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PDF (Volume 1) Durham E-Theses Impacts of hunter-gatherers on the vegetation history of the eastern vale of pickering, Yorkshire Cummins, Gaynor Elizabeth How to cite: Cummins, Gaynor Elizabeth (2003) Impacts of hunter-gatherers on the vegetation history of the eastern vale of pickering, Yorkshire, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4002/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Impacts of Hunter-gatherers on the Vegetation History of the Eastern Vale of Piciiering, Yorkshire. By Gaynor Elizabeth Cummins (Two Volumes) A copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published ^ without his prior written consent Volume 1 and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Submitted in fulfillment of the degree of: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Department of Geography, University of Durham, 2003. University of Durham 2 3 JUN 2004 Abstract Research is undertaken into the vegetation and human impact at three previously im- researched archaeological sites from the eastern Vale of Pickering. The vegetation history is reconstructed from the end of the Windermere hiterstadial c. 13,000 '''C yr BP until the fmal Mesolithic c. 5100 '"^C yr BP. The early Mesolithic human impact on the vegetation is assessed using a three stage statistical test to establish the internal variability in the data as well as backgroimd variations in pollen output. The results reveal that humans had a small but significant impact on the vegetation around two of the sites. Pollen preservation at the third site precluded analyses of the impacts of humans on the vegetation. The three-stage test used to test for human impact was quite successfixl but requires revision before any fiirther use. On the whole the tests confirmed the fmdings of conventional human unpact analyses. During the pre-Holocene fires occurred on a regular basis. These fires varied in location and intensity, suggesting that some of the fires were regional or large-scale, whilst others were small and very localized. A multi-causal explanation has been given for the fires. Later, during the early Mesolithic, human groups are thought to have burnt the reedswamp at the lake edges as part of an economic strategy. Star Carr is the only site that demonstrates clearance of significant areas of woodland. During the later Mesolithic the hunter-gatherers have a greater impact on the vegetation within the Vale. This is attributed to the need for more resources as a result of vegetation change and increased population levels. Unlike their counter-parts from the North York Moors, the occupants of the lowland Vale of Pickering cause no long-term change to their environment. Table of Contents: Chapter One - Introduction and Background Page 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Principal Aim 1 1.2 Background to the Study 1 1.3 Why do more research in the Vale of Pickering? 2 1.4 Research Questions 4 1.5 Programme of Research 5 1.6 Location of Study Area 8 1.7 History of Archaeological Excavations in the Vale of Pickering 10 1.8 Archaeological Excavations at Star Carr 13 1.9 Other Relevant Archaeological Excavations in the eastern Vale of Pickering 14 1.10 Previous Palaeoecological Studies 16 1.11 Sites Investigated in this study 25 Chapter Two - Methodology 2.0 Methods 28 2.1 Field Sampling Methods 28 2.2 Analytical Methods 30 2.3 Study Design and Justification 39 2.4 Dating 45 2.5 Analytical Methods 50 2.6 Chapter Two-Summary 55 Chapter Three - The Regional Profile 3.0 Introduction to Profile D 56 3.1 Coring 58 3.2 Lithostratigraphy 58 3.3 Pollen Analysis 59 3.4 Radiocarbon Dating 59 3.5 Zoning the Pollen Diagram 60 3.6 The Palaeoecological Sequence - The Regional Profile D 61 3.7 Interpretation of the Radiocarbon Dates 62 3.8 Sediment Accumulation Rates 63 3.9 Pollen Preservation 65 3.10 Early Mesolithic Fine Resolution Phase 67 3.11 The Charcoal Record 69 3.12 Synthesis of Profile D 71 3.13 Comparison of Profile D with profiles from Star Carr 92 3.14 Comparison of Profile D with profiles from the rest of the Vale 96 3.15 Quantifying the variability in the Regional Pollen Diagram 99 3.16 Chapter Three - Summary 105 Chapter Four - The South Side of No Name Hill 4.0 Introduction to Profile NM - Location and geology 108 4.1 The Archaeological Excavations 108 4.2 Palaeoecological Research 109 4.3 Sampling the south side ofNo Name Hill-Profile NM 109 4.4 Lithostratigraphy 109 4.5 Pollen, Charcoal and Macrofossil Analyses 110 4.6 Radiocarbon Dating 111 4.7 Zoning the Diagram 111 4.8 The Palaeoecological Sequence - Profile NM 112 4.9 Interpretation of the Radiocarbon Dates 113 4.10 Sediment Accumulation Rates 114 4.11 Pollen Preservation 115 4.12 The Charcoal Record 116 4.13 Microscopic Fungi and Episodes of Burning 117 4.14 Synthesis and Human Impact Test 1 - Conventional Interpretation of Profile 117 NM 4.15 NM Human Impact Test 2 - 95% Confidence Limits 123 4.16 NM Human Impact Test 3 - Background Variations and 95% Confidence 127 Limits 4.17 Human Impact at NM- Conclusions 128 4.18 Comparisons of NM with the natural vegetation, Profile D 128 4.19 Comparisons of NM with Star Carr 129 4.20 Comparisons of NM with the rest of the Vale 130 4.21 Wider Issues 132 4.22 Chapter Four - Summary 133 Chapter Five - The North side of No Name Hill 5.0 Introduction to Profile NAQ 135 5.1 Sampling 135 ni 5.2 Lithostratigraphy 135 5.3 Pollen and Microscopic Charcoal Analyses 136 5.4 The Palaeoecological Sequence 136 5.5 Radiocarbon Dates 137 5.6 Sediment Accumulation Rates 138 5.7 Pollen Preservation 140 5.8 The Charcoal Record 141 5.9 Charcoal Identified to Species 143 5.10 Microscopic Fungi 143 5.11 Synthesis and Human Impact Test 1 - Conventional Interpretation of Profile 144 NAQ 5.12 NAQ Human Impact Test 2 - 95% Confidence Limits 155 5.13 NAQ Human Impact Test 3 - Background Variations and 95% Confidence 159 Limits 5.14 Human Impact at NAQ: Conclusions 163 5.15 Comparisons of NAQ with Star Carr 164 5.16 Comparisons of NAQ with other lake edge profiles fi-om the Vale 164 5.17 Wider Issues 166 5.18 Chapter Five - Summary 166 Chapter Six -The Northern Lake Edge of No Name HUI 6.0 Introduction to Profile NAZ 168 6.1 Sampling 168 6.2 Lithostratigraphy 168 6.3 Pollen and microscopic charcoal analyses 169 6.4 Radiocarbon dating 169 6.5 Zoning the Diagram 170 6.6 The Palaeoecological sequence 170 6.7 Interpretation of the Radiocarbon Dates 170 6.8 Sediment Accumulation rates 171 6.9 Pollen preservation 172 6.10 The Charcoal Record 173 6.11 Charcoal Identified to Species and Microscopic fungi 174 6.12 Synthesis and Human Impact Test 1 - Conventional Interpretation of Profile 175 NAZ 6.13 NAZ Human Impact Test 2 - 95% Confidence Limits 179 6.14 NAZ Human Impact Test 3 - Background Variations and 95% Confidence 180 Limits 6.15 Human Impact at NAZ: Conclusions 181 6.16 Comparisons of NAZ with Star Carr 182 6.17 Comparisons of NAZ with other lake edge profiles from the Vale 183 6.18 Wider Issues 184 6.19 Chapter Six - Summary 185 Chapter Seven - Comparing and Correlating the profiles from No Name Hill 7.0 Considerations when Comparing and Correlating between different profiles 187 7.1 Correlation of the Three Palaeoecological profiles 188 7.2 Spatial Deposition of microscopic Charcoal particles 195 7.3 Vegetation History at No Name Hill 196 7.4 Conclusions on Human Impact at No Name Hill 197 7.5 Further Archaeological Issues 198 7.6 Chapter Seven - Summary 199 Chapter Eight - Flixton School Field 8.0 Introduction to Flixton School Field - Location and Geology 201 8.1 Archaeological Excavations 201 8.2 Palaeoecological Research at Flixton School 204 8.3 Sampling 204 8.4 Lithostratigraphy 204 8.5 Pollen, Charcoal and Microscopic Fungal Analysis 205 8.6 Radiocarbon Dating 205 8.7 Zoning the Diagram 206 8.8 The Palaeoecological Sequence - Profile FS 206 8.9 Interpretation of the Radiocarbon Dates 207 8.10 Sediment Accumulation Rates 207 8.11 Pollen Preservation 209 8.12 The Charcoal Record 210 8.13 Microscopic Fungi and episodes of Burning 211 8.14 Synthesis and Human Impact Test 1 - Conventional Interpretation of Profile 212 FS 8.15 FS Human Impact Test 2 - 95% Confidence Limits 222 8.16 FS Human Impact Test 3 - Background Variations and 95% Confidence 228 Limits 8.17 Conclusions on Human Settlement at Flixton School 231 8.18 Comparison of FS with the natural vegetation. Profile D 234 8.19 Comparison of FS with Star Carr 235 8.20 Comparison ofFS with the rest of the Vale 235 8.21 Wider Issues 235 8.22 Chapter Eight - Summary 236 Chapter Nine - Barry's Island 9.0 Introduction - Location and Geology 238 9.1 The Archaeological Excavations 238 9.2 Palaeoecological Research 240 9.3 Sampling of Profile LAP 240 9.4 Lithostratigraphy of LAP 241 9.5 Metal Concentration and Particle Size Analysis from LAP 242 9.6 Results of Metal Concentration and Particle Size Analysis 242 9.7 Pollen and Charcoal
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