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Volontaires Ou Résistants ? Les Voix Des Canadiens Français De L'alberta Et Des Canadiens Français Du Québec Pendant La

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Volontaires Ou Résistants ? Les Voix Des Canadiens Français De L'alberta Et Des Canadiens Français Du Québec Pendant La Volontaires ou résistants ? Les voix des Canadiens français de l’Alberta et des Canadiens français du Québec pendant la Première Guerre mondiale Par Rebecca Lazarenko Une thèse soumise en partie remplissant les conditions requises pour le diplôme de Maîtrise ès arts en Études canadiennes Faculté Saint-Jean University of Alberta © Rebecca Lazarenko, 2019 Abstract: The dominant discourse of the French Canadians during the First World War concentrates on Québec et its opposition of the War. Consequently, the French Canadians outside of Québec are rarely represented in historiography. Therefore, this memoir is a study that compares the French Canadians of Alberta to the French Canadians of Québec during the Great War and the main objective is to distinguish those of Alberta by (re)giving them their voice. By comparing the representations of the events of the War, such as the declaration of war (1914), the Second Battle of Ypres (1915), and the conscription crisis (1917-1918), found in the francophone newspapers of Alberta, Le Courier de l’Ouest, Le Canadien-français and L’Union, and those of Québec, Le Devoir, Le Nationaliste, and La Patrie, the analysis examines the similarities and differences of the perspectives and reactions between the two. In addition, the analysis explores the effect of the school crises on the perspectives and enrolment of both francophone groups. It also examines the important role of the francophone newspapers for their respective minority communities. Résumé : Le discours dominant sur les Canadiens français pendant la Première Guerre mondiale se concentre sur le Québec, et sur son opposition à la Guerre. Les autres minorités francophones hors du Québec ne sont que très peu présentées dans l’historiographie. Ce mémoire est donc une étude qui compare les Canadiens français de l’Alberta aux Canadiens français du Québec et l’objectif est de distinguer les Canadiens français de ii l’Alberta en leur (re)donnant une voix distincte. En comparant les représentations des événements phares de la Guerre, comme la déclaration en 1914, la deuxième bataille d’Ypres (1915) et la crise de la conscription (1917-1918), véhiculées dans les journaux francophones de l’Alberta, Le Courier de l’Ouest, Le Canadien-français et L’Union, et les journaux francophones du Québec, Le Devoir, Le Nationaliste et La Patrie, l’analyse examine comment les perspectives et les réactions des deux groupes se rapprochaient ou se distançaient. De plus, l’analyse explore comment les crises scolaires ont influencé les perspectives des deux groupes francophones et elle met en lumière l’effet des crises sur leur participation dans la Guerre. Elle revient sur le rôle considérable des journaux francophones pour les communautés francophones en situation minoritaire. iii Remerciements Ça fut deux ans de recherche, d’écriture et, sans doute, de longues heures pour finaliser ce mémoire. Avant tout, j’aimerais remercier ma mère, Delilah Lazarenko, qui m’a toujours encouragée à poursuivre mes intérêts et mes passions, même si cela voulait dire que mon temps comme étudiante serait prolongé. Sans elle, cette thèse de maîtrise n’aurait pas été réalisée. Son amour, son soutien et sa confiance en moi m’ont permis de compléter ce projet, mais, en plus, de réaliser mon potentiel. J’aimerais aussi remercier deux autres membres de ma famille qui jouent un rôle important dans ma vie, Michael Straiton et Sheila Straiton. Leur soutien et leur amour inconditionnel pour moi et toutes mes aventures font preuve du vrai sens de famille. J’aimerais remercier Valérie Lapointe-Gagnon, une superviseure exceptionnelle, qui a vu mon potentiel et m’a encouragée à faire une maîtrise. Je ne peux pas la remercier assez pour tout ce qu’elle a fait pour moi pendant ce temps de ma vie. Je n’ai que de respect et d’admiration pour elle comme individu, chercheuse et professeure. De plus, j’aimerais remercier Anne Boerger et ses cours d’histoires canadiennes qui m’ont inspiré à réaliser ce projet. J’aimerais également remercier Martina Stryjski parce qu’elle m’a soutenue non seulement pendant ma maîtrise, mais aussi pendant mon baccalauréat. Je n’aurais pas pu rêver d’une meilleure amie et je suis tellement fière qu’elle complète sa maîtrise aussi. De plus, je dois sans doute remercier Danielle Charest. Nous avons partagé cette expérience de maîtrise ensemble et je suis très reconnaissante de son amitié. Finalement, j’aimerais remercier la Faculté Saint-Jean d’avoir accepté ma candidature et de me donner cette opportunité. Je voudrais aussi remercier l’Université de l’Alberta pour leur soutien financier. Acknowledgements It has taken two years of research, writing, and, of course, many long hours to finalize this memoir. I would firstly like to thank my mother, Delilah Lazarenko, who has always iv encouraged me to pursue my interests and passions, even if that meant prolonging my time as a student. Without my mom, this thesis would not have been possible; her love, her support, and her confidence in me allowed me to complete this project, but also helped me to realize my potential. I would also like to thank two equally important family members; Michael and Sheila Straiton. Their unconditional love and support for me and all my adventures shows the true meaning of family. Without a doubt, I would like to thank Valérie Lapointe-Gagnon, my exceptional supervisor, who saw my potential and encouraged me to pursue graduate studies. I cannot thank her enough for everything she has done for me during my masters. I have nothing but respect and admiration for her as an individual, a researcher, and a professor. I would also like to thank Anne Boerger and her Canadian history classes that inspired me to realize this project. I would equally like to thank Martina Stryjski as she has not only supported me throughout my masters but throughout my entire post-secondary experience. I could not have asked for a better friend and I am incredibly proud that she is also pursuing a master’s degree. Also, I must thank Danielle Charest. We shared this master’s experience together and I am very grateful for your friendship. Finally, I would like to thank the Faculté Saint-Jean for accepting my research proposal and allowing me to have this opportunity. Additionally, I would like to thank the University of Alberta for their financial support. v Table des matières/Table of contents INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 CONTEXTUALISATION DES TENSIONS ...................................................................................................... 3 REGARD SUR L’HISTORIOGRAPHIE .......................................................................................................... 8 LE CADRE DU QUÉBEC ............................................................................................................................. 8 LE CADRE DE L’ALBERTA ..................................................................................................................... 12 PROBLÉMATIQUE ................................................................................................................................. 17 SOURCES ............................................................................................................................................... 19 MÉTHODOLOGIE................................................................................................................................... 22 PRÉSENTATION DES CHAPITRES .......................................................................................................... 24 CHAPITRE 1 : LA DÉCLARATION DE GUERRE .......................................................................... 26 LES CANADIENS FRANÇAIS DE L’ALBERTA .............................................................................. 27 1. LA RÉACTION DE LA COMMUNAUTÉ FRANCOPHONE DE L’ALBERTA À LA DÉCLARATION DE GUERRE ............................................................................................................................................................. 27 1.1. UN BATAILLON CANADIEN-FRANÇAIS À EDMONTON ................................................................................... 32 1.2. L’INFLUENCE DES FRANÇAIS DANS LA COMMUNAUTÉ FRANCOPHONE DE L’ALBERTA ................. 35 1.3. LES FEMMES DE LA COMMUNAUTÉ FRANCOPHONE DE L’ALBERTA ET LEURS « DEVOIRS » .......... 39 1.4. LA COMMUNAUTÉ FRANCOPHONE DE L’ALBERTA ET LA LUTTE POUR LA LANGUE FRANÇAISE .... 47 LES CANADIENS FRANÇAIS DU QUÉBEC .................................................................................... 53 2. LES RÉACTIONS DU QUÉBEC À LA DÉCLARATION DE GUERRE .......................................................... 53 2.1. LES CANADIENS FRANÇAIS DU QUÉBEC FACE À LEUR « DEVOIR » ................................................ 61 CONCLUSION DU CHAPITRE .................................................................................................................. 71 CHAPITRE 2: LA DEUXIÈME BATAILLE D’YPRES .................................................................... 73 LES CANADIENS FRANÇAIS DE L’ALBERTA .............................................................................. 73 1. LA REPRÉSENTATION DE LA DEUXIÈME BATAILLE D’YPRES PAR LE COURRIER DE L’OUEST ............ 73 1.1. LA COMMUNAUTÉ FRANCOPHONE DE L’ALBERTA AFFRONTE LA CONDAMNATION DU BILINGUISME ............................................................................................................................................................
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