoring of juvenile salmonids in Oregon coastal streams, 2006. Monitoring Program Report Number OPSW-ODFW-2007-1, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Salem.
Jepsen, D. B. and Rodgers, J. D. 2004. Abundance monitoring of juvenile salmonids in Oregon coastal streams, 2002-2003. Monitoring Program Report Number OPSW-ODFW-2003- 1, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Salem.
Moore, K.M.S., K.K. Jones, and J.M. Dambacher. 1997. Methods for stream habitat surveys. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Information Report 97-4, Portland
National Marine Fisheries Service. 2000. Backpack electrofishing guidelines. National Marine Fisheries Service, Portland, Oregon
Oregon Coastal Salmon Restoration Initiative. 1997. The Oregon Plan: restoring an Oregon legacy through cooperative efforts. Coastal Salmon Restoration Initiative, Salem, Oregon
Stevens, D.L., Jr. 2002. Sampling design and statistical analysis methods for the integrated biological and physical monitoring of Oregon streams. Monitoring Program Report Number OPSW-ODFW-2002-7, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Portland.
Rodgers, J.D. 2000. Abundance of juvenile coho salmon in Oregon coastal streams: 1998 and 1999. Monitoring Program Report Number OPSW-ODFW-2000-1. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Portland.
Weitcamp, L. A., T. C. Wainwright, G. J. Bryant, G. B. Milner, D. J. Teel, R. G. Kope, R. S. Waples. 1995. Status review of coho salmon from Washington, Oregon, and California. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo., NMFS-NWFSC-24.
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