DOCSLIB.ORG

PRICF-- OUR COVER PICTURES. Huge Crowds, Giving

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

PRICF-- PRICF-- OUR COVER PICTURES. Huge crowds, giving the 'AFRIKA!' salute, filled the streets near the Drill Hall when the Treason Trial opened. The Bishop of Johannesburg, with him the Rey. Pinnock, intervened between police end crowd when a tense atmosphere developed after police fir- TREASON TRIAL FIJND DONORS REASSURED From Our Own Representative MARITZBURG, Wednesday. PEOPLE who give to the Treason Trial Defence Fund will not be taking sides between the prosecution and the accused but will be taking a timely stand for justice and humanity, the Hon. Richard Feetham, former Appellate Division Judge and one of the Fund's sponsors, says in a letter to " The Natal Mercury." The letter reads: "May I, as longed trial are bound to be established for the purposes a sponsor of the Treason Trial heavy, specified in its constitution, which Defence Fund, be allowed "Apart from meeting legal include the provision of 'adequate costs, the Fund has of course to legal defence' of the accused again to urge upon the atten- continue during the trial to pro- persons at their trial. tion of your readers the con- vide needed means of livelihood "In answer to the second point, tinuing need of the Fund for for the accused persons and their let me say that the presentation wives and children. The selec- of a proper legal defence is gentheir generous support? tion of Pretoria as the place of erally recognised as indispensable "Friday, August 1, is the open- trial in preference to Johannes- in any case of this character for ing date for the trial, which is burg is involving an increase in the purpose of ensuring that the to take place at Pretoria before the Fund's liabilities under this Court concerned will be in a posia specially constituted Court of head. tion to arrive at a just conclusion, three Judges, and that date "While attending the prepara- and that donors to the fund, by marks the beginning of the tory examination in Johannes- helping it to provide for such a period during which the Fund burg, the accused persons have defence, as well as for other must be ready to meet its found accommodation for them- needed help for the accused and heaviest rate of expenditure, selves and their families in the their families, are not taking "In spite of the discharge of town and along the Reef; none sides as between the prosecution 64 of the persons involved in the of them lives in Pretoria, and it and the accused but are taking lengthy preliminary proceedings is not practical for them now to a timely stand on the side of before the Magistrate during find accommodation there. justice and humanity. 1957, there are still as many as "Contributions may be sent to 92 persons who have to stand EXTRA BURDEN the Treason Trials Defence Fund, their trial before the Special "The Minister of Justice has c/o P.O. Box 1370, Durban; or Court. All these persons face a stated that free transport will be c/o P.O. Box 8311, Maritzburg." charge of High Treason and two provided daily between the Rand further charges framed under the and Pretoria for accused persons Suppression of Communism Act. attending the trial. "The charge of high treason "But the number of hours is a charge that they conspired which will thus have to be spent together to prepare a violent in travelling between the two revolution leading to the over- centres, in addition to the hours throw of the State, and this con- occupied by attendance at the spiracy is alleged to have taken trial, will mean that those place throughout the .Union dur- accused persons who have hithing the period from 1952 to erto been able to earn money for 1956. themselves at odd hours when their attendance was not required SEVERAL MONTHS in Court, and have thus succeeded more or less in avoiding "The nature of the charges, having mo r upon aviding the number of defendants, and ng to draw upon the limited th resources of the fund for the the wide range which the ev- bare necessities of life, will now, dence may take, point to theI with their families, become an prospect of a trial lasting for 2- burden several months, and a team of -e em that some good citiadvocates is needed for the de- zens will hesitate to support the fence, sufficient to ensure due Treason Trial Defence Fund attention to the details of evi- either on the ground that it is dence affecting each of the indi- an organisation of doubtful revidual accused persons.on the ground "Advocates have been generous that by supporting it they would in their services, and, in spite of tat s ing it the wuld the extent to which the trial may and omittng themseolves to an monopolise their time and atten- om outtin thel toa tion for long periods, the defence opinion in favour of their innocneof .te charges brought fees will be at much lower rates cen othem. than would normally be the case. Nevertheless the costs of provid- REGISTERED ing adequately for the defence "In answer to the first point, throughout the course of a pro- may I remind your readers that the fund is a "welfare organisation," duly registered under the Welfare Organisations Act, as *R&CO.8/58/1425 On Trial for Treason.... It is now November 1957. South Africa's Treason Trial is one year old. The 156 have sat it out in the improvised Courtroom at the Drill Hall, the headquarters of the Department of Defence, through months of tension, summer, autumn, winter and spring. Endlessly, day after day, the team of prosecutors has led evidence - a collection of some 10,000 documents containing almost every circular, press release, statement and report issued by the Congresses in the past four years; every book and document of a political character found in the houses and offices of the accused and their organisations; agendas, minutes and notes seized in police raids on meetings; and a collection of policemen's notes in longhand and shorthand of speeches made by the accused or by the members of their organisations at hundreds of meetings and conferences. Day after day the.evidence has droned on in the courtroom as the treason trial unfolded. And it is still unfinished; it will go on in South Africa for a long while yet. The Crown has still to conclude its case against the 156; the Defence has yet to answer the charges, and call its own evidence. At this stage the proceedings are in the form of a preparatory examination. Committal for trial could mean long months more. What is the aim of this tremendous mountain of accumulated history, based partly on publicly known and publicly stated facts, partly on fantasy? What sort of people are these who are accused? All of them, one way or another, to a greater or lesser extent, are public figures, and their activities and doings are matters of public record. For all of them, in one way or another, have taken part in the organisations which are no less on trial for their lives and their continued liberty to function than are the 156 accused - in the Congresses, in the trade unions, in womens', youth, peace and other organisations. What sort of organisations are these? In this booklet we introduce them to you, together with the aims for which they campaign and their record over the past years. Page 1 The arrests at dawn . P lain clothes police and Special Political Branch detectives have a firm and heavy tread; their thump on the door is loud and resounding. On Wednesday, December 5th, 1956, a thump on the door of his Jabavu house pulled factory worker, former trade unionist Lawrence Nkosi from his bed. Two European detectives and an African constable entered, flourishing a warrant to search. "Treason!" said the warrant. A number of documents were removed, among them a treasured photograph of the African Laundry Workers' Union Executive, with Lawrence among its members. Then a warrant of arrest was produced, and Lawrence was handcuffed and told he had to leave immediately with the detectives. Twelve year old Mandhla and nine year old Bongi were still sleeping. Divorced some years ago, Lawrence had no option but to leave the children alone in the house. So he kissed them goodbye and locked the door behind him, for safety. It was late that afternoon before Congressmen visiting the raided homes could retrieve the children and move them to their grandmother's home. Lawrence Nkosi, suffering from advanced tuberculosis (and later to be released from the long-drawn-out court proceedings for admission to hospital) was driven off to Johannesburg Police Headquarters at Marshall Square. The dawn thump of the Special Branch was heard on doors throughout the country that Wednesday morning. Police Swoops Mass police swoops, of course were nothing new under the Nationalists and Minister of Justice Swart. Police cordons are regularly thrown round whole African townships and hundreds arrested for petty offences. It is a usual week-end event for many hundreds to be taken into custody in a single police operation. The outstretched police hand for the pass book; the probing crow bar for the tin of home-brewed liquor suspected buried in the ground; the roving squad car; the search warrant; the spying; the scrutiny; the note-taking by detectives at meetings - these are all the hallmarks of a police state. It had its first beginnings in the iron fist rule grinding down the Africans..
Recommended publications
  • Gandhi Sites in Durban Paul Tichmann 8 9 Gandhi Sites in Durban Gandhi Sites in Durban

    Gandhi Sites in Durban Paul Tichmann 8 9 Gandhi Sites in Durban Gandhi Sites in Durban

    local history museums gandhi sites in durban paul tichmann 8 9 gandhi sites in durban gandhi sites in durban introduction gandhi sites in durban The young London-trained barrister, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 1. Dada Abdullah and Company set sail for Durban from Bombay on 19 April 1893 and arrived in (427 Dr Pixley kaSeme Street) Durban on Tuesday 23 May 1893. Gandhi spent some twenty years in South Africa, returning to India in 1914. The period he spent in South Africa has often been described as his political and spiritual Sheth Abdul Karim Adam Jhaveri, a partner of Dada Abdullah and apprenticeship. Indeed, it was within the context of South Africa’s Co., a firm in Porbandar, wrote to Gandhi’s brother, informing him political and social milieu that Gandhi developed his philosophy and that a branch of the firm in South Africa was involved in a court practice of Satyagraha. Between 1893 and 1903 Gandhi spent periods case with a claim for 40 000 pounds. He suggested that Gandhi of time staying and working in Durban. Even after he had moved to be sent there to assist in the case. Gandhi’s brother introduced the Transvaal, he kept contact with friends in Durban and with the him to Sheth Abdul Karim Jhaveri, who assured him that the job Indian community of the City in general. He also often returned to would not be a difficult one, that he would not be required for spend time at Phoenix Settlement, the communitarian settlement he more than a year and that the company would pay “a first class established in Inanda, just outside Durban.
  • Reflections on Apartheid in South Africa: Perspectives and an Outlook for the Future

    Reflections on Apartheid in South Africa: Perspectives and an Outlook for the Future

    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 415 168 SO 028 325 AUTHOR Warnsley, Johnnye R. TITLE Reflections on Apartheid in South Africa: Perspectives and an Outlook for the Future. A Curriculum Unit. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminar Abroad 1996 (South Africa). INSTITUTION Center for International Education (ED), Washington, DC. PUB DATE 1996-00-00 NOTE 77p. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *African Studies; *Apartheid; Black Studies; Foreign Countries; Global Education; Instructional Materials; Interdisciplinary Approach; Peace; *Racial Discrimination; *Racial Segregation; Secondary Education; Social Studies; Teaching Guides IDENTIFIERS African National Congress; Mandela (Nelson); *South Africa ABSTRACT This curriculum unit is designed for students to achieve a better understanding of the South African society and the numerous changes that have recently, occurred. The four-week unit can be modified to fit existing classroom needs. The nine lessons include: (1) "A Profile of South Africa"; (2) "South African Society"; (3) "Nelson Mandela: The Rivonia Trial Speech"; (4) "African National Congress Struggle for Justice"; (5) "Laws of South Africa"; (6) "The Pass Laws: How They Impacted the Lives of Black South Africans"; (7) "Homelands: A Key Feature of Apartheid"; (8) "Research Project: The Liberation Movement"; and (9)"A Time Line." Students readings, handouts, discussion questions, maps, and bibliography are included. (EH) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** 00 I- 4.1"Reflections on Apartheid in South Africa: Perspectives and an Outlook for the Future" A Curriculum Unit HERE SHALL watr- ALL 5 HALLENTOEQUALARTiii. 41"It AFiacAPLAYiB(D - Wad Lli -WIr_l clal4 I.4.4i-i PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY (4.)L.ct.0-Aou-S TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Johnnye R.
  • Commodity Profile

    Commodity Profile

    MAIZE MARKET VALUE CHAIN PROFILE 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY Maize is the most important grain crop in South Africa, being both the major feed grain and the staple food for the majority of the South African population. About 60% of maize produced in South Africa is white and the other 40% is yellow maize. Yellow maize is mostly used for animal feed production while the white maize is primarily for human consumption. Maize is the second large crop produced in South Africa after sugar cane. The maize industry is important to the economy both as an employer and earner of foreign currency because of its multiplier effects. This is because maize also serves as a raw material for manufactured products such as paper, paint, textiles, medicine and food. The gross value of production for maize is dependent on the quantity produced and prices received by producers. The trend in the gross value follows the pattern of prices and production, since the industry is characterized by volatile prices. This is evident in the gross value of maize as shown in Figure 1. The contribution of the maize industry to the gross value of agricultural production declined from the year 2002 mainly due to low world commodity prices. The average gross value of maize produced amounted to R7 156 million for the past ten years. In 2004/05 season, the gross income from maize has decreased by 6, 8% mainly due to the lower prices that farmers received during this period. Although maize producer prices increased during 2005/06 season, the contribution to the gross value continued to decline as result of drastic decline in production volumes that occurred during that period.
  • KEEP the PRESSURE ON! What's Going on in South Africa? Laws, and Discrediting the All-White Sentation

    KEEP the PRESSURE ON! What's Going on in South Africa? Laws, and Discrediting the All-White Sentation

    Published by the New York Labor Committee Against Apartheid co CWA Local 1180, 6 Harrison St ., New York 10013 KEEP THE PRESSURE ON! What's going on in South Africa? laws, and discrediting the all-white sentation. The "stay-away" shut down This September, we watched 50,000 elections held this September. factories, schools, shops and transport. protestors march legally and peaceful- The Defiance Campaign has re-ig- ly through Cape Town, without a hint nited the democratic opposition. looking Abroad of police repression . Then newly- Through non-violent direct action, elected president F.W. DeKlerk thousands have participated in in- As the Defiance Campaign con- declares that the door is open for the tegrating hospitals, beaches, parks, tinues, the government has been reform of the apartheid system. In Oc- and workplace canteens. Workers pushed into more visible concessions. tober, eight national heroes of the anti- have held meetings and sing-ins on the It has allowed several municipalities to apartheid struggle are released from trains during their long commutes to repeal "petty apartheid" rules, like long imprisonment, including ANC work. School children and teachers segregated parks. leader Walter Sisulu. staged marches, college students set On October 4, in its most dramatic Are apartheid's rulers giving up at up barricades, and unions called a con- gesture, Pretoria released the country's last? sumer boycott. Banned organizations leading political prisoners, with the Hardly. At the same time the held public rallies to "unban" them- significant exception of Nelson Man- government was making highly selves. dela. publicized concessions, it was also kill- On September 6, three million DeKlerk's gestures are directed at ing 27 election protestors, putting joined a national strike to protest the international as well as internal hundreds more in detention, raiding elections, which exclude blacks from audiences.
  • Afrindian Fictions

    Afrindian Fictions

    Afrindian Fictions Diaspora, Race, and National Desire in South Africa Pallavi Rastogi T H E O H I O S TAT E U N I V E R S I T Y P R E ss C O L U MB us Copyright © 2008 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rastogi, Pallavi. Afrindian fictions : diaspora, race, and national desire in South Africa / Pallavi Rastogi. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8142-0319-4 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8142-0319-1 (alk. paper) 1. South African fiction (English)—21st century—History and criticism. 2. South African fiction (English)—20th century—History and criticism. 3. South African fic- tion (English)—East Indian authors—History and criticism. 4. East Indians—Foreign countries—Intellectual life. 5. East Indian diaspora in literature. 6. Identity (Psychol- ogy) in literature. 7. Group identity in literature. I. Title. PR9358.2.I54R37 2008 823'.91409352991411—dc22 2008006183 This book is available in the following editions: Cloth (ISBN 978–08142–0319–4) CD-ROM (ISBN 978–08142–9099–6) Cover design by Laurence J. Nozik Typeset in Adobe Fairfield by Juliet Williams Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the Ameri- can National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48–1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Acknowledgments v Introduction Are Indians Africans Too, or: When Does a Subcontinental Become a Citizen? 1 Chapter 1 Indians in Short: Collectivity
  • What Ended Apartheid?

    What Ended Apartheid?

    NEW YORK STATE SOCIAL STUDIES RESOURCE TOOLKIT 10th Grade Apartheid Inquiry What Ended Apartheid? Photographer unknown, photograph of protests against Pass Laws, 1956. NatIonal LIbrary of South AfrIca: Cape Town campus. Used with permIssIon. Supporting Questions 1. What was apartheId? 2. What efforts were made by Nelson Mandela to end apartheId? 3. What efforts were made by groups wIthIn South AfrIca to end apartheId? 4. What efforts were made by InternatIonal bodIes to end apartheId? THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION- NONCOMMERCIAL- SHAREALIKE 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE. 1 NEW YORK STATE SOCIAL STUDIES RESOURCE TOOLKIT 10th Grade Apartheid Inquiry What Ended Apartheid? 10.10 HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS: Since the Holocaust, human rIghts vIolatIons have generated New York State worldwide attentIon and concern. The UnIted NatIons UnIversal DeclaratIon of Human RIghts has Social Studies provIded a set of prIncIples to guide efforts to protect threatened groups and has served as a lens Framework Key Idea through whIch hIstorIcal occurrences of oppression can be evaluated. & Practices Gathering, Using, and Interpreting Evidence Chronological Reasoning and Causation Comparison and Contextualization Staging the Question Students examIne varIous maps of the “homelands” In South AfrIca and dIscuss the ImplIcatIons of, and challenges to, thIs physIcal separation. Supporting Question 1 Supporting Question 2 Supporting Question 3 Supporting Question 4 What was apartheId? What efforts were made by What efforts were made by What
  • American Supporters of the Defiance Campaign

    American Supporters of the Defiance Campaign

    American Supporters of the Defiance Campaign Presentation to the United Nations Special Committee Against Apartheid by George M. Houser June 25, 1982 I was very pleased to receive the invitation to make statement to the Special Committee against Apartheid on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the beginning of the Defiance Campaign against Unjust Laws of South Africa, sponsored by the African National Congress. This Campaign was a very important development in the struggle against apartheid and white domination in South Africa. But it had a great significance to me personally in spite of the fact that I was removed from the scene of the struggle by thousands of miles. It was through this Campaign that I became involved in support of the liberation struggle in Africa, a development quite unexpected, which was to be a dominating factor in my life for years to come. So, what I would like to do in this statement is to make a personalized narrative of the effect of the Defiance Campaign in South Africa seen from many miles away, as well as to indicate its effect on the lives of some of us in the United States. I first heard about plans for the Defiance Campaign when a long-time friend of mine, Bill Sutherland, returned from a trip to London in early 1952 with the news that a non-violent civil disobedience campaign against racist laws was to take place in South Africa soon. As believers in non-violence and as staunch and active opponents of racism, we felt we should do something to support the campaign.
  • President Cyril Ramaphosa: Gandhi Mandela Freedom Lecture During State Visit to India

    President Cyril Ramaphosa: Gandhi Mandela Freedom Lecture During State Visit to India

    President Cyril Ramaphosa: Gandhi Mandela Freedom Lecture during State Visit to India 25 Jan 2019 Gandhi Mandela Freedom Lecture by His Excellency President Ramaphosa during his State Visit to the Republic of India Your Excellency Prime Minister Modi, Honourable Ministers and Deputy Ministers of the Indian and South African delegations, President of the Indian Council of World Affairs, Dr TCA Raghavan, Ambassador of Brazil in the Republic of India, High Commissioner Kamboj, High Commissioner of the Republic of India to the Republic of South Africa, The Charge d’Affaires of the Republic of South Africa to the Republic of India, Members of the Diplomatic Corps, Ladies and Gentlemen, On this, my first official visit to India as President of the Republic of South Africa, it is a great honour to have been called upon to deliver the first India-Brazil-South Africa Gandhi Mandela Freedom Lecture. Since the end of apartheid in 1994, India and South Africa have had close political, cultural, trade and strategic ties. This cooperation has been further deepened since South Africa joined the BRICS group in 2010. India was one of the first countries to recognise democratic South Africa. The Red Fort declaration, signed by President Nelson Mandela during a state visit in 1997, is rooted in Afro- Asian solidarity and has given rise to a successful and enduring strategic partnership. Our partnership is based on shared values and common interests, for we share a common vision of freedom, development, peace and prosperity – not just for our respective peoples but for all the peoples of the world.
  • Anti-Apartheid Movement Social Movements Are Rarely Born in Isolation, and the Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) in South Africa Is No Different

    Anti-Apartheid Movement Social Movements Are Rarely Born in Isolation, and the Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) in South Africa Is No Different

    Anti-Apartheid Movement Social movements are rarely born in isolation, and the anti-apartheid movement (AAM) in South Africa is no different. The AAM grew out of ongoing resistance movements and the efforts of many within South Africa and the international community to end racial inequality and the oppressive policies of enforced racial segregation in South Africa known as apartheid. Resistance to long-standing racial inequality in South Africa was evident before the beginning of the 20th century. Organized resistance began with groups such as the Natal Indian Congress, African churches, labor and trade unions, the African National Congress (ANC), and the Communist Party. Subsequent organizations such as the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), founded in 1959 by Robert Sobukwe, the South African Student's Organization (SASO), founded in 1969 by Stephen Biko, and the United Democratic Front, founded in 1983 proved instrumental in ending apartheid. Early forms of resistance were primarily peaceful, including mass demonstrations, civil disobedience, boycotts, and strikes. These strategies, employed by various groups in an effort to achieve social justice and to bring an end to the oppressive white South African government, never quieted. However, as a result of ongoing racial segregation, subsequent generations of African leaders determined that violent measures were necessary in order to gain freedom. The 1940s witnessed a number of important events that became crucial for the AAM, both in South Africa and abroad. Within South Africa, Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, and Oliver Tambo formed a youth league within the ANC to develop new strategies of resistance. Around the same time, the ever-growing oppression was forcing growing numbers of South Africans into exile in London.
  • Chief-Albert-Luthuli

    Chief-Albert-Luthuli

    Chief Albert Luthuli Municipality Integrated Development Plan 2020-2021 The transparent, innovative and developmental municipality that improves the quality of life of its people 6/4/2020 INDEX ACCRONYMS AND ABREVIATIONS ABET Adult Based Education and Training AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ASGISA Accelerated Shared Growth Initiative South Africa CBO’s Community Based Organizations CETA Construction Education and Training Authority CHBC Community Home Base Care CIP Comprehensive Infrastructure Plan CFO Chief Financial Officer CMIP Consolidated Municipal Infrastructure Programme CM Community Services DAC District Aids Council DBSA Development Bank of South Africa DALA Department of Agriculture and Land Administration DARDLA Department of Development and Land Administration DCOGTA Department of Corporative Government and Traditional Affairs DHS Department of Human Settlements DLA Department of Land Affairs DM District Municipality DME Department of Minerals and Energy DPWR&T Department of Public Works, Roads and Transport DRDLR Department of Rural Development and Land Reform ECA Environmental Conservation Act EPWP Expanded Public Works Programme EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIP Environmental Implementation Plan EPWP Expanded Public Works Programme EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIP Environmental Implementation Plan EPWP Expanded Public Works Programme FBS Free basic Services FBE Free Basic Electricity GIS Geographic Information System GSDM Gert Sibande District Municipality HoD Head of Department HDI Human Development
  • Gert Sibande District Municipality Sponsored Profile

    Gert Sibande District Municipality Sponsored Profile

    GERT SIBANDE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY SPONSORED PROFILE POSTAL: PO Box 1748, Ermelo, 2350 | PHYSICAL: Cnr Joubert & Oosthuise Streets, Ermelo TEL: 017 801 7000 | FAX: 017 801 1207 EMAIL: [email protected] | WEB: www.gsibande.gov.za Mr Anil Singh Clr Mishack Nhlabathi Clr Snana Emily Dhlamini Clr Tunu Agnes Mnisi Mr C A Habile CHIEF FINANCIAL EXECUTIVE MAYOR MADAM SPEAKER CHIEF WHIP MUNICIPAL MANAGER OFFICER The Gert Sibande offices, which CORPORATE VALUES were previously located in • Customer Focus • Excellence • Accountability Secunda, are located on the N17 • Service-Orientated • Responsiveness Corridor in Ermelo. The District is bounded by Ekurhuleni Metro in HISTORY the Gauteng province to the west, According to the Census 2011 estimates, Gert Sibande is home to Sedibeng District Municipality 1 043 194 people. The District has shown a slightly larger population (DM) in the northern Free State to growth than provincial and national averages – 1.7% per annum on the south-west, Ehlanzeni DM to average from 1996 to about 2007, compared to 1.6% in the province the north-east in the Mpumalanga and 1.3% nationally. In the same period, Mkhondo grew at an annual province, Nkangala DM to the north in Mpumalanga province, average rate of 3.2%, making it the fastest-growing municipal Amajuba DM to the south-east in KwaZulu-Natal, and Swaziland to population, followed by Dr Pixley Ka Isaka Seme (2.3%), Msukaligwa the east. (2.3%), Lekwa (2.1%) and Govan Mbeki (1.7%), while Dipaleseng (0.2%) The Gert Sibande DM is an economic hub for mining, agriculture and Chief Albert Luthuli (0.3%) rates were the only municipalities and tourism.
  • The Blue Notes: South African Jazz and the Limits of Avant-Garde Solidarities in Late 1960S London

    The Blue Notes: South African Jazz and the Limits of Avant-Garde Solidarities in Late 1960S London

    The Blue Notes: South African Jazz and the Limits of Avant-Garde Solidarities in Late 1960s London Lindelwa Dalamba University of the Witwatersrand, Wits School of Arts, Department of Music, Johannesburg, South Africa [email protected] Notes on contributor Lindelwa Dalamba teaches music history, specializing in South African jazz and other musical modernisms, in the Music Department of the University of the Witwatersrand’s School of Arts. ORCID identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3601-6955 1 The Blue Notes: South African Jazz and the Limits of Avant-Garde Solidarities in Late 1960s London For the Blue Notes, an ensemble comprised of South African jazz musicians living in Britain, 1968 was pivotal. After three years on the margins of the London jazz scene, their debut album Very Urgent was released in May that year to positive acclaim. Very Urgent was understood as an important statement of the British jazz avant-garde movement that captured the spirit of 1968, infused with the Blue Notes’ musical South Africanisms. In this article, I explore how shifting understandings of jazz in the 1960s aided and undermined the Blue Notes’ musical identities: as mbaqanga, hard bop and free jazz musicians. I argue that Very Urgent and, to an extent, the Blue Notes, cannot be understood solely in the terms favored by their early reception in Britain. Rather, both represent a complex matrix of personal, musical and political relations that constituted British and South African jazz art worlds in the 1960s. Keywords: South African jazz, London, the Blue Notes, exile, Very Urgent For me this conscious kind of South Africanism came in exile.