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Pattern of Disfluencies in Children of North and South Karnataka

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Pattern of Disfluencies in Children of North and South Karnataka International Journal of Health Sciences and Research Vol.10; Issue: 4; April 2020 Website: www.ijhsr.org Original Research Article ISSN: 2249-9571 Pattern of Disfluencies in Children of North and South Karnataka Theaja Kuriakos1, Sneha Nadig2, Sneha Hiremath2 1Reader, 2Intern, JSS Institute of Speech and Hearing, Kelageri, Dharwad, India Corresponding Author: Theaja Kuriakos ABSTRACT Fluent speech flows in a rhythmic, smooth and effortless manner. Disfluencies are disruptions of fluent speech. It is normal to occasionally repeat a sound or word, pause briefly or interject extra sound or syllables. The present study aimed to compare the occurrence of disfluencies in children belonging to North and South Karnataka. The study comprised of two groups. Group I consisted 60 children from North Karnataka (Dharwad) and Group II consisted 60 children from South Karnataka (Mysuru). Participants were in the age range of 4 to 5 years. Speech samples from both the groups were collected and analysed to identify the disfluencies. The results revealed that, there is a significant difference in the mean percentage of total disfluencies between children of North and South Karnataka. The children of North Karnataka showed significantly more number of disfluencies when compared to children of South Karnataka. The results also revealed no significant difference in occurrence of disfluencies between males and females of both North and South Karnataka. In the present study the mean percentage of occurrence of disfluencies were found to be more in children of North Karnataka when compared to children of South Karnataka. This could be because of their speaking style. Perceptually the speaking rate of people belonging to North Karnataka tends to be faster when compared to people of South Karnataka. Speaking at a faster rate can lead to emergence of more number of disfluencies in the speech. Keywords: Fluency, Disfluency, Dialect INTRODUCTION [2] In early childhood, learning to speak Fluent speech flows in a rhythmic, needs the loading of the mental lexicon, the smooth and effortless manner and is consolidation of articulatory movements, determined by variables such as time span and the acquisition of grammatical, of individual sounds and syllables, time phonological, as well as pragmatic span of sounds and syllables in relation to regularities of the given language. Two to neighbouring sounds and syllables, time three-year-old children commit seven times span of pauses, presence of stress variance as many errors in their speech than adults and degree of co-articulation. In other words do. [3] it is the effortless production of long, In the past years, speech disfluencies continuous utterances at a rapid rate. The of normal fluent young children have been ability to speak fluently increases as the age investigated by other researchers. The increases. [1] Disfluencies are disruptions of findings of these studies helped the speech fluent speech. Every speakers experience language pathologist in finer comprehension moments of disfluency. It is normal to of expected behaviors of speech in young occasionally repeat a sound or word, pause children [4-6] Fluency characteristics of 36 no briefly or interject extra sound or syllables. stuttering males aged 2,4, and 6 years were International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org) 119 Vol.10; Issue: 4; April 2020 Theaja Kuriakos et.al. Pattern of disfluencies in children of North and South Karnataka investigated in terms of patterns of of 12 children speaking Kannada within the disfluency and relationships among age of 4-5 years. Conversation, rhymes, disfluency variables. [7] The most frequently picture description and story narration were observed disfluency types at each age level the samples used for the analyses. The were revision-incomplete phrase and results indicated more disfluencies on nouns interjections; the least noted type was part- and in the initial position. The commonly word repetitions for two and four year old observed disfluencies were filled pauses, children and for six year old children, it was repetitions and parenthetical remarks. disrhythmic phonations. They also reported Although extensive researches had been that the patterns of disfluency appear to be carried out to estimate the percentage of similar at all age levels s, except for disfluencies in Kannada speaking children children belonged to 2 yr-old. This age in various age groups [9-11] no studies have group children exhibited greater magnitudes focused to compare any differences in in various disfluency types. occurrence of percentage of disfluencies The disfluent speech of 32 normally with respect to children speaking the fluent monolingual, Spanish-speaking Kannada language in various geographical children from Puerto Rico was investigated. locations. Since stuttering is a disorder of The results revealed no main effects for age fluency which can be observed across or gender as well as no interactions. languages and cultures [12-16] it is essential to Moreover, no differences were observed understand disfluencies in the speech of between the age groups in most of the young children with diverse cultural and disfluency types, including the rank orders linguistic background. In the present study of the types. Revisions, interjections, and an attempt has been made to compare the single-syllable word repetitions were the occurrence of disfluencies in children from most frequently observed speech North (Dharwad) and south (Mysuru) part disfluencies for both age groups. Broken of Karnataka. The study also aimed to words, blocks, and repetitions of more than compare the rate of speech of children from one syllable were the least frequent. [8] these regions. In the Indian context, Disfluencies in the speech of 12 children speaking Kannada Aim within the age of 6-7 years was investigated To compare the occurrence of disfluencies using story narration. [9] The results in children belonging to North and South indicated were more number of disfluencies Karnataka in males and the percentage of disfluencies increased from 6 to 6.4 years and then METHOD declined .Filled pauses, prolongations, false Subjects: Two groups of children in the age starts and repetitions were the disfluencies range of 4 to 5 years were participated in the which occurred maximally. [10] The study. Group one consisted of 60 children evaluated disfluencies in the speech of 12 (M=30, F=30). These subjects were selected children speaking Kannada within the age of from northern part of Karnataka (Dharwad). 5-6 years. The samples analysed for Group two consisted of 60 children (M=30, disfluencies were picture description, story F=30). They were selected from southern narration and conversation. She reported part of Karnataka (Mysuru). All the subjects unfilled pauses, filled pauses, parenthetical were attending normal school. All of them remarks and audible inspiration were the were having normal speech, language and most frequently seen disfluencies and hearing abilities. None of the subjects had prolongation, part-question repetitions, any other medical related issues. repeats and false starts occurred rarely. Materials: Picture cards depicting the story A similar study was carried out by. of ‘Thirsty crow’ were used to elicit the [11] She analysed disfluencies in the speech speech sample. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research (www.ijhsr.org) 120 Vol.10; Issue: 4; April 2020 Theaja Kuriakos et.al. Pattern of disfluencies in children of North and South Karnataka Procedure: Each child was seated Table shows the mean percentage of the comfortably on a chair in a distraction free disfluencies in North and South Karnataka quiet environment. Picture cards were in front of the child on a table. The Table 1: Mean percentage of the disfluencies in North and South Karnataka experimenter explained the story in the Type of Disfluency North Karnataka South Karnataka picture card to each of the subject. After that Syllable Repetition 2.85% .23% each child was instructed to repeat back the Part word repetition 5.16% 7.43 % Whole word repetition 2.76% 13.7% story to the experimenter. The elicited Prolongation 36.57% 19.50% speech samples were recorded using a Sony Audible pause 14.52% 15.68% Inaudible pause 22.18% 30.4% digital recorder, which was placed Revision 11.46% 9.32% approximately 6 inches away from the Parenthetical remarks 2.56% 2.58% subject mouth. Data Analysis: The recorded samples were The results indicated differences in carefully analysed by the experimenter for the mean percentage of disfluencies among finding the percentage of each type of children of North and South Karnataka i.e. disfluencies, percentage of total disfluencies 30.48%. The most predominantly seen and rate of speech. disfluency was unfilled pauses in children of Estimation of percentage of each type of both South and North Karnataka disfluencies: This was calculated by (SD=28.96) and 22.18% (SD=20.17) dividing each type of disfluency to total respectively. Other commonly seen number of disfluencies and multiplied by disfluencies were prolongation, audible 100. Likewise investigators calculated the pause and revisions in children of both percentage of disfluencies of each type. regions. The whole word repetition was Percentage of total disfluencies: This was found to be more in children of South calculated by dividing the total number of Karnataka (Mean= 13.70%, SD=19.60) disfluencies to total number of syllables when compared to children of North uttered by the
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