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International Harvester

^ Contents

Introduction 2

Breaking the Bottleneck 2

Development of Farm Machinery After the Invention of the Reaper 5

The Formation of International Harvester 7

The Growth of Power Farming 9

Growth of the International Motor Truck Business 13

Expansion of the Construction Equipment Line 16

Producing for Viaory 18

Postwar Decision 18 Introductiion

The annals of American business reveal a no more reached its present stage only under the peculiarly Ameri­ colorful nor inspiring story than that of the growth and can system of free enterprise. It is equally obvious that development of International Harvester. Although in its our present industrial civilization would have arrived present form it has been in existence only since 1902, the much more slowly without the invention and perfection Company's antecedent history reaches back to 1831, when of farm machinery. This identification with history is Cyrus Hall McCormick demonstrated his first reaper to a possible only in a business with a background of tradition skeptical gathering at his father's farm near Steele's and service in complete accord with that of the nation in Tavern, Virginia. Few corporations of similar size and which it was founded. importance can lay claim to such a background of tradi­ Many of the fundamental concepts initiated by tion and continuous operation. Cyrus Hall McCormick—absolute honesty in all dealings, The farm equipment industry, exemplified by the the building of a quality product at prices his customers Harvester Company, is a distinctively American enter­ could afford to pay, and a safeguarding of that product prise. It is doubtful that its phenomenal growth and with service that protects the customer—are still the liv­ development over the past century could have been ing roots of Harvester policy. Today's Harvester spirit is nurtured in any but the vigorous, pioneering soil of the based on McCormick's fighting determination to progress United States. The Company has grown with the nation in his field and build machines which would best serve and helped the nation grow. Certainly it could have the customer and the nation.

Breaking the Bottleneck

The invention of the reaper broke a'bottleneck on spite of its status as humanity's basic industry, agriculture the highway of progress. As much as any other single failed to progress or even to undergo much study in factor, it was responsible for the conversion of the ancient times. It was still a laborious, unrewarding pursuit United States from an almost purely agrarian nation in in 1830—one oflFering little promise of leisure or security 1830 to its present position as the world's greatest indus­ to anyone engaged in it. The farmer was completely at trial power. By releasing manpower from the soil to be the mercy of the soil and the elements. If circumstances deployed into other channels of activity, Cyius Hall caused him to fail to produce, he and his fellow men McCormick applied a spur to an industrial revolution in were confronted with the specter of famine. It was an America which led to the greatest era of invention and economy of scarcity, a world in which the overwhelming mechanical progress the world had ever known. majority of the population toiled unceasingly to supply its merely physical needs. In order to understand fully the implications of the reaper, it is necessary to examine briefly the conditions under which the farmer of 1830 operated. Then, as now, Of all problems of the farmer, the harvesting of grain the search for food was man's first consideration. Until was the most stubborn, having throughout all history that search was successful, he had no time for any other resisted every efibrt to apply any but human power to its activity. Only such time as was left over after he had solution. Horses and oxen had been used to pull plows, produced enough food to satisfy his hunger could he harrows and carts but were of no avail at harvesttime, devote to other occupations. In the centuries preceding when only countless hours of backbreaking toil could 1831, 95 percent of the population of the world was cut and bind the grain before it rotted on the ground. forced by the need for food and shelter to work on the Since there were usually no more than ten days in which land. to harvest, the least delay caused by the weather or a lack of manpower made for a loss of at least part of the crop. Until the invention of the reaper, advances in farming At best, this created shortages and uncertainty; in extreme methods were so slow as to be almost imperceptible. In cases it would result in actual famine. This farmer is using the sickle, the earliest known harvesting implement, with which he could harvest a half acre a day.

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The principal implement of the harvest in the earliest The first reaper started the transition to the highly recorded days of history was the sickle, a curved knife mechanized farming of today and at the same time opened with which a strong man could cut a half acte in the the door to other improvements, proving to the world course of a day. In 1830, the sickle was still in general use that long hours of drudgery are not necessary to supply under certain crop conditions. Wielding a sickle is gruel­ its population with food. After the reaper had solved the ing labor; each bunch of grain must be grasped in one ptoblem of the grain harvest, new uses for animal power hand and cut by a sweep of the blade. on the faim were discovered. Since that time there has The scythe, practical only for cutting standing grain, been no hunger in the United States brought on by man's was introduced some time in antiquity and made it pos­ inability to produce sufficient food. The only scarcity sible for a man to cut two acres a day. During the has been the result of faults in our distributive system. eighteenth century, the scythe was improved by the It seemed that civilization had been accustomed to scarcity addition of wooden fingers. With this implement, called for so many centuries that it occasionally found abun­ a "cradle," grain could be cut and at the same time dance too strange a phenomenon to cope with effectively. gathered and thrown into swaths, making it simpler for Almost as fat-reaching as the removal of the threat others following to bind it into sheaves. of famine from this country was the trend started by the reaper toward releasing men from the farm. If, as in 1831, pioneers pushed to the West at the rate of 30 miles a year, it were still necessary for 19 men on the farm to produce farmers, aided by new machinery, were putting land into enough to feed one man in town, there would be no productive use as fast as it was won. The vatious new large cities, Uttle industry, none but the mostly highly inventions had a tendency to be mutually dependent. essential professions—in fact, civilization would be in much Theie would have been fewer railroads if farms had not the same spot it occupied 115 years ago. Since the reaper produced more for them to carry and released men to was intfoduced to the farmers of America, the population help build and run them. At the same time, the rapid has been flowing gradually but steadily from rural into extension of land put under cultivation was assisted by urban areas, until now three men in the city are amply the railroads, which were able to deliver the produce of fed by what one man on the farm is able to produce. the farm almost as rapidly as it was harvesred. Each did The invention of the steam engine by James Watt in its part in bteaking the bottleneck between the vast, the latter part of the eighteenth centuty is generally fertile areas of the West and the people in the East credited with beginning the Industrial Revolution in waiting to be fed. England. By providing man for the first time with a The achievement of farm equipment in supplying source of power other than that which he derived from men and food to industry is matched by what it has done his own efforts oi that of domestic animals, the steam for the farmer himself, since it fulfilled the purpose of all engine made possible modern transportation and industrial labor-saving machinery—to enable men to produce more power. However, it is significant that its benefits were and more with less and less effort. The fitst reaper could not completely realized until Cyius Hall McCoimick pro­ harvest as much grain as 20 men with sickles or five with vided a means of releasing manpower to operate steam­ ctadles, and opened man's eyes to the possibilities of boats, railroads and factories. Not until man had time to leisure by making it possible for him to obtain the turn from the unceasing task of satisfying his hunger necessities of life without expending every last ounce of could our industfial system reach its fullest flower. energy. Every subsequent improvement in farm equip­ The reaper, working hand in hand with new methods ment has raised his standard of living by increasing the of steam transportation, was one of the prime factors in yield from land and decreasing the amount of time which the rapid westward movement of our civilization. As must be spent on it.

This model of the McCormick reaper shows its distinctive features: reel, reciprocating knife, platform, and ground drive wheel.

In this one-room blacksmith shop near Steele's Tavern, Virginia, Cyrus Hall McCormick built the first successful mechanical reaper. Development oj Farm Machinery After the Invention of the Reaper

The introduction of the teaper ushered in an ex­ had the facilities, to have all his machines built under his traordinarily productive era of invention in all lines of personal supervision. farm equipment. Stimulated by the impressive success of During this period, while McCormick was con­ McCormick's machine, other inventors attacked the prob­ centrating on the production of his reaper, he was also lems of the farmer with equal vigor. During the period developing methods of selling, advertising and dis­ between 1830 and 1850, evety phase of agriculture under­ tributing it. Upon the expitation of his otiginal patents, went rapid development. The steel plow, which made it which in spite of litigation were not renewed, he met a possible for the first time to turn the rich, sticky soil of sudden increase in competition simply by outselling his the prairies, was introduced to replace the inefficient rivals and sending his agents throughout the United States wood and cast iron implements which had been used for to convince farmers in even the more remote sections of centuries. In 1834, the first thieshing machine appeared, the merits of his reaper. doing away with the laborious custom of flailing grain The interests of the farmer were always uppermost in from chaff. Hand sowing of seed started to become McCormick's mind. Leaving the manufacturing details of obsolete when the giain dtill, which permitted rapid, his business in the hands of his brothers, he spent most of accurate planting, was invented. Harrows and cultivatots his time designing and testing improvements on his in vastly impioved fotm were developed—to be eagerly machine and, during the haivest season, studying the accepted by the pioneers who were opening the great reaper in operation. Trips to the harvest areas each year American West. enabled him to keep in close touch with the ptoblems of All these new machines were designed to utilize the farmer and to learn his views on possible improve­ animal power to the fullest possible extent and make it ments. The most populat method of advettising and selling forever unnecessary for the farmer to engage in ceaseless in those days was to stage contests with competing manu- backbreaking toil simply to earn a bare subsistence. Be­ faCTurers before the farmers themselves. McCormick tween 1830 and 1840, the time required to harvest an supervised many of these field ttials himself, keeping a acre of wheat was reduced from about 37 hours to an watchful eye for weaknesses in the performance of his estimated IIV^ hours, with an even greater decrease in reaper. Because of his insistence upon the highest possible the amount of physical labor demanded of the fatmer. standatds of quality and woikmanship, McCormick's Such developments had a profound effect upon the machines usually came out ahead in such contests. He had, farmer's way of life; he could now look forward to the however, the courage and integrity to tecognize flaws in prospect of greater security, profits and leisure for himself his machines and never hesitated to accept advice he and his family. Moreover, the faster he was able to considered sound. acquire mechanical aids, the more land he could put into The first majot imptovement in the reaper was adopted productive use. This had the tendency to uproot him, in 1852, when a self-rake device was added to sweep the make him spread out toward the West, where millions grain from the platfotm. Through this move, the man who of acres of fertile land waited to be put under cultivation. cleared the platform with a hand take was released to other He became one of the driving forces behind the nation's work. A furthet change lesulted ftom prolonged experi­ rapid expansion and development. mentation by the Marsh brothers of De Kalb, Illinois, By 1846 the acceptance of the reaper in the great which culminated in 1858 in the Marsh harvestet, an idea farming areas of the Middle West was complete enough whose worth was quickly recognized by McCormick and to justify the building of a factory to manufacture reapers applied to his reaper. This machine employed continuous in quantity. Cyrus Hall McCormick moved his business canvas aprons to raise the grain to a table, where two men to Chicago, the logical shipping center of the new grain tiding on the reaper could bind it as fast as it collected and tetritory. His first factory was established on the north throw the bundles over the side. When, in 1872, McCormick bank of the Chicago River near Lake Michigan, becoming began production on a wire binder, hand labor was virtu­ one of the first of Chicago's pioneer industries. As his ally eliminated from the process of harvesting. During the original conrracts with outside manufacturers expired, next decade, wire binders were manufactured in large McCormick refused to lenew them, preferring, once he quantities but were never accepted as entirely satisfactory by the farmers, who claimed that the wite injuted 'their left standing in the fields for lack of labor to harvest them. livestock. Lincoln's secretaty of war, Edwin M. Stanton, recognized The wire binder's brief day of supremacy ended with the Union's debt to the reaper in an address in 1861. the invention of the twine binder, finally perfected by "Without McCormick's invention," he said, "I fear the John F. Appleby of Wisconsin in 1879- McCormick, North could not win, and the Union would be dismem­ realizing its value almost immediately as an adaptation to bered." The impressive war record of the reaper served to his own machine, procuted the rights to manufacture the convince even the most hesitant farmers of the advantages twine binder and commenced to produce it in quantity. of farm machinery. Their reluctance to change to new Soon the Appleby binding attachment, mounted on the ideas vanished when they saw a possibility of losing nearly Marsh type of harvester, was being manufactured by all theif crops through a lack of hand labor to harvest them. nearly all the harvesting machine manufacturers in the Final, universal acceptance of mechanical farming was an country. These machines, in spite of small vatiations in end result of the war. detail, were based on the ftame and reciprocal knife cutting The harvesting machinery business first began to mechanism of McCormick's origiiial reaper. Subsequent assume its world-wide character in 1851, when McCormick binders were essentially refined versions of the same entered his reaper in the exhibition of industties of all machine. nations at the Crystal Palace in London. There, the reaper The advent of the Civil War lent tremendous impetus performed so efficiently in a series of field tests under all to the development and production of farm machinery by conditions that it received the highest award of the fair, the draining more than a million men from the farms of the Council'Medal. English writers, at first inclined to scoff at Middle West and placing an increased demand upon the the new machine, finally were forced to admit that the farmers who remained to produce more food. Largely McCormick reaper alone was worth more to England than because of the reaper, the Union was able not only to feed the cost of the entire exhibition. The spectacular success of a huge civilian and army population but also to ship large this experience led McCormick to make arrangements with quantities of food to Europe. a British firm to manufacture his reaper. Throughout the Without McCormick's invention, according to a next decade, the use of the reaper spread rapidly through contemporary estimate, half the crops would have been all Europe. McCormick had tapped a great potential market.

The McCormick reaper factory on the Chicago River just east of the present Michigan Avenue bridge as it appeared before it was leveled by the Great Chicago Fire in 1871. A forward step in the evolution of harvesting machinery was the Marsh harvester, shown here harvesting a field of wheat.

This old photograph shows one of the first of the McCormick twine binders, first manufactured in quantity during the 1880's.

The Formation oj International Harvester

During the latter part of the nineteenth century, the located in Chicago. This company had been founded in farm equipment industry, influenced by the rapid expan­ 1869 by William Deering, another pioneer in the develop sion of agriculture for which it was so largely responsible, ment and perfection of agricultural implements. In 1902, grew into one of the most highly competitive businesses the two companies combined with three smaller concerns in America. This period of severe comperirion had a — the Milwaukee Harvester Company, Warder, Bushnell restricting effect — so many companies enteted this market and Glessner Company and the Piano Manufacruring that no single enterprise could muster up enough capital to Company — to form the International Harvester Com­ engage in normal development or expansion. At one time, pany. The prime reasons behind the organization of the it was estimated, more than 2,000 concerns were manu- new company were to develop new products, to bring factufing one or more lines of equipment. Most were about a more diversified line, and to give mote attention barely able to keep abreast of the times — much less to the foreign market. Cyrus H. McCormick, son of the anticipate the fatmet's needs. Meanwhile, the foreign man who had petfected the reaper and head of the market, which had first been opened by Cyrus Hall McCormick Harvesting Machine Company at that time, McCormick in 1851, remained a fertile and virtually became the first piesident of the Harvester Company the untouched field of operations. Few companies had eirher day after its formarion. the capital or the expert organization necessary to develop With the exception of the Warder, Bushnell and a satisfactory export business. Glessner plant at Springfield, Ohio, now Springfield The two leading manufactuters of harvesting ma­ Works; that of the Milwaukee Hatvester Company, the chinery at the turn of the century were McCormick's present Milwaukee Wotks; and a Deering factoiy at organization and the Deering Harvester Company, also Hamilton, Ontario, all the manufacturing properties acquired by the consolidation were located in or around This factory, subsequently sold, became known as Rock Chicago. The plant of the Piano Manufacturing Company Falls Wotks. About this time the Weber Wagon Works of on Chicago's south side became the Company's West Chicago became a Harvester property. The Company's Pullman Works. The Company also established its General line of farm implements became complete with the Offices in Chicago, where they have remained ever since. acquisition in 1918 of steel and chilled plows through the In addition, the Deering Company, which had reached the purchase of companies which operated the present Canton forefront in its field latgely through its manufacturing Works at Canton, Illinois, and a plant at Chattanooga, sagacity, contiibuted to the corporation coal, iron' and Tennessee, and the addition of a line of seeding machines timber lands and a steel mill in South Chicago, now manufactuted at Richmond, Indiana. Wisconsin Steel Wotks, giving the Company a source of During these years, the Company had been rapidly raw materials sufficient to provide for expansion and developing and putting into pioduction new lines at its product diveisification.' otiginal plants. By 1912, corn binders, ensUage cutters, The effect of the merger upon foreign trade became seeding machinery, harrows and manure spreaders had apparent almost immediately. Spurred on by new capital, been added to the catalog of implements offered to new resources and a larger organization, the Company's Harvestet'dealers. The pioneet light harvesrer-thresher was foreign business doubled within five years and within ten introduced in 1914; the stationary thresher four years latet. had incieased fivefold, with the extension of trade par­ Throughout this period there was a general tendency ticularly effective in Great Britain, Western and Central to simplify the various lines of traditional harvesting Europe, Russia, South America and Austtalia. By 1909 machinery inherired by the Company, tesulting finally in factories had been established in several European the Company's dropping entiiely the Champion, Osborne countries, and sales outlets had been set up in most of the and Milwaukee lines of harvesters. Later the two lemaining civilized countries of the world. The Harvester Company's lines wete merged into one — the McCormick-Deering — world-wide character had become firmly established. with the best features of each pioneer machine retained. AU the companies enteiing into the original com­ Consequently, work was simplified for dealers and the bination weie engaged in the manufactuie of grain Company's sales and servicing departments. This change harvesting equipment: binders, hay and corn harvesting also serfed to. concentrate experimentation and attempts machines, and twine, but it was soon realized that the at improvement upon one identifying line of machinery. industry's tradition of service to the farmer and the The gradual broadening of the Company's manu­ nation, which had begun with the invention of the teaper, factuiing field has been in complete accord with Cyrus could not be maintained solely by fuither development of Hall McCormick's original desire to anticipate and meet these machines but must include expansion into all lines the farmer's needs. Every new machine developed has been of agricultural implements and excursions into types of a response to definite needs of agiiculture. This has machinery which were then merely in the planning stage. resulted not only in a constant betteting of the farmer's Ever sensitive to the needs of the farmer, the directors standatd of living but has also redounded to the advantage of the new corporation made plans to incorporate into of the Company by giving its employes more regular the Harvester line implements which would seive every employment and its dealers something to sell at every purpose of the farm — many of which had not even been season of the yeai. drearped of a few years before. It was felt, too, that a more diversified line of products would remove the seasonal character from the harvesting machine business and provide employment on a year-round basis to the thousands of Haivestei factory employes and dealers. The addition of new products would lequire production at a plant duting the periods it was not ordinarily manufactuiing har- vestmg equipment. The first step in the development of a complete line was the acquisition of the D. M. Osborne Company, at Auburn, New York, which manufactured a line of harvesting and tillage implements designed to meet the eastern trade. Because of its location near the eastern seaboatd the addition of that plant was also in line with the TheCompany was identified Company's desire to expand its foreign trade. In 1904, by the "I.H.C." monogram until adoption, in 1945, of the purchase of the Keystone Company at Rock Falls, the modern IH symbol. Illinois, added an historic line of tillage and haying tools. The Growth of Power Farming

The key to all progress in agriculture is power. As first, and what was to be the only really practical country­ long as there was only human energy, supplemented by wide application of the steam engine, was in threshing, the limited use of animal powei, to perform the multiple during which power was transmitted by a belt to the operations lequired by farming, progress was necessarily threshing machine. Throughout the last centuty, many slow. When Cyrus Hall McCormick perfeaed the reaper, attempts were^made to apply the steam tractor to plowing, he brought to the fatmer a broader application of animal the fatmet's most difficult job. There was no question but power by demonstrating its practical use in the harvest. that the steam engine was a lift in pulling a plow, but its From that point, farming methods leaped forward to the use was exttemely limited. Because of its prohibitive cost, greatest period of development the world had ever its size and general unwieldiness, it could be employed witnessed. profitably only on the immense acreages of the West. As this development accelerated, however, it became Farmers of quarter and half sections never seriously con­ apparent that theie wete definite limitations to the use of sidered the steam tractor. animal powei in farming. Not only was the hoise limited The real importance of the steam driven tiactor lay in stiength and enduiance, but it was also expensive to in the fact that it was a step in the right direction. Its maintain. A considerable amount of the farmer's time had existence gave rise to the first efforts to design and to be devoted exclusively to its care; much of the produce manufactiure a tractor which would employ the internal of the farm had to be used as feed; and at least part of its combustion engine, beginning to be a seriously considered acreage was necessarily reserved for pasture. By its very development about 1900. As the internal combustion natuic, me routine year-to-year operation of a farm is not tractor emerged from its experimental stages, the steam perfectly suited to animal powei, since so much of the tractor was doomed, although it continued to be used in work is done in fits and starts. During periods such as threshing for many years. The farmer was only too glad to the harvest, labor must be highly concentrated, but during substitute the new tractor for an engine suitable only for many weeks power is not lequiied at all. Animals ate a heavy duty and requiring much more expert care and source of expense whethei woiking or idle — and they attention than he was capable of giving. are idle too many days in the year. Farmers urgently The first internal combustion tractois built near the needed a soutce of power with sustained endurance and beginning of this century were patterned after the steam reliability, in which the factor of expense was limited tractor. Often their building simply involved the replacing to working time. of the steam unit with an internal combustion engine. The development of agricultural machinery was Consequently, the pioneer tractors embodied many of the inhibited as long as animals wete the only available source same faults: they were still too heavy; they wete unreliable of power. By the end of the nineteenth century, most to the point that they broke down about as often as they implements had reached their maximum capacity for use ran — and nearly all of them had an alarming tendency to with work animals, yet they were capable of further dig themselves into mud holes whenever the going was at improvement and economies. Designers were forced to all bad. During those first years, designers were convinced gear their machines to the speed of the horse and make that there could be neither power nor ttaction without their draft no heavier than an ordinary team could pull. gteat weight. The efforts of all progressive farm tractor The grain binder, for example, had by 1900 been perfected manufactuteis have since been directed toward constantly to the point where only additional power could increase decreasing the tractor's size and lessening its weight per its efficiency. With animals as the motive power, no higher horsepower. speed could be attained, nor could the machine be made As might be expected in an organization so sensitive heavy enough to increase the width of its cut. Some kind to the needs of the farmer. Harvester was one of the fitst of power more efficient than that which animals were able companies to exploie the possibilities of this new kind of to provide was clearly indicated if industry was to continue power. The demand from the farm for a more efficient its service to the farmer by giving him machines which power was not lost upon its predecessor companies, would allow him to get the most out of his land with the particularly since their designers had long since admitted least effort. the limitations imposed upon their implements by animal It was only natural that after the invention of the powet. As early as 1889, the Deering Harvester Company steam engine there should be experimentation with the began to experiment with a gas engine and, by the time of use of this mighty new source of power on the farm. The the formation of International Harvester, was producing almost 50 stationary engines a day which could be Sandusky, Ohio, which supplied the ttuck and trans­ mounted on vatious Deering implements. In 1900, mission on which an International engine made at E. A. Johnston of the McCormick Harvestirig Machine Milwaukee Works was mounted. Company designed an auto mowet, the outgrowth of seveial years of experimentation with the internal com­ Meanwhile the Company pioceeded with its experi­ bustion engine. mental work at Akron and McCormick Works, producing Experimental woik on the first International Harvester the first all-International tractors at Akron in 1908. In tractor began in 1905 at the former Rock Falls Works 1909, one of these tractois crossed the ocean to Amiens, under the supervision of Mr. Johnston. This was a France, where in a memorable contest it leceived the medal cumbetsome, three-wheeled machine wirh a single wide of honof foi plowing foi two days without a bieakdown. wheel in front. The following year, the Company put its By 1910, Haivestei's Mogul and Titan tiactois lepiesented first tractors on the matket. These were builr under an a thiid of the nation's pioduction, and Tiactoi Woiks in arrangement with the Ohio Manufacturing Company of Chicago had been built foi theii exclusive manufacture.

In 1906, the Company started regular production on tractors like this one, built under an arrangement with the Ohio Manufacturing Co.

One of the Mogul line of tractors built about 1910. This popular model developed 45 horse­ power and weighed almost 11 tons.

ID Just as the Civil War hastened the final, unequivocal The incentive provided by the huge wartime demand acceptance of the reaper. World War I gave a tremendous for tractors led many automobile manufacturers into the imperus to the use of tiactois on the faim. Confronted farm power field. The influence of automotive design led by an unpiecedented demand for food, both in this to many changes in the farm tractor and began a trend country and in Europe, and war's inevitable drainage of toward a smaller machine, one which would be suitable manpower from normal pursuits, farmers turned to tiactois for use on the ordinary small farm of the Middle West. in incieasing numbers as the only solution to their Some of these manufacturers, failing to grasp the essential problems. Here they found the answer to both labor and differences, tried unsuccessfully to convert the automobile power shortages. into a tractor. There was a middle group, however, which was fully aware of these differences but saw a possibility In spite of considerable loss of farm animals to the of applying many of the principles of automobile manu­ Army, there was a marked increase in farm production. facture to the tiactoi without saciificing any of its sim­ Moreover, the fact that tractois did not use up feed as did plicity oi necessary ruggedness. In this category was the faim animals allowed that much moie giain to be chan­ Harvester Company, which gradually alrered the design of neled to a hungiy world. During the wai yeais, tractor its tractors, making them lightei and embodying in them production at International Harvestei mote than doubled. mote piecision construction. This cleat demonstration of the efficiency of tiactoi powei Harvester engineers had been working for many years on the farm started a decline in the use of animal power on a tractor, which, unlike the standard four-wheeled which has been steady ever since. machine, could be used effectively foi cultivating tow Up to and duiing the fitst Woild Wat, tiactoi manu­ ciops. The fifst such attempt was a motoi cultivatoi, factuie continued to be characterized by rhe building of pioduced expeiimentally in 1915. Because of its high huge, unwieldy machines, strongly influenced in design manufacturing cost and limited utility, this machine was by the steam engine. This emphasis upon the production diopped from production in 1919 in favor of concentrated of large tractois was caused largely by rhe urgenr need of experimentation on an all-purpose rractor. Up to this time, the large farmer, who was the first to feel the inadequacy it had been felt in many quarrers that two tractors would of animal power. A small farm could still be operated hi necessary to the efficient operation of a farm without profitably with animal power, but the volume of work in animal power: a conventional, four-wheeled model for all rhe large acreages of the West was more than horses and duties except cultivating and a motor cultivator of mules were capable of handling efficiently. some type.

This kerosene tractor, produced in 1915, was one of the Company's first attempts to design a machine suitable for the smaller farm.

By 1921 Harvester tractors were beginning to re­ semble the wheel tractors of today. This is a McCormick-Deering 15-30 of that year.

11 The Faimall was the fitst successful attempt at revolutionary changes took place in the design of all farm building a genuine all-purpose rractor. Its advent in 1922 machinery. Equipment was designed to be mounted revolutionized the tractor industry. During that year, 20 directly upon the tiactoi, easily detachable and lemovable of the expeiimental Faimall tiactois weie sent to the field by one man. Thus an implement became an integral pair foi testing and careful observation by Harvester experts; of the tiactoi itself, peimitting a lightei, less expensive in 1923, 26 more were sent out for trial after further field- constiuction, yet much higher speeds than could be tested refinements had been made. The following yeai attained with animal power. The use of a tractor equipped tegular production on a limited schedule was begun at with a powei take-off allowed all harvesting machinery to Tractoi Works. employ a wider cut and high-speed gearing. A landmark in tiactoi production was reached in A further improvement was the intioduction of October, 1926, when production of Faimall tiactois was pneumatic-tiied tiactois in 1933. Although they incieased begun at the newly equipped Farmall Works in Rock the original cost of the tractor, rubber tires had many Island, Illinois. The Farmall tractor has undergone many advantages, the most important of which was the lessened changes in power and utility since the day it started rolling rolling resistance and consequent reduction in fuel costs. off the assembly line at the new works which had been Rubber tires for the first time admitted the tractor to the built solely for its production. Though each year has seen paved highway, an invaluable aid in moving equipment important refinements, the essential features have remained ftom one field to anothei on faims crossed by important the same: the high rear-wheel drive for maximum clearance toads. Their cushioning action added greatly to the life under the rear axle; rhe small, narrow front wheels of the tiactoi and the comfort of the diivei. Since theii designed to run between row crops; and the means of adoption, manufacturers have been able to build higher mounting implements and other attachments to either the speeds into tractors and design heavier, more versatile front or the rear. Through its ability to perform not only equipment. the belt and diawbai functions of the standatd foui- The success of the Farmall design induced manu­ wheeled tracror but also to woik in tow ciops efficiently, factuters to give more attention to the needs of the small the Faimall tiactor made possible for the first time the farmer. Harvester led rhe way in this diiection with its hoiseless faim. Since its intioduction, all tractor manu­ intioduction in 1933 of the Farmall 12, the first of the factuteis have followed the Haivestei example with one-plow tractors. This was followed in 1939 by the machines of similai design. Farmalls A and B, even smaller and less expensive machines. Even befoie the introduction of the Farmall tractor, The Farmall Cub was finalized for production in 1945 — the Haivestei Company pioneeied in the development of ready to serve all the puiposes of the nation's smallest the powet take-off, which, when it appeared in 1918, finally faims. These small tractois brought with them, as collateial eliminated the necessity for the ground drive wheel. This developments, equipment also adapted to the faim of feature permitted direct transmission of power from the limited acieage. This equipment could be mounted on the tracror to the drawn machine, minimizing the loss of tiactoi or used with the power rake-off in the same manner power and opening the way to the design of lightei, more as the larger machines. comp'act implements. By 1934, the power take-off had World War II brought about many changes in the been built into nearly every tiactoi on the matket. Company's farm equipment business. These are described Since the development of the powei take-off and the in the section entitled "Postwar Decision," beginning successful entry of the Farmall inro the farm rracror field. on page 18.

The Farmall, which first appeared in 1922, revolutionized the tractor in­ dustry. This was the first successful all-purpose tractor.

12 Growth OJ the International Motor Truck Business

The Harvester Company's entry into the field of of the Engineering Department had installed a gas engine motor transportation was inspired by a recognized need in a wagon-type chassis and driven it successfully between of the farmer. By the end of the last century, rural America his home and McCormick Works for many months. had become so spread out and farm production had In 1905, after several more years of experimentation, increased so enormously that transportation thieatened to Mr. Johnston designed and developed an Auto Buggy at become a bottleneck. Faimeis who wete not located neat a Keystone, the former Rock Falls Works. This was a railroad were finding the horse and wagon an utterly two-cylinder, air-cooled engine mounted on a high- inadequate, time-consuming means of hauling their wheeled chassis, designed to look as much as possible like produce to the market. Trips to town weie necessaiily the traditional horse-drawn buggy. Ir was to seive the infrequent when they involved an expenditure of long same purpose — to haul moderate amounts of produce to hours or days of indispensable horse and manpower. and ffom the matket and take the fatmer and his family to America's farmers needed a method of transporting church on Sundays. themselves and their produce with speed and depend­ ability. The first gropings in the direction of a gasoline- In the early spring of 1907, 100 of these Auto Buggies powered horseless carriage seemed to indicate the solution were put into production in a part of McCoimick Woiks to this problem. which had been set aside foi the puipose. The quick At the same time that it began to experiment with its acceptance of the Auto Buggy and the subsequently first tractors, Harvestei became inrerested in the develop­ developed Auto Wagon appeared to justify their pro­ ment of a farm truck. Foir many years before managemenr duction on a regular basis, so the assembly line was was officially committed to the idea, the Company's moved latet that same yeai to Akron Works, where more engineers had been testing versions of a vehicle suited to adequate facilities existed. This was the first of the the needs of the farmer. As early as 1898, E. A. Johnston Company's motor truck plants.

One of the first high-wheeled International Auto Wagons, built at Akron Works about 1907.

This picture of an Auto Wagon built a few years later shows its use on the farm.

13 Here also the Company made a biief ventuie into the truck and the demand fiom uiban consumeis began to manufacture of passenger automobiles, when, in 1908, outstiip that from the farm. Mr. Johnston designed a roadstei and a touting cat, both By 1921, it became apparent that facilities at Akron equipped with four-cylinder, vertical engines, the firsr in Works would soon become inadequate to handle the automotive history to use overhead chain-driven cam­ increased volume of truck production in all models. shafts. After approximately 1,500 of these models had Accordingly, motor truck manufactuie was instituted at been produced in 1910 and 1911, the Company decided to Springfield Works, home of rhe old Champion line of abandon the manufacture and sale of automobiles. farm equipment which had only recently been discontinued. Trucks, it was felt, would be more nearly in keeping wirh At the same time, the Company determined ro build the Harvester policy of meeting the nation's transportation a modern plant suitable to modem mass pioduction needs. methods to house the manufactuie of its line of heavy-duty tfucks. After careful deliberation. Fort Wayne, Indiana, Duiing the years which followed, the design of the was selected as the site, and construction began in 1922. International truck was gradually weaned away from the By 1923, Fort Wayne Works, a thoroughly modern factory otiginal high-wheeled Auto Buggy and began to conform in everjr respect, produced its first vehicle. Akron Works to the lines of the conventional truck. Just as was the case was closed in 1925. By that time, International had become with the tiactoi, the heavy demand foi motoi transport the country's largest manufactuiei of a complete line of created by the fitst World War stimulated the manu­ tfucks and was pioducing a vehicle foi eveiy important factuie of all models of tiucks. From 1915 on, the Com­ agricultural and commercial need, with the latter pre­ pany developed the prototype of the present International dominating.

By 1915, the International motor truck This is one of the International trucks first had lost its original high-wheeled design. produced at Springfield Works in 1921.

The original A line, in 1929, attracted One of the heavy W line motor trucks many industrial and rural users. built at Fort Wayne' Works about 1930.

14 The volume of motoi tiuck pioduction had reached had been made in the nation's highways was the diametei a point by 1937 which justified the erection of a plant of the wheel reduced. to be devoted exclusively to the production of ttuck At Fort Wayne Works, a proving ground containing engines. Indianapolis was chosen as the location for this a severe twist couise and toads studded with Belgian plant because of its position approximately 150 miles paving blocks was completed in 1929 to assure that all ftom both Springfield and Fort Wayne. It is the most models received a thorough scientific testing under the modern of the Harvester Company motor truck factories. most arduous conditions possible before being offered to The first heat was poured in the foundry in July, 1939. the customer. Modern Internationals have always been Since that time production of truck engines of all types designed under the assumption that operating conditions has steadily increased. will be poor; they have been built to stand up under International trucks have long been famed for their conditions far removed from the normal. For this reason, ability to stand up under any conditions. The high- rhe International 4x4, 6x6 and half-track vehicles were wheeled construction of the original Auto Buggies and chosen by the Army, Navy and Marine Corps for use Auto Wagons was designed to allow these vehicles to rhroughour World War II. The story of International traverse the muddy, rutted country roads the average trucks in subsequent years is described in the section farmer was forced to cope with. Only after improvement "Postwar Decision," beginning on page 18.

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!*c*r=3^-^.^**-"'*;^--::^i:?£i.^,- The old C line motor trucks were intro­ The D line, also introduced in the thirties, duced for the first time in 1934. was suited to all types of commercial use.

During World War II, International 6x6 trucks were used extensively by the Navy and Marine Corps. Here one emerges from an LST.

15 Expansion of the Construction Equipment Line

A natural outgiowth of the Haivestei Company's and gang plows ovei the immense, hilly acieages of the efforts in the direction of providing power for the faim West. By 1933, the fiist diesel engine was installed in an was the development of power for many kinds of non- International ciawler tractor, the TD-40. This was the farm purposes. It was only logical that the tractor which first American-made diesel engine that started on gasoline had been perfected by the Company should find its way and aftei a minute oi less shifted to full diesel operation. into other uses, where the need for po'wer was just as The diesel-poweied tiactor also gave the farmer and acute. Recoids indicate that, as eaily as 1912, an Intei- industrial user the advantage of moie economical operation national Haivestei Titan tracror was designed to be in heavy-duty jobs. convertible into a road roller by the lemoval of the fiont By the time pneumatic tiactoi tiies had been intro­ wheels and insertion of foui 15-inch toilets. duced, Harvesrer was manufactuiing a gieatly bioadened Tiactois became leally practical foi industiial use, line of tractors for industiial use. This innovation gave the howevei, when the legulai McCoimick-Deeiing 10-20 industrial tractor greatei mobility and a widei vaiiety of farm tractor was equipped with solid lubbei tires in 1924 uses — paiticulaily in aiipoits, laige factoiies and entei- to make the tiactoi suitable foi use on paved highways piises in which theie is a ptoblem of handling heavy and within factoiy buildings. Five yeais latet, the large mateiials. At this time, too, Internarional truck and tractoi McCormick-Deering 15-30 was similarly equipped to give engines wete being adapted to industrial use as power industrial users the benefit of added powei. units foi machines made by othei manufactuteis. In 1938, In 1928, the 10-20 was modified by the addition of a Haivestei produced the TD-18, its fitst tiactoi designed tiacklaying device to make the fitst International crawler- for exclusive industrial use. No longer were industrial type tiactoi. Latei International crawler tractors were built tractors simply modifications of farm tractors; an entirely with more and more horsepower to meet the needs of new field had been opened with its own distinctive heavy constiuction and logging woik, and also to satisfy chaiacteiistics and demands. The fuither developmenr of the demand ftom faimeis who needed the extia powei and Harvesrer's constiuction equipment business is desciibed traction of the crawler type tiactoi to pull heavy combines in the following sections.

The application of International power to industrial use is nothing new. In this photograph, taken about 1908, two of our early tractors are shown providing the power for road build­ ing equipment in Chicago.

16 This 1912 Titan tractor was convertible into a road-roller by removing the front wheels and inserting rollers.

The Model 10-20 farm tractor was modified for industrial use by the addition of solid rubber-tired wheels in 1924.

The International crawler tractor in 1928 was a Model 10-20 farm tractor to which had been added a track-laying device.

In 1933, the first International tractor with a diesel engine was introduced. This model was called the TD-40 TracTracTor.

17 Producing jor Victory

Woild Wat II focused attention on Haivestei's mass tools of wai. The Company contiacted to operate govern­ pioduction plants as vital souices of war mateiial. In ment-owned factories and parts depots. The materiel eailiei wars the Company's piincipal war effort had of motorized warfare replaced tools and power for food centered in the pioduction of faim equipment needed to production. leplace hand laboi. In the eaily yeais of World War II, by government oidei, the manufacture of farm equipment As the wai continued, the gieat need foi faim tractois was drastically reduced; however, large quantities of faim and machines was again lealized by government authoiities equipment parts were made to keep existing machines in and Haivestei was peimitted to pioduce units foi dis- opeiation. Many of Haivestei's factoiies wete converted tiibution wheie needed most. Thus, Haivestei built and to the pioduction of military trucks and tiactois, aiiciaft shipped equipment foi both the fighting fiont and the toipedoes, guns and gun parts, artillery shells, and othei home fiont. Postwar Decision

Restiictions on the manufacture of civilian goods could best be seived by developing new markets for new during the eaily yeais of Woild Wai II produced an products and those already in rhe line. In this way, unprecedented posrwai demand for motoi tiucks, con­ places could be found foi letuining veterans without stiuction equipment and faim equipment. Also, many displacing those who had caiiied on in theii absence at thousands of young men who had opeiated Haivestei's wai. The Company could fuithei diveisify its operations, motorized equipment in military service came home increasing its usefulness to the nation and piotecting deteimined to let powet and machines do more and more stockholdeis' investments. The Company could continue of their work. to piogiess. Matched against this demand were Harvestei manu­ The expansion program decided upon was a bold one. facturing facilities grown greater and greatei to meet It involved a huge investment for new factoiies, new mUitaiy needs. The decision had to be made whethei the product designs, and new machine tools. Thousands of Company would scale down to piewai needs oi leconvert men had to be trained for new responsibilities and new for greatei civilian pioduction than evei befoie. When this performance. The new factories had to be puichased oi decision faced the Company, Fowlei McCoimick, grand­ constiucted, then tooled up and brought into pioduction. son of the man who perfected the leapei, was piesident. Sweeping changes had to be made in the location of majoi He and his associates leasoned that the Company's manufacturing operations to produce each machine with responsibilities to customeis, employes, and stockholdeis maximum efficiency.

Smallest of the International line of motor trucks is the Scout, Designed for easy and convenient operation. International a versatile low-cost vehicle for both passenger and cargo Models like this Metro-Mite provide economical mobility transport. It's available with two-wheel or four-wheel drive, for innumerable consumer-service businesses. detachable top and five-foot pickup body. A full-length Travel-Top is also available.

18 A large Illinois dairy uses International multi-stop trucks The Travelall, International's nine-passenger station wagon, like this one for house-to-house milk deliveries. A typical finds a host of uses for business or pleasure, work or play. load consists of 60 cases of milk weighing a total of 3,600 This big wagon will hold 124 cubic feet of cargo, and the pounds. torsion-bar front suspension insures a comfortable ride.

Formation of Harvester divisions. Early in the Forries, the poweied by the new foui-cylinder Comanche engine, and Company's management recognized the need for major the Metro-Mite, a small multi-stop tiuck with a wheelbase reorganization of a corporate structure that had remained of only 96 inches and a gioss vehicle weight of only virtually unchanged since the time of the merger in 1902. 3,800 pounds. In the light truck class. Harvester intro­ To make sure that proper attention would be given to the duced several new models, including the Travelall, a design, manufacture and sale of each of the producr lines, popular vehicle of station wagon type, and a new truck it was decided that separate divisions, each responsible for with six-man Travel-Crew cab and pickup body. In the a single group of products, should be established. The heavy-duty class it intfoduced a new Sightlinei series with five divisions — Construction Equipment, Farm Equip­ cabs measuring only 48 inches from front of bumpei to ment, Fiber and Twine, Motor Truck, and Steel — that back of cab, and additional floor-level windshields to are now responsible for the Company's nation-wide assuie greatei safery of operation. It expanded the extra- operations — are the result of this decision. heavy-dury class to include trucks of up to 127,000 pounds New products and manufacturing facilities. For the gross combination weight foi use both on the highways Motor Truck Division, rhe postwar years were a period of and ovei severe off-highway terrain. continuous development. In 1946, the Company acquired Harvester likewise made available an increasing a plant at Emeryville, California, for producing giant variety of features for use with the many basic models. It specialized motor trucks for the Western trade; to provide now offered a choice of six and eight-cylinder engines in facilities for supplying rhese trucks for nation-wide use. various sizes and equipped for liquid petroleum gas as Harvester subsequently acquired an additional factory at well as gasoline or diesel fuel, and it had an ever-widening Fort Wayne, Indiana, in I960. In 1948, it acquired, as a selection as to wheelbase and body design, and types of subsidiary, the Metropolitan Body Company ar Bridge­ axles, transmissions, and other major parts. Notable port, Connecticut, which for several years had manu­ among features made available during rhe postwar period factured bodies for Harvesrer's popular multi-stop Metro were vehicles with four-wheel and six-wheel drive, and delivery rrucks. And in 1958, it acquired the Metropolitan refinements such as automatic tiansmissions, powet Sramping Company in Shadyside, Ohio, as a subsidiary brakes, power sreering and tubeless tires. for the manufacture of sheet metal parrs. As an additional Introduction of these and many othei new models faciliry at Fort Wayne, IH established in 1959 a new Truck was in keeping with Haivestei's long-esrablished policy Sales Processing Center; at this operation, the Company of meeting each customer's requirements down to the makes modifications and installs accessofies on new trucks minutest detail. Instead of mass-producing a limited to customer demand. numbei of standaidized models and then adapting them International Harvester, largest pioducer of a full line to specific uses, Haivestei continued to build "from the of motor trucks, continued to expand its line, making it ground up." As before, every International motor ttuck by far the most specialized of any manufacturer in the was designed and built to the precise requirements of the woild. Smallest in the line wete the Scout, a completely job it should do and the specific conditions undei which new geneial puipose vehicle of only 2,800 pounds and it would opeiate.

19 iBiiwrt

International's Travelette has a six-man cab with This International medium-duty unit is designed for pickup body. It's available in four-wheel drive. economical pickup and delivery work and other short- haul, light-load applications.

This International speeds a load of timber on its way to a sawmill in the Pacific Northwest, where it will be cut into top-grade lumber for new homes and construction.

Here is an International light-duty model equipped This International diesel-powered tractor features a with factory-mounted low-loading dump body. one-piece reinforced fiberglass hood and fender assem­ bly; the entire assembly tilts forward 90 degrees for servicing.

20 This International makes i*"" interplant steel deliveries ( in northern Indiana's > steel mill area.

This large International is designed for hauling maximum cargo loads over long-distance routes. Several models are avail­ able with horsepower ranges from 180 to 335; the bigger ones are used on toll roads to pull tandem trailers.

This International heavy-duty tractor-trailer is powered by a V-8 engine. The cab-over-engine de­ sign provides maximum loadspace and features easy engine accessibility for servicing.

The Faim Equipment Division, the oldest part of the The Company continued with unabated vigoi in the Company, undeiwent a majoi reshaping in the postwar introduction of new and impioved faim tiactois and years. Early in its history, farm machines were largely implements. It biought out complete new lines of Faimall animal-powered and were built in factoiies adapted to tiactois designed for the requirements of postwai Ameiican smallei units. Having in mind the rapidly developing faiming. Many new features were made available for rhese changes in number and size of American farms and their new tiactois. The Fast-Hitch device provided for rapid need for equipment of evei-incieasing capacity, the attachment and detachment of a wide variety of direct- Company lelocated its pioduction in modem and efficient mounted and semi-mounted implements. The Toique- plants. Amplifiei made it possible to double the numbei of tiactor Foi the manufactuie of the newly introduced cotton speeds and instantly change gear ratios without shifting picket and othei farm machines IH built a laige, wholly gears or stopping the tractor. new plant at Memphis, Tennessee, in 1947. In 1946, the In addirion to the Farmall line, Harvestei intioduced Company bought an aiiciaft plant at Louisville, Kentucky, its International Utility line, low-slung, foui-wheel tractors as the new home foi its smallei sizes of Farmall tractors. built for a variety of uses for both farm and off-the-faim In 1946, it enlarged its facilities foi the pioduction of work. For work with both International Utility and Farmall malleable iion by the puichase of a foundiy at Waukesha, tractors, Harvester made available a variety of new tractor- Wisconsin. And to piovide for expansion of its line of mounted equipment for both industiial and faim use, heavy plows, subsoileis, and tillage implements, populat including loadeis, backhoes, blades, scaiifieis, and among West Coast lancheis and fruit growers. Harvester moweis. The International Cub Cadet, smallest of IH purchased a plant at Stockton, California, in 1947. In due tiactois, was intioduced foi lawn and garden work, snow course, Harvesrer disposed of its oldei plants, most of removal, and similar uses; it weighs only 500 pounds and them multi-story structures. Plants were sold at Chat­ has a seven-horsepower engine with a thiee-speed tians- tanooga, Tennessee, and at Huntington Park, California, mission. Most lecently intioduced was the giant 4WD-3, in 1947; at Aubuin, New Yoik, in 1951; and at Richmond, a foui-wheel tiactoi of 180 diawbai hoisepowei foi large Indiana, in 1957. The Company's oldest and largest farms and ranches in the western states. It was made factory, the historic McCormick Works, built in Chicago available with four-wheel steering and with torque in 1872, and a small factoiy at Rock Falls, Illinois, the last proportioning to contiol the spinning of wheels in of the old-style plants, wete closed in 1961. muddy giound.

21 Two self-propelled combines work together in a Western This Farmall, with direct-connected moldboard plow, makes wheat field. An International truck prepares to receive grain the job easier in plowing under tough sod. from the rear combine.

The McCormick self-propelled cotton picker has been a Here's an International utility tractor with four-row corn revolutionary factor in our country's cotton economy. planter. Fertilizer is discharged from the large forward hoppers.

Postwar development of Harvester's farm implements in New Orleans, and rhe old McCormick Twine Mill, in offeied the faimei a gieatly incieased vaiiety of new and Chicago, was disposed of The new location made more efficienr machines, many of them of larger, mulri- possible important economies in the transportation of raw row design. Among the many machines introduced were fiber to the mill and in the distribution of the finished twine. new plows, tillage equipment, planteis, cotton pickets, The Construction Equipment Division was cieated hay baleis, and combines. New types of machines included in 1944 and embaiked on its program of expansion with field harvesters for making hay and corn silage, hay the purchase, in 1946, of a former airplane engine plant conditioners, and windrowers. Notable additions to the in Melrose Park, lUinois. Irs 2,348,000 square feet of combine line were units for the field shelling of corn; manufacturing area were assigned to the pioduction of rhese units, mounted directly on the basic giain machine, heavy diesel engines and a new 35,000 pound diesel offered rhe owner additional speed and economy of ciawlei. Two othei plants, Tiactor Works and Milwaukee operation. Works, came under the juiisdiction of the division. The In 1952, the Fiber and Twine Division moved its modern administration building at the Melrose Park loca­ manufacturing operations to a newly built modern plant tion became the headquarteis of the division. Here were

22 established central facilities for rhe design of Construc- tion was a small crawler of 31 drawbar horsepower for rion Equipmenr products and the home office for a new both faim and constiuction equipment useis. IH made divisional sales organization. available five sizes of ciawlei loadeis, and Foui-in-One In the postwar period, the Constiuction Equipment skid shovels with lated capacities up to thiee cubic yaids. Division greatly expanded the numbei and variety of its It had 32 models of diesel and carbureted power units, products. It enlarged its line of diesel crawler tractois to the laigest unit developing 385 hoisepowei. six sizes, ranging up to 230 net horsepower and available New to the line weie three 375-horsepower rubber- with numerous rypes of bulldozers, bullgraders and orher tired earthmovers, called PAY Scrapers and PAY Wagons, matched equipment; also included were two carbureted and two off-highway tiucks of 19 and 27-ton capacity, crawlers in sizes up to 55 net horsepower. A notable addi­ called PAY Haulers.

This man cultivates eight rows of soybeans at a time. The cultivator, hydraulically controlled, is direct- mounted on the Farmall tractor.

Here's an International utility tractor with high-speed mower.

23 .J3*',.

This Farmall-mounted two-row corn picker picks, A Farmall tractor with front-end loader makes fast work husks, and loads ear corn in a single, fast-moving of filling a self-unloading wagon for its next trip to operation. the feed lot.

International crawlers in tandem load an International PAY Scraper on a highway relocation job in Alabama. Working like this, the crawlers can load the PA'V Scraper to a full 34-yard capacity in 30 seconds.

The International Cub Cadet lawn and garden A 3,500-pound load of fish, fresh out of the tractor finds a variety of uses throughout the Atlantic, is taken in on the Boston Fish Pier. country. Here, one pulls a golf ball retriever The International utility tractor provides a on a driving range in Arizona. modern, fast, and efficient mover.

24 sta*

In 1952, Harvestei acquiied, as a subsidiaiy. The In 1945, the Company established the Refiigeration Frank G. Hough Company, of Libertyville, Illinois. Division as a sepaiate unit that would take ovei the Hough had for many years been a manufactuiet of a full pioduction of these oldei lines and embaik on the pro­ line of rubber-tired integial tiactoi loadeis, known as duction of freezer chests and household refrigeratois foi PAY Loaders. Aftei it was purchased by IH, Hough both faim and city use. In 1946 IH puichased a laige enlarged its line to include rubber-tired dozers and plant at Evansville, Indiana, and lapidly expanded the pushers; among them weie three models of PAY Movers, division's pioduct line to include several sizes of lefiig- four-wheel towing tractois, designed especially foi tow­ erators, freezers, air conditioneis, and dehumidifieis. ing laige aiiciaft. Daity and lefiigeiation equipment had fof many yeais been an important sectoi of Haivestei's fatm equip­ Aftei several yeais of pioduction it became cleat to ment line. In 1907 the Company had intioduced a quality IH management that Haivestei would eithei need to line of cieam sepaiatois, and milking machines in 1929. invest laige sums of capital to develop a competitive line In 1935 it began the pioduction of faim milk cooleis and of othei household appliances oi abandon this phase of laige walk-in cooleis foi the pieseivation of all peiishable its business. It chose the latet course and, in 1955, sold products of the faim. its Evansville Works.

International PAY Scrapers do an efficient grading job for a new jet runway at an airport near Denver.

Two International PAY Haulers are load­ ed up with rock to be crushed for road base material for an interstate highway in Texas. These ofiF-highway giants can haul up to 15'/^ cubic yards or 22 tons.

25 An International PAY Wagon helps in widening This large plane is moved into position at an airport by an the Cal-Sag Canal southwest of Chicago. This giant International PAY Mover, four-wheel towing tractor. earthmover, powered by a turbocharged diesel engine, carries up to 40'/2 cubic yards at a time.

Engineering and Research. In the forefront of planning facilities located at individual manufacturing plants would for the postwar period was the Company's program for be quite inadequate and that centralized engineering large-scale expansion of engineering and research activi­ should be the goal of each division. With the purchase of ties. To carry on the tradition of designers who had the Melrose Park plant, it became possible for the Con­ developed radical innovations such as the teaper, the stiuction Equipment Division to consolidate its engineei- Farmall tractor, and the cotton picker, Harvestei man­ ing activities in a leseaich and engineeiing facility of agement made plans that would be in keeping with the 196,000 squaie feet. In 1952, the Motor Truck Division fast-moving pace of technological change in mid-centuiy centralized its engineering in a newly built laboratory of America. 235,000 square feet at Foit Wayne, Indiana. And in 1959, In 1946, Haivestei purchased a plant where manu­ the Company completed the Farm Equipment Research facturing research, previously conducted at individual and Engineering Center at Hinsdale, Illinois; containing plants, was consolidated on a Company-wide basis in a approximately 455,000 square feet under roof and em­ single department. In the new Chicago location, providing ploying more than 1,500 persons, it became the largest some 216,000 square feet of flooi space, laboratoiies engineering and research facility in the woild devoted conduct programs of continuous basic and applied leseaich exclusively to faim equipment. In addition to the engineei­ to develop new processes and materials and lead ro ing personnel of the Farm Equipment Division, the Centei reduced manufacturing costs. Here, too, Harvestei estab­ also became the home for Engineering Materials Research, lished an engineering research unit, which has made a staff group serving all the operating divisions. studies of all likely future sources of power. These include With the completion of the Hinsdale establishment, gas turbines, free piston engines, fuel cells, and nuclear the Company had expanded its engineering and research energy; and power systems such as hydiostatic powei facilities, including those of the Constiuction Equipment, tiansmissions and other forms of infinitely variable drives. Faim Equipment and Motoi Truck Divisions, Manu­ More extensive, by far, was the Company's expansion factuiing Research and Engineering Research ro a total of of facilities in the field of engineering — the design of approximarely 1,314,000 square feet of flooi space. products for the customer. With the rapid development of In addition to the plant facilities foi engineering and product lines that was to follow formation of separate research developed during the postwar period, the Com­ Company divisions, it was recognized that engineering pany acquiied extensive proving ground facilities at

26 Phoenix, Arizona, and Huntsville, Missouii, foi yeai- round testing of machines under all kinds of conditions of weather, terrain, and climate. In i960, Harvestei acquired the Solar Aircraft Com­ pany, of San Diego, California. This company has been engaged in scientific and engineering development that promises to be of great benefit in many of Harvestei's activities. Of particular interest are the gas turbine engines developed and produced by Solar and its progress in certain areas of metallurgy, coarings, electronics, and manufacturing techniques. The Company's Farm Equipment and Engineering Center at Sales and distribution. Harvesrer's sales and distribution Hinsdale, Illinois, is one of several centralized engineering facilities were established early in the Company's history facilities established during the postwar period. and its sales districr offices were so located as to be within convenient reach of every community served by its dealers. With the advent of hard-surfaced roads and trucking facilities throughout the country, the time had come for International Harvester Overseas. Inrernational Harvester developing new and more efficient methods of dis­ is one of the oldest American companies engaging in tribution. Immediately after Woild Wat II, Haivestei foreign business; it has been a truly "internarional" com­ launched the development of a nationwide network of 12 pany with antecedents going back more than 110 years. large depots for distribution of service parts made by all In 1851 Cyrus Hall McCormick took his reaper of the Company's divisions. Customer service was greatly overseas to the Crystal Palace Exhibition in London and improved and it became possible for any service part to be brought home the gold Council Medal — the highest delivered anywhere in the United States within 24 hours. award of the Fair. From that point on business outside the Facilities of Harvester's independent dealeis were also United States has been of real significance to International included in the Company's postwar planning. At the Harvesrer and its predecessor companies. Its magnitude is suggestion of Company specialists in up-to-date store evidenced by the fact that overseas sales, which include design, many dealers modernized their esrablishments. exports from the United States as well as products manu­ The attractive new dealer structures with typical Harvester factured in our factories abroad, approximare a half billion red pylon now seen throughout the country are the result dollars and involve the employment of about 3 3,000 people. of postwar cooperation between the Company and its At first the McCormick Harvesting Company and the dealers. other predecessors of International Harvester Company limited themselves to exporting products from factories in the United States. However, it was found that local com­ petition, import lestiictions, and the need for special implements to fit local agricultural requirements neces­ sitated the establishment of facilities abroad in certain areas. The year after its incorporation, International Har­ vester established its first factory outside the United States — Hamilton Works in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. In 1904, IH organized its first overseas subsidiary com­ pany — in Sweden. The next year it acquired irs first European plant there, in Norrkoping. Today, International Harvester producrs are handled outside the United States by 20 subsidiary companies. One of these is the International Harvester Company of Canada, which has three manufacturing plants and a complete sales and distribution organization. Houghco Products Ltd. was organized in Candiac, Quebec, near Montreal, as a wholly- owned subsidiary of the Canadian company to manu­ facture rhe products made in this country by the Frank G. A huge bucket pours molten steel at the Hough Company, Libertyville, Illinois, a subsidiary of Company's Wisconsin Steel Mill in South Chicago. rhe parent Company.

27 The Oveiseas Division of International Harvester Geimany: Heidelbeig (Heidelbeig Works) — farm Company, located in Chicago, assists and advises the implements. Neuss (Neuss Woiks) — wheel tiaaois, fatm subsidiaries located overseas as well as those in Mexico implements. and Latin America. Eight of those subsidiaiies operate in Mexico: Saltillo (Saltillo Woiks) — fatm implements, the European area, two in the Afiican-Middle East area, motoi ttuck assemblies. six in the Latin American area, and three in the Pacific area. Sweden: Noiikoping (Noiikoping Wotks) — fatm Seven of these overseas subsidiaries manufactuie and implements; (Noiikoping Twine Mills) — bindei twine. sell IH products; the others have been organized for sales It is inteiesting to note that one of these plants — development and distribution. The manufacturing sub­ St. Diziei Wotks, in Fiance — is located just a stone's sidiaiies have a total of 16 manufacturing plants in these thfow ftom wheie the Statue of Liberty was cast. locations: Each subsidiaiy operates autonomously as a part of a Australia; Dandenong (Dandenong Works) — motor wofld-wide oiganization, supplying International Hai­ tiucks. Geelong (Geelong Wotks)—fatm implements, vestei customers around the world with IH pioducts. A wheel tiactois. Melbourne (Port Melbourne Works) — customei visiting a showroom in Peiu, foi example, may ronstiuction equipment. puichase International Harvester equipment made in the Biazil: Santo Andre (Santo Andie Woiks) — motoi United States, Austtalia, Euiope, oi Latin America. tiuck cabs, miscellaneous seivice paits. Company products are sold and serviced in more than 143 England: Biadfoid (Biadford Works)—wheel trac­ countries around rhe globe, through 20 subsidiaries having tors. Doncaster (Doncaster Works) — crawler rractois, 73 districr offices and several thousand dealers. wheel tiactois, farm implements. Liverpool (Liverpool Exports of the parent company and subsidiary com­ Works) — farm implements. panies are sold in world markets through the facilities of France: Croix (Croix Works) — farm implemenrs; another subsidiary. International Harvesrer Export Com­ (Croix Twine Mills) — baler and binder twine. Montataiie pany, which has 38 resident representatives located at (Montataire Works) — farm implements. St. Dizier strategic points around the woild, woiking through mote (St. Dizier Works) — wheel tiactois. than 400 independent distiibutois and theii dealeis.

An International power unit near Tyre, Lebanon, lifts water 300 feet to provide higher yields from citrus groves and vegetable farms.

Harvester's products and its sales and service oiganization are well known throughout the free world.

28 IR-23. PRINTED IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA