Made in Kollywood

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Made in Kollywood Shahrukh Khan og Manisha Koirala i Mani Ratnams From the Heart (Dil se ..., 1998) Made in Kollywood Mani Ratnam og den tamilske populærfilm A f Jesper Andersen I de senere år har der været stigende in­ det sydlige Indien, er storproducent af po­ teresse i Vesten for indiske ’’synge-danse- pulærfilm, såkaldte Kollywood-film. Nav­ film”, og ikke kun hos det indiske dias­ net Kollywood er afledt af Kodambakkam pora-publikum. Bollywood-filmen Devdas - et område i Chennai, hvor der er en høj (2002) blev som den første indiske popu­ koncentration af filmstudier og mennesker, lærfilm nogensinde præsenteret i det of­ som arbejder i den tamilske filmindustri. ficielle program ved filmfestivalen i Cannes Branchefolk i Chennai vurderer, at om­ i 2002, festivalerne i Berlin og London har kring 800.000 personer lever direkte eller kommercielle indiske film på programmet, indirekte af indtægter fra filmproduktionen og herhjemme har NatFilm Festivalen i i Kollywood, hvor der hvert år produceres de senere år vist Bollywood-film med stor cirka 140 film, hvilket nogle år er flere, end succes. Lagaan (2001) og Devdas vandt der laves i Mumbai. Af de i alt omkring 750 således publikumspriserne i henholdsvis film, der hvert år får premiere i hele Indien, 2002 og 2003, og Lagaan kom senere i er cirka en femtedel optaget på en blanding dansk biografdistribution. af hindi og urdu (hindustani). De to søster­ Bollywood-filmene produceres som sprog tales i seks nordlige indiske stater og bekendt i Mumbai (det tidligere Bombay), forstås af over 500 millioner mennesker, men også Chennai (det tidligere Madras), mens tamil ’kun tales af cirka 50 millioner som er hovedstad i delstaten Tamil Nadu i i Sydindien, fire millioner på Sri Lanka, en 115 Made in Kollywood million i Malaysia, samt af mindre grupper DMK anvendte tidligt filmmediet til at over hele Sydøstasien. Det var derfor ikke bringe partiets politiske budskaber ud til uden grund, at hindustani blev populær­ folket og hverve medlemmer og tilhæng­ filmens foretrukne sprog, da talefilmen ere. MGR blev medlem af DMK i 1953, kom til Indien i 1931. Hindi-filmen, som i hvorefter han begyndte at optræde i kostu­ vidt omfang er synonym med Bollywood, mer domineret af DMK-farverne rød og har også erobret det pan-indiske marked sort. I de fleste af de film, han medvirkede og det store marked blandt NRI’er (Non i, er tillige indlagt en solopgang - symbolet Resident Indians) i lande som England, på DMK. MGR spiller i sine 120 film næ­ USA, Canada, Sydafrika og Saudi-Arabien. sten altid manden på gulvet, der kæmper Den tamilske filmindustris afsætningsmar­ de fattiges sag mod repræsentanter for et ked har hovedsagelig været begrænset til undertrykkende system. Filmene glorifice­ det tamilske sprogområde, men populære rede den tamilske kulturarv og vendte sig tamilske film er ofte blevet dubbet til andre mod sociale ’sygdomme’ som kastesystem­ indiske sprog eller remade på hindi. et, overtro, afgudsdyrkelse og sortbørshan­ I Tamil Nadu er der en overordentligt del. stærk sammenhæng mellem film og poli­ Efter at hans mentor og grundlæggeren tik. En række indiske filmstjerner har for­ af DMK, C.N. Annadurai, døde i 1972, søgt sig som politikere, men ingen med så ragede MGR uklar med ledelsen og dan­ stor succes som den legendariske tamilske nede derfor sit eget parti, All-India Anna filmstjerne og politiker Maradur Gopala- Dravida M unnetra Kazhagam. I 1991 - få menon Ramachandran, der er kendt over dage efter mordet på Rajiv Gandhi - vandt hele Indien under initialerne MGR. Han partiet valget i alliance med Kongrespar­ var superstjerne i tamilsk film i over 30 år, tiet, og Tamil Nadu fik sin første kvindelige før han blev politiker. Fra 1967 til sin død i Chief Minister, J. Jayalalitha, som havde 1987 var han Chief Minister i Tamil Nadu. medvirket i 70 film allerede inden hun var Da han lå for døden, begik 22 tamiler selv­ fyldt 30. Bl.a. spillede hun den kvindelige mord, i håb om at deres ofre ville redde hovedrolle i mange af de film, MGR med­ ham, og begravelsesoptoget blev fulgt af to virkede i. Hendes rolle var ofte at fragte millioner mennesker. den proletariske helt (MGR) over klasse- Siden 1967 har Tamil Nadu haft i alt fem og kaste-barrierer. Chief Ministers, der alle har haft baggrund Som følge af sin ekstravagante livsstil og i filmverdenen. Et andet fællestræk er, at forskellige korruptionsskandaler tabte Ja­ de alle har været en del af den dravidiske yalalitha i 1996 valget til DMK, hvis leder, bevægelse, der har bekæmpet den mar­ M. Karunanidhi, arbejdede som manu­ kante nordindiske dominans i det indiske skriptforfatter allerede i 1940 erne, bl.a. på samfund. Dravidisk er kun en benævnelse en række af MGR’s film. Men ved valget i for en sprogstamme og ikke for en kulturel 2001 kom Jayalalitha tilbage til magten, og eller racemæssig enhed, men det politiske hun optræder nu igen i sine store blå sarier liv i Tamil Nadu har i mange år været do­ på kæmpestore billboards langs hovedvej­ mineret af dravidiske partier, bl.a. DMK ene i Chennai ved siden af plakaterne for (Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam), der blev de nyeste filmproduktioner. Ingen steder dannet i 1949 med det formål at frigøre i Indien eller resten af verden er de rekla­ 116 Sydindien for ’nordindisk tyranni”. metavler, der præsenterer de nyeste film, a f Jesper Andersen S***/« — * W V.T«p- M M ™ .< « ....... Gadebillede fra Chennai med reklame for Shankars nye film, Anniyan (2005), den hidtil dyreste tamilske film nogensinde. (Foto: Jesper Andersen) så store og farverige som i Tamil Nadus været sjælen og hjertet i indisk film. De har hovedstad. ofte karakter af selvstændige attraktioner, Også på lærredet forenes underholdning der optræder mere eller mindre løsrevet og politik ofte i Kollywood-filmene, under­ fra selve fortællingen og filmens øvrige tiden så resultatet er unik filmkunst af høj univers. Afstikkere og sidespring fra lineær karat. Det gælder ikke mindst instruktøren storytelling er normen snarere end undtag­ Mani Ratnams værker, som jeg skal vende elsen. For det meste er plottet dog heller tilbage om lidt. Men først en mere generel ikke vigtigt; de indiske biografgængere introduktion til den indiske populærfilm, accepterer generelt at blive præsenteret for som Ratnams film både er en del af og de samme temaer og figurer igen og igen, forholder sig kommenterende til. men de forventer, at musikken, sangene og danseoptrinene er originale og nyskab­ Coitus interruptus. Da de færreste indere ende, ligesom de har en forventning om, kunne drømme om at gå ind og se en film, at instruktøren har fundet på nye måder at der ikke er tre timer lang og indeholder håndtere de faste nøglescener på: introduk­ mindst fem sang- og danse-sekvenser, er tionen af helten, mødet mellem helten og dans og musik i rundhåndede mængder heltinden - og skurkens død. et helt centralt element i såvel hindi- som I tamil-instruktøren Shankars nye film, tamilfilmene. Anniyan (2005) - der har været to år i pro­ Siden de tidligste tonefilm har sangene duktion og er den hidtil dyreste tamilske 117 Made in Kollywood film - er flere af sang- og dansenumrene for at se, hvordan sangene, som de kender i optaget på eksotiske locations i Europa. forvejen, er blevet ’’picturized”. Det gælder En af kærlighedssangene bevæger sig så­ også i nogle tilfælde for indiske film i ud ­ ledes frem og tilbage mellem en rismark i landet. A.M. Rahmans soundtrack til Mani Tamil Nadu, en tulipanpark i Holland og Ratnams From the FJeart (Dil Se.., 1998) en landsbygade i Sydengland. En af Shan- var eksempelvis solgt i om kring 100.000 kars tidligere film, Jeans (1998), blev af eksemplarer i England, før filmen fik pre­ produktionsselskabet fremhævet som den miere i landet. Her blev den i øvrigt den første indiske film, der havde en sang, som første indiske populærfilm, der opnåede præsenterede alle verdens syv vidundere. I placering på den engelske top 10 over de én og samme sang proklamerer helten såle­ mest sete film i britiske biografer. des sin kærlighed til heltinden (Aishwarya Ét er imidlertid, at sang- og dansese­ Rai) ved Den kinesiske Mur, pyramiderne kvenserne i sig selv standser handlingen i Egypten, Taj Mahal i Indien, Eiffeltårnet, for en stund, et andet er, at afstikkerne, Empire State Building, Det skæve Tårn i sidespringene og de abrupte overgange Pisa og Colosseum i Rom. Ved hver loca­ i mange tilfælde er udløst af den ganske tion optræder de elskende par i nye farve­ skrappe indiske filmcensur. Efter Indiens strålende gevandter, der signalerer, hvilket uafhængighed i 1947 blev det forbudt at land de nu befinder sig i. Sangen handler kysse på munden på film. I dag er der ikke selvfølgelig om, at alt ved heltinden er et nogen bestemmelser, der direkte forbyder under, og at hun selv er verdens ottende læbekys eller intim kropsberøring i øvrigt, vidunder. Denne sang, som må have kostet men begge dele har i den grad fået karakter en formue at optage, blev det vigtigste ele­ af tabu, at det stadig er umuligt at forestille ment i markedsføringen af Jeans. sig egentlige kysse-scener i indiske film. Investeringen har sikkert kunnet betale Det skorter dog ikke på kysse-referencer i sig, for filmmusik er en integreret del af sangene! ”Lad os drukne i kys, lad os tage indernes liv. Bryllupsorkestre, der tidligere til himlen,” hedder det f.eks. i sangen ”Thee spillede traditionelle bryllupssange, har nu Thee” i Mani Ratnams Thief Thief (Thiruda de seneste filmhits på repertoiret, og under Thiruda, 1993). valgkampene i Tamil Nadu producerer de Når de nu ikke kan vise the real thing, politiske partier kassetter med deres politi­ griber mange film til metaforiske omskriv­ ske slogans udsat for populære filmmelodi­ ninger - en teknik, som filmforskeren er.
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