The Age of Crusades

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IntroductionIntroduction toto ChurchChurch HistoryHistory st rd TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AD 11st-3-3rd centuriescenturies th th TheThe RiseRise ofof ChristendomChristendom AD 44th-5-5th centuriescenturies th th TheThe EarlyEarly MiddleMiddle AgesAges AD 66th-10-10th centuriescenturies th th TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AD 1111th-13-13th centuriescenturies West vs. East The First Crusade(s) The Crusades Become a Fad (part 4) TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11711171 SaladinSaladin siezedsiezed powerpower inin EgyptEgypt WithinWithin aa fewfew years,years, hehe hadhad createdcreated thethe newnew dynastydynasty ofof thethe Ayyubids,Ayyubids, andand hadhad extendedextended theirtheir influenceinfluence throughoutthroughout thethe MiddleMiddle East,East, promisingpromising fellowfellow MuslimsMuslims thatthat hehe wouldwould capturecapture thethe CrusaderCrusader StatesStates andand allall ofof NorthNorth Africa,Africa, “until“until thethe wordword ofof GodGod isis supremesupreme andand thethe caliphatecaliphate hashas wipedwiped thethe worldworld clean,clean, turningturning thethe churcheschurches intointo mosques...”mosques...” TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11711171 SaladinSaladin siezedsiezed powerpower inin EgyptEgypt 11731173 TheThe WaldensiansWaldensians tooktook rootroot inin FranceFrance PeterPeter WaldoWaldo hadhad beenbeen aa wealthywealthy merchantmerchant inin Lyon—soLyon—so wealthywealthy thatthat hehe couldcould affordafford toto hirehire monksmonks toto translatetranslate thethe teachingsteachings ofof JesusJesus intointo hishis ownown languagelanguage (Occitan)(Occitan) soso thatthat hehe couldcould readread themthem He quickly realized the errors that the Roman Catholics were promoting, and became a travelling, lay preacher He preached such doctrines as salvation by faith, the priesthood of all believers, the authority of Scripture, the need to present the Gospel in the languagelanguage ofof thethe people,people, thatthat PurgatoryPurgatory andand transubstantiation are false and harmful superstitions, etc. TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11711171 SaladinSaladin siezedsiezed powerpower inin EgyptEgypt 11731173 TheThe WaldensiansWaldensians tooktook rootroot inin FranceFrance PeterPeter WaldoWaldo hadhad beenbeen aa wealthywealthy merchantmerchant inin Lyon—soLyon—so wealthywealthy thatthat hehe couldcould affordafford toto hirehire monksmonks toto translatetranslate thethe teachingsteachings ofof JesusJesus intointo hishis ownown languagelanguage (Occitan)(Occitan) soso thatthat hehe couldcould readread themthem InIn 11791179, Waldo and a friend travelled to Rome to speak with Pope Alexander and explain their views He listened carefully to them, and then blessed their trip back home TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11711171 SaladinSaladin siezedsiezed powerpower inin EgyptEgypt 11731173 TheThe WaldensiansWaldensians tooktook rootroot inin FranceFrance 11791179 TheThe ThirdThird LateranLateran CouncilCouncil waswas convenedconvened TheThe PopePope promptlypromptly excommunicatedexcommunicated PeterPeter WaldoWaldo andand hishis followers—asfollowers—as wellwell asas thethe CatharsCathars In 1184, Pope Lucius III went so far as to declare them and their teachings “anathema”—totally and forever separated from the Church and all of itsits blessingsblessings (and(and fromfrom anyany hopehope ofof salvation)salvation) TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11711171 SaladinSaladin siezedsiezed powerpower inin EgyptEgypt 11731173 TheThe WaldensiansWaldensians tooktook rootroot inin FranceFrance 11791179 TheThe ThirdThird LateranLateran CouncilCouncil waswas convenedconvened TheThe PopePope promptlypromptly excommunicatedexcommunicated PeterPeter WaldoWaldo andand hishis followers—asfollowers—as wellwell asas thethe CatharsCathars ButBut thethe mainmain pointpoint ofof thethe CouncilCouncil waswas actuallyactually toto clarifyclarify howhow PopesPopes werewere toto bebe electedelected If you'll remember, Pope Alexander III was in open conflict with Emperor Frederick I—who had installedinstalled hishis ownown anti-Popesanti-Popes Once the last one died, Alexander jumped for the chance to prevent another one being appointed The Council decided that only that College of Cardinals could elect a Pope, and only by a 2/3 majority vote Anyone declaring himself Pope without that majority would be immediately excommunicated TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11711171 SaladinSaladin siezedsiezed powerpower inin EgyptEgypt 11731173 TheThe WaldensiansWaldensians tooktook rootroot inin FranceFrance 11791179 TheThe ThirdThird LateranLateran CouncilCouncil waswas convenedconvened TheThe PopePope promptlypromptly excommunicatedexcommunicated PeterPeter WaldoWaldo andand hishis followers—asfollowers—as wellwell asas thethe CatharsCathars ButBut thethe mainmain pointpoint ofof thethe CouncilCouncil waswas actuallyactually toto clarifyclarify howhow PopesPopes werewere toto bebe electedelected ThenThen again,again, theythey excommunicatedexcommunicated aa lotlot ofof peoplepeople atat thisthis Council—Council— Anyone trying to tax a church Any clergy engaging in usury Anyone engaging in sodomy (because this was increasingly becoming a problem among the “celibate” clergy, who had been strictly forbidden to interact with any women) TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11711171 SaladinSaladin siezedsiezed powerpower inin EgyptEgypt 11731173 TheThe WaldensiansWaldensians tooktook rootroot inin FranceFrance 11791179 TheThe ThirdThird LateranLateran CouncilCouncil waswas convenedconvened TheThe PopePope promptlypromptly excommunicatedexcommunicated PeterPeter WaldoWaldo andand hishis followers—asfollowers—as wellwell asas thethe CatharsCathars ButBut thethe mainmain pointpoint ofof thethe CouncilCouncil waswas actuallyactually toto clarifyclarify howhow PopesPopes werewere toto bebe electedelected ThenThen again,again, theythey excommunicatedexcommunicated aa lotlot ofof peoplepeople atat thisthis CouncilCouncil TheyThey alsoalso thenthen strictlystrictly forbadeforbade allall clergyclergy fromfrom interactinginteracting withwith anyany womenwomen In fact, they re-affirmed the 1089 decision of Pope Urban II at the Synod of Melfi that the wives and children of clergy could be confiscated by civil authorities and sold into slavery TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11711171 SaladinSaladin siezedsiezed powerpower inin EgyptEgypt 11731173 TheThe WaldensiansWaldensians tooktook rootroot inin FranceFrance 11791179 TheThe ThirdThird LateranLateran CouncilCouncil waswas convenedconvened TheThe PopePope promptlypromptly excommunicatedexcommunicated PeterPeter WaldoWaldo andand hishis followers—asfollowers—as wellwell asas thethe CatharsCathars ButBut thethe mainmain pointpoint ofof thethe CouncilCouncil waswas actuallyactually toto clarifyclarify howhow PopesPopes werewere toto bebe electedelected ThenThen again,again, theythey excommunicatedexcommunicated aa lotlot ofof peoplepeople atat thisthis CouncilCouncil TheyThey alsoalso thenthen strictlystrictly forbadeforbade allall clergyclergy fromfrom interactinginteracting withwith anyany womenwomen InIn addition,addition, theythey establishedestablished thatthat everyevery cathedralcathedral shouldshould beginbegin aa cathedralcathedral schoolschool toto traintrain youngyoung clergymenclergymen whowho couldcould notnot affordafford theirtheir ownown educationeducation These cathedral schools became the prototype for a new kind of education—the university... TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11711171 SaladinSaladin siezedsiezed powerpower inin EgyptEgypt 11731173 TheThe WaldensiansWaldensians tooktook rootroot inin FranceFrance 11791179 TheThe ThirdThird LateranLateran CouncilCouncil waswas convenedconvened 11871187 SaladinSaladin conqueredconquered JerusalemJerusalem SaladinSaladin hadhad signedsigned aa trucetruce withwith KingKing BaldwinBaldwin IVIV ofof JerusalemJerusalem backback inin 1180,1180, promisingpromising toto leaveleave thethe CrusaderCrusader StatesStates alonealone NOTE: For those who have seen the movie, “Kingdom of Heaven”— First off, I'm sorry for you, 'cuz it was so wrong that it made my brain hurt really a lot Secondly, though King Baldwin really was a leper, he did not wear a nifty mask to cover up his illness He was, however, really quite tough —even while blind and bedridden with leprosy, he led his people to fight Saladin off in 1183 when the Muslims broke the truce TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11711171 SaladinSaladin siezedsiezed powerpower inin EgyptEgypt 11731173 TheThe WaldensiansWaldensians tooktook rootroot inin FranceFrance 11791179 TheThe ThirdThird LateranLateran CouncilCouncil waswas convenedconvened 11871187 SaladinSaladin conqueredconquered JerusalemJerusalem SaladinSaladin hadhad signedsigned aa trucetruce withwith KingKing BaldwinBaldwin IVIV ofof JerusalemJerusalem backback inin 1180,1180, promisingpromising toto leaveleave thethe CrusaderCrusader StatesStates alonealone StartingStarting inin 1183,1183, SaladinSaladin squeezedsqueezed thethe KingdomKingdom ofof JerusalemJerusalem betweenbetween hishis forcesforces By 1187, he had conquered Jerusalem, forcing the Crusaders to surrender But the loss of Jerusalem to the Muslims galvanized Europe into returning to the Holy Land... TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11711171 SaladinSaladin siezedsiezed powerpower inin EgyptEgypt 11731173 TheThe WaldensiansWaldensians tooktook rootroot inin FranceFrance 11791179 TheThe ThirdThird LateranLateran CouncilCouncil waswas convenedconvened 11871187 SaladinSaladin conqueredconquered JerusalemJerusalem Brand-newBrand-new PopePope GregoryGregory VIIIVIII calledcalled forfor aa ThirdThird Crusade,Crusade, arguingarguing thatthat thethe lossloss ofof JerusalemJerusalem waswas God'sGod's judgementjudgement againstagainst Europe'sEurope's sinssins Thus, Satan's schemes in Europe must be rooted out... TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11711171 SaladinSaladin siezedsiezed powerpower inin EgyptEgypt 11731173 TheThe WaldensiansWaldensians tooktook rootroot inin FranceFrance 11791179 TheThe ThirdThird LateranLateran CouncilCouncil waswas convenedconvened 11871187 SaladinSaladin conqueredconquered JerusalemJerusalem Brand-newBrand-new PopePope GregoryGregory VIIIVIII calledcalled forfor aa ThirdThird Crusade,Crusade, arguingarguing thatthat thethe lossloss ofof JerusalemJerusalem waswas God'sGod's judgementjudgement againstagainst Europe'sEurope's sinssins ButBut GregoryGregory dieddied onlyonly 5757 daysdays intointo hishis papacy,papacy, leavingleaving thethe CrusadeCrusade toto bebe preachedpreached byby othersothers One of the most successful of those preachers was Baldwin, the Archbishop of Canterbury He convinced Henry II and Philip II to stop their fighting and join together TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— PhilipPhilip waswas thethe sonson ofof Henry'sHenry's rival,rival, LouisLouis VIIVII PhilipPhilip waswas alsoalso thethe bestbest friendfriend ofof Henry'sHenry's son,son, RichardRichard ((AKA RichardRichard thethe Lionhearted)Lionhearted) (who(who waswas betrothedbetrothed toto bebe marriedmarried toto Philip'sPhilip's beautifulbeautiful sister,sister, Alys)Alys) (who(who waswas currentlycurrently Henry'sHenry's mistress)mistress) TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— PhilipPhilip waswas thethe sonson ofof Henry'sHenry's rival,rival, LouisLouis VIIVII HenryHenry andand PhilipPhilip werewere soso concernedconcerned aboutabout thethe lossloss ofof JerusalemJerusalem andand thethe HolyHoly LandLand inin general—general— andand SaladinSaladin hadhad becomebecome soso indeliblyindelibly ingrainedingrained inin thethe mindsminds ofof EuropeanEuropean asas “the“the faceface ofof Islam”—Islam”— thatthat theythey institutedinstituted aa “Saladin“Saladin tithe”tithe” ItIt waswas aa strict,strict, 10%-off-the-top10%-off-the-top taxtax onon everyevery sale,sale, everyevery property,property, etc.etc. TheThe onlyonly peoplepeople whowho werewere exemptexempt werewere thosethose whowho agreedagreed toto gogo onon Crusade...Crusade... TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11881188 BarbarossaBarbarossa waswas thethe firstfirst toto gogo EastEast HeHe tooktook anan armyarmy ofof 100,000100,000 menmen (including(including 20,00020,000 knights)knights) toto establishestablish theirtheir basebase ofof operationsoperations notnot withwith thethe ByzantineByzantine Christians,Christians, butbut withwith thethe SeljuksSeljuks inin thethe SultanateSultanate ofof RümRüm TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— ChurchChurch relationsrelations betweenbetween RomeRome andand ConstantinopleConstantinople hadhad beenbeen brokenbroken sincesince thethe GreatGreat SchismSchism ofof 1054,1054, andand they'dthey'd beenbeen politicalpolitical rivalsrivals forfor centuriescenturies ButBut eveneven diplomaticdiplomatic relationsrelations hadhad beenbeen terriblyterribly strainedstrained byby thethe CrusadesCrusades Remember,Remember, EmperorEmperor ManuelManuel II hadhad eveneven lockedlocked thethe gatesgates ofof ConstantinopleConstantinople againstagainst thethe CrusadersCrusaders inin thethe lastlast CrusadeCrusade andand refusedrefused hishis helphelp He'd also systematically removed the privileges of Europeans operating in Constantinople (especially the Venetians, whom he saw as the most influential) TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— ChurchChurch relationsrelations betweenbetween RomeRome andand ConstantinopleConstantinople hadhad beenbeen brokenbroken sincesince thethe GreatGreat SchismSchism ofof 1054,1054, andand they'dthey'd beenbeen politicalpolitical rivalsrivals forfor centuriescenturies InIn 1180,1180, ManuelManuel II died,died, andand hishis widow—thewidow—the LatinLatin MariaMaria ofof Antioch—becameAntioch—became regentregent SheShe beganbegan showingshowing favoritismfavoritism toto thethe LatinLatin ChristiansChristians andand givinggiving themthem eveneven betterbetter privilegesprivileges thanthan thethe nativenative ByzantinesByzantines TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— ChurchChurch relationsrelations betweenbetween RomeRome andand ConstantinopleConstantinople hadhad beenbeen brokenbroken sincesince thethe GreatGreat SchismSchism ofof 1054,1054, andand they'dthey'd beenbeen politicalpolitical rivalsrivals forfor centuriescenturies InIn 1180,1180, ManuelManuel II died,died, andand hishis widow—thewidow—the LatinLatin MariaMaria ofof Antioch—becameAntioch—became regentregent InIn 1182,1182, sheshe waswas overthrownoverthrown byby AndronikosAndronikos II TheThe peoplepeople cheeredcheered asas hehe roderode intointo thethe city,city, andand itit soonsoon turnedturned intointo aa riotriot LatinLatin ChristiansChristians werewere slaughteredslaughtered byby thethe hundredshundreds Men,Men, women,women, andand children—evenchildren—even thosethose inin hospitalshospitals werewere killedkilled inin theirtheir bedsbeds CatholicCatholic churcheschurches andand homeshomes werewere lootedlooted TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— ChurchChurch relationsrelations betweenbetween RomeRome andand ConstantinopleConstantinople hadhad beenbeen brokenbroken sincesince thethe GreatGreat SchismSchism ofof 1054,1054, andand they'dthey'd beenbeen politicalpolitical rivalsrivals forfor centuriescenturies InIn 1180,1180, ManuelManuel II died,died, andand hishis widow—thewidow—the LatinLatin MariaMaria ofof Antioch—becameAntioch—became regentregent InIn 1182,1182, sheshe waswas overthrownoverthrown byby AndronikosAndronikos II TheThe peoplepeople cheeredcheered asas hehe roderode intointo thethe city,city, andand itit soonsoon turnedturned intointo aa riotriot LatinLatin ChristiansChristians werewere slaughteredslaughtered byby thethe hundredshundreds TheyThey eveneven killedkilled thethe LatinLatin CardinalCardinal John,John, publiclypublicly beheadingbeheading himhim andand thenthen havinghaving hishis headhead draggeddragged throughthrough thethe streetsstreets onon thethe tailtail ofof aa wildwild dogdog TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11881188 BarbarossaBarbarossa waswas thethe firstfirst toto gogo EastEast SoSo BarbarossaBarbarossa tooktook hishis armyarmy ofof 100,000100,000 menmen (including(including 20,00020,000 knights)knights) toto establishestablish theirtheir basebase ofof operationsoperations notnot withwith thethe ByzantineByzantine Christians,Christians, butbut withwith thethe SeljuksSeljuks inin thethe SultanateSultanate ofof RümRüm Remember: the Seljuk Turks liked Saladin even lessless thanthan thethe EuropeansEuropeans did,did, sincesince hehe waswas systematically taking all of their territory Nonetheless, new Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos made a secret treaty with Saladin to try to undermine the Germans' efforts in Anatolia, and Barbarossa found himself stymied Frustrated, he attacked Rüm, crossing the Göksu River in full armor to impress his enemies But his horse slipped, and Emperor Barbarossa tumbled into the water and drowned under his full armor...... and so most of his massive army justjust lostlost heartheart andand sadlysadly wentwent backback home... TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11881188 BarbarossaBarbarossa waswas thethe firstfirst toto gogo EastEast 11891189 RichardRichard andand PhilipPhilip joinedjoined thethe CrusadeCrusade HenryHenry IIII dieddied whilewhile fightingfighting againstagainst RichardRichard He'd refused to let Alys marry Richard, so Richard and Philip had joined with Henry's queen, Eleanor, against him He was horribly sick, and was being carried back to his castle at Chinon when he heard that his final remaining son, John, had joined with Richard and Philip against him The shock of losing his whole family was too much for him, and he collapsed and died So Richard became the new king by default TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11881188 BarbarossaBarbarossa waswas thethe firstfirst toto gogo EastEast 11891189 RichardRichard andand PhilipPhilip joinedjoined thethe CrusadeCrusade HenryHenry IIII dieddied whilewhile fightingfighting againstagainst RichardRichard RichardRichard andand PhilipPhilip marchedmarched toto thethe HolyHoly LandLand TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— RichardRichard spentspent lessless thanthan 1111 monthsmonths ofof hishis reignreign asas kingking ofof EnglandEngland actuallyactually inin EnglandEngland AndAnd hehe nevernever diddid taketake thethe timetime toto learnlearn toto speakspeak EnglishEnglish TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— RichardRichard spentspent lessless thanthan 1111 monthsmonths ofof hishis reignreign asas kingking ofof EnglandEngland actuallyactually inin EnglandEngland SoSo hehe leftleft EnglandEngland inin thethe carecare ofof hishis friend,friend, BishopBishop WilliamWilliam LongchampLongchamp Unfortunately,Unfortunately, beingbeing aa Norman,Norman, LongchampLongchamp didn'tdidn't speakspeak English,English, either—noreither—nor diddid hehe carecare toto HeHe suppressedsuppressed thethe localslocals violently,violently, andand treatedtreated thethe noblesnobles withwith disdaindisdain HeHe eveneven openlyopenly foughtfought againstagainst hishis fellowfellow co-ruler,co-ruler, BishopBishop HughHugh dede PuisetPuiset TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— RichardRichard spentspent lessless thanthan 1111 monthsmonths ofof hishis reignreign asas kingking ofof EnglandEngland actuallyactually inin EnglandEngland SoSo hehe leftleft EnglandEngland inin thethe carecare ofof hishis friend,friend, BishopBishop WilliamWilliam LongchampLongchamp ByBy 1191,1191, LongchampLongchamp waswas oustedousted byby PrincePrince John,John, whowho thenthen tooktook thethe rulerule overover forfor himselfhimself (but(but onlyonly untiluntil RichardRichard gotgot back,back, ofof course...)course...) (again,(again, thethe BritishBritish seesee themthem moremore likelike thisthis)) (so(so DisneyDisney gotgot 'em'em kindakinda right,right, actually...)actually...) TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11881188 BarbarossaBarbarossa waswas thethe firstfirst toto gogo EastEast 11891189 RichardRichard andand PhilipPhilip joinedjoined thethe CrusadeCrusade HenryHenry IIII dieddied whilewhile fightingfighting againstagainst RichardRichard RichardRichard andand PhilipPhilip marchedmarched toto thethe HolyHoly LandLand But first, they stopped off at Messina to rescue Richard's sister, Joan, from her imprisonment at the hands of Tancred, the King of Sicily There, they found out that Eleanor had betrothed Richard to marry the influential Berengaria of Navarre—instead of Philip's sister, Alys—and that Richard had accepted the betrothal Philip refused to travel with Richard any more and went on to the Holy Land alone TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11881188 BarbarossaBarbarossa waswas thethe firstfirst toto gogo EastEast 11891189 RichardRichard andand PhilipPhilip joinedjoined thethe CrusadeCrusade HenryHenry IIII dieddied whilewhile fightingfighting againstagainst RichardRichard RichardRichard andand PhilipPhilip marchedmarched toto thethe HolyHoly LandLand TheyThey werewere ableable toto workwork togethertogether withwith DukeDuke LeopoldLeopold VV ofof AustriaAustria andand KingKing GuyGuy ofof JerusalemJerusalem toto laylay siegesiege toto andand re-conquerre-conquer thethe citycity ofof AcreAcre But then they all fought over the spoils, with Richard siding with Guy and Philip siding with Leopold Richard even tore down Leopold's German flag in defiance TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11881188 BarbarossaBarbarossa waswas thethe firstfirst toto gogo EastEast 11891189 RichardRichard andand PhilipPhilip joinedjoined thethe CrusadeCrusade HenryHenry IIII dieddied whilewhile fightingfighting againstagainst RichardRichard RichardRichard andand PhilipPhilip marchedmarched toto thethe HolyHoly LandLand TheyThey werewere ableable toto workwork togethertogether withwith DukeDuke LeopoldLeopold VV ofof AustriaAustria andand KingKing GuyGuy ofof JerusalemJerusalem toto laylay siegesiege toto andand re-conquerre-conquer thethe citycity ofof AcreAcre But then they all fought over the spoils, with Richard siding with Guy and Philip siding with Leopold Richard even tore down Leopold's German flag in defiance Philip and Leopold refused to Crusade any further and angrily went back to Europe TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11881188 BarbarossaBarbarossa waswas thethe firstfirst toto gogo EastEast 11891189 RichardRichard andand PhilipPhilip joinedjoined thethe CrusadeCrusade HenryHenry IIII dieddied whilewhile fightingfighting againstagainst RichardRichard RichardRichard andand PhilipPhilip marchedmarched toto thethe HolyHoly LandLand TheyThey werewere ableable toto workwork togethertogether withwith DukeDuke LeopoldLeopold VV ofof AustriaAustria andand KingKing GuyGuy ofof JerusalemJerusalem toto laylay siegesiege toto andand re-conquerre-conquer thethe citycity ofof AcreAcre Richard defied Saladin and slaughtered his 2,700 Muslim prisoners—decapitating them in full view of Saladin's army Saladin retaliated by slaughtering all of his Christian captives TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11881188 BarbarossaBarbarossa waswas thethe firstfirst toto gogo EastEast 11891189 RichardRichard andand PhilipPhilip joinedjoined thethe CrusadeCrusade HenryHenry IIII dieddied whilewhile fightingfighting againstagainst RichardRichard RichardRichard andand PhilipPhilip marchedmarched toto thethe HolyHoly LandLand TheyThey werewere ableable toto workwork togethertogether withwith DukeDuke LeopoldLeopold VV ofof AustriaAustria andand KingKing GuyGuy ofof JerusalemJerusalem toto laylay siegesiege toto andand re-conquerre-conquer thethe citycity ofof AcreAcre RichardRichard thenthen marchedmarched southsouth andand tooktook thethe crucialcrucial portport citycity ofof Jaffa—thenJaffa—then thethe citycity ofof AshkelonAshkelon For the first time, Saladin was running scared And then, Richard marched on to Jerusalem itself But unusually bad weather forced him back to Jaffa, where he negotiated a peace with Saladin (but, contrary to the movies, never face-to-face) TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11881188 BarbarossaBarbarossa waswas thethe firstfirst toto gogo EastEast 11891189 RichardRichard andand PhilipPhilip joinedjoined thethe CrusadeCrusade HenryHenry IIII dieddied whilewhile fightingfighting againstagainst RichardRichard RichardRichard andand PhilipPhilip marchedmarched toto thethe HolyHoly LandLand TheyThey werewere ableable toto workwork togethertogether withwith DukeDuke LeopoldLeopold VV ofof AustriaAustria andand KingKing GuyGuy ofof JerusalemJerusalem toto laylay siegesiege toto andand re-conquerre-conquer thethe citycity ofof AcreAcre RichardthenRichardthen marchedmarched southsouth andand tooktook thethe crucialcrucial portport citycity ofof Jaffa—thenJaffa—then thethe citycity ofof AshkelonAshkelon JerusalemJerusalem wouldwould remainremain inin MuslimMuslim hands,hands, butbut ChristiansChristians wouldwould bebe allowed—unharassed—toallowed—unharassed—to visitvisit andand tradetrade withinwithin thethe citycity Richard was satisfied with the outcome, and returned home to England in triumph... sorta... TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11881188 BarbarossaBarbarossa waswas thethe firstfirst toto gogo EastEast 11891189 RichardRichard andand PhilipPhilip joinedjoined thethe CrusadeCrusade 11921192 RichardRichard waswas capturedcaptured andand imprisonedimprisoned OnOn hishis wayway backback home,home, RichardRichard waswas capturedcaptured byby aa stillstill fairlyfairly irateirate DukeDuke LeopoldLeopold VV ofof AustriaAustria whowho waswas thenthen excommunicatedexcommunicated byby PopePope CelestineCelestine IIIIII forfor imprisoningimprisoning aa fellowfellow CrusaderCrusader LeopoldLeopold turnedturned himhim overover toto EmperorEmperor HeinrichHeinrich VI,VI, whowho ransomedransomed himhim forfor 150,000150,000 marksmarks (roughly 2-3 times the annual income of England) TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— PrincePrince JohnJohn workedworked hardhard toto raiseraise thethe ransomransom fromfrom thethe peoplepeople ofof EnglandEngland HeHe hiredhired moremore sheriffssheriffs toto collectcollect moremore taxes—taxes— primarilyprimarily fromfrom thethe poorpoor SaxonsSaxons andand JewsJews whowho hadhad nono saysay inin thethe mattermatter ButBut hehe wasn'twasn't interestedinterested inin usingusing thethe ransomransom toto actuallyactually buybuy RichardRichard back—instead,back—instead, hehe waswas pocketingpocketing thethe moneymoney toto supportsupport hishis ownown campaigncampaign toto taketake thethe thronethrone andand titletitle ofof KingKing forfor himselfhimself TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— PrincePrince JohnJohn workedworked hardhard toto raiseraise thethe ransomransom fromfrom thethe peoplepeople ofof EnglandEngland InIn fact,fact, JohnJohn mademade aa newnew alliancealliance withwith KingKing PhilipPhilip HeHe wouldwould annulannul hishis ownown marriagemarriage andand marrymarry Philip'sPhilip's sister,sister, AlysAlys (like(like RichardRichard waswas supposedsupposed to)to) and,and, inin return,return, PhilipPhilip wouldwould supportsupport John'sJohn's troopstroops againstagainst Richard'sRichard's loyalloyal menmen They even offered to pay Emperor Heinrich half of the ransom just to keep Richard forever TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11881188 BarbarossaBarbarossa waswas thethe firstfirst toto gogo EastEast 11891189 RichardRichard andand PhilipPhilip joinedjoined thethe CrusadeCrusade 11921192 RichardRichard waswas capturedcaptured andand imprisonedimprisoned EleanorEleanor successfullysuccessfully raisedraised thethe ransomransom andand sentsent itit onon toto EmperorEmperor HeinrichHeinrich When he heard about it, Philip sent a message to John—“Look to yourself; the devil is loose...” But when Richard returned home, he forgave his brother's “youthful excesses” and soon went to France to re-conquer Normandy from Philip (who had taken it from John as part of their bargain) In fact, Richard was in the process of conquering and rebuilding a series of castles to fortify his lands there when a crossbow bolt from a boy on one of the castle walls struck and mortally wounded him In a final act of graciousness, Richard forgave the boy, gave him 100 shillings, and had him released But upon Richard's death, one of his captains—Mercardier--had the boy flayed alive and hanged TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AnotherAnother CrusadeCrusade waswas brewing...brewing... 11881188 BarbarossaBarbarossa waswas thethe firstfirst toto gogo EastEast 11891189 RichardRichard andand PhilipPhilip joinedjoined thethe CrusadeCrusade 11921192 RichardRichard waswas capturedcaptured andand imprisonedimprisoned 11981198 OrderOrder ofof thethe TeutonicTeutonic KnightsKnights waswas createdcreated Technically,Technically, they'dthey'd begunbegun inin 11431143 asas anan offshootoffshoot ofof thethe KnightsKnights Hospitaller,Hospitaller, chargedcharged withwith takingtaking carecare ofof thethe GermanicGermanic CrusadersCrusaders The Teutonic Knights came to prominence during Duke Leopold's part of the siege of Acre in 1191, and were given Papal authority to form their own military order in 1198 But they were given a mandate not only to defend the cause of the Church in the Holy Land, but also to bring the Crusades to those who would oppose the Church in Europe...