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En Las Islas Galápagos Rev. Biol. Trop. 34 (1): 127-140, 1986 Distribución y ecología de la fa milia Pomacentridae (Pisces) en las Islas Galápagos Jack S. Grove Section of Ichthyology, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, Estados Unidos. Daniel Gerzon Science and Society Program, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, Estados Unidos. María Dolores Saa Escuela de Biología, Universidad Católica, Quito, Ecuador. Clarice Strang Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL 32611. Estados Unidos. (Recibido: 11 de julio de 1985) Abstract: Observations on the natural history of the Pomacentrid fish in the Galapagos Archipelago have been documented for 6 years in all of the marine provinces, with the exception of the northernmost islands of Darwin and Wolf. This period includes the recent 1982-1983 "El Niño", a phenomenon which had strong repercussions on the insular distribution of this family. Specimens were collected and underwater photo­ graphs taken to establish colors of live fish. This paper includes local, common and scientific names, drawings and descriptions of the 11 species recorded in the coastal waters of these islands. En las Islas Galápagos se han registrado 11 rante la gran interacción oceánico-atmosférica especies de Pomacéntridos pertenecientes a 7 de 1982-1983, que originóun incremento anor­ géneros. La familia Pomacentridae cuenta mal en las temperaturas marinas superficiales aproximadamente con 300 especies dividas (ampliamente conocida como fenómeno "El en 27 géneros (Allen, 1975). Se distribuyen Niño"). Por ejemplo, de las dos especies antes en todos los océanos, principalmente en el sec­ mencionadas, la primera se ha reducido conside­ tor Indo-Pacífico, habitando aguas poco pro­ rablemente y la segunda desapareció por com­ fundas, tropicales y subtropicales. Ocasional­ pleto. mente se han registrado en aguas salobres, dul­ El habitat, disponibilidad de alimento, tem­ ces y en profundidades hasta de 200 metros. peratura y productividad del mar, influyenen Publicaciones previas concernientes a los la distribución insular de los Pomacéntridos Pomacéntridos del Pacífico Oriental han deta­ (Cuadro 1). Es probable que esos factores tam­ llado datos morfométricos y merísticos sobre bién modifiquen la actividad reproductiva de esta familia, en particular Allen & Woods las especies entre las islas, aunque se requiere (1980), Heller & Snodgrass (1903). Nuestro de estudios adicionales para verificarlo. Se han trabajo se concentra específicamente en obser­ notado cambios en el color y comportamiento vaciones sobre la historia natural de los Poma­ relacionados con la reproducción. Son peces céntridos de Galápagos. La familia se origina que desovan en pareja (Fishelson, 1970; principalmente de un grupo de la provincia Pa­ Myberg, Brahy y Emery, 1967). Algunos de nameña, exceptuando una especie endémica, ellos depositan huevos adhesivos en el substra­ Azurina eupalama y Nexilosus latifrons de la to, que pueden ser incubados por uno o ambos provincia Perú-Chile. El estudio se llevó a cabo padres. durante más de 6 años, documentando inclusive Varios autores han dividido el Archipiélago las fuertes repercusiones en la distribución insu­ de Galápagos en cuatro zonas marinas o pro­ lar y dinámica poblacional de esta familia du- vincias (Wellington, 1975) y otros en cinco, 127 128 REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA TROPICAL CUADRO l Habitat, distribución insular, abundancia, origen y afinidades zoogeográficas de la fa milia Pomacentridae en las Islas Galápagos Especie Habitat Profundidad Distribución Abundancia Origen y insular afinidades 1. Stegastes acapulcoensis R. Cor Raro, aún no + "EI Niño" P PAN establecido 2. Stegastes arcifrons R. Coro Encontrado en to- MC El das las islas, poco común al occidente 3. Stegastes leucorus beebei R. Encontrado en to- MC El das las islas, poco común al occidente 4. Abundefduf troschelli R. Cor. Ag Encontrado en to- MC PAN das las islas, poco común al occidente 5. Microspathodon bairdii Zr'. c. G. Fal Encontrado en to- C PAN das las islas, poco común al occidente 6. Microspathodon dorsalis Zr. c. G. Fa) Encontrado en to- MC PAN das las islas, poco común al occidente 7. Nex ilarius con color Zr. C. R m. so Todas las islas MC PAN 8. Nexilosus latifrons G+ R Restringido en -"El Niño" C P.C. áreas occidentales 9. Azurina eupalama Ag Común en locali- _HEI Niño" C E dades 10. Ch romis alta R.G. p Todas las islas MC PAN 11. Ch romis atrilobata R.G Todas las islas C PAN 1. Abreviatura para Habitat IV. Cor = Arrecifes de coral y áreas de desarrollo coralino Abreviaturas para Abundancia R = Fondo rocoso MC = muy común G = Grietas C = común Ag = Columna de agua R = raso Zr, c = Zonas de rompiente o corriente - "El Niño" = Población que decreció por "El Niño" Fal = Fondo de alga + "El Niño" = Población que aumentó por "El Niño" 11. V. Abreviatura para profundidad Abreviaturas para origin y afinidades m.s o = muy somera (superficie hasta 2 mts.) E = Endémioo s = Somera 02-15 mts.) El = Endémico insular p Profunda 00-35 mts.) = PC = Perú-Chile PAN Provincia Panameña 111. = Sin abreviaturas GRO el VE al. P omacentrid fishes of Galapagos 129 "I'· "·� . ... ; ...... - . : : : : : : : : ! • • • . • : • . ... .... : : : :.:.:. .:.:.:.:.. �·t ' . : : : : : : : : : . : : : : : : :\ : ::: : :: :: : : : : Fig. l. Stegastes acapulcoensis. ¡.'!!. 1 . Slegastes arCljrons. 130 REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA TROPICAL de acuerdo a Harris (1969), Glynn y Wellington rus beebei. Considerado raro en Galápagos, con (1983) (Fig. 12). Nuestro estudio incluye todas registros en las Islas de Española, Santa Cruz y esas provincias con excepción de las Islas Bartolomé. Darwin y Wolf. Para registros de color en vivo, se hizo una Ambito en el Pacífico: De Baja California y colección de fotografías submarinas que actual­ el Golfo de California hacia el sur, hasta Lobos mente se encuentran catalogadas en el "Los de Afuera, Perú, incluyendo las Islas Galápagos. Angeles County Museum of Natural History" (LACM). Además se hizo un estudio detallado Discusión: A pesar de que Stegastes acapul­ de colecciones previas en la "California Acade­ coensis puede ser encontrado en Galápagos en my of Sciences" . el mismo habitat con los otros dos miembros de La sistemática usada en esta publicación si­ su género, existe una considerable agresividad gue la clasificación de peces teleosteos propues­ interespecífica. S. acapulcoensis no es tan agre­ to por Greenwood, Rosen, Weitzman y Myers sivo como S. leucorus beebei y S. arcifrons. (1966). Los nombres comunes se presentan en dos categorías: En Español los nombres locales FIG. 2: (de Heller & Snodgrass, 1903) (NLE) se incluyen solo para aquellas especies NOE: Jaqueta rabo amarillo que son muy conocidas localmente por determi­ NI: Blue-eyed damselfish* nado nombre común. Los nombres oficiales (Yellowtail damselfish) (NOE) se han tomado de publicaciones existen­ tes de la F AO y particularmente de Chirichigno , Stegastes arcifrons Fisher y Nauen (comps) 1982. (Heller y Snodgrass, 1903 ) Para algunas especies no se ha publicado nin­ gún nombre común. En estos casos se ha asigna­ Identificación: Adultos gris obscuro o negro do un nombre oficial común por primera vez con labios, cola y aletas pectorales de color (basado en el tipo de nomenclatura usada por amarillo-nal1anja brillante. El margen posterior la FAO). Estos se preceden con un asterisco. de las aletas dorsal y anal pueden igualmente Los nombres en inglés (NI) están limitados a los ser amarillas. Ojos azules. Juveniles son simila­ nombres comunes oficiales con la excepción res en color negro pero con más amarillo en de aquellas pocas especies que tienen nombres las partes anteriores del cuerpo, un parche mo­ locales aceptados y difieren de los nombres usa­ rado arriba del ojo y en los márgenes de las ale­ dos por la F AO. En estos casos el nombre local tas anal y ventrales. Tamaño de 13 a 16 cm. en inglés está entre paréntesis. La lista corres­ ponde a la superfamilia Pomacentroidae, fami­ Ecología: Esta especie se encuentra cerca de lia Pomacentridae , subfamilia Pomacentrinae, suelos rocosos o arrecifes de coral, el mismo ha­ tribu Pomacentrini. bitat que ocupa la jaqueta rabIo blanco, Stegas­ tes leucorus beebei. La densidad de población FIG. l y composición de estas dos especies varía den­ NOE: Jaqueta acapulco NI : Acapulco damselfish tro del archipiélago. En Punta Suárez, Isla Es­ (Acapulco major) pañola, por ejemplo, las dos especies existen dentro de la Bahía; en cambio afuera, en aguas Stegastes acapulcoensis un poco más profundas, Stegastes leucorus (F owler, 1944) beebei no se encuentra, pero ocurren Micros­ pathodon bairdii y M dorsalis junto a Stegas­ Identificación: De color café parduzco uni­ tes arcifrons, forme a excepción de una mancha blanca en el axis de la aleta pectoral, visible únicamente Ambito en el Pacífico: Se lo encuentra en cuando nada. Los especímenes colectados por Costa Rica, Isla del Coco, Malpelo e Islas Galá­ los autores en las Islas Galápagos, no exceden pagos. los 15 cm. Discusión: La territorialidad de estos peces Ecología : Prefieren un habitat rocoso en puede ser observada por los buzos que perma­ aguas poco profundas y protegidas. Usualmen­ necen inmó;viles entre las rocas donde ellos te coexisten con Stegastes arcifrons y S. leuco- abundan. El territorio de una pareja dada es GRO VE et al. Pomacentrid fishes of Galapagos 131 Fig. 3. Stegastes leucorus beebei Fig. 4. Abudefduf troschelii 132 REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA TROPICAL muy pequeño, por ello se puede observar 30 ó anémonas. Desovan en cavidades de las rocas, 40 individuos en un solo sitio de observación, grietas y conchas vacantes de moluscos. El por ejemplo en la Corona del Diablo, Isla Flo­ comportamiento de desove en Stegastes leuco­ reana. Bancos de peces cirujanos de cola amari­ rus ha sido documentado en acuarios (Breder, lla Prionurus latic/avius se alimentan raspando 1932; Breder y Coates, 1933). Los peces, agi­ el fo ndo dentro del territorio de la castañuela tando las aletas, remueven la arena de la super­ de cola amarilla, siendo atacados por estos ficie de una roca elegida, luego la hembra nada pequeños peces en el momento de invadir el sobre la roca tocándola con la superficie ventral área.
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