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OUR COVER PICTURES. Huge crowds, giving the 'AFRIKA!' salute, filled the streets near the Drill Hall when the Treason Trial opened. The Bishop of , with him the Rey. Pinnock, intervened between end crowd when a tense atmosphere developed after police fir-

TREASON TRIAL FIJND DONORS REASSURED From Our Own Representative MARITZBURG, Wednesday. PEOPLE who give to the Treason Trial Defence Fund will not be taking sides between the prosecution and the accused but will be taking a timely stand for justice and humanity, the Hon. Richard Feetham, former Appellate Division Judge and one of the Fund's sponsors, says in a letter to " The Natal Mercury." The letter reads: "May I, as longed trial are bound to be established for the purposes a sponsor of the Treason Trial heavy, specified in its constitution, which Defence Fund, be allowed "Apart from meeting legal include the provision of 'adequate costs, the Fund has of course to legal defence' of the accused again to urge upon the atten- continue during the trial to pro- persons at their trial. tion of your readers the con- vide needed means of livelihood "In answer to the second point, tinuing need of the Fund for for the accused persons and their let me say that the presentation wives and children. The selec- of a proper legal defence is gentheir generous support? tion of Pretoria as the place of erally recognised as indispensable "Friday, August 1, is the open- trial in preference to Johannes- in any case of this character for ing date for the trial, which is burg is involving an increase in the purpose of ensuring that the to take place at Pretoria before the Fund's liabilities under this Court concerned will be in a posia specially constituted Court of head. tion to arrive at a just conclusion, three Judges, and that date "While attending the prepara- and that donors to the fund, by marks the beginning of the tory examination in Johannes- helping it to provide for such a period during which the Fund burg, the accused persons have defence, as well as for other must be ready to meet its found accommodation for them- needed help for the accused and heaviest rate of expenditure, selves and their families in the their families, are not taking "In spite of the discharge of town and along the Reef; none sides as between the prosecution 64 of the persons involved in the of them lives in Pretoria, and it and the accused but are taking lengthy preliminary proceedings is not practical for them now to a timely stand on the side of before the Magistrate during find accommodation there. justice and humanity. 1957, there are still as many as "Contributions may be sent to 92 persons who have to stand EXTRA BURDEN the Treason Trials Defence Fund, their trial before the Special "The Minister of Justice has c/o P.O. Box 1370, Durban; or Court. All these persons face a stated that free transport will be c/o P.O. Box 8311, Maritzburg." charge of High Treason and two provided daily between the Rand further charges framed under the and Pretoria for accused persons Suppression of Communism Act. attending the trial. "The charge of high treason "But the number of hours is a charge that they conspired which will thus have to be spent together to prepare a violent in travelling between the two revolution leading to the over- centres, in addition to the hours throw of the State, and this con- occupied by attendance at the spiracy is alleged to have taken trial, will mean that those place throughout the .Union dur- accused persons who have hithing the period from 1952 to erto been able to earn money for 1956. themselves at odd hours when their attendance was not required SEVERAL MONTHS in Court, and have thus succeeded more or less in avoiding "The nature of the charges, having mo r upon aviding the number of defendants, and ng to draw upon the limited th resources of the fund for the the wide range which the ev- bare necessities of life, will now, dence may take, point to theI with their families, become an prospect of a trial lasting for 2- burden several months, and a team of -e em that some good citiadvocates is needed for the de- zens will hesitate to support the fence, sufficient to ensure due Treason Trial Defence Fund attention to the details of evi- either on the ground that it is dence affecting each of the indi- an organisation of doubtful revidual accused persons.on the ground "Advocates have been generous that by supporting it they would in their services, and, in spite of tat s ing it the wuld the extent to which the trial may and omittng themseolves to an monopolise their time and atten- om outtin thel toa tion for long periods, the defence opinion in favour of their innocneof .te charges brought fees will be at much lower rates cen othem. than would normally be the case. Nevertheless the costs of provid- REGISTERED ing adequately for the defence "In answer to the first point, throughout the course of a pro- may I remind your readers that the fund is a "welfare organisation," duly registered under the Welfare Organisations Act, as *R&CO.8/58/1425

On Trial for Treason.... It is now November 1957. 's Treason Trial is one year old. The 156 have sat it out in the improvised Courtroom at the Drill Hall, the headquarters of the Department of Defence, through months of tension, summer, autumn, winter and spring. Endlessly, day after day, the team of prosecutors has led evidence - a collection of some 10,000 documents containing almost every circular, press release, statement and report issued by the Congresses in the past four years; every book and document of a political character found in the houses and offices of the accused and their organisations; agendas, minutes and notes seized in police raids on meetings; and a collection of policemen's notes in longhand and shorthand of speeches made by the accused or by the members of their organisations at hundreds of meetings and conferences. Day after day the.evidence has droned on in the courtroom as the treason trial unfolded. And it is still unfinished; it will go on in South Africa for a long while yet. The Crown has still to conclude its case against the 156; the Defence has yet to answer the charges, and call its own evidence. At this stage the proceedings are in the form of a preparatory examination. Committal for trial could mean long months more. What is the aim of this tremendous mountain of accumulated history, based partly on publicly known and publicly stated facts, partly on fantasy? What sort of people are these who are accused? All of them, one way or another, to a greater or lesser extent, are public figures, and their activities and doings are matters of public record. For all of them, in one way or another, have taken part in the organisations which are no less on trial for their lives and their continued liberty to function than are the 156 accused - in the Congresses, in the trade unions, in womens', youth, peace and other organisations. What sort of organisations are these? In this booklet we introduce them to you, together with the aims for which they campaign and their record over the past years. Page 1

The arrests at dawn . . P lain clothes police and Special Political Branch detectives have a firm and heavy tread; their thump on the door is loud and resounding. On Wednesday, December 5th, 1956, a thump on the door of his Jabavu house pulled factory worker, former trade unionist Lawrence Nkosi from his bed. Two European detectives and an African constable entered, flourishing a warrant to search. "Treason!" said the warrant. A number of documents were removed, among them a treasured photograph of the African Laundry Workers' Union Executive, with Lawrence among its members. Then a warrant of arrest was produced, and Lawrence was handcuffed and told he had to leave immediately with the detectives. Twelve year old Mandhla and nine year old Bongi were still sleeping. Divorced some years ago, Lawrence had no option but to leave the children alone in the house. So he kissed them goodbye and locked the door behind him, for safety. It was late that afternoon before Congressmen visiting the raided homes could retrieve the children and move them to their grandmother's home. Lawrence Nkosi, suffering from advanced tuberculosis (and later to be released from the long-drawn-out court proceedings for admission to hospital) was driven off to Johannesburg Police Headquarters at Marshall Square. The dawn thump of the Special Branch was heard on doors throughout the country that Wednesday morning. Police Swoops Mass police swoops, of course were nothing new under the Nationalists and Minister of Justice Swart. Police cordons are regularly thrown round whole African townships and hundreds arrested for petty offences. It is a usual week-end event for many hundreds to be taken into custody in a single police operation. The outstretched police hand for the pass book; the probing crow bar for the tin of home-brewed liquor suspected buried in the ground; the roving squad car; the search warrant; the spying; the scrutiny; the note-taking by detectives at meetings - these are all the hallmarks of a police state. It had its first beginnings in the iron fist rule grinding down the Africans... and then when the protest meetings were called and the great demonstrations organised, the Government's answer was the Public Safety Act, the greatly swollen Political Branch of the Police, martial law powers, banishments and prohibitions under the Suppression of Communism Act. Dangerous Men Those were the beginnings; and here yet another mammoth police action. Bu December 5th, 1956, it was no ordin routine police operation. On that day were arrested in the Union-wide police

In Springs the Rev. Douglas Thompson, Methodist Minister, was roused in the manse. He had slept for only two and a half hours since a long vigil at the bedside of a dying member of his congregation had ended at 2 a.m. In Alice, Cape Province, the renowned educationalist, Professor Z. K. Matthews, acting principal of the Fort Hare University College, was placed under arrest. Miles away his eldest son Joseph Matthews was confronted with an identical warrant of search and arrest; in Cape Town, Mr. L. B. Lee-Warden, M.P., representative of Africans for the Western Cape seat; in Durban, attorney Ismail Meer, convalescing in bed after a major operation. Dorothy and Errol Shanley made hasty arrangements for neighbours to look after three children. National Round-up The round-up covered the whole country, Johannesburg, the Reef, , Kimberley, , Cape Town, Worcester, Durban, Pietermaritzburg. By the day's end there were 140 under arrest, among them two African ministers of the Anglican Church, a Cape Town barrister, factory workers, teachers, housewives, journalists, doctors, trade union officials. The police drew Into their net those known to them as the national, provincial and local leaders of all sectors of the congress movement: the African National Congress, the South African Indian Congress, the S.A. Congress of Democrats, the S.A. Coloured Peoples' Organisation, the S.A. Congress of Trade Unions, the Congress Youth and Women's organisations and also the S.A. Peace Council. In addition to the homes of the 140 arrested, many other homes and offices were searched in the dawn raids. Hush-Hush? The warrants were familiar: they had been used, in almost identical wording, several times before. They empowered the police to search for documents in connection with 48 organisations, ranging from the African National Congress to a "Cheese-Cheesa Army", and to remove minute books, diaries, notes, financial statements, membership cards, lectures, films and typewriters. So the cupboards and drawers were opened, carbon sheets held up to the light, bookshelves ransacked, radiogram knobs twiddled. In some cases the searchers were thorough, in others almost casual. The hauls were receipted and tied together with string, the police cars with their prisoners moved off to a dozen different charge offices in far-flung corners of the country. Hush-Hush 4.30 a.m. was the starting hour of the raids. "The police prefer to act early in the morning", said their press statement. "They are able to carry out their duties as unobtrusively *as possible." Unobtrusively? Details of the arrests'were flashed round the world! C.I.D. and Police Chiefs tried to blanket the news in a strict security ban. "INVESTIGATIONS ARE STILL PROCEEDING; MORE ARRESTS CAN BE EXPECTED", said a police spokesman. Pre-warned courts were ready in all centres for the first formal appearances of prisoners, who appeared for a moment only for formal remand to Johannesburg on a preparatory examination on a charge of TREASON. Air-Lift In Durban, Cape Town and Port Elizabeth military aircraft stood by. The great police air-lift began with strict security measures to seal the airfields off from press and public. By 3 p.m., 56 men and women arrested in the Transvaal had appeared in court, been formally charged with High Treason and remanded in custody. Spectators had rushed for seats in the court galleries for the brief appearances. After facing the magistrate and hearing the charge, the prisoners filed down again from the dock to the yawning detention cells below the Magistrate's Court. Among the public in court that first day had been the tall, conspicuous figure of Alfred Hutchinson, African teacher and writer; but the following day, he, too was arrested in full view of his whole classroom of pupils at the Indian High School. In the next few days, the stragglers were brought in - Joshua Makue arrested in a taxi; Dr. 'Ike' Moosa at a relative's wedding in Cape Town and the number of prisoners at Johannesburg's prison grew. "THERE IS PLENTY OF ROOM AT THE FORT," said the superintendent of the former Kruger-republic Fort, now the jail, built into the Hospital Hill overlooking the city. "BUT FOR A FEW DIFFERENCES," he told newspaper reporters, "THE ARRESTED MEN AND WOMEN MIGHT JUST AS EASILY BE IN A WELLKEPT BOARDING HOUSE!" Swiftly prepared bail applications were presented to the Supreme Court the following dey, but they were refused in deference to strong police opposition, the judge commenting on the "most difficult task of the police." So the 140 waited in the prison cells, into which filtered rumours from outside that further arrests were anticipated. ... And More Dangerous Men In the early hours of December 13th, eight days after the first wave of arrests, a further series of raids took place, many of them on the very houses searched but the previous week. Eleven more men and women were arrested, charged and remanded to the Fort, among them the barrister, , who had appeared for some of the 140 accused at their first formal hearing. Brigadier H. J. du Plooy, Assistant Commissioner of Police, said in Pretoria that the new arrests were a direct result of fresh evidence and information obtained in the raids and searches 9f the previous week, Page *

In the Fort . . . In the Fort from December 5 to 20, then, over 150 leaders of the national organisations were held. The figure rose to 156 by the time the preliminary preparatory examinations opened. Countless prisoners had passed through those grim, heavy doors, but never had the Fort known a group such as this. One of the prisoners, ALFRED HUTCHINSON, describes those days in prison as The night marching to the morrow. 0 0 S.ometimes it is the "sunset touch" - the splash of sunlight trembling on the wall - that brings intimations of the outside world. Another day sunk. The business of living goes on; must go on. At this hour the smoke of evening fires hangs thick in the location air, thick like the voices of the children at the end of their play. It is the hour of the tottering ride in the packed train, the bus crazily swaying. At the end of the journey is home. But the cell is not desolate. A game of "Spoof", an argument, writing home, physical jerks - these bring forgetfulness of the days of waiting that lie ahead. The splash of sunlight dies on the wall and the day ripples to a close. Night sets in and memories come alive. "Halt who goes there!" The challenge rings in the quiet night. The gasp, the surprise, and the words roll in the night. "All's well . . .". The words of assurance ring strangely unnecessary in the fastness of the Fort. You are alone. You think of Achie's little Zida who has asked him to bring bugs and lice home . . . "Halt . . .N" othing but the night marching on, and one day less of waiting. December 5th, 1956. The newspapers scream: "High Treason." Dawn swoop and country-wide arrests. It is the talk in the bus, in the train, at the street- corner . . . At school, it is a day of waiting; waiting for an unknown footfall and of silent preparation. Perhaps . .. The next day comes the footfall. The tremulous "Afrika" as the children say goodbye. I remember the unmarked examination scripts . . . Marshall Square. The key rattles in the lock and the heavy door swings open. Blankets in hand I stumble into the dusk and foetid smell. A number From the police van to a cell in the Fort. of men are lying or sitting on the grey smelly blankets, waiting for the morrow. Pass, permit, curfew, theft. . . But mostly Pass. "Things will come right..." I marvel at the man whose fount of hope has not dried up. The cell is slowly filling, the rattling door announces a new arrival. A group of boys noisily recount their adventures in Bethal and the potato fields. They are afraid, for all their big talk. Slowly the cell takes on the appearance of a club, a rendezvous. Friends meet: I am alone. The cement floor is a huge vampire, sucking all warmth from the body. You squirm but there is no respite; no respite from the cement, no respite from the lice. The cell is a tortured symphony of scratching. Perhaps lice are as much a part of gaol as the harshness, the bewilderment, the jog-trotting, the stench, tb" banging ponderous doors, the perpetual lining up, the counting and recounting. I am waiting in a cell at the Magistrate's Court. I used to think that pacing cells was theatrical stuff. Now I am doing the same. Will the waiting ever come to an end? It ends and I am among friends again. Is this another Congress of the people drawing all South Africans together? Now we are swinging in the huge kwela-kwela towards the Fort. They are singing, and I am singing too: Izokunyathela I Afrika . . . Africa will trample you underfoot. Unrepentant. People seen through the mesh: surprise and dawning understanding. The thumb raised in reply. Mayibuye i Afrika! The Fort is in Johannesburg, but it could be anywhere in the land. The high walls, the locks and keys, cut off Johannesburg: its sounds, its lif. There is a patch of sky . - . but men have no wings. From the General Hospltal it resembles a mound, a huge molehill, a subterranean lair. Impregble, a fastness of retribution. Page 4

The Minister of Justice has placed the figure at two hundred. The Fort has room for many more. Who will be next? More come singly and in groups. Walter, Moses, Ruth, Joe, Duma, Rusty, Jack, Ismail Meer . . . Children suddenly orphaned. The morning and evening papers bring drifts of the outside world. There is widespread agitation, a ferment. Things are happening, things are being done: a protest meeting in , a treason fund . . . At seven o'clock every morning Babla's gruff voice, announcing breakfast. We do not want .. Visiting day is an institution, a fraud, a form of lung exercise. Your visitor is three feet away, across a no-man's land. You stand in line and wait for the order to speak. Two dozen hearts are crying for expression, for news. It is Babel let loose. It is a question of the survival of the loudest voice, of talking your neighbour into submission. A fortnight of waiting. The fraternity of strong men in the "lower house" building muscles... Joe Modise in his enthusiasm landing up in the prison hospital. taking longer rests than exercise spells. "General China" Chamile whittling at his wooden spoon. Mosie Moolla constantly, posing in the hope that Alex la Guma will deign to sketch him. Dr. Naicker and his "small walks." The perennial youthfulness of Rev. Gawe, found where the song is thickest and the dancing most spirited ... And Mini's glorious voice riding the sea of song like an unerring pilot homeward-bound. The joint sessions of the "upper" and "lower" house are an inspiration Rev. Calata speaking on music; Prof. Matthews on the American Negro; Dr. Letele on African medicine; Debi Slngh outlining the history of the struggles of the Indian people . . . Chief Lutuli joining hands in dedication and rededication to the fight for freedom. And then the burst of song, beginning sometimes as a solitary voice and gathering strength until it is an irresistible torrent making the walls ring with sound. But the jog-trotting, frightened youths stab the heart. Hounded, assaulted It cannot be endured. We protest. For the prison is run by the prisoners and the strong-arm men are the bosses. After our protest things improve... Tomorrow, December 19th, Is "Treason Day." The days of waiting are drawing to an end. A tide of excitement is rising. Ball or no bail we will leave the Fort for a while. "Haltwhogoesthere!"' Only the night marching to the morrow . . . . THE COUNTRY RALLIES IN DEFENCE ... In Johannesburg, a Defence Fund sponsored by two former judges, the Archbishop of Cape Town, the Dean of Cape Town, Senators and Members of Parliament, and headed by the Bishop of Johannesburg, the Rt. Rev. Ambrose Reeves, was launched. A "Stand by Your Leaders' 'Committee organised meetings, demonstrations and poster parades in support of the 156. Two worldwide lawyers' organisations arranged to send observers to watch the approaching legal proceedings. In Britain, and ot untries immediate ap,e launched for the legal e of those accused and the reINVgf their depen-

The Trial Opens... From the police van into the Drill Hall for the first day's proceedings: prisoners under guard. "Let us in!" the crowds clamour outside the Drill Hall. O n December 19, the preparatory examination into the allegations of treason opened in Johannesburg. A police statement issued the day before announced that "all demonstrations without police authority" were prohibited in the vicinity of the court. The court was specially constituted in the Drill Hall, the headquarters of the Department of Defence, where the Public Works Department arranged seating, erected a hessian ceiling to improve acoustics and installed loudspeaker equipment. Despite the police prohibition crowds began to gather outside the hall at 5 a.m. Queues went three sides round the block, seven deep. A few hours later the crowd completely blocked the streets. Congress men and women lined the pavements with "WE STAND BY OUR LEADERS" sandwich boards. Choir-leaders and queue marshalls controlled the crowds and for hours they waited for the first appearance of the 156. People lined the roads leading to the Drill Hall which the 'Kwela-Kwela' vans, carrying the accused followed. Shouts of 'Mayibuye!' followed the vans through the crowds all the way to the Hall, a forest of raised thumbs in the Congress salute. Through the Meshed windows of the police vans, the answering thumbs-up salute and the sound of the prisoners singing Congress songs as they travelled along. The formal remand from the Magistrate's Court took hours. Then, as 11 a.m. approached, the police cordoned off the entrance of the Drill Hall from the crowd waiting for admission. THE POLICE VANS WERE ON THEIR WAY AND AT THE SIGHT OF THEM A TUMULTUOUS ROAR OF WELCOME WENT UP. THE PROCEEDINGS BEGIN - SHAMBLES The accused filed into a hastily erected dock, separated from the public by a 3'O" rail. Public and accused mingled freely to the frenzied consternation of the police escorts and warders. But for every member of the vast crowd who managed to squeeze into the hall, hundreds remained demonstrating clamorously outside. Press benches were packed by reporters drawn from every local and many overseas papers. Counsels tables were filled with massed ranks of the city's foremost juniors and seniors. The dramatic moment came for the proceedings to start. But drama rapidly changeto farce. No sooner had the prosecutor risen to his feet to outline the Crown case than there was a complaint that neither accused, counsel nor public could hear a word of what was being said. Twenty-two minutes after the court orderly's call "Silence in Court!" the court adjourned for the day, baffled by the defective loudspeaker system. Outside the great crowds remained to cheer the accused back to their cells at the Fort. A SECOND START The following day a second start was made. The crowds outside were as large as the day before, and nervous, armed police, mainly teen-agers, were on duty, ordered to move the milling thousands standing round the Drill Hall several blocks away. The atmosphere was tense and brittle. THE CAGE Inside the Drill Hall the scene had changed. Overnight, a five foot high diamond- mesh wire cage had been built to contain the accused. Police were posted all round to keep public - and even defence counsel from approaching too close to the wire. The noise of the crowd outside, banned entry to the hall as soon as the seats for the public had been filled, formed a constant background to the tense scene when Mr. Maurice Franks, Q.C. rose on behalf of all Counsel. "The cage in which the prisoners have now been placed makes them appear before this court like wild animals or beasts," he said. Unless the cage was removed and counsel restored full access to their clients, he said, all members of the Bar and Side Bar would withdraw forthwith from the proceedings. Another adjournment, while counsel and prosecution argued the matter. And when the court resumed some time later it was conceded by the Crown that by the following day the cage would be moved, leaving only a fence between the public gallery and the dock, and low railings along the sides of the dock. POLICE OPEN FIRE The proceedings moved off to a slow suddenly, at the sound of firing from t reets outside, many in the courtroom leaped horifled to their feet, and the examination hatl1y adjourned. Page 6

The police outside had completely lost control of the situation and had opened fire after baton charges on the crowd. Bullets shattered shop windows two blocks away; several people fell. According to press reports the Witwatersrand Deputy Commissioner of Police ran down the street shouting to his men "Stop that Shooting!" The crowd had retreated a block away from the hall. In full view of the public the police who had fired were ordered to step forward and their revolver magazines were examined. Alex Hepple, Labour M.P. and Bishop Ambrose Reeves of Johannesburg intervened between police and crowd in a tense atmosphere that lasted for the rest of the day. When the proceedings were resumed, at long last, Mr. J. C. Van Niekerk the senior prosecutor rose, shuffled the 53 typed pages of his opening address, and began to read. THE GOVERNMENT'S CASE rested on the allegation that certain political organisations (the Congresses chiefly) were pursuing a policy designed to promote a classless society based on racial equality and that this policy Involved the overthrow, by violent means, of the existing structure of the existing state. The Crown case would show, said the Prosecutor, "That the holding of the Congress of the Peopie and the adoption of the are steps in the direction of the establishment of a Communist state and a necessary prelude to the revolution . . . "That the accused . . . not only advocated that the revolutionary change over is desirable, inevitable or imminent, but also actually created unrest among the people of the , encouraging hostility between the European and Non-European races, and inciting members to revolt against the existing authority by way of insurrection and rebellion, by force and violence." THE DEFENCE CHARGED, in reply "This case is a political plot comparable in history with the Inquisition and the Reichstag Fire Trial staged by the Nazis. "It was an attempt to silence and outlaw the ideas held by the 156 accused and the thousands yhor they represent." Clubbed by a policeman in a baton charge a woman is h Iped to an ambulance. Page i Said Adv. Berrange: The Congresses would affirm that they adopted the Charter and that they aim at the realisation of its principles. They would show that they stood for racial unity, and had "at all times done all that is in their power to draw the various racial groups together; to make each group understand that its interest cannot be furthered where a spirit of racial antagonism exists, to make each group appreciate the needs of the other and not only its own needs - in short, to create race-harmony and mutual assistance and cooperation". The accused - a cross-section of the South African population - held one thing in common, despite different political affiliations, and that was a in the brotherhood of man and a desire to woi his betterment. "We will endeavour to show that what Is or here are not just 156 Individuals but the Ideas they and thousands of others in our land have ly espoused and expressed," said the defence battle of ideas has indeed been started In our try; a battle in which on the one side - the ac will allege - are poised those Ideas which equal opportunities for, and freedom of though expression by, all persons of all races and c and, on the other side, those which deny to a a few riches of life, both material and spir which the accused aver should be common to

The trial lasted three days in December and then opened in earnest in January. Day after day the 156 went not to their offices or workbenches, their surgeries or desks, but to the Drill Hall. For long months they heard the Crown mount the case against them, accusing not only the 156 individual accused but the organisations to which they belong. What sort of organisations are these? The Congresses on Trial The African National Congress re African National Congress was founded in 1912, two years after the Union of South Africa itself was formed. It is therefore one of the oldest political organisations in the country. Immediately after the Act of Union the South African Government embarked on its programme of segregation with the Land Act, a measure to destroy African land rights outside the reserves, a measure that threatened millions with destitution. African organisations throughout the country came together at Kimberley to fight this threat. THIS HARD STRUGGLE WAS THE BIRTH OF THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS. Protests were conducted throughout the land; a deputation was sent to London. But despite the protests the Native Land Act became law in 1913, ruining hundreds of thousands of small African families, uprooting families and turning them out on to the road, and transforming the African people into a nation of landless people, migrant miners and unskilled factory workers. But the African National Congress went on. It struggled against the evermounting burden of discrimination piled upon the African people by successive parliaments, against , segregation measures, and industrial colour bar laws. But because the Act of Union denied the vote to the African people, Parliament ignored their protests, memoranda and deputations. STRUGGLES OF THE '30's In the 1930's the process of separating the African people from any stake or security in the land The green, gold and black flag aloft, Congress goes to the people. was accelerated under the 'Fusion' Government of Hertzog and Smuts. The last right of Africans in the Cape Province to enrol on the common voters' roll was abolished, and replaced by a powerless and futile Native Representative Council - the "toy telephone" it was named derisively by Africans. The Urban Areas Act made every African in the towns a transient dweller without right of tenure; the advisory boards formed in urban African locations were powerless to do anything except "advise" and see their advice consigned to the location superintendent's wastepaper basket. The Land Act was again amended, to confine Africans in the rural areas still more closely to inadequate and crowded reserves. African protests achieved little. THE NATS TAKE POWER With the coming to power of the Nationalist Party in 1948, came : the open proclamation of a state of permanent inferiority for the NonWhite people; the slamming of all doors to African advancement; fierce repression; ears deaf to all protests. The African National Congress had to find new methods - or perish. There were the first sharp break-aways from the old ways of petitions and deputations, to the new ways of mass organising and mass campaigning among the people, Reaction was fierce. The Nationalists turned Parliament into a factory for oppressive legislation: the ; the Suppression of Comunism Act; the Separate Representation of Act; the Native Building Workers' Act; t ative Trust and Land Amendment Act. The police state began to take s Page 8

UNITY GROWS But the new trends of African National Congress policy were showing results. Close relations begpn to develop with the South African Indian Congress; and the first moves began to draw the people into widespread protest action and campaigning outside the field of Parliament, Advisory Boards and elections, and the conference hall. A new spirit of national pride flowered; a new confidence in unity displaced tribal divisions where they still lingered. This new atmosphere finding its direct expression among the urban African youth, out off from the countryside, cut off from advancement by the dead-end alley of a rigid colour-bar society, gave rise to a new militant generation of Congressmen and women - the African National Congress Youth League. STRIKES IN 1950 On the Witwatersrand on May 1st, 1950, tens of thousands struck work for the day in support of general demands for liberties and opportunities. On June 26th the same year Non-European workers took part in a national stoppage of work in protest against the Suppression of Communism Act, at the call of a joint committee including representatives of the African National Congress and the South African Indian Congress. The S.A. Indian Conqress The , the fore-runner of the South African Indian Congress was formed by , under whose leadership it had launched the first South African passive resistance campaigns, in which volunteers courted imprisonment by breaking the provincial barriers in protest against anti-Indian laws. These campaigns were to lay the basis for the immeasurably greater 'satyagraha' campaigns led by Gandhi in India years later, which paved the way to that country's independence. NEW LEADERSHIP with the departure of Gandhi the South African Idian Congress languished for many years under the leadership of a small group which avoided anything which might bring about a collision with the authorities, and refused to make common cause with their fellow victims of the colour bar, the African people. The social and political position of the Indian people went from bad to worse. In the early 'forties, however, in the new-found militancy of the wartime world, a dynamic group, gathered about Dr. Y. M. Dadoo and Dr. G. M. Naicker, which advocated a revival of the Gandhian concept of mass activity and an alliance of all NonEuropeans for full democracy. Popular supnort of these new policies swept this group to the leadership of the South African Indian Congress. Passive Resistance campaigns were opened against Smuts' Ghetto Act. Page 9

The Defiance Campaign... 0n June 26th, 1952, the African National Congress, together with the South African Indian Congress, launched the Campaign in Defiance of Unjust Laws. Eight thousand volunteers, men and women of all races, went to prison for defying apartheid regulations. A wave of enthusiasm for Congress swept the people. The "thumbs up" salute, the slogan "Mayibuye I'AFRIKA", the rousing freedom songs, were seen and heard everywhere. The campaign shook the country. The membership and activity of the African National Congress took a dramatic upward leap. Everyone was forced to take note of the African National Congress. Some feared it; millions looked to it with new hope: none could ignore it. The Nationalists rushed through Parliament the Public Safety Act which provided for the suspension of all laws in times of "emergency", and the Criminal Laws Amendment Act which provided savage penalties, including long terms of prison and whippings, for anyone who broke a law by way of protest, or incited others to do so. The Defiance Campaign was suspended. But the African National Congress remained without doubt or challenge the real representative and spokesman of the African people, with an influence and membership greater than it had ever enjoyed before. But its activities were more and more circumscribed by government counter-measures. Meetings were forbidden in many areas. Congress leaders were ordered to leave the organisation under pain of long terms of imprisonment. Many were forbidden to attend any meetings. Some were banished from their homes and restricted to remote rural areas. The Special Political Police, its personnel enormously swollen, became more and more aggressive, attending every Congress meeting, photographing speakers and audiences, raiding offices, tapping telephones and opening letters. The leaders of the African and Indian Congresses were charged for DEFY UNJUST LAWS: Up and down the country the call echoed at huge meetings. their part in the Defiance Campaign and convicted. Under the Suppression of Communism Act anyone who tries to bring about change by any unlawful act is committing "Communism." The Defiance Campaign had not been confined to African and Indian volunteers, for some few pioneering Europeans and Coloured supporters had come forward to join the volunteer groups. In the midst of the Defiance Campaign and inspired by it, a new organisation of Europeans, subscribing to the Congress aim of equal rights for all, was brought into being. The Congress of Democrats is an organisatlon of White South Africans which believes in and proclaims the right of all South Africans to unconditional equaly in every sphere of life. It demands Page 11 VOLUNTEERS ALL - (left) Walter hv a permit; (centre) Yusuf Cachalia and (right) Dr. G. M. Naicker, president-ge lu, secretary-general of the African National Boshielo were arrested for being in the city of the South Afric an Indian Congress, led the for all adults the franchise, and the right to stand as candidates for office on all organs of national and local government and administration. Seeing freedom not as a gift to be bestowed by Whites as an act of philanthropy but as a prize to be won, It has allied itself with the African National Congress and the South African Indian Congress in their striving for emancipation, assisted them and worked together with them in many common campaigns. Later in 1953 when the struggle against the removal of Coloured voters from the common electoral roll in the Cape had revealed also to the Col-

The Congress of the People... T he four Congresses were the bodies that joined together in 1954 on the initiative of the African National Congress to issue the "Call for the Congress of the People", a call for the gathering of representatives of the ordinary people of the land, from all racial and occupational groups, from all parts of South Africa, to speak out their demands and their aspirations and to express them in a common programme - the Freedom Charter. Right from the start of the joint campaign, Special Branch police acted to interfere with, and intimidate the preparations for the Congress of the People. Police Chief Rademeyer, in a newspaper interview, declared that the Joint Action Council of the four organisations, by attempting to convene the Congress of the People, was plotting treason. A new wave of bannings and proscriptions was initiated. A meeting of the joint executives of the Congress organisations, held at Stanger, Natal, to which centre Chief LutulU, A.N.C. president-general had been confined, was raided by the Security Branch and all documents seized. Many preparatory meetings were banned. Yet the campaign went on. In the cities and the villages the people of the four provinces began to elect their delegates. From hundreds of meetings, big and small, in factories, farms, mines, townships. even in prisons, came demands for inclusion in the Charter. On June 23rd, 1955, thousands of delegates began to make their way to the Assembly. Attempts were made to stop them on the way. POLICE INTERFERE On many national roads police road blocks were set up to stop all cars carrying possible delegates to the Assembly. Of the Cape Western's 90 odd delegates, 60 travelling on two lorries were detained at Beaufort West, and only a handful managed to get through to Johannesburg that week-end. Transportation permits and tax receipts were demanded and Indians ordered to show their Transvaal entry permits. But in a continuous stream the delegates converged on Kliptown - to form probably the most representative gathering ever held anywhere In South Africa. There were messages of greeting from all over South Africa and beyond its borders. Amidst great enthusiasm the ancient heroes' title of "ISITWALANDWE" was bestowed on Father Trevor Huddleston, Chief Lutuli and Dr. Dadoo, for outstanding service to the people of South Africa. Th~e Jatter two could not, by reason of Government bans, be present to receive the awards, but a recorded message was heard from Chief Lutuli, and his daughter and 's aged mother came forward to receive the honours on their behalf. Then the delegates discussed the draft Charter compiled from thousands of small and large suggestions made by people throughout the country during the 18 months of the preceding campaign. From the start of the Assembly, Special Branch detectives from all parts of the country had stood oStentatiously at entrances, observing, making notes and recording names. Suddenly in the final afternoon of the proceedings, on Sunday, June 26th, during the speeches, the whole open air assembly was surrounded by armed, uniformed police. A party of police and Special Branch men invaded the platform with a warrant that declared that they had reason to suspect that treason, sedition and contraventions of the Suppression of Communism Act were being committed. The police demanded the name and address of each delegate, searched and photographed each one, confiscated agenda papers, newspapers and magazines, personal possessions. They entered the Peace Pavilion set up on an open site nearby the Congress of the People square and destroyed pamphlets and posters. But there was a fatal defect in the warrant! It did not permit the police to stop the proceedings. EVEN WHILE THE POLICE SEARCH WAS GOING ON THE DELEGATES AT THE CONGRESS OF THE PEOPLE COMPLETED WHAT THEY HAD COME TOGETHER TO DO. Calmly and deliberately the Freedom Charter was adopted, clause by clause, the passing of each sentence marked by the singing of national songs. Page 12

At the Congress of the People, with the Wheel of Freedom in the background, leaders of all racial groups introduced the F r e e d o m C h a r t e r to the delegates. Page 13 the guidz -~ rf C without distinction of coI belief." The detailed .points of the C under ten main headings: * The people shall govern. * All national groups shall ha " The people shall share in tl * The land shall be shared 1- 0 )f 0 YT; 0 or d, !t :f * [it There shall be wo The doors of le opened. There shall be hc There shall be pe he National Consultative Commitsponsoring organisations of the People, thousands of individual siglected in support of its demands. frican Indian Congress formally -ter as its programme in 1956; the 1 Congress likewise in 1956; the aocrats in 1955. vas formally adopted by the S.A. TRADE UNIONS, the trade union dy formed after the Trades and had gone out of existence and had y the Trade Union Council which Unions from membership. The trade union co-ordinating body in CTU entered the National Consule to work for and popularise the 1956 the I ounced In vere aboul Justice, Mr. C. R. of Assembly that some 200 arrests on arrests took lace all our in it,

Portrait of a Courtroom . The Drill Hall is a great bare draughty hall, with a rifle range in the basement. Alongside the hall, in a series of jumbled, dreary buildings are the offices, orderly rooms and mess rooms of the several peacetime military units of the Defence Force. The hall itself is in the strictly military, utilitarian tradition of discomfort. It has an iron roof; normally the underside of the roofing iron can be seen, through a forest of wood rafters and beams. But for the purposes of the hearing, a temporary ceiling of khaki-coloured hessian has been nailed to the beams, supposedly to improve the acoustics. When the sun shines in summer it is close and hot as an oven; in winter, before the improvised heating was installed, it was bitterly cold and draughty. From time to time, as the hearing drags on, there are minor changes, as new equipment replaces old. The 156 accused people sit inside a made-tomeasure temporary wooden dock. Four and a half sitting hours a day on hard,straight-backed office chairs, twenty- two to a row, each accused sits in the chair bearing his number on the prosecutor's list. Before them are tables on which sit the prosecutors: Messrs. J. C. Van Niekerk, C. N. Van der Walt and J. H. Liebenberg; and the defence counsel, Advocate N. E. Rosenberg, Q.C.; Advocate V. C. Berrange; Advocate J. Coaker and Advocate J. Slovo, who is one of the accused, appearing on his own behalf. Facing them against a temporary bac merly of hessian but now of red curtain presiding magistrate, Mr. F. A. C. Wesse All the actors in this drama speak ii phones and the boom of the voices, nov acoustics have been improved, fills the ha THE "DRAMA" HAS NOT, FOR T] PART, BEEN VERY DRAMATIC, MOS'. POLICE WITNESSES ARE POOR RE] THEIR ACCOUNTS OF MEETINGS HE AGO ARE DULL, SOMETIMES INCOM SIBLE AND ILLITERATE. Only A Counsel rise to cross-examine do the p come to life for a while to those in the TWEEN WHILES, THE CASE RELAP; A SOUL-DESTROYING TEDIUM OF REPETITION. Life's Threads are Broken . . . N ot the least of the difficulties of the accused is the need to reshape the pattern of their lives to seeing out the ordeal. From nine in the morning until four in the afternoon - with a break for lunch - they have been snatched from their hundred and fifty occupations in a dozen towns and villages, to become the vehicles of proceedings in which they themselves can play but little active part. Some of them normally live and work in Johannesburg. And of these a few have managed to carry on in a fashion with their former occupations. Early in the morning they dash to their offices for a few hours hectic work, and from four until long after dark they are back again, trying to shake off the fatigue of a day in court and catch up with their routine. But many, even of the Johannesburgers, cannot do this. Factory and office workers, teachers, lawyers and others whose occupations demand attendance in normal hours, able to carry on with their jobs ev duced frenzied scale. For them, and for those who cor other than Johannesburg, the treasc have raised cruel problems. There be supported, obligations to be faced, purchase commitments to be met, fan and lives that have been broken. The penalties of the trial, already cripplin stage, before ever the end is in sight The Bishop's Fund To a very limited extent these hardships have been mitigated by the Treason Trial Defence Fund, affectionately referred to by the accused as the "Bishop's Fund" because it is presided over by the Bishop of Johannesburg, the Right Rev. Ambrose es. The Fund has managed, thus far, to asss the hardest hit by a grant of f5 a month towrdsent and the provision of monthly food The "Stand by Your Leaders" Committee too has The Bishop's Fun( been able to do a little in the way of providing a of its resources mu: few necessities. A small band of helpers has work- legal expenses. Tho ed under difficult conditions to provide a daily reduced to the bar( lunch. colossal sums as th cannot possibly cor But for every one of the aceued the trial odd individual cases has raised cruel problems: material hard- the accused but is si ships, separation from families - in many Yet one will hear cases of mothers from young children - un- from the men and v employment, interrupted studies, ruined spirit is extraordina lans. in adversity is an In

The Drill Hall: A World of its own... rom time to time that spirit breaks through In impressive demonstration, as on June 26, when throughout Johannesburg thousands of people stayed away from work as a demonstration against Governmenrt policy. At the morning adjournment, without apparent signal, the accused stood silent in their places for five minutes, not a soul moving. Gradually the unusual silence affected the police on duty, who came slowly to attention. So did the public in the visitors' gallery. Gradually, over the course of the months, something of the spirit and confidence has communicated itself to everyone who comes into contact with these 156. And gradually too an air of futility and of failure has begun to creep up among the Special Branch men and the prosecution, to whom the Treason Trial with its 156 accused has become a burden on their backs. Gradually the Drill Hall has become a little world of its own, with its own codes, discipline and atmosphere. Outside, people are herded into racial kraals, suspicious of and avoiding people of different groups. But here, of all Johannesburg, there is a place without colour barriers and race distinctions. To see the treason accused coming and going from court. talking in little knots during the breaks, living the trial out in mutual affection and confidence, is to see a picture of the brotherhood of man as it could exist through- out South Africa; of South Africa's tomorrow as it will be if the ideas and outlook of these accused are freed to communicate themselves to others of all races outside. Seeing them, high-spirited, confident, laughing and singing Congress songs during the breaks, it is difficult to believe that these 1456 are on trial for the most serious crime known to law, a crime for which death is a possible penalty. What is the source of this strength and confidence which rises superior to all their real hardships, suffering and personal tragedies? They have no doubts... p robably it grows from the fact that the thing that has brought them all together into the organisations on trial, into the Johannesburg Fort and into the Drill Hall, has been that all in their own way have worked to raise the standards of life and happiness of their fellowmen. IN THE COURSE OF THAT WORK THEY HAVE COME TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE SPIRIT OF MAN IS UNDYING AND RISES LIKE THE PHOENIX FROM THE FIRES OF THE DEEPEST OPPRESSION. Whatever happens to them in this case, they know without any shadow of doubt, that the cause of liberty and brotherhood for which they have lived and worked will go on and win through against all its opponents - with them or without them. At the breaks in the court session, they speak not of themselves and their troubles, but of the great world outside. And! for them, every day brings new proof that the wind of protest which they have helped to sow in South Africa rises ever higher and higher, new witness that the day of national liberation in South Africa draws nearer. This they know and understand - that their trial is another obstacle placed in the path of that liberation, but even such an obstacle, formidable, terrifying though it might be, cannot turn aside the wind. Their confidence is not in their own immunity from reprisals, from punishment or conviction, but in the certain victory of the people of this land in their march to liberation. This Treason Trial is not really, at this stage, a trial. It is what is known in South African law as a preparatory examination. When he has heard the Crown evidence and the answer of the accused, the magistrate must decide whether there are reasonable grounds for committing the accused to trial before the Supreme Court, so much of the evidence will be repeated next year. By South African law it is an offence to comment publicly on the issues now before tie cort. So here no opinion may be expressed on the merits or strength of the Prosecution case, or on whether treason has or has not been committed by any or all of the accused. But in a deeper sense, IT IS NOT MERELY THE 156 IN THE JOHANNESBURG DRILL HALL WHO ARE ON TRIAL. IT IS ALSO THE SHAPE OF SOUTH AFRICAN SOCIETY, WITH ITS RIGID RACIAL AND COLOUR STRATIFICATION. In that sense the trial is one before the Court of public opinion all the world over. Let the people know and understand that In the last resort the hopes of the 156 rests not on courts and judges alone, but more - on the men and women of South Africa who will not be turned aside. Let the people of South Africa see that justice is done to the ideas and to the ideals for whi the 156 stand trial. MAYIBUYE I AFRIKA! ~Page 16 'Stridom, You have struck a rock', the women sang when they converged on the Union Buildings at Pretoria in 1956 t rotest that they not carry pase.-

Into the lives of these men and women is written the history of the freedom campaigns of the people of South Africa. Those on trial form a true cross-section of our people. Let us introduce them to you. Farid Ahmed Adams. Born 1933. Clerk. Joined Indian Congress in the 'forties during the antl-"Ghetto" Act campaign. Convicted for painting Freedom Charter slogans in 1955, but ludgement on appeal is pending. (Mrs) Yetta Barenblatt. Born 1913. Secretary. Organised trade unions in East London in the '40s, and the East London Workers' Civic League; later organised for Springbok Legion. CHIEF ALBERT JOHN LUTULI, President-General of the African National Congress. Sugar cane farmer. Born in 1898 at a Seventh Day Adventist Mission. His father was John Bunyan Lutuli, second son of Chief Ntaba Lutuli, of the Abasemokholweni tribe which elects its chiefs. Chief Lutuli trained as a teacher and tafught at Adams College until 1935. He became president of the Natal African Teachers' Association, Chairman of the Congregational Churches of the Ameri- Mohamed Snleman 'Bob' Asmal. Born 1923. Commercial traveller. During Evaton bus boycott was charged with public violence and murder, as well as other charges, but acauitted on all counts. Hymle Barsel. Born 1920. Clerk. During the '30s was assaulted when taking part in dessonstrations against the Blackshirt movement. Secretary of Durban Medical Aid for Russia during the war. THE 156 ON TRIAL Andrles 'General China' Chamile. Born 1900. Labourer. Member Newclare branch of African .'lational Congress which he joined during the Defiance Campaign, Isaae Bokala. Born 1929 in Newclare. Johannesburg, where he has been active in African National Congress campaigus since the 1952 Defiance Campaign. Pletee Beyleveld. Born 1916. Businessman. Ieaded Afrikaans sertion of the S.A. Forces Radio in Cairo during latter part of the war. Took part in the Sailor Malan-Dolf De La ReV Commando to Cape Town, forerunner of the . La'. our Party National Organiser in 1952 General Election Campaign. Lionel 'Rusty' Renstein. Born 1920. Architect. Served with the S.A Artillery ourIng the Italian campaign. Among those convicted of assisting an Illegal strike of African miners on the Reef in August, 1946. Siflsan Esakjee. Born 1928. Clerk. Served terms of imprsonment during the 1946 i'asstve Ieestance campaign snd the Defiance (amtain. Convscteo lro painting Freedom unarter slogans in 1955, but judgement on appeal is pending. Barthelomew 11atugine. Born 1918. Factory worker. Played active part in the African National Congress from the time the Nationalist Government came to power in 1948. can Board; President of the Natal Missionary Conference; and an executive member of the Christian Council of S. Africa. He founded the Natal and Zululand Bantu Cane Growers Association. In 1936 the Abasemakholweni tribe elected Chief Lutuli its tribal head and he held that position until 1952 when the government ordered him to choose between his chieftainship and Conqress leadership. Chief Lutuli chose deposal rather than relinquish his political convictions. He was a member of the Native Representatfive Council until that Council was abolished by the Nationalists. In 1938 he went to India as a delegate of the Christian Council to the International Missionary Council; and in 1948 he went to the United States to attend the North American Missionary Conference.

(Ms.) Helen Joseph. Taught at a girls' school in Hyderabad. India. Welfare officer in the WAAFs. Secretary of Transvaal Clothing Industry Medical Aid Society, which has 20,000 members. One of the leaders of the women's anti-pass protest movement. Jerry Dlbanhlele Kumalo. Born 1922. Clothing designer and cutter. Served prison sentences as a volunteer in Defiance Campaign in Germiston and Wolmaransstad. Active in African National Congress. Norman Levy. Born 1929. Teacher, but suspended by Education Department after the treason arrests. Helped establish cultural clubs for African children expelled from Banu Education Schools by Dr. Verwoerd after the Banu Education boycott. Vos'umzi Make. Born 1931. Articled clerk. Joined A.N.C. Youth League as a schoolboy. Prominent in yearlong Evaton bus boycott and acquitted on charges of public violence and murder arising from the boycott. Paul Joseph. Born 1930. Factory worker. Joined Indian Congress youth movement when a boy of 14. Delegate to the World Federation of Tcade Unions Conferece in Vienna in 1953. Ahmed Mohanmed 'Kathy' Kathrada. Born 1929. Youth organiser. Took part in Indian Congress activities froman early age, leaving school in 1946 to work tor the Transval Passive Resistance C o u n c i . Among those convicted for leadership of the Defiance Campaign. Joseph M. 'Anti-Pass" Kinualo. During Evaon bus boycott banished in terms of the 1927 Native Adminisra irn Act to Duiwelskloof, from where he was brought to stand trial. Stanley B. Lollan. Born 1925 Clerk. Active in campaigns of the Coloured people against the abolition of Cape Coloured franchise, cadi1 classification of Coloured people under the P'opulation Regis ra ion Act. and against Group Areas Act. Piet Mokgofe. Born 1914. Labourer. Joined he African National Congress in 1938 and was active in the 1946 African miners' strike 'Fish' Keitsing. Born 1919. Underground worker in gold mines and a foundation member of African Mine Workers' Union. In middle of treason trial he started a 12-months sen-cre for releasing pass-law prisoners from police custody during 1956. Brought to Drll Hall daily under escor. Moses M. Kotane. Born 1905. Formerly General Secretary of the Communist Party of South Africa. Together with the Party's Central Committee charged with sedition in 1946 after African miners' strike, but the case was later abandoned. Attended the Bandung Conference as an observer for African people. Leon Levy. Born 1929. Trade unionist. Started work at the age of 16. Front rank - and - file member of National Union of Distributive Workers, rose to be secretary of number of trade unions. Frank Modiba. Born 1909. Cabinet maker. While a youngster in the Tzaneen district refused to tend sheep o1 a European cattle farmer and received 8 cuts. lame to Johannesburg In 1926, worked as a SIomestic servant and later in textile and garment factories. Tennyson Xola Makiwane. Born 1933. Law ,tudent and journalist. Expelled from Fort Hare in 1953 after student lemonstration tb e r e. llis grandfather, tie Rev . makiwane, was a member of the 1910 deputation to London to protest against the .oour bar in the Act of Union. Aaron Mahlangu. Born 1914. Trade unionist. As a domestic worker took part in the 1942 anti-pats campaign and was sacked, Later again victirsised after taking part in a strike at a power station. Became a full-time trade union secretary after entering the laundry industry. Joshua Makue. Born 1909. Teacher and tailor. Joined the I.C.U. after being refused enrolment as an enginCoring student at the Witwaterstand uiveriy because the course was not open to NonEuropeans. Joined the 1946 indian passive esistance c am p a i g n and went to prison. Henry George 'Squire' Makgothi. Born 1928. Teacher, now clerk. Joined th Congress Youth League in the '40s. Expelled from the teaching profession when he volunteered to serve a prison sentence during the Defiance Campaign. Elmon Malele. Born 1920. A leading Congress member in Moroka and the south-west townships of Johannesburg. Joined Congress during Defiance CamPaign. Daniel 'Sample' Malope. Born 1915. Houve painter. Joined A.N C. Youth League in 1944. Arrested in 1946 for assisting African miners' strike. Served a term of imprisonment during the Defiance Campaign. An accomplished linuist, speaking Sotho, Xhosa, English. Hindustani and Afrikaans. Nelson R. Mandela. Bnen 1918. the son of Chief Henry Mandela of the . Attorney. Was amongst those sentenced for leaderhip of the Defiance Campaign. Keen atatesr boxer, Leslie Massina. Born 1921. Trade unionist. Father is a foundation member of the African National Congress. Reelected to the Dube Advisory Board whi'e in Prison awaiting trial July Mashaba. Born 1918. Factory worker. Joined African National Congress during Mhe Defiance Campaign and is active in the Moroka branch, Miss Beriha Nonkumbi Mashaha (Mrs. Thage). Born 1934. Typisteclerk. A prominent organiser and public speaker for Congress Women's League.

Philemon M a t h ol e. Born 1916. Trader, Worked as a miner and took part in the 1946 miners' strike. Served on Moroka Advisory Board after establishment of this township. and has been in forefront of many campaigns in Johannesburg. Jolanes Modise. Born 1929. Lorry driver. Active in campaigns against the removal of the Western Areas and in the Congress Youth League. Jonas Dinous Matlou. Born 1920. Insurance and land agent. Herded his farm- tenant family s flock till he went to school at age of 12. Joined the A.N.C. in the '40s at an anti-pass protest meeting. Foundation member ANC Youth League, Patrick Msel Molsoga. Born 1925. Clerk. Pass raids and the disabilities of African youth brought him into the African National Con?ress. A lightweight boxer since his schooldays, he runs a gymnasium in Western Native Township. Dr. Hassen M. 'Ike' Moosa. Born 1923. Medical practitioner. Educated at Fort Hare and the University of Cape Town and active in the political movement since his student days. An executive member of the Franchise Action Council and vice-president of the Cape Indian Assembly. Miss Ida Flyo Mntwaa. Born 1903. Dressmaker. First president of the A.N.C. Womens League of Transvaal and leader of many mass women's demosrstrations from Western Native Township. Suisman Mabomed 'Sol" Nathie. Born 1918. Businessman. Entered Indian politics in 1939 with the passing of the Pegging Act and started a branch of the NonEuropean United Front at Kliptown. Charged with public violence and murder during the Evaton bus boycott but acquitted on all counts. W i I I I a m Ngsdn. Born 1904. Insurance agent. Joined Congress in 1937; active in 1943 anti-pass campaign and 1949 Western Areas ram boycott. Joseph Sallie Poonyane Molefl. Born 1930. Journalist. Joined the A.N.C. Youth Leagse while a schoolboy. Was one of the leaders of the Evaton bus boycott which ended in complete victory. Arrested on a number of charges arising out of this boycott, but atquitted on all counts Elias Phakane Moretsele. Born 1897. Restaurant - proprietor. Joined Congress in 1917 and is a veteran of the 1922 struggle against increased poll tax, the 1925 campaign against Passes for women, and subsequent struggles, Manglst Pheneas Nene. Born 1918. Businessman. A leading figure in the Cultural Club movement of the Atrican Education Movement and in Alexandra Township Congress campaigns. John K. Nkdlsneg. Born 1925. Trade unionist. Formerly organiser of iron and steel workers. Helped Drganise volunteers for the Defiance Campaign. John A. Mavaso. Born 1926. Messenger. Took part in the post-war Shantytown' movemen: in Alexandra Township that drew public attention to the acute housing crisis. Was due to write the Junior Certificate Examination the day he was arrested on charge of treason. Obed Motshabi. Born 1925. Clerk. Took part in the 1944 Alexandra rownship bus boycott movement and the shantytown movement after World War I. Lawrence Nkos. Born 1910. Factory worker. Active trade unionist. Has been hospitalsed with tuberculosis for greater part of trial. Theophihis Kgoslkobo Musi. Born 1936. Clerk. Taught for a while in a primary school but then had to find employment in Johannesburg to support seven orphaned brothers and sisters. M4oosa Mohamed 'Mosie' Moolla. Born 1934. Clerk. Expelled from school for joining the Defiance Campaign. Awaiting an appeal against conviction for Painting Freedom Char,er slogans on Johannesburg walls. Motsasal Keyeewe. Mpo. Born 1921. Welfare worker on the mines and later clerk. Once arrested under suspicion of being a "Communist' for having a copy of "When Malan Goes" in his pocket. Active in West Rand campaigns. Mrs. Lilian Ngoyl. Born 1911. Garment worker. W o me n ' s leader and a moving spirit in the national anti - pass campaigns sweeping the country. P. P. Duma Nokwe. Born 1927. First African barrister in the Transvaal. refused permission by Minister Verwoerd, in terms of the Group Areas and Urban Areas Acts. to occupy chambers in Johannesburg. Pfeter Papela Nthie. Born 1929. Clerk. Became active in Congress and the Congress Youth League during the Defiance Campaign. Ahmed Ebrahla Patel. Born 1924. Agent. Key organiser since 1939 of the Transvaal Indian Congress on the East Rand, and appeared for the Congress before numerous hearings of Group Areas Board. Jacob Po0. Born 1914. Clerk. Joined Congress in 1949. Active in Molia campaigns and

James Jobe Hadebe. Born 1923. Children's Cultural Club organiser. Popular singer. Descended from Langalibalele. Hlubi chief. charged with rebellion and treason after a clash with the British forces in 1879. Nimrod Selake. Born 1920. Teacher, now a trade unionist. Led a strike of iron and steel workers who won increases of Id. an hour after a Court appeal had set aside their 'onviction for striking illegally. Peter Kays Selepe. Born 1919. Insurance agent. Active in the Springbok Legion and Dube A.N.C. Branch. Mrs. Mary Goitsemaing Ranta. Born 1922. Machinist. As a girl. herded her father's cattle. Eccame a union arganiser after shootIng down of African miners in the 1946 strike. Robert M. Resha. Born 192a Journalist and .poris writer. Active against the removal of Western Areas, in the African Education Movement and Congress campaigns. Sydney Shall. Born 1932. Medical student. Volunteered during Delance Campaign. Active in student affairs at University of the WitWaterarand Bennett Setshlr. Born 1916. Factory worker. Active in the A.N.C. since 1937; helted the 1946 African miners' strike.; and a key Congress figure in Newclare. M. J. M. WiltiamsShope. Born 1919. Salesman. Took part in a 1935 strike of miners at Gravelotte in the N. Transvaal. A leader of African Laundry Workers' Union. Cleopas Sibande. Born 1928. Clerk. Has taken part in numerous strikes In the Union's largest textile mill. Amato, at Benoof. Walter M. Slsuin. Born 1912. Started work in a dairy at age of 15. after being refused work on the mines because of his youth. Foundation member and first treasurer of A.N.C. Youth League. and rose to position of Secretary General of A.N.C. until banned by Government. Gert Sibande. Born 1904. Farm labourers' organiser. Grew up in Be'hal. organised farm workers there, and deported from there for his activities. Mrs. Ruth Slov (). Born 192S. fournalist. Staff member 'The Guardian' unUil its banning by the Government. Now the rransvaal editor 'New Age.' Editor 'Fighting Talk., Oliver Tamsbo. Born 1917 in Pondoland of poor peasant family. Educated at mission schools and on bursaties. Taught science. mathematics and music at St. Peter's School until admitted as an attorney. Simon Tyik. Born 1904. Driver. Worked as farm labourer in Bethal. and later became a lay preacher. Active in Congress since 1951. Robert Tunsl Born 1914. Businessman. joined the A.N.C. in 1937 and was chairman of the committee which built the first independent primary school in Newelare. Mshlywa Henry Tabsbalala. Born 1930. Clerk. Was a popular amateur boxer and lost the use of his right eye in the ring. Active in Congress since the Defiance Campaign. The Rev. Douglas Chadwick Thompson. Born 1905. Methodist Minister. Qualified as a steel moulder, then trained for the ministry in 1928. Chairman of the Witwatersrand Mental Health Society for the last ten years and active in other welfare bodies Fred Carneson. Born 1920. Business manager o'News Age'. Served iS..Crp of Signasi teSmaliland, Abyssinin Egyptian and Italia campaigns. Represented the Africans of Cape Western in the Cape Provincial Council until expelled by the Minister. Page 21 Mrs. Sonla Berl1 Bunting. Born 1923. Housewife. Prominent public speaker in Cape Town campaigns of Congress movement. Wife of Brian Bunting, editor of 'New Age' newspaper and former Member of Pariiament for the Cape Western African seat. Lionel Forman. Born 1928. Barrister and journalist. Author of the first book on the trial. 'You Can Hang For Treason.' Headed South African Student delegations to international conferinoe. Isaac Osler Horvitch. Born 1920. Architect. Director of the Real Printing and Publishing Company, which publishes 'New Age' newspaper and in which capacity he is also charged in these procedunlg

Aleg La Game. Born 1925. Journalist. Author of short stories and sketches of the contemporary South African scene. On the staff of 'New Age' newspaper. Charles Makhohliso. Born 1918. Trade unionist. Organiser of brick workers for better wages and working conditions and a leader of people's campaigns in Stellenbosch. David H. Mgugunayeka. Born 1906. Commercial traveller. Prominent in the Defiance Campaign in Cape Western. and in Langs Congress activities. Joseph Morolong. Born 1927. Trade Union organiser and active In Western Province campaigns. Lionel B. Morrison. Born 1935. Clerk. Had just been released from prison where he served a four month term of imprisonment for painting Freedom Charter slogans on Cape Town walls when he was arrested on the treason charge. Joseph Mpoza. Born 1926. Shop assistant. Played a leading role in Worcester strikes and trade union campaigns. John Muti. Born 1887. The 'Grand Old Man' of the trial who took part in 1929 anti-pass campaigns, the struggles of the unemployed of 1931-2, and the formation of a Railway Workers' Union in 1936 and many subsequent campaigns. Greenwood Damisa Ngotyana. Born 1922. Clerk. Secretary of S.A.R. & H. Workers' Union. Arrested in 1955 under the pass laws for illegal entry to Cape Town and is at present under threat of deportation to the Transkei. George Edward Peake. Born 1922. Bricklayer. Served in the South African Navy from 1941 to 1946. Active in trade union campaigns and in campaigns of %he Coloured people against the deprivation of their franchise. Ben Tirok, M.P.C. Born 1927. Land surveyor. Elected to the Cape Provincial Council during the trial to represent African voters of Cape Western. Secretary of Cape Town Metal Workers Union. Archibald Sibeko. Born 1928. Trade unionist. Took pact in the 1946 students strike in Lovedale and joined Congress when he left school. Charged in 1956 with inciting African timber workers to strike. L. B. Lee-Warden, M.P. Born 1913. Master printer. The representative of Cape Western Africans in the House of Assembly, to which he was elected despite a Government ban on his attending or addressing meetings. Mrs. Stella Madge Damoas. Born 1930. Trade unionist. During Government's race classification of Coloured people organised a protest meeting, was charged with assaulting the Police and fined £2. Ms Christan Jaeson. Born 1928. Clerk. Active in the Port Elizabeth trade union movemeat. organising food and canning workers, and textile workers. leading several strikes. Her infant daughter was born during the treason trial Proceedings. Mrs. Frances Banrd. Teacher and trade unionist. Worked in food and canning industry and became Port Elizabeth secretary of union. While organising in East London was given one hour to quit that town. Eastern Province women's leader. D. Fayani. Born 1924 Factory worker. Rural organiser of the Congress. and prominent in New Brighton. Port Elizabeth. Lanele Kepe. Born 1927. Labourer. Took part in 1950 National strike on June 26th. Served term of imprisonment during the Defiance Campaign for defying railway apartheid regulations. Twice arrested for addressing Congress meetings with. out permits, Reginald September. Born 1923. Organised distributive workers and textile workers in Cape Town and Port Elizabeth. Secretary of the Franchise Action Council which organised the May 7. 1951, strike against the abolition of the Cape Coloured franchise. Meg. Annie Silinap. Housewife and mother of three children. Deported from Cape Town under the pass laws, in her own words: 'leaving my husband a widower and making my children orphans,' but her apPeal against this deportation was successful. The Rev. James Calnia. Born 1895. Anglican priest at Cradock loined the Bantu Union in 1924 and the African National Congress in 1930. First president of the Inter-Denominational African Ministers' Federation. Holds office in African Scout Movement and the Joint Council of Europeans, Africans and Coloureds. The Rev. Walker Staniles Gawe. Born 1900. Minister of Religion in Queenstown. Joined the Industrial & Commercial Workers' Union (I.C.U.) and the African Nat. ional Congress in 1923. Served from 1942-47 as Chaplain in the Native Military Corps. Took part in the Defiance Campaign. Philemon Mashibiln. Born 1912. Businessman. Joined Congress 1951. Active in the Defiance Carnair. PromnntQensdv Joseph Jack. Born 1927. Photographer. Served two months' imprisonment during the Defiance Campaign for defying railway apartheid regulations. Frequestly arrested and prosecuted for using loudspeakers at meetings without permits. Joseph G. Matthews. Born 1929. Attorney. Pioneer member of the A.N.C. Youth League, and active in student activities at Fort Hare. Took active part in Defiance Campaign in Port Elizabeth and was twice convicted in terms of the Suppression of Communism Act. Son of Professor Matthews. Page 22

Professor Z. K. Matthews. Born 1901. Acting Principal of Fort Hare University College. In 1923 became the first African graduate of Fort Hare College and was also first African Law graduate. Took his Master of Arts degree at Yale and Post graduate study* in Anthropology in London. Served as a member of the Royal Commission on Higher Education for Africans in British East Africa and the Sudan. Mesber of the Native Representative Council till his resignation in 1950 in protest against Government policy. In 1952 was appointed Henry Luce Visiting Professor of World Christianity in New York. Author of *The Educational Needs of the African', 'The Black Man's Outlook' and other publications. Wilton Z. Mkwayl. Born 1923. Trade unionist. Left school in Standard 4 to work in a dynamite factory and as a stevedore to keep younger brothers and sisters. Victimised and sentenced in 1952 for leading a strike. Key fund-raiser for many campaigns and court actions involving Congress. P. Ntsanganl. Born 1923. Labourer. Joined the African National Congress in 1945. Served a prison term for defying unjust laws during the Defiance Campaign. Among Eastern Cape leaders arrested under Sutoression of Communism Act in 1953. W. Mal. Born 1923. Clerk. Joined African" National Congress in 1946. Active in 1949 bus boycott in Port Elizabeth. Served three months imprisonment during Defiance Campaign for defying unjust laws. Arrested for organising illegal May Day meeting in Port Elizabeth in 1955. Vuyisils Mini. Born 1920. Labourer. Since 1937 has taken part in campaigns against rent and bus fare increases. against mass removals in Korsten. Served a three month term of imprisonment as a volunteer in the Defiance Campaign. Leader of the Drill Hall Choir and composer of several Congress songs. Mrs. Florence Matomel. Born 1910. Served six weeks imprisonment during the Defiance Campaign. Amongst Cape leaders who rceived suspended sentences under Suppression of Communism Act in 1953. Had nine children, only five of whom have survived. Elliot Nzfai Mfna. Interpreter-clerk. During Defiance Campasgn was awaiting trial it prison for six weeks. An attempt in 1953 by the Stutterleim municipality to expel him under Section 10 of the Urban Areas Act failed but has been victimised from his employment for his political activities. Thenmbile B e n s o n Ndimsba. Born 1921. Messenger-clerk. Came into active politics in 1937 during the mass removal of the people from the African township of Korsten and one of Korsten's leader since then. A. B. NogYa. Born 1925. Factory worker. loined African National Congress In 1949 and during the Defiance Campaign led a batch of 40 volunteers to defy apartheid regulations, for which he served two months imprisonment, Mbuyfselo Stanley Vanqa. Born 1923. Labourer. Inspired to join the African National Congress by the Defiance Campaign. Took active part in subsequent Congress Campaigns such as the Bantu Education BOycott. Arrested in 1955 after leading a procession in Korsten. Tamsanqn T a s a a c Tshume. Born 1925. Clerk. Since his school days has done voluntary work in the trade unions and congress offices. Served a term of imprsonment during the Defiance Campaign and has many times been prosecuted for holding and addressing illegal meetings sins illegal meetings. Mrs. Jaequeline Areastein. Born 1922. Journalist. Was the Durban correspondent of 'The Guardian.' Dr. Wilson Z. Coned. Born 1919 of a farmtenant family. Trained as a teacher as an opening to higher education and is today a medical practitioner at Umzimkulu, a m o n g Poor Reserve peasants. Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr Hoogendyk. Born 1911 of a strict 'Dopper' h o m e. Accountant. Enlisted with the S.A. Forces in 1942 and was cttve in Springbok Legion. Gopallal lu rhans. Born 1915. Businessman and sugar farmer. Took the lead in establishing four Indian schools in Tongaat and district and is chairman of the Natal Vigilance Committee against the Group Areas Act.

Ismail C. Meet. Born 1918. Attorney. Secretary of the Natal Teachers' Union in the early '40'; secretary of the Transvaal Indian Congress during 1946 P a s s i v e Resistance Campaign. Dr. Mabomed M. 'Chota' Moiala. Born 1921. Qualified as a medical practitioner at the Grant Medical College, India. Active in student activities there when India was winning her independence. Practises in Pietermaritzburg. Pious Goodman Mel. Born 1912. Trade unionist. Worked as a clerk on the gold mines and joined Congress in 1936. Left the service of the Native Affairs Department to become a factory labourer and then a trade union official. Dr. G. M. 'Monty' Naicker. Born 1910. Presfdent of the South African Indian Congress. Served two terms of imprisonment of six months each during the 1946 Passive Resistance campaign, and went to prison again after leading the first Natal batch of Defiance Campaign resisters. Toured India's riot areas with Gandhi. Mrs. Bertha Mklze. Teacher and tailoress. Veteran campaigner against passes for women in the 1931, the 1936 and subsequent campaigns. M. P. Naleker. Born 1920 Durban branch manager of 'New Age' newspaper. Formerly secretary of the Agricultural Workers' Federation which organised sugar field workers; secretary of the Natal P a s s i v e Resistance Council during the 1946 Campaign. K e a v a I Moonsay. Born 1926. Indian Congress organiser. Served four months imprisonment in the 1946 Passive Resistance Campaign. Helped organise the June 26 Protest Day strike against Suppression of Communism Act in 1950. Naralasamy Thembl Naleker. Born 1924. Attorney. President of the Non-European Students' Representative Council at the University of Natal in 1952. Active in the Natal Indian Congress since 1945. . Born 1930. Trade unionist. Secretary of 5 Natal unions in the tin, chemical. dairy and box indestries. Dawood A. geadat. Born 1916. Bookkeeper. Banned from all polf tical activity from 1941 to 1945 under a War Measure. Active in the Non- European United Front, and in the Natal Indian Congress since 1939 Abdnezo Bhekabnia Ngeobo. Born 1931. Former textile worker. now law student. AS president of the Students' Representative Council played a leading role in the fight against academic segregaion at the University of Natal. Errol T. Shanlgy. Born 1911. Bookmaker's .lerk. Formerly secretary of the Natal Sugar Workers' Union, secretary of Durban Trades and Labour Council for eight years. Served with S.A. Coastal Defence during the war Mrs. Dorothy Shanley. Born 1920. Nursery school teacher. Mother of three children aged 11, 9 and 7, cared for by friends and neighbours during the arrest and trial of Dorothy and her husband, Errol. Miss Dorothy Nyemb. Born 1930. Women's organtser. Served two prison sentences during the Defiance Campaign; led the contingent of Natal women who protested to the Prime Minister in August, 1956, in Pretoria, against passes for women, V. S. M. 'Manale' Pillay. Born 1918. Trade unionist. Has played a leading role in Durban's trade union movement and is today Durban'a secretary of the National Union of Operative Biscuit Makers and Packers. Debi Singh. Born 1913. Smallholder. In 1944 was the secretary of Anti- Segregation Coun:il which campaigned against the then conservative leadership of the Natal Indian Congress and for the election of the DadooNaicker leadership. Secretary of Natal Passive Resistance Council in 1946. Pifness H. Stalwart' Simelane. Born 1910. Teacher and chemist's issistant. In 1933 helped organise 22 night schools for adult Africans. A leading spirit in many Natal Congress campaigns. Jacob B. Mafora. Born 1906. Entered domestic service and then became a gardener. Confined to Bloemfontein in 1953 for one year, under the Riotous Assemblies Act. Leading ANC figure in the Free State. Massabalala B. 'Boale' Yengwa. Born 1923. Bookkeeper. later an articled law clerk. Prominent in the Defiance Campaign. In 1953 was banned from entering seven main magisterial districts in the Union and was banished for two years to Mapemula, a place he had left 17 years before. Mrs. Martha MoblakoRe. Born 1906 of a family of farm squatters. Has worked in domestic service for 22 years. Joined Congress in 1939. One of the leaders of Free State women in the anti-pass campaign. Mother of 4 children. Gabriel Diehaba. Born 1920. A herdboy till he was 15, and then left school to become a labourer in the railway workshops. Led the first Free State volunteers in the Defiance Campaignn. Leslie Sonny Thasbo Moaaanyane. Born 1928. Labourer. Came into the ANC during the 'Defiance Campaign and has been a prominent Free State leader ever snce. Dr. Arthur Z. Letele. Born 1916. Medical practitioner. Before Africans were admitted to University medical courses, trained as a medical-aide in a leper hospital. Led the first Kimberley volunteers in the Defiance Campaign and was one of those found guilty of leading the campaign Abraham Barnett Koatllao Seeeloareng. Born 1924. Ex-teacher now clerk. Resigned as a teacher when the Bantu Education Act was introduced. Active in the Kimberley ANC. Page 24

Copies of this booklet "Afrika!" Publication burg, at Single copi more: 2/- each Hundreds of thousands of people in this country and abroad see in Apartheid a shocking disregard for Christian and democratic principles in human relations, but feel impotent to influence them. "What can we do?" they ask. Here is an opportunity for doing something practical, immediate and vital. SUPPORT THE TREASON TRIAL DEFENCE FUND HELP TO PAY THE COSTS OF LEGAL DEFENCE. BRING RELIEF TO THE DEPENDANTS OF THE ACCUSED WHO ARE IN NEED. The Trustees of the Fund are: The Rt. Rev. Ambrose Reeves (the Bishop of Johannesburg); Mr. Justice F. A. W. Lucas; Dr. Ellen Hellmann; Mr. Alan Paton. SEND DONATIONS TO: The Treason Trial Defence Fund, Box 2864, Johannesburg. (W.O. 2092) are obtainable from the Publishers, Published by "Afrika!" Publications, is, care of P.O. Box 491, Johannes- Johannesburg, South Africa, and p es: 2/6d. each, post free. 1 doz or Press (Pty.) Ltd., 302 Fox Street, post free. Cash with order. South Africa.