T h is d is s e rta tio n has b e e n 63—2521 microfilmed exactly as received
KOSZTARAB, Michael, 1927- THE ARMORED SC'AEE INSECTS O F OHIO (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae).
The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 196 2 Z oology
University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, fAchiq THE ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OP OHIO
(Homoptera: Cooooidea: Diaspidid&e)
DISSERTATION
Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University
By
MICHAEL KOSZTARAB, In g . H o rt.
*******
The Ohio S ta te U n iv e r sity 1962
Approved hy
A dviser Depar'bfeent of Zoology Entomology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The preparation of this manuscript has teen greatly facilitated
"by the aid rendered by several individuals and institutions.
This study was supervised by Dr. Dwight M. DeLong, my adviser at The Ohio State University, to whom I am greatly indebted. His personal warmth and continuous attention made this study an enjoyable o n e.
I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Harold Morrison,
Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, who read this manuscript and made many helpful suggestions during the study. Dr. John A. Davidson, Sr., was kind enough to loan copies of his two theses on scale insect taxonomy. His important studies helped the preparation of this work a great deal.
The work was financed through a research assistant ship by
The Ohio Biological Survey. I am thankful to Dr. Charles A. Dambach,
Executive Secretary of The Ohio Biological Survey, and to the members of the Advisory Board, for their understanding and support in making this study possible.
My sincere thanks are due to Professor Harold Compere and
Dr. Paul DeBach, Department of Biological Control, University of
California, for the identification of chaloid parasites reared from the scale inseots; Dr. Donald E. Johnston, Curator of the Institute ii of Acarology, Wooster, Ohio, for the identification of mites as sociated with the collected armored scale insects; Miss Louise M.
Russell, Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, for identifying one species of
Phylloxeridae which was associated with the oystershell scale;
Dr. Clara G. Weishaupt, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology,
The Ohio State University, for checking my host identifications and identifying many host plants collected in Ohio.
I express great appreciation to those workers whose names are mentioned in the part on "Armored Scale Insect Material Examined," for lending their own collections or the collections of their insti t u t io n s .
Several members of the Department of Zoology and Entomology of The Ohio State University made substantial contributions, to whom
I express sincere thanks. I mention here but a few names: Dr. Donald
J. Borror and Dr. Alvah Peterson for giving me many useful suggestions during this study; Mr. Paul H. Preytag, for taking part in several of the collecting trips; Dr. Roy W. Rings, for making available several data on armored scales from the files of the Ohio Agricultural Experi ment Station; Mr. Andrew C. Terranova, for taking some of the pictures used in this manuscript and also guiding me in the preparation of the
other pictures.
Individuals too numerous to mention here gave permission or
aid in collecting scale insects on their property or in the parks under their supervision. The names of scale insect collectors or
abbreviations are given after eaoh data in the manusoript. iii Finally, I gratefully express appreciation to my wife,
M a tild a for her companionship on many of the colleoting trips and fo r h e r patienoe in typing the first rough draft of my manuscript.
iv CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION...... 1
METHODS OF STUDY...... 4
Collecting ...... 4 Color Description ...... 4 R earing ...... 5 Mounting Armored Scales ...... 14 Determ ination ...... 16 Drawing of P la te s ...... 16
ARMORED SCALE INSECT MATERIAL EXAMINED...... 17
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...... 19
KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF SCALE INSECTS IN OHIO...... 21
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DIASPIDIDAE ...... 23
SUBFAMILY AND TRIBES...... 28
KEY TO THE TRIBES OF DIASPIDINAE IN OHIO ...... 28
TRIBE ASPIDIOTINI...... 29
TRIBE D IA SPID IN I...... 107
SELECTED LITERATURE...... 200
AUTOBIOGRAPHY...... 210
v FIGURES
Figure Pag©
1 Rearing in glass cylinder ...... 7
2 Rearing in cellophane hag ...... 8
3 Relative humidity graph of different types of roarings ...... 11
4 Temperature graph of different types of roarings . . 13
5 General morphology of a Piaspididae female ...... 24
6 Abgrallaspis comstocki (Johnson) ...... 34
7 Abgrallaspis ithacae (Ferris) ...... 34
8 Abgrallaspis townsendi (Cockerell) ...... 39
9 Acutaspis morrisonorum sp.n...... 39
10 Clavaspis ulmi (Johnson)...... 49
11 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam) ...... 49
12 Diaspidiotus caryae sp.n...... 57
13 Diaspidiotus hunteri (Newell) ...... 57
14 Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky) ...... 62
15 iiaspidiotus osborni (Newell and Cockerell) .... 62
16 Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock)...... 69
17 Hemiberlesia diffinis (Newstead) ...... 69
18 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) ...... 74
19 Melanaspis obscura (Comstock) ...... 74
20 Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock) ...... 80
21 Nuculaspis californica (Coleman) * ...... 80
vi FIGUKES--(Continued)
Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johnson) ...... 88
Quadraspidiotus gigas (Thiem and Gerneck) • . . . 88
Quadraspidiotus juglans-regiae (Comstock) . . . . 96
Quadraspidiotus ostreaeformis (Curtis) ...... 96
Quadraspidiotus pernioiosus (Comstock) ...... 105
Quadraspidiotus taxodii Ferris ...... 105
Aonidomytilus multiglandulatus sp.n...... 115
A u la ca sp is ro sa e (Bouchfi) ...... 115
Carulaspis juniperi (Bouchd) ...... 126
Chionaspis acericola Hollinger ...... 126
Chionaspis americana Johnson ...... 130
Chionaspis caryae Cooley ...... 130
Chionaspis corni Cooley ...... 135
Chionaspis furfura (Fitch) ...... 135
Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders ...... 142
Chionaspis lintneri Comstock ...... 142
Chionaspis longiloba Cooley ...... 146
Chionaspis parkii Hollinger • • ...... 146
Chionaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh) ...... 151
Chionaspis sylvatica Sanders ...... 151
Chionaspis wistarias Cooley 156
Epidiaspis leperii (Signoret) ...... 156
Fiorinia externa Ferris ...... 162
Lepidosaphes soiadopitysi McKenzie ...... 162
vii FIGURES— (Continued)
Page
Lepidosaphes ulrai (Linnaeus) ...... 170
L ep idosaph es y a n a g ic o la Kuwana ...... 170
Lopholeuoaopis japonioa (Cockerell) ...... 177
Phenacaepis heterophyllae (Cooley) ...... 177
Phenacaspis nyssae (Comstock) ...... 181
Phenacaspis occidentalis sp.n...... 181
Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) ...... 187
Phenacaspis platani (Cooley) ...... 187
Phenacaspis spinicola Dietz and Morrison . . * . • 191
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) . . 191
Quernaspis quercus (Comstock) ...... 196
Una3pis euonymi (Comstock) ...... • 196
viii INTROUUCTION
The primary object of this study has been to oonrpile general and specific information concerning the armored scale insects in Ohio*
The armored scale insects are the largest known family of scale insects and are economically important in Ohio. The last work on the scale insects of Ohio was compiled by J. G. Sanders in 1904*
Numerous ohanges have been made during th e p a st 58 years in generic groupings and in specifio names. New biological and distributional data have been published in the literature. A relatively large col lection of Ohio scale insects (Houser’s Collection at The Ohio State
University), with mostly unpublished records, needed to be revised and to be identified in order to bring up to date our knowledge of
Ohio scale insects*
Sanders (1904b), in his work on the Ohio scale insects, in cluded the scale insects collected in the greenhouses and those col lected on the marketed southern fruits. Most of the greenhouse scale insect speoies listed from Ohio greenhouses by Sanders and later by
M iller (1922) were recently eradicated as the result of modern chemi cals (organic phosphates) used for the oontrol of these pests. The author was unable to collect any of the six speoies of armored scale insects, which were listed by M iller (1922) from The Ohio State Uni versity Horticulture Greenhouses. Scale insects which were found in
Ohio greenhouses and on marketed southern fruits are tropical or sub- 2
tropioal in origin, and therefore they are unable to overwinter and
to breed outdoors in Ohio. These speoies are not included in the
present work.
The author included six species known in the adjacent or
nearby states—New York, Pennsylvania, and Indiana—because the
species recorded in these states are known to occur under climatic
conditions similar to those in Ohio, and are known from hosts which
occur in Ohio.
The description of eaoh species was based on females since
males were available in only a few species. While this study is es
sentially a taxonomic one, numerous ecological and biologioal data
have been included. Since relatively few distributional records have
been published on the Ohio armored scales, an effort has been made to
ascertain this information for species within Ohio. The author made
collections in 52 counties in Ohio, also in Illinois, Indiana,
Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, and Missouri. Data are given on host
plants with reference to the relative abundance of the species where
possible. A further effort has been made to gather information on the life cycle of each species. During these studies it was necessary
to develop a relatively simple method of rearing, to secure males,
parasites and predators of scale insects. Where sufficient fresh
material was available, the eggs were counted and also the color of
different stages was described*
This work is an attempt to provide means by which students
other than specialists of scale inseots may identify armored scale
insects from Ohio and from the adjacent states. The author hopes 3
that this study w ill stimulate interest in the scale insects, which w ill result in the accumulation of additional distributional records
and "biological data, and also may lead to tho discovery of new speoies
in Ohio. Fifty-two speoies are discussed in this work, of which four
are new speoies and described herein, sixteen additional species are here recorded from Ohio for the first time, and one of these was previously reported from Europe and Asia* METHODS OF STUDY
This study involved the collecting of scale insects and their
predators, the color description of different stages, the rearing in
laboratory in order to secure males, parasites and predators of armored
scales, the mounting of specimens on slides, and making determinations,
and the drawing of plates. The methods applied, materials and equip
ments used in different stages of this work, are described below*
Collecting.—In addition to the collections borrowed from
different sources, there was a need for more and especially for live
scale insect material. The collecting trips were planned in order to
cover the major clim atic, altitudinal, and faunistic areas in Ohio.
Besides collecting fresh material, the field trips were useful in
obtaining additional data on the biology and ecology of armored soale
insects. The scales were collected on pieces of living bark, twigs,
or other plant parts, with the aid of a sharp horticultural budding knife or shears. The material was saved in tightly closed cellophane bags to minimize desiccation. The fresh collected material was used
in laboratory for color description, egg counting, rearing, and
m ounting.
Color Description.—"Mansell Book of Color" (Anonymous, 1929-
42) was used as an aid in the determination of the color of different
stages and of the scale covers. The charts of this book are easily
removable. After obtaining the needed specimens for oolor determi-
4 5
nation (at least 10 specimens were used in each case), the specimens
were kept on a microscope slide and placed on the chart of the
"Minsell Book of Color." The chart was selected in order to include
the color patterns which nearly matched the color of the specimens under investigation. TJnder a binocular microscope the slide with the
; pecimens was moved above the chart until the closest similar color
pattern was obtained. After finding the square of color pattern which
resembled most the color of the specimens, the technical description
of the color was determined (e.g., reddish yellow on chart 22.5, color
value No. 8, chroma No. 10, which was abbreviated ass rY 22.5-8/10).
The advantage of this method is that there is less chance for bias
in the color determination. There is a wide range of prefixed color
patterns and by referring to the number of color chart, value and
chroma, the color can be recalled at any time and any place by the use of this color chart.
Rearing.—The author placed for rearing all the fresh col
lected material in order to clear some of the questions pertaining to
the biology of the armored scale insects in Ohio.
The males of many armored scale insect species are not known
as yet. The question arises; Are these species unisexual or are they
bisexual? The present taxonomy of armored scale insects is based on
female characters, and as such, is not quite satisfactory. If we
knew the males, probably many of our present taxonomic difficu lties
would be solved. Males of scale insects cannot be collected with
nets or with other common field collecting methods. These tiny two-
winged creatures, which cannot feed and usually live only for hours, 6 must 'be reared from the infested host plant. We also lack information on the parasites of scale inseots. Parasites can he reared from scales, if the material w ill stay alive so the parasites can complete their development*
To get the male scale insects and the parasites of scale insects, different rearing methods may he used. In the case of green house scales, the infested potted plants may he covered with gauze, or the whole plant may he plaoed in a covered glass cylinder, so that the males and parasites cannot escape after emergence. The pieces of twigs infested with the living soales may he kept in water, or without water under glass cylinder (Fig. l ) , until the emergence of males and para sites. On the twigs which are kept in water the scales have a better chance to complete their development, than on the twigs which were kept d ry.
In many cases it is impossible to collect scales on twigs that can he kept in water, hut are collected on hark from the trunk or branches of infested trees. If such pieces of hark are kept in glass cylinder, they will dry and the scales w ill not he able to complete their life cycle, and usually no males or parasites w ill emerge. Moisture proof cellophane hags were used for rearing, to keep the material from drying too fast. After the material was cheoked under a binocular microscope, to avoid rearing mixed infes tations, it was placed in the hags, and the hags were sealed tightly by folding the end of the hag 3-4 times, and then securing it with two paper clips (Fig. 2). The contents of the hags were checked under a binocular microscope at regular intervals. The emerged males or Pig. 1.—Rearing of male scale insects and parasites in a glass cylinder. Fig. 2.—Rearing of male scale insects and parasites in a cellophane hag* 9 scale parasites were anesthetized with cigarette smoke and were removed with a fine "brush, killed in cyanide, and were stored dry or in a lc o h o l•
The material did not dry too fast in the cellophane hags, so most of the scales and their parasites were able to complete their development. For example, by rearing with this method, after 10 days an average of 68 per cent of armored scales were s till alive, while the scales which were kept outside the bags, but in the same area, dried and died on the host in a few hours. The humidity remained high in these bags, even in an extremely dry environment; the average relative humidity for 14 days inside these bags was 8 5 .5 per c e n t, while the average for the environment in which the bags were kept was
29*9 per cent (Fig. 3)* The temperature in these bags showed only a slight difference (an average of 2°F) from the environment (Fig. 4)*
The disadvantages of using cellophane bags are as follows:
1. Wet material, such as material collected in or after a rain, w ill get moldy.
2. The bags should not be placed where they w ill be exposed to direct sunlight. Under such conditions water w ill con dense inside the begs and the material may be completely destroyed by the growth of fungi.
The advantages of using cellophane bags are as follows:
1. The cellophane bag rearing was found the least ex pensive. The price of these bags is from 83*50 to $4*50 per thousand.
2. Hearings in cellophane bags are easy to handle and to check under a binocular microscope. 10
Fig* 3*—The fluctuation of relative humidity in dif ferent types of rearings, compared with the environment (room).
Rearing material on infested twigs and leaves in cellophane hags, on twigs in tightly oovered glass jar, and on twigs in glass cylinder covered with gauze. Observations made for a period of
14 d a y s. 11 R H °/0 100y i
95 /
90! 85k
) /' 8 01/ / ? r <
7 0 glass jar
65
6 C 'i 55 •v'\ * S 50 / 1 n
4c l
40
35 glass cyl. 1 l ■ v 1 ' 30 i \ ! 1 \ 1 1 \ •. 25 N______room 2 0 „
1 5------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Fig. 3. DAYS 12
Fig. 4*—The fluctuation of temperature in different types of rearings, compared with the environment (room). Hearing material on infested twigs and leaves in cellophane hags, on twigs in tightly covered glass jar, and on twigs in glass cylinder covered with gauze. Observations made for a period of 14 days. 13
glass jar
cel lo w. twigs
cello, w. leaves 82 i
81
glass cyl. 8 Or
7 9
room 73
77 12^456 7 8 9 1C 11 12 13 1- DAYS
Fig. 4. 14
3. Only a relatively small space is required, and about
25-30 "bags oan be stored in a cigar box<>
4* After the rearing was completed the material was
stored in the same bags, without transferring it.
The cellophane bags used for rearing were made from moisture proof film , weight 195 j th ic k n e ss .001 mm, nom enclature MSD-54? th e y were 2 l/2 x 5 l/2 inches in size, and of the fold-bottom type.
These bags can be secured from Cello-Poly Bag Co., 1279 E. Hudson
Street, Columbus 1, Ohio.
Mounting Armored Scales.—The author changed slightly the procedure adapted by Miss Louise M. Russell at the U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Entomology Research
Division. The steps of mounting procedure are described below.
1. The freshly collected live material was kept for at least two hours in 70 per cent alcohol, before mounting.
2. Old dry scales, or the pre-treated live material were transferred to 10 per cent KOH for 10 minutes or more, and usually were heated in the KOH for a few minutes until the body con tents were soft.
3. All the body contents were removed (eggs, internal
organs, eto.) while in KOH, by pressing the insect, or making a small hole on the exoskeleton. The hole was made on the anterior end, or
on the lateral side of the body, so as not to destroy taxonomically
important morphological features.
4 . After the specimens were made transparent, they were
transferred to acetic acid alcohol for 20 minutes or more. (The 15 procedure for making acetic acid alcohol and acid fuchsin stain are described below.)
5. Specimens were stained in acid fuchsin for 5» 10, or more minutes. After staining they were transferred to 70 per cent alcohol for 5—15 minutes to wash out the excess stain®
6. Transferred to 95 per cent alcohol for 5~10 minutes#
7. Transferred to 100 per cent alcohol for 5”10 minutes.
8# Transferred to clove oil for 10 minutes or more.
9. Mounted in Canada balsam. Usually two specimens were mounted (dorsal and ventral views) on each slide. Ho. 1, round, 18 mm, cover glasses were used.
10. The slides were immediately numbered with a diamond point pencil, to avoid any mixing of material.
After some practice, this whole process takes an average of
40 minutes per slide, if mounting continuously for a longer period of time. The author was able to reduce this procedure to 20 minutes when the material permitted the omission of the 70 per cent and 100 per cent alcohol.
Acetic acid alcohols mixed 20 cc glacial acetic acid and
45 cc distilled water with 50 oc 95 PQ^ cent alcohol.
Acid fuchsin (after Borchsenius, 1950)* dissolved 1 gr fuchsin in 10 ml o f 96 per cent alcohol, and added 5 1111 glacial acetic acid? the above was dissolved gradually in 100 ml distilled water and after
24 hours the solution was filtered. 16
Petermination.—The specific determination of the mounted material was accomplished "by the aid of a Spenoer No. 18 M. Phase
Microscope, equipped with phase turret condenser, a lOi eye piece, and objectives of lOx, 43x, and an oil immersion objective of 97*»
The determinations were made by using 430x and 97Ox magnifications.
Drawing of Plates.—The selected specimens on the slides were projected to drawing paper in a dark room<, The outlines and all visible characters were drawn on the drawing board with a sharp pencil. After this outline was made the specimen was checked under a binocular microscope and fine details, and characters which were not distinct or clear by projection, were completed. The pencil drawing was finished with India ink.
The microscope slide projector used (Model Tech.) was manu factured by Ken-A-Vision Mfg. Co., Inc. The projector was adjusted in order to get the desired magnification. For all drawings an ob jective of 6 l/2 mm and a long tube type eye piece of lOx magnifi cation were employed. The drawings of the pygidia were made large enough to permit half size reduction for the manuscript. ARMORED SCALE INSECT MATERIAL EXAMINED
University of California} Department of Entomology and
Parasitology, Davis, California. Mounted material sent for study through th e c o u r te sy o f P r o fe sso r Howard L. McKenzie.
Florida Department of Agrioulture, Division of Plant Industry,
Gainesville, Florida. Loaned slides.
Kosztarab Collection, Columbus, 0hioo
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Ento mology, Wooster, Ohio. Unmounted material sent for study by
Dr. Roy W. Rings and Dr. R. B. Neiswander.
Ohio Department of Agriculture Laboratories, Insect and Plant
Disease Control, Reynoldsburg, Ohio. Loaned unmounted material and slides through the courtesy of Mr. James T. Walker#
The Ohio State University, Department of Zoology and Ento mology, Columbus, Ohio. The entire Houser Collection and a part of
Sanders Collection were loaned through the courtesy of Professor
Josef N. Knull#
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant
Industry, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Loaned a large quantity of un mounted material through the courtesy of Mr. G. B. Sleesman#
Purdue University, Agricultural Eaqperiment Station, Depart ment of Entomology, Lafayette, Indiana. Loaned unmounted and mounted material through the courtesy of Dr. Donald L# Schuder#
17 18
Profeasor Charles A. Reese, Department of Zoology and Ento mology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Professor Reese loaned slides of armored scale insects.
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural
Research Service, Entomology Research Division. The important, essential, and pertaining material of the National Cocooid Collection has been made available through the courtesy of Dr. Harold Morrison.
The author contacted forty-two research and educational institutions, and many individuals for borrowing their armored scale inseot material from Ohio and adjacent states. Unfortunately only few institutions and individuals proved to have such collections a v a ila b le . LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
C o lle c to r s
AEM - A. E. Miller (Houser Collection)
AFB - A. F . Burgess (Houser Colleotion)
ALQ - A. L. Quaintance (Houser Collection)
CAR - C. A. Reese (Reese Collection and Houser Collection)
GBS - G. B. Sleesman (Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture
Collection)
JGS - J. G. Sanders (Sanders Collection)
JLK - J. L. King (Houser Collection)
JSH - J. S. Houser (Houser Collection)
MX U. Kosztarah (Kosztarah Collection)
PHF - P . H. Freytag (Kosztarah Collection)
WHG - w. H. Goodwin (Houser Collection)
Collections
HC - Houser Collection, The Ohio State University
FlaDA- Florida Department of Agriculture Collection
KC - Kosztarah Colleotion
NCC — National Coocoid Colleotion (U.S.D.A.)
ODA - Ohio Department of Agriculture Colleotion
PaDA - Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Collection
PC — Purdue University Collection
SC - Sanders Collection, The Ohio State University 20
Colleoting Plaoes
OAES - Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station (Grounds)
OSU - The Ohio State University (Campus)
* Example: (CAR), (HC). Collected hy C. A. Reese, material
in the Houser Collection. KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF SCALE INSECTS IN OHIO
The key refers only to the characters of the adult female, unless otherwise stated.
1. Abdominal spiracles present; males usually with
compound eyes and o c e lli...... 2
I*. Abdominal spiracles absent; males with ocelli only . . 3
2(l). Anal ring distinct and flat, bearing many pores and
with six long se ta e ...... ORTHEZIIDAE
2*. Without an anal ring bearing pores and
s e ta e • ••..<»...... MABGARODIDAE
3(l*). Last abdominal segments of female fused into a
pygidium; female with removable scale; antennae
rudimentary; legs absent; labium
1—segm ented DIASPIDIDAE
3'• Pygidium absent; labium with more than one segment . . 4
4(3*)• Dorsum with 8-shaped (shaped like the figure 8)
p ores ASTEROLECANIIDAE
4* . Dorsum usually without 8-shaped p o r e s ...... 5
5 ( 4 ' ) . Abdomen w ith a d is t in c t a n a l c l e f t ...... 6
5 ' . Abdomen w ithout an anal c l e f t ...... 7
6(5). Anal opening covered by a single triangular or
oval anal plate (none reported from Ohio, but
occur in nearby s ta te s )...... ACLERDIDAE 21 22
6'« Anal opening covered by an operculum formed of
2 triangular plates (anal plates lacking in
genus Physokermes which is represented only on
c o n if e r s ) ...... COCCIDAE (L eca n iid a e)
7(5')• Anal ring without pores and Betae, or if setae
are present they are short and not paired; cuticle
at maturity hard, sclerotized, and not segmented;
usually globular or bud-shaped; occurring only
on oaks KhlKMIDAE
7*o Anal ring with 2 or more pairs of long setae,
and usually with pores...... 8
8(7'). Dorsal ostioles and usually 1 to 4 ventral
circuli present; the insect in life covered
with a white powdery secretion; during oviposition
the females are usually found at the anterior end
or inside a white woolly ovisac ..... PSEUDOCOCCIDAE
8’. Dorsal ostioles and ventral circuli absent;
the insect usually naked, but at the time of
oviposition is often found in an oval, felt
like ovisac «•••»•»»»•»••••• ERIOCOCCIDAE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DIASPILIDAE FEMALES
The “body is covered with a removable scale (Fig. 5) which is composed of two exuviae and waxy secretions. This scale may extend underneath the insect and completely envelope it. In the genera
Fiorinia and Leuoaspis the adult females remain within the cast skin of the second molt, and therefore are called pupillarial.
The head of the Diaspididae is fused with the succeeding two segments, forming the prosoma (Fig. 5)» Eight abdominal segments are more or less distinct, while the ninth to eleventh segments have been greatly reduced. The segmental lines are usually better visible on the dorsum as furrows, or intersegmental sclerotizations. The termi nal segments of the abdomen are fused into a pygidium.
The antennae (F ig . 5 ) glt® reduced to unsegmented tubercles, bearing one or more setae, while the eyes are usually reduced to weakly sclerotized spots. The labium is one-segmented and the piercing-suoking stylets (Fig. 5 ) a-2*9 modified from the mandibles and m a x illa e .
Legs are lacking and only in a few species are indicated by small sclerotized tubercles. Spiracles (Fig. 5) usually have no taxonomic value. Associated with the spiracles in the Liaspidini, one or more quinquelooular disc pores are present, while in the
Aspidiotini these pores are usually absent. The pores around the vulva sire called peri vulvar pores (Fig. 5) • These pores usually Eire 23 24
VULVA
Fig. 5 " General Morphology of a Diaspididae Female 25 arranged in five groups: a median group just anterior to the vulva, and two groups at each side, the anterior lateral groups and the pos terior lateral groups. The median group may he partly or entirely absent. In some species of Diaspididae all five perivulvar pore groups are absent, while in others, such as in Carulaspis juniperi
(Bouch6) and species of Lopholeuoaspisf there is a tendency for more than five groups to be present. The vulva (Fig. 5) is °n ^be ventral surface of the pygidium.
llombers of the family Diaspididae form the scale covering from secreted wax. This wax is produced by glands that disoharge through tubular ducts, llany ducts are so small that their use in taxonomy is not possible at the present, while the larger so called macroduots, are important in the species description. There are two-barred macroduots, which are relatively short and broad, and their inner closure seems to be formed from two parallel, transverse,
sclerotized bars. The presence of these ducts is an important
characteristic of the tribe Diaspidini. In the tribe Aspidiotini the one-barred ducts are present, which are slender and bear one
sclerotized bar as inner closure. Their length is at least ten times the breadth. Dorsal duots may be arranged in well defined groups, and the groups depending on their location on the pygidium
are named marginal, submarginal, and submedian dorsal ducts (Fig. 5)»
The anus (Fig. 5) is a small, circular or oval opening in the dorsum of the pygidial area. The size and relative position of the anus is a key character in separating the Genera Abgrallaspis
and Hemiberlesia. 26
Sclerotic structures are frequently present along the margin
of the pygidium* The marginal scleroses* which arise in the spaces
"between the lobes or from the bases of the lobes, are oalled
paraphyses. They are slender and well developed in Melanaspis
(Pig. 20) and related genera, while in Diaspidiotus (Fig. ll) these
paraphyses are shorter and thicker. When the basal sclerosis of the
median lobes is lacking, the median lobes are united basally and
their internal sclerotization is oalled zygosis.
The pygidial segments are in part produced at their lateral
margins into flattened, sclerotized processes or lobes. Their size,
shape, and number are useful generic and specific characters. The
median lobes are yoked together at the base, and form a definite notch
in the pygidium of the species of Phenaoaspis (Pig. 51) • ln "th©
genus Chionaspis (Pig. 31) the median lobes are usually close together
and definitely zygotic* The area between the lobes is marked as the
interlobular space *
Plates (Pig. 6) are present on the margin of the pygidium.
They may be confined to the interlobular spaces, or they may occur
along the entire margin of the pygidium. Since there are difficulties
in staining these hyaline processes, their structure sometimes is not
well visible. Some plates are more or less branched or fimbriated
and may bear a single microduot whioh discharges at the apex of the
points or branches. The presence of these plates is usually character
istic in the tribe Aspidiotini. The entire plate may be an elongate
conical process, rarely bifid or slightly fimbriate at the tip. 27
Through this process extends one, or rarely more than one, microduct#
These plates are called gland spines (Fig* 5) occur primarily
in the tribe Diaspidini. When the gland spines are basally swollen,
short and sclerotized, they are called gland tubercles (Fig. 5)»
some species of Aspidiotini, along the lateral margin of pygidium,
short tube-like structures with microduct orifice at their apex are
present, for which the term "gland tubes" is introduced here. Gland
tubes are well developed in Maspidiotus osborni (Fig. 15)• SUBFAMILY AND TRIBES
All species of Diaspididae from Ohio Belong to the subfamily
DiaBpidinae. The members of this subfamily form a homogeneous group in Ohio. Their charaoteristics are those of the family which was described in the previous section (p. 23). The Diaspidinae are represented in Ohio By two tribes.
KEY TO THE TRIBES OF DIASPIDIHAE IK OHIO
1 Macroducts of the one-barred type; second pygidial
lobes not bilobed; fimbriated plates usually present;
gland tubercles rarely or never present; usually no
disc pores associated with anterior spiracles;
antennae rarely with more than one seta; body in
most species rounded or pear-shaped, rarely
e l o n g a t e d ...... Aspidiotini
1' Macroducts of the two-barred type; second pygidial
lobes usually bilobed; gland spines normally present,
but in some species replaced by fimbriated plates, in
latter case usually with gland tubercles; one or more
pores are associated with anterior spiracles; antennae
usually with two or more setae; female in most of the
genera forms an elongated scale, if the soale is circular,
then its color usually is white (Fig. 5 )...... D ia s p id in i
28 TRIBE ASPIDIOTINI
KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE TRIBE ASPIDIOTINI IK OHIO
Pygidium without paraphyses, and retracted into
abdomen; body heavily sclerotized at fu ll maturity
(F ig . 2 1 )...... K uoulaspis
1' Pygidium with paraphyses, and not retracted into
abdomen; body usually only slightly sclerotized...... 2
2 ( 1 ) Three paraphyses in the space between the second
and third lobes ...... 3
2 ‘ No more than two paraphyses arising between the
second and third lobes ...... 4
3 (2 ) Pygidium tapering to an acute apex; only three
pairs of lobes present; perivulvar pores in four
groups; on leaves (Fig. 9 ) ...... A cu ta sp is
3' Pygidium short, not tapering to an acute apex; fourth lobe developed or indicated by a sclerotized
point; perivulvar pores lacking or present in five
small groups; on bark (Fig. 1 9) ...... M elanaspis
4 ( 2 ') Four or five plates between the setae of second and
third lobe area; plates large, elongate and acute;
mesal paraphysis of first interlobular space much
larger than lateral paraphysis, swollen apioally
and directed toward meson; perivulvar pores
absent (Fig. 10) ...... Clav& spis 29 30
Three or fewer plates "between the setae of second
and third lobe area; plates of various shape; mesal
paraphysis of first interlobular space seldom larger
than lateral paraphysis, usually not swollen apically,
and not directed toward meson; perivulvar pores
present or absent ...... 5
5 ( 4 ') Anal opening conspicuously large, its diameter
somewhat greater than length of median lobes, placed
about twice this diameter from bases of median lobes;
second and third lobes represented by large, broad,
sclerotized points (Fig. 17) ...... Hemiberlesia
5' Anal opening smaller than length of median lobes ...... 6
6 (5 ’ ) Only the median pair of lobes developed; second and
third pair at most indicated as small points; plates
usually small, sometimes poorly developed; anal
opening well removed from apex of
pygidium (Fig. 1 5 )...... Diaspidiotus
6 * At least two pair of lobes developed; the second
pair rarely reduced to small hyaline points, if
reduced then the plates laterad of the second pair
of lobes are well developed and fim briated ...... 7
7(6') Elates laterad of the second lobes wide, fimbriated,
and usually longer than second lobes; interlobular
paraphyses reduced; diameter of anal opening almost
the same as the length of median, lobes; all Ohio
species with perivulvar pores (Fig. 6) . . . . Abgrallaspia 31
71 Plates laterad of second lobes poorly developed
and usually shorter than second lohes; if longer
than second lobes then the perivulvar pores are
absent (as in Quadraspidiotus perniciosus); inter
lobular paraphyses well developed; diameter of anal
opening much shorter than length of median lobes
(F ig . 2 5 ) ...... Quadraspidiotus
Genus Abgrallaspis Balachowsky
Abgrallaspis Balaohowsky, 1948, p. 66; 1956, P* 14;
Schmutterer, 1959» P» 73 > Davidson, i9 6 0, p . 4 6 .
Ephedraspis Borchsenius, 1950, P* 21 6 .
Scale of Female.—Circular or oval, convex, color light;
exuviae central or subcentral*
Female*—Circular or pyriform.
Pygidium*—Two or three pairs of lobes present* Plates large, wide, well fimbriated on outer margin. Paraphyses small, hardly
recognizable. Dorsal ducts short, relatively wide, quite numerous.
Perivulvar pores usually present. Anal opening large, usually almost
same length as the length of median lobes.
Type of the Genus.—A. oyanophylli (Signoret).
KEY TO SPECIES OF ABGRALLASPIS
1 Second pair of lobes elongated, as long as or
longer than median lobes; preferred host
m a p l e ...... * comstocki (Johnson) 32
1* Second pair of lobes shorter than median lob es ...... 2
2(1') Second lobes large, at least half the size in
area of median lobes, their width is more than half
of the width of median lobes; occurs on
c o n ife r s ...... ithacae (Ferris)
2' Second lobes variable in shape and size, but less
than half the size of median lobes, their width
always less than half of the width of median lobes;
occurs on hosts other than conifers . .townsendi (Cockerell)
Abgrallaspis comstocki (Johnson)
F ig . 6
Aspidiotis comstocki Johnson, 1896 b, p. 383; Fernald, 1903, P* 254;
Sanders, 1904b, p. 58; Dietz and Morrison, 1916b, p. 298;
Hollinger, 1923, P* 10; Britton, 1923, p. 373; Felt and
Morrison, 1928, p. 200; Sleesman, 1945» P* 48. Aspidiella
comstocki (Johnson), MacGillivray, 1921, p. 405. Hemiberlesia
comstocki (Johnson), Ferris, 1938, Ser. 11:235* Abgrallaspis
comstooki (Johnson), Davidson, i9 6 0, p . 53*
Scale of Fapale.—Not seen. According to Davidson (i9 6 0), this scale is circular, unless appressed against a leaf vein, whitish;
exuviae submarginal.
Female.—Circular, length on slide about 0.8 mm.
Pygidium.—Median lobes longer than wide, straight and paral
le l, close together, with two slender plates between them, close to
the apex notched on both sides; seoond lobes usually longer than 33
median lobes, rounded apically; third lobes sometimes represented
by a hyaline point. Plates well developed, fimbriate, present as
far as the seta whioh marks the fifth segment. Paraphyses only
slightly developed between median and second lobes. Dorsal macro-
ducts large and broad, few in number; one duct located between median
lobes, extending to about the top of anal opening; one or two ducts between median and second lobes. Pew ventral ducts looated sub-
marginally. Vulva in about the middle of pygidium. Perivulvar pores
in four small groups of 2 to 6 pores per group. Anal opening slightly
smaller than length of median lobes and removed by about twice its
diameter from base of median lobes.
Scale of T/fl-lft.—According to Johnson (1896 b) the male scale
is alongated oval, grayish white, about 1 .0 mm lo n g , 0 .5 mm w id e.
Host and Distribution.—Occurs on leaves of Acer saccharinum
L., and A. sacoharum Marsh. Beported by Sanders (1904b) from leaves
of sugar maple, at Columbus, Ohio. This species is known to occur in
several states east of the Rocky Mountains.
M aterial Tfrg«-mihed. —The accompanying figures were based on
the original Johnson material from maple, Mt. Carmel, Illin ois,
J u ly 1 , 1895 (W. G. Johnson), (HCC), received through the courtesy
of Dr. Harold Morrison. 34
Fig. 6.— Abgrallaspis comstocki (Johnson)
Fig. 7.—Abgrallaspis ithacae (Ferris) 35
Abgrallaspis ithaoae (Perris)
P ig . 7
Aspidaspis ithacae Ferria, 1938, Ser. 11:185. Aspidiotus abietis
Comstock, 1883, p. 57» according to Ferris (1938), homonym
of the earlier Aspidiotus abietis (Schrank), Aspidiotus
abietis (Schrank), Amos, 1933a, p. 206, as a m issidentifi-
cation. Abgrallaspis ithacae (Ferris), Davidson, i9 6 0, p . 60.
Common Hame. —Hemlock s c a le .
Scale of Female.—Circular, slightly convex, gray, lighter on margin; about 1.5 mm in diameter; exuviae central.
Female.—Circular, tapering toward the apex; length on slide about 0.75 nan. Derm usually membranous at maturity.
Pygidium.—Median lobes prominent, about as long as wide, rounded apically, notched on both sides, well separated from each other; second lobes smaller, rounded apically and notched on lateral
sides; third lobes replaoed by small hyaline points. Plates shorter than the lobes, present in the normal two-two-three formula. Two
slender plates between median lobes; broad and apically fimbriate plates in the first and second interlobular spaoe; usually 3“5 slender plates anterior to the seta marking segment six. Dorsal macroducts
quite large and short, numerous, in irregular rows extending to seg ment three; one duct between median lobes, extending to the middle
of arial opening; 3-5 ducts between segments seven and eight; usually
2 ducts between segment six and seven. Ventral duots in small groups
along the margin of pygidium. Anal opening oval, its diameter about 36 equal to the width of median lohe, removed from base of median lobes about twioe the latter’s diameter*
Scale of Male*—Not seen. According to Perris (1938), the scale of male is elongate oval, blackish, exuviae near one end*
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Occurs on needles of conifers*
'Psuga canadensis (L.) Carr., Hocking Co.: Rock House, Oct. 28,
1961, live second instar nymphs and dead females (MK).
Other Material Examined.—INDIANA: West Lafayette, on hem lock, Tsuga sp., May 5> 1932 (J. M. Amos), (PC). PENNSYLVANIA:
Andorra: Andorra Nurseries, on Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr., Feb. 22,
1944 (GBS), (PaDA).
The accompanying illustrations are based on the above Ohio m a teria lo
Abgrallaspis townaendi (Cockerell)
P ig . 8
Aspidiotus townsendi Cockerellt I 8 9 6 , p. 20; Pernald, 1903> p. 279>
Hollinger, 1923, p* 155 Felt and Morrison, 1928, p. 201.
Aspidiotus pseudospinosus Woglum, 1906, p* 75* Aspidiotus
epigaeae Marlatt, 1 9 0 8 , p. 21. Quadraspidiotus townsendi
Cockerell, MaoGillivray, 1921» p. 409* Hemiberlesia howardi
(Cockerell), FerriB, 1938, Ser. 11:240; MoKenzie, 1956, p. 69*
Abgrallaspis townsendi (Cookerell), Davidson, i 9 6 0, p* 6 7 .
Scale of Female.—Circular, flat, whitish or light gray, about 1,5 mm in diameter; exuviae suboentral*
Female*—Circular, length on slide O08 -O .9 mm. 37
Pygidium.—Median lobes large, prominent, well separated, about as long as wide, notched on both sides, rounded apically; second lobes variable, well developed in the material examined; third lobes reduoed to plate-like structures or hyaline points. Plates in the normal pattern, strongly fimbriated. Paraphyses very slightly developed. Dorsal maoroducte usually confined to segments four to six; one between median lobes, extending into anal opening area; 2 or 3 ducts between median and second lobes; lateral from second lobes two more or less distinct rows of 5“® ducts each; a few scattered ducts around the two rows of ducts. Ventral ducts in small groups, along the margin of pygidium. Peri-vulvar pores in four small clusters of 3 to 10 pores per cluster; one or two median perivulvar pores may be present. Anal opening slightly oval, its diameter moderately wider or about equal with the length of median lobes.
Soale of Male.—Elongate oval, almost white; length about
0.9-1.0 mm; exuviae at one end.
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—On leaves and bark of host.
On leaves in Ilex opaca A it., Lake Co.: Painesville, Holnar Nursery,
Jan. 12, 1962 (J. T. Walker), (ODA). Liriodendron tullpifera L .t
Painesville, July 7, 1903, associated with Diaspidiotus hunteri
(Newell), (JGS). On leaves and twigs of Rhododendron sp., Sandusky
Co.: Fremont, Pump Nursery, Dec. 30, i960 (C. R. Jones), (ODA.).
Other M aterial E-ramlned.——PENNSYLVANIA: West C hester, on leaves of Magnolia acuminata L ., Aug. 15> 1919 ("J.X.P."), (PaDA);
Andorra: Andorra Nurseries, on twigs of Ilex glabra (L.) Gray,
Feb. 22, 1944 (GBS), (PaDA). 38
Additional Biological Data.—Overwintered as adults, some with live internal parasitic larvae, in Painesville, 0hioo
The accompanying i l l u s t r a t i o n s are "based on th e above material from Ilex opaoa A it.
Genus Acutaspis Perris
Aoutaspis Ferris. 1941, Ser. 111:328; Borohsenius, 1950, P« 221;
Balachowsky, 1951, p. 35? Schmutterer, 1959> P* 109*
Soale of Female.—Usually circular, flat, exuviae central or subcentral.
Female.—Circular or pyriform; prosomatic region often with a sclerotized point or protuberance on each side, about opposite the posterior spiracles.
Pygidium.—Strongly acute, angle subtended by apex being less than 90 degrees; margin sclerotized. Three pairs of lobes present.
Plates minute. Paraphyses long and slender. Dorsal ducts exceed ingly long and slender. Perivulvar pores in four small groups.
Type of the Genus.—-A. perseae (Comstock).
Botes.——Genus neotropical. One species occurs in Ohio. The members of the genus seem to occur on leaves, rather than on bark.
Acutaspi3 morrisonorum sp.n.
F ig . 9 a -f
Soale of Female (Pig. 9a).—Slightly oval, flat,yellowish- brown, lighter on the margin, with the exuviae oentral. First larval exuviae with white margin. Length of the soale 1«>5 mm» width 1.125 mm. 39
o
d
G
Fig. 8.~ Abgrallaspis townsendi (Cockerell)
Fig. 9 — Acutaspis morrisonorum sp. n. 40
Sample of 22 scales gave mean of length. 1.351 width l o036 mm, range of length 1.250-1.625 mm, width 1 . 0- 1 .1 2 5 mm.
Female.—Pear-shaped, orange yellow, sclerotized on margin of pygidium. Length of the type on slide 0.625 mm, width 0.825 mm.
Sample of 20 females gave mean of length 0.850 mm, width O0640 mm, range of length 0.675-0*875 mm, width 0.575-0.70 mm.
Antenna with one longer setae (Fig. 9b) •Anterior spiracles as in Fig. 9°. Lateral margins of the thoracic region slightly pro duced (Fig. 9d) laterally.
Pygidium.—Rounded apically, with three pairs of small and short lobes (Fig. 9©)5 median lobes semi-circular, shorter in length than width; second lobes broader than the first; third lobes largest; all lobes with two paraphyses, arising laterally. The paraphyses of the inner angles always shorter than those of the outer angles. Three paraphyses in the interlobular space between lobes 2 and 3* A series of short paraphyses beyond the third lobe. Plates minute, confined to interlobular spaces (Fig. ). Dorsal ducts exceedingly long and slender, their pores being arranged in series in the interlobular spaces, and along the margin anterior to the third lobes. Few setae along the entire margin of the body. Margin of prepygidial segments and the thoracic region with a few small ducts. Perivulvar pores in four small groups, anterior laterals 7 and 9» posterior laterals 6 and 8; mean from a sample of 20 speoimens of anterior lateral groups
8, range 5 to 10, the mean of the posterior lateral groups 5> range
3 t o 9*
Ho males are known. 41
Holotype female deposited in the U.S. National Museum.
Paratypes, 1 female in the Houser Collection (OSU), and 19
females in the author's collection.
Both holotype and paratype specimens were oollected from the upper surface of leaves of Tsuga caroliniana Engelm., in Secrest
Arboretum, Wooster, Ohio, on July 7, I960* "by the author. Material was re-collected from the same tree on January 29, 1961, "by Ralph
S e c h r ie s t.
Other Hosts and Distributional Records.—Acutaspis morrison
orum is known only from hosts belonging to the plant class Coniferales.
Abies concolor (Gord.) Engelm., Andorra Nurseries, Andorra, Pa.,
July 20, 1944 (collector unknown), (PaDA). Abies or Tsuga sp.,
Harvard Bot. Gard., Boston, Mass., July 11, 1921 (H. & E. Morrison),
(NCC). Cupressus doclouxiana Hickel., Oneco, Fla., quarantined at
D.C., May 31, 1929 (D. P. Limber), (NCC). Juniperus bermudiana L.,
Bermuda, May 2, 1930 (H. S. Cunningham), (NCC). J_. virginiana L.,
Suffolk, Va., Sept. 19, 1951 (E. B. Bennett), (NCC). J. v. glauoa
Carr., Tarrant, Ala., Aug. 1942 (K. P. Morris), (NCC). Juniperus sp.,
Bermuda, quarantined at Boston, Oct. 14, 1932 (Davis and Beauchamp),
(NCC)j Bermuda, quarantined at New York, Aug. 30, 1939 (Garrett),
(NCC)? Masootte, Fla., Dec. 14, I960 (J. R. Hey), (FlaDA); Oneco,
Fla., April 30, 1947 (V. I. Clark), (FlaDA); Ft. Meade Fla., Mar. 21,
1950 (C. Poucher), (FlaDA)j Oklahoma, 1927 (no more records), (NCC).
On Picea pungens var. Morheim Dresher, Pennsylvania (no more records),
(PaDA). Picea sp., West Chester, Pa., Sept. 1940 (G. B. Sleesman and
A. B. Champlain), (NCC). Pirns taeda L .t Tangipahon Parish, north of 42
Amite, La., Nov. 21, 1930 (P. C. Wakeley). Pinus sp., Spring H ill,
Ala., Nov. 28, 1951 (H. H. Tippins); Nursery in Augusta, Ga., June
1922 (J. G. B ailie). Torreya taxifolia Arn., Tallahassee, Fla.,
July 12, 1961 (R. H. M iller), Rock Bluff, Fla., Jan. 27, 1950
(C. Jones), (FlaDA). On Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr., Rhododendron
Hollow, Hocking Co., Ohio, June 11, 19&1 (MK). Tsuga sp., McDonald
College, Quebec, Canada, April 14, 1911 (J» N. Swain), (NCC); Mt.
Pleasant, Mich., Dec. 29, 1931 (H. E. Guthrie), (NCC); Rockville, Pa.,
Jan. 12, 1921 (F. M. Trimble), (PaJDA); West Chester, Pa., Nov. 1914
(F. Windle), (NCC).
Additional Biological Data.—This species overwintered as a second stage nymph in V/ooster, Ohio, during the winter of 196O-6I.
At the same locality high parasitization was observed, but no para sites were reared from the collected material.
Notes.—Acutaspis morrisonorum is similar to Acutaspis perseae
(Comstock), and especially to A. agavis (Townsend and Cockerell). It can be separated from A. perseae by the following characteristics:
The lateral margins of the thoracic region of A. morrisonorum do not bear heavily sclerotized tubercles, as in A. perseae. The length of A. morrisonorum on the slide is always less than one m illi meter, while the length of A. perseae exceeds one millimeter. The apical half of the pygidium of A. perseae is more acute, thus the angle subtended is always less than 80 degrees, while in A. mor- r i 3onomini the angle is greater than 80 degrees. Based on the material at hand A. morrisonorum occurs on conifers, while A. perseae seems to occur on other hosts than conifers. 43
Acutaspis morrisonorum can "be separated from A. agavis by the following:
There are about 25-30 small slender ducts which form a distinct row on each side of the prosomal margin in the type of A. agavis, while in A. morrisonorum these ducts are hardly visible, do not form a distinct row, and are less in number, about 12-18 ducts on each side of prosoma. Acutaspis agavis is known only from Agave spp.
(family Amaryllidaceae), in Texas and Mexico, while A. morrisonorum occurs on needles of conifers, east of the M ississippi, in Eastern
United States, Quebec in Canada, and Bermuda Island. There is no geographical overlapping in the distribution of the two species.
Dr. Harold Morrison and his wife Emily Morrison were among the first who collected material of this species in the United States.
Dr. H. Morrison made available for study the pertaining material of the National Coccoid Collection, and with Mrs. Morrison aided in many ways the preparation of this work. The author wishes to express his gratitude toward Dr. and Mrs. Morrison by naming this species after them .
The author suggests the common name "round conifer scale" for this species.
Genus Clavaspis MacGillivray
Clavaspis MacGillivray, 1921, p« 391? Perris, 1938, Ser. 11:202}
Balachowsky, 1956, p. 90. Ferrisaspis MacGillivray, 1921,
p. 388. Hendaspidiotus MacGillivray, 1921, p<> 391- 44
Scale of Female.—Circular, exuviae subcentral*
Female.—Circular or pyriform.
Pygidium.—Median lobes prominent. Plates usually simple*
Paraphysis arising from outer basal angle of median lobe much larger
than lateral paraphysis and swollen apically, also directed toward
meson.
Type of the Genus.—Aspidiotus subsimilis var. anonae Houser, which is considered by Ferris to be a synonym of Clavaspis herculeana
(Cockerell and Hadden).
Clavaspis ulmi (Johnson)
F ig . 10
Aspidiotus ulmi Johnson, 1896 b , p . 3 8 8 ; Fernald, 1903, p. 280; Sanders,
1904b, p. 67; Diets and Morrison, 1916b, p. 293; M iller, 1922,
p. 60; Hollinger, 1923, p. 17; Britton, 1923, p. 3755 Felt
and Morrison, 1928, p. 201; Amos, 1933a, p. 206; Sleesman,
1945, P» 48. Hendaspidiotus ulmi (Johnson), MacGillivray,
1921, p. 440. Clavaspis ulmi (Johnson), Ferris, 1938, Ser.
1 1 :211.
Scale of Female.—Circular, convex, gray or yellowish white,
about 1*5 mm in diameter; exuviae submarginal. Ventral soale thin,
w h it e *
Female.—Circular, light yellow (Y 25.0-8/6); length on slide
about 1 * 1- 1*25 mm.
Pygidlum.—Acute, slightly sclerotized. Median lobes large,
protruding, more or less rounded, both margins notched; second and 45
third, lobes reduced to small sclerotized points. Plates prominent,
slender, about as long as the lobes, occasionally slightly toothed;
no plates between median lobes; two plates in first interlobular
space; usually 6-7 plates beyond second lobes. Median lobes with
sclerotized basal process. First pair of intersegmental scleroses with mesal member enlarged, apioally swollen, and pointed toward
meson; second pair of scleroses small and of about equal size.
Dorsal ducts small, slender, arranged in three definite furrows; usually five in the first, about ten in the second, and around eight
in the third furrow. A few ventral ducts along the margin of pygidium*
Porivulvar pores absent. Anal opening small, removed from base of
median lobes by about three times the latter's length.
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Most of the distribution
records are from southwestern Ohio, but some are from central,
northern, and eastern counties of the state. Occurs on bark. Acer
saccharinum L., Cincinnati: Washington Park, Nov. 4, 1914 (JSH, JLK).
On trunk of Aesculus glabra W illd., Highland Co.: north of Hillsboro,
July 15, 19^1, live females with eggs in their body, (MK, PHF). On
trunk of A* hippocastanum L., Columbus: OSU, Feb. 17, 1961, second
stage larvae, (MK). On trunk of Catalpa bignonioides W alt., Dayton,
Sept. 7, 1914 (JSH). On trunk of C. speoiosa Warder. Columbus: OSU,
Oct. 11, 1919 (P. H. Lowry), (HC); Warren Co.: Lebanon, July 1, 1961
(MK). Catalpa sp., Cleveland, Apr. 10, 1913 (JLK, JSH); Columbus
(Sanders, 1904b); OSU, (M iller, 1922), (CAB). Tilia sp., O ttoville,
March 22, 1915 (F. T. Ulrich), (HC). On trunk of Ulmns amerioana L.
Columbus (Sanders, 1904b); Ottawa Co.: East Harbor State Park, Sept. 7* 46
I960 (MK); Salem, March 17, 1915 (H. H. Sharp), (HC). On trunk of
Ulmas sp., Columbus* OSU, Apr. 7, I960, May 2, 1961 (MK); M a rietta ,
Mar. 25, July 22, 1915 (JSH).
Other Material Examined.—Kansas* Lawrence, Catalpa sp.,
O ct. 1 1 , I 898 (P. J. Parrott), (HC).
Additional Biological Data.—Overwintered as second stage nymphs in Franklin Co.; males emerged and the first stage nymphs appeared between May 8-15 in Columbus (1 9 6 1).
Parasites Reared.--ThyBanidae: Thysanus sp.
Acarina Associated.—Oribatei : Scheloribatidae s Schelori- b a te s s p . } Oribatulidae * Zygoribatula pyrostigmata (Ewing).
The accompanying illustrations are based on material from
Catalpa speciosa Warder, Warren Co.: Lebanon, July 1, 1961.
Genus Piaspidiotus Leonard!
Piaspidiotus Leonardi, 1897, P* 283, I 8 9 8 , p. 215; Forris, 1938,
Ser. 11:214; Lupo, 1948, p. 194; Balachowsky, 1950, p. 94;
Borchsenius, 1950, p. 224; Zahradnik, 1951, P» 142;
Schnnitterer, 1959, P« 100.
Scale of Female.—Circular to oval, exuviae central or sub- c e n t r a l.
Female.—Circular to pyriform.
Pygidium.—Only median lobes developed. Plates usually small and fimbriated. Intersegmental scleroses present. Perivulvar pores present or absent. Anal opening well removed from apex of pygidium*
Type of the Genus.—P. ancylus (Putnam)• 47
KEY TO SPECIES OP PIASPIDIOTUS
1 Perivulvar pores present ...... 2
1* Peri-vulvar pores absent; associates especially
with, sw eet gum, LiquidLambar
styraciflua...... liquidambaris (Kotinsky)
2(l) Dorsal macroducts present on segments anterior
to fifth segment ...... 3
2' Dorsal macroducts absent on segments anterior
to fifth segment ...... 4
3(2) With more than 8 dorsal macroducts on third and
fourth segments; 5~10 duct orifices at base of
first interlobular space; usually 3-4 long,
simple or bifurcate plates lateral from third
lobe area caryae sp.n.
3' With less than 8 dorsal macroducts on third and
fourth segments; 3-6 duct orifices at the base of
first interlobular space; usually 2-3 short, stout,
simple plates lateral from third lobe
area ...... hunteri (Newell)
4(2’) Plates large and well fimbriated ...... 5
4’ Plates small, not fimbriated, dagger-like; as
sociated especially with oak, also other hosts
belonging to the plant fam ines Pagaceae and
Corylaceae ...... osborni (Newell and Cockerell) 48
5 ( 4 ) Two small acute plates 'between median lobes;
median lobes notched on lateral side only;
2 1 -5 3 dorsal macroducts on each side of
pygidium ...... ancylus (Putnam)
5’ No plates between median lobes; median lobes
notched on both sides; usually 20-27 d o r sa l
macroducts on each side of pygidium .... uvae (Comstock)
Piaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam)
F ig . 11
Piaspis ancylus Putnaro, 1878, p. 321. Aspidiotus ancylus (Putnam),
Comstock, 1881, p. 292; Osborn, 1900, p. 72; Fernald, 1903,
p. 252; Sanders, 1904b, pc 575 O’Kane, 1909, Fart III, p. 4>
Pietz and Morrison, 1916b, p. 303; Hauser, 1918, p. 283;
M iller, 1922, p, 61; Hollinger, 1923, p. 9, Britton, 1923,
p. 372; Pelt and Morrison, 1928, p* 200; Amos, 1933a, p.
206; Sleesman, 1945, p. 48; Porter et a l., 1959, P» 76.
Aspidiotus aesculi solus Hunter, 1899, P. 12. Aspidiotus
ohioensis York, 1905, P. 325. Piaspidiotus ancylu3 (Putnam ),
MacGillivray, 1921, p. 411; Ferris, 1938, Ser. II:216 ;
McKenzie, 1956, p. 61,
Common Name.—Putnam sca le.
Scale of Female.—Circular, convex, dark to light gray; about
1,5 mm in diameter; exuviae yellow, submarginal or subcentral.
Female.-—Circular, young females more or less oval. Cephalo
thoracic region of mature females sclerotized, especially on the 4 9
Fig 10 - Clavaspis ulmi (Johnson)
Fig. II — Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam) 50 margin. Young females ocher yellow (Y 25*0-8/8). Length on slide
of young females about 0 o75 “0»85 nan, w idth 0 . 5 - 0 . 6 mm; length of old fem a les 1 . 25- 1 .4 mm, width 1 .2 mm.
Pygidium.—Median lobes close together, wider than long, notched about halfway on outer margins, rounded at apex. Second lobes usually represented as a rounded prominence, terminating in a
sharp hyaline point. Third lobes lacking. Space between median lobes closed about halfway, and with a pair of slender acute plates.
Two elongated plates in the first interlobular space, slightly shorter than median lobes, mesal plate usually bifurcate at apex, lateral plate larger, fimbriated on lateral margin; 3 plates in the second interlobular space, but usually only2 are visible because mesal plate small and covered by seta of second lobe; 2 lateral plates, about as long or longer than median lobes, fimbriated on outer margins lateral from third lobe area usually 2 -3 simple slender plates, and
2 -3 small, pointed, tooth-like structures on margin of pygidium.
Intersegmental, scleroses well developed. Dorsal macroducts usually in definite rows or furrows, varying in number; young females usually with fewer ducts. Between median lobes two ducts, or sometimes only one visible, extending to anal opening area; 3-7 ducts in the first interlobular space; usually 7 -1 6 ducts in a row starting in the second interlobular space; usually 1 duct on the margin, lateral from third lobe area; anterior from the latter duct in about middle of pygidium, u s u a lly 3 -4 ducts in a row; mesal from seta marking the fifth seg ment begins a row of 5-18 ducts, extending to lateral Bear; usually
1-5 ducts laterad of seta marking fifth segment. Ventral ducts few, 51 located, along margin of pygidium. Setae long and slender, those laterad of second lobes longer than median lobes. Perivulvar pores in four or five groups, strongly varying in number; medians 0- 7 ; anterior laterals 7-15? posterior laterals 6- 9 . Anal opening slightly oval, less in diameter than length of median lobes, removed from base of median lobes by about 3 times its diameter.
Scale of Male.—Not seen. According to Perris (1938), the scale of male is elongate, gray, exuviae near one end.
This species, based on the material studied, shows a wide degree of variation. Through the courtesy of Dr. Harold Morrison it has been possible to see mounted specimens marked as "from Putnam," and specimens marked as "topotype," also a mounted specimen of
Aspidiotus ohioenais York, marked as "type." This latter species is synonymous with P. ancylus (Putnam). Specimens even from the topotype material, on which the above description and figures are based, show a wide degree of variation. This species may represent more than one species. The material which shows close resemblance to the "typical specimens" is listed first, and that which is questionable is listed separately.
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Occurs on bark. Probably generally distributed in Ohio. On Acer rubrum L., Hocking Co.:
Conkles Hollow, May 19, I960 (MK). A. saccharinum L., Wooster,
May 22, 1915 (JSH). On Acer sp., North Philadelphia, June 7, 1915
"associated with Quadraspidiotus .juglans-rogiae (Comstock)" (J. C.
Harding). Aesculus glabra W illd., 1905 (s * York) marked as
"14078 Aspidiotus ohioensis, Aesculus glabra H. H. York, 1905" (NCC). 52
This material is probably identical with the material on which the original description was based, collected at Columbus: OSU, March 24,
1905* Euonyxnus la tifo lia Scop., Licking Co.* Dawes Arboretum,
June 17, 1961 (MK). Euonymus sp., Cincinnati: Spring Grove Cemetery,
Nov. 6, 1914 (JSH, JLK), On twigs of Hypericum spathulatum (Spach)
Steud., Adams Co.: Lynx Cemetery, July 15, 1961 (MK).
(Questionable Material from Ohio.—On Acer platanoide3 L .,
Columbus: OSU, Aug. 8 , i 960 (MK). A. saccharinum L .t Columbus: OSU,
Oct. 17, 1919 (P. R. Lowry), Miller (1922)5 Columbus, June 23, I960
(MK). On Acer s p . , Z a n e s v ille , 1908, O’Kane (1909)5 New Antioch,
March 25, 1901 (“)» (UC). Campsis radicans (L.) Seem., Ashtabula,
Sept. 1916 (JSH). Under the loose scales of bark of Carya ovata
(M ill.) K. Koch, Champaign Co.: Urbana, July 9, I960 (UK) ; Cuyahoga
Co., Mar. 5, I 96I (MK) ; Delaware Reservoir State Park, June 12, i960
(MK); Ottawa Co.: East Harbor State Park, Sept. 6 , i 960 (MK), Gypsum,
April 22, 1915 (JSH, JLK); Hocking Co., April 16, 960 i (PHP, MK)}
Paulding Co.: Antwerp, Sept. 4, I960 (UK); Put In Bay, Sept. 7, i960
(MK); Richland Co., Sept. 17, 1961 (MK); Vinton Co., May 20, 1961
(MIC). Carya sp., Cleveland, Mar. 7, 1912 (JSH). Celtis oocidentalis
L., Franklin Co., May 20, 196I (MK). C e lt is s p ., C in c in n a ti: Mt.
Echo Park, Nov. 9, 1914 (JSH, JLK). Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.,
Columbus, May 18, 1899, Osborn (1900). On twigs of Mahonia aqui- folium (Pursh) Nutt., Cleveland, June 9, 1913 (JLK, JSH). On trunk
of Platamis occidentalis L., Adams Co.: south of Lynx, July 15, 1961
(MK)• Populus canadensis Moenoh, Painesville, July 17, 1916 (W. E.
Evans), (HC). Rhus copallina L., Cincinnati: Lincoln Park, Oct. 10, 53
1912 (JSH). Robinla pseudo-acacia L ., Cincinnati: Eden Park, Oct*
1915 (JSH), data from E« W. Rings. Salix sp., Preble Co., Aug. 26,
1961 (MK). Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr., Painesville, July 19> 1903
(JGS). On twigs of Tsuga sp., Columbus, 0cto 2, i960 (j. N. Knull),
(KC). Ulmus americana L., and U. procera SaliBb., Canton, Oct. 1915
(JSH). Ulmus sp.. Cincinnati: Price H ill, Nov. 4> 1914 (JLK)0
Other Material Examined.—IOWA: Davenport. No collecting date, but the following notes on labels: "No. 759» Diaspis ancylus on Acer dasycarpum, from Putnam" (NCC), This host is a synonym of
Acer saocharinum L. Dr. H. Morrison stated (personal communications) about this material: "Although there is no positive evidence, I suspect that these slides come closer to representing type material than anything else that is now in existence." On "maple" Acer sp.,
(same location as previous) Apr. 30, 1908, (Elizabeth Putnam), slide marked "Topotype" (No. 759), (NCC). VIRGINIA: Shenandoah National
Parle, on Betula lutea alleghaniensis (Brit.) Ashe., Aug. 1, 1958, close to the "typical specimens" (MK).
Aoa-pjna Associated. ——Oribatei : Cymbaeremaeidae : Scapherema—
eus marginal is (Banks); Oribatulidae : Dometorina sp.n.; Mesostigmata
Phytoseiidae : Amblyseius sp.
The accompanying illustrations are based on the above listed
topotype material, from Iowa. 54
Piaspidiotus oaryae sp.n.
P ig . 12
Scale of Female*—Circular, almost flat, yellowish white or grayish from dirt and dust, 2 , 0- 2 .5 mm in diameter; exuviae yellowish
subcentral, Ventral scale thin, white, adheres to the "bark.
Female.—Circular, at maturity the entire "body heavily
sclerotized; length on slide 1.5-lo7 mm, width lo3-l»5 tom*
Pygidium.—Relatively large, semi-circular*. Median lobes large, about as long as wide, notched about half way on lateral margins, rounded apically. Space between median lobes closed about half way, or more often at two-thirds of the length of median lobes.
Second lobes slightly indicated as a low prominence. Plates of various shape; 2 simple, acute plates between median lobes; 2 la r g e and fimbriate plates in the first interlobular space; 3 fim b r ia te plates in the second interlobular space, mesal plate smallest, acute, only slightly fimbriated, lateral plate largest, and well fimbriated; u s u a lly 3 -4 simple or bifurcate plates lateral from third lobe area.
Intersegmental scleroses well developed. Dorsal ducts in large number, about 80 to 100 on each side of pygidium, including segments three and four. No submedian dorsal duct groups present. Usually 2 ducts between median lobes, which extend to the anal opening area;
5 —10 ducts (average 7 ) in a short row between median and second lobes u s u a lly 1 4 -1 6 ducts in a row beginning at the margin of second inter lobular space; large number of ducts lateral from this row, not ar ranged in definite rows, and extending to the third abdominal seg
ment; about 8-10 ducts on each side of third segment. Ventral ducts 55 in largo number along the margin of pygidium. Marginal setao about as long or longer than plates. Perivulvar pores in five groups: median group 3 -1 0 (average 6 )j anterior laterals 1 1 -2 1 (average 1 4 )> posterior laterals 8-14 (average ll). Anal opening round or slightly oval, removed from base of median lobes by about tv/ice its diameter.
No males were observed.
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—On bark of twigs of "hickory,
Carya sp., Ottawa Co.: Gypsum, Sept. 5, 1914 (J. L. King). Material in c lu d e s 14 females, of which 5 are parasitized, 2 second instar and
6 first instar nymphs„
Holotype female deposited in the U.S. National Museum.
Paratypes, 1 female in the Houser Collection (OSU), and ^ females in the author's collection.
Both holotype and paratype specimens are from the above listed material.
This species in general has some resemblance to Piaspidiotus bumeliae Ferris (1938, Ser. 11:217), from which it differs as follows
1. There are about 80-100 dorsal ducts on each side of the pygidium in Piaspidiotus oaryae, while in P. bumeliae there are about 4 5 -6 5 suoh ducts.
2. The plates, laterad from third lobe area, are simple
or at most bifurcate just at their apex in P_. caryae, while in P. bumeliae these plates are with long branches at their apex.
3. Lateral plate of second interlobular space is fim
briated only on lateral margin in P. caryae, while in P. bumeliae
this plate is well fimbriated on both margins. 56
4» In the first interlobular space there are 5-10 ducts
(average 7) in D, caryaet while in jDc bumeliae there are 2-6 such ducts.
5- Ventral ducts are numerous (more than 20) on each side of the pygidial margin in B. caryae, while in B. bumeliae there are only about 6-12 such ducts.
6. Median group of perivulvar pores is composed of
3-10 pores (average 6) in B. caryae, while in B. bumeliae there are
0-2 such pores.
7. Known host of B. caryae is Carya sp., while B. bumeliae is known only from other hosts, which are not related to
Carya.
8* Biaspidiotus caryae is known only from northern United
States, while all distributional records of B. bumeliae are from the
Southern United States (Oklahoma, and Texas) and Mexico.
Biaspidiotus hunteri (Newell)
F ig . 13
Aspidiotus hunteri Newell, 1899» P» 10> Fernald, 1903» P» 265.
Aspidiotus piceus Sanders, 1904a, p. 9 6. Biaspidiotus
hunteri (Newell), MacGillivray, 1921, p. 412; Ferris, 1938,
Ser. 11:222.
Scale of Female.—Circular, flat, gray, darker in the center; about 2.0 mm in diameter; exuviae subcentral.
Female.—Circular, with protruding pygidial area. Cephalo
thoracic area sclerotized at full maturity. Length on slide of co- 57
Fig. 12 ~ Diaspidiotus caryae sp n
|O q
'fpoZA'.r
■r-\
,4^ rS
nM' * 1 jtf"'VA
Fig. 13— Diaspidiotus hunteri (Newell) 58 types about I .5 -I 06 mm, width 1.3-1*4 mm. Length of Sanders speoimens on slide about 1.0-1.2 mm, width 0.9-1o0 mm.
Pygidium.—Semi-circular. Median lobes well developed, prominent, about as long as wide, usually notched on lateral side, sometimes notched on the inner margin, rounded apically. Width of area between median lobes about one-third of the width of a median lobe. Second and third lobes reduced, inner angle of second lobes sometimes more or less developed. Two elongated, acute plates between median lobes. Other plates well developed, wide and fimbriated, especially those on the outer margin, in the Sanders material; smaller and without definite fimbriation in the cotype material. Only two plates visible in the second interlobular space. Usually 2-3 short, stout, simple plates laterad of third lobe area, on margin of pygidium. Intersegmental scleroses weakly developed. Dorsal macro- ducts small and slender, usually in well defined rows; 1 betw een median lobes; ducts in a short row starting at the base of first interlobular space; 6-9 ducts in a row starting at the base of second interlobular space; 1 duct on the margin, laterad of third lobe area; anterior to the latter duct, usually 2 or 3 more d u c ts; a lo n g er row o f 7 -1 0 ducts starting mesally, and 3 -4 ducts laterally from the seta marking fifth segment; 6-10 ducts in a row, starting near the seta marking fourth segment; 2—3 , or more ducts, on third segment, to a distance from margin; usually 4 more short ducts on margin of first to third abdominal segments, with their duct orifice toward lateral margin of each segment. (The latter marginal ducts are not present in the cotypes.) Ventral ducts few, mostly looated submarginally. 59
Perivulvar pores in five groups; medians 2 -8 (cotypes 4-6)» anterior laterals 15-20 (cotypes 8-10); posterior laterals 8-13. Anal opening slightly oval, about as long as the length of median lobes; removed from base of median lobes by about two and a half times its diameter.
No male scales were seen.
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Occurs on bark. On Lirioden- dron tulipifera L .t Lake Co.: Painesville, July 7, 1903 (JGS). As sociated with Abgrallaspis townsendi (Cockerell).
Other Material Rsamined.—Through the kindness of Dr. Harold
Morrison it has been possible to examine and to use for comparison two cotype specimens from Hibes sp., bearing the following on the label: "Aspidiotus hunteri Newell- 8 387 -Co-type. On Currant, Alton,
Iowa 1897."
The Ohio material differs in certain morphological character istics from the cotypes. These differences are mentioned in the description of the species.
The accompanying illustrations are based on the above listed
Ohio material.
Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky)
F ig . 14
Cryptophyllaspis liquidambaris Kotinsky, 1903, P* 149; Felt and Mor
rison, 1928, p. 201. Chemnaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky),
MacGillivray, 1921, p. 439* Aspidiotus liquidambaris
(Kotinsky), Sleesman, 1945, P» 48. Diaspidiotus liquidambaris
(Kotinsky), Ferris, 1938, Ser. 11:223; Schuder, 1954, p. 175* 60
Scale of Female,—Circular, oonvex, white or light gray;
about 1 ,2 mm in diameter; exuviae yellow, subcentral.
Female,—Circular, yellow (Y 22,5-8/12); length on slide
0,6-1,0 mm, depending on age. Cephalothoracic region becomes
sclerotized at maturity,
Pygidium.—Hedian lobes large, prominent, about as long as wide, notched on both sides, rounded apically; second lobes reduced
to elongated, hyaline, plate-like processes which are enlarged at base. Plates well developed, slender, simple or variously toothed
or fimbriate. Two slender, apically fimbriate plates between median
lobes; lateral plates present as far as the seta which marks the
fifth segment. Intersegmental scleroses moderately developed. Dorsal
macroducts vary in number, slender; one between median lobes, extending
to the top of anal opening; usually 3 duct orifices between median and
second lobes. Ventral ducts few, in groups along the margin of
pygidium. Setae longer than lobes. Perivulvar pores lacking. Anal
opening oval, removed from base of median lobes about twice the
l a t t e r 1s d iam eter.
Scale of Male.—Elongate oval, white; exuviae at one end.
Host and Distribution in Ohio,—Occurs on leaves, especially
on the under surface, also on twigs. Causes small galls and dis
coloration on the upper surface of leaves of sweetgum, Liquidambar
styxaciflua L. Columbus: OSD, June 19» 1961 ; Central Ohio, Jan,
1962 (J. T. Walker), (ODA); Cuyahoga Co.: North Royalton, June 14,
1961 ("R.F.W."), (ODA). 61
Additional Biologioal Data.—Overwintered as mature, unmated females, and males in pupal stage, at the ‘base of "buds on twigs in
Central Ohio (1961- 62). Almost a ll eggs hatched "by June 19, 19^1 in
Columbus,
The accompanying illustration is based on the above material from Columbus,
Diaspidiotus osborni (Newell and Cockerell)
F ig . 15
Aspidiotus osborni Newell and Cockerell, Osborn, 1 8 9 8 , p , 229;
Fernald, 1903, p. 268; Sanders, 1904b, p, 6 4 ; Hollinger, 1923,
p. 13; Britton, 1923, Pc 374; Felt and Morrison, 1928, p, 200;
Amos, 1933a, p . 2065 Sleesman, 1945 > P* 48, Aspidiotus
yulupae Brenner, 1907, p, 36 7 . Diaspidiotus osborni (Newell
and Cockerell), MacGillivray, 1921, p. 413; Ferris, 1938,
Ser. 11:224; McKenzie, 1956, p. 6 3 ,
Scale of Female,—Circular, or slightly elongated, flat, light gray, usually as the color of the bark; about1 ,5 mm in diameter exuviae subcentral, orange yellow.
Female,—Circular, at fu ll maturity cephalothoracic region heavily sclerotized and with moderate constrictions between prothorax and mesothorax, also between mesothorax and metathorax; color of live young female yellow (rY 22,5-8/10). Length on slide about 1,0 mm.
Pygidium.—Median lobes large, protruding, slightly separated, closed about half way, outer margins sloping toward the meson and notched about midway; second and third lobes lacking. Plates small, 62
c /
Fig. 14.— Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky)
Fig. 15“ Diaspidiotus osborni (Newell 6 Cockerell) 63 elongated, dagger-like; no plates between median lobes. Scleroses present at base of median lobes, between segments six and seven, also between seven and eight. Dorsal macroducts relatively few, slender; one between median lobes; 2 -4 in the first interlobular space; laterad of this two row of ducts, which do not extend to the fourth segment.
Few ventral ducts, some ending in small, stout, tube-like structures, gland tubes, on the margin of pygidium. Setae usually longer than median lobes. Perivulvar pores in four small groups of 3 to 10 in a group, occasionally with 1 or 2 pores in the median group. Anal opening relatively small, removed 2 or 3 timos its diameter from the base of median lobes.
Egg.—Color yellow (Y 25.0-8/6).
Scale of Hale.—Elongate oval, gray, exuviae at one end.
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Occurs on bark. Usually on hosts belonging to the plant fam ilies Fagaceae and Corylaceae.
Probably generally distributed in Ohio. On Betula alba L., Cincinnati
Eden Park, Nov. 9> 1914 (JSH, JLK); Cleveland, April 9, 1913 (JSH,
JLK). B, a_. atropurpurea Jaeg. & B eiss., Cleveland, March 6 , 1912
(JSH). Betula sp., Ashtabula, Dec. 2, 1914 (JSH). Carpirns caroliniana W alt., Cincinnati: Lincoln Park, Nov. 4, 1914 (JSH, JLK).
Castanea dentata Borkh., Lake Co.: Painesville, Apr. 2, 1917 (R*
Faxon), (HC). Castanea sp., Columbiana, Nov, 20, 1912 (V/. F. Schlupp)
(HC); Lake Co.: Mentor, Dec. 3, 1914 (JSH). Fagus sp., Cleveland,
March 6 and June 3» 1912, May 28, 1915 (JSH), Dec., 1915 (H»
Speaker); Dover Center, Feb. 10, 1916 (G. Borth); Lake Co: Paines— ville, April 3, 1902 (-). On Exposed roots of Fraxinus sp., 64
Cincinnati: Glenwood Plats, Nov. 7» 1914 (JLK). Quercias alba L.,
Cincinnati, May 20, 1913» associated with Melanaspis ohscura (Com stock), (JSH), Burnett Woods, Oct. 8, 1916 (JSH); Cleveland, July 18,
1903, Sanders (190411); Licking Co.: near Hanover, Sept. 5> 1961 (MK);
Lucas Co.: Oak Openings, July 8, 1961 (ME); Muskingum C o.: S e p t. 5>
I 96I (MK); Union Co.: New California Cemetery, July 9> 1961 (ME);
Wooster, Nov. 11, 1914 (WHG). C^. Borealis Miohx., Lucas Co.: Oak
Openings, July 8 , 1961 (MK); Wooster, April 3, 1914 (JSH). imbri- caria Michx., Cincinnati: Washington Park, Nov. 4> 1914 (JSH, JLK).
macrocarpa Michx., Cincinnati: Burnett Woods, Oct. 8 , 1916 (JSH ). £.• Palustris Muenchh., Put In Bay State Park, Sept. 7, I960 (MK).
Q. velutina Lam., Franklin Co.: Flint Ravine, June 2 5 , I 96I (MK);
Hamilton Co.: Stanley Rowe Arboretum, July 1, 1961 (MK); Ottawa Co.:
East Harbor State Park, Sept. 3, i 960 (UK). Quercus sp., Cleveland,
Mar. 7, 1913 (JSH), Apr. 9, 1913 (JLK, JSH), Rockefeller Park, April 10,
1913 (JLK, JSH), March 28, 1914 "severe infestation" (JSH). Robinia pseudo—acacia L., Cleveland, March 6 , 1912 (JSH).
Other M aterial Examined. —PENNSYLVANIA: Fatland, on Quercus borealis Miohx., March 24, 1944 (GBS), (PaDA).
Additional Biological Bata.—Usually very scarce on the host.
Most eggs already hatched by July 11 9 ( 6 1), in the Cincinnati area, and by July 10 (l96l) in Central Ohio0 Although several collections were made, no parasites were reared0
The accompanying illustrations are based on material from
Quercus alba L ., Lucas Co.: Oak Openings, July8 , 19 6 1 . 65
Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock)
F ig . 16
Aspidiotus uvae Comstock, 1881, pc 309; Fernald, 1903, p« 280; Sanders,
1904b, p . 6 8 ; Zimmer, 1912, p0 115; Dietz and Morrison, 19161),
p. 305; Hollinger, 1923» p. 17; Britton, 1923> P* 375; Felt
and Morrison, 1928, p. 201; Sleesman, 1945> P* 48.
Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock), MacGillivray, 1921, p. 412;
Ferris, 1938, Ser. 11:225; Balachowsky, 1950» P» 4975 McKenzie,
1956, p. 63.
Common Name. — Grape s c a le .
Scale of Femalec-—Circular or slightly elongated, flat, white or yellowish white, on sycamore its color resembles the color of bark; about 1 . 5- 1 .7 nun in diameter; exuviae central or subcentral, orange yellow (YR 15.0-6/10). Ventral scale present, white, thin, adheres to the bark.
Female.—Circular, mature females often with retracted pygidium, horseshoe-shaped, their cephalothoracic region sclerotized, especially along the margins. Young females greenish yellow (gY 27*5“
8 / 8 ). Length on slide 1«2-1.5 name
Pygidium.—Median lobes prominent, slender, parallel, without plates between them, notched on both sides, inner notch closer to the tip , lobes rounded at apex; second lobes reduced to small hyaline points; third pair entirely lacking® Plates as long as the setae; those in the first and second interlobular space more or less fim briated; usually 3-5 simple or weakly fimbriated plates laterad of third lobe area. Intersegmental scleroses well developed. Dorsal 66 d u cts slen d e r; som etim es one duct "between median lo b e s ; u s u a lly 4 ducts between median and second lobes; 1 5 -2 0 ducts on fifth and sixth segment in two more or less definite rows which extend as far as the lateral scar. Ventral ducts small, along the margin of pygidium.
Perivulvar pores in four small groups, mesal group sometimes repre sented by one or two pores. Anal opening oval, removed from base of median lobes by about 2 or 3 times its diameter.
• Scale of Male.—Hot soon. According to Sasscer (Zimmer,
1 9 1 2), the scalo of male is elongate, length 0 . 9- 1*0 mm, width 0*5 mm; slightly darker and more convex than female scale; exuviae at one end.
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Occurs on bark, also under the peeling bark of grape vine. Almost all available distributional data are from Southern Ohio. Catalpa bungei C. A. Key., Cincinnati,
Oct. 10, 1912 (JSH). Catalpa sp., "Drooping Catalpa," Cincinnati:
Eden Park, Nov. 9, 1914 (JSH, JLK). Fraxirrus sp., Cincinnati,
Nov. 7, 1914 (JSH, JLK). Gleditsia triacanthos L., Cincinnati,
IIov. 4, 1914 "severely infested" (JSH, JLK), On trunk, especially under bark scales, occasionally on twigs of Platanus occidentalis L.,
Cincinnati, Nov0 4» 1914 (JSH, JLK); Columbus: OSU, Sept. 20, 1961
(MK) ; Scioto Co., July 16, 1961 (MK). Platanus sp., Cincinnati,
Mar. 4, 1913 (JSH, W. 0. Minger), Eden Park, Nov. 9» 1914 (JSH, JLK).
Populus canadensis Moench., Cincinnati: Lytle S t., Nov. 9> 1914 (JSH,
JLK). Bobinia pseudo-acacia L., Cincinnati: Price H ill, Nov. 4» 1914
(JSH, JLK), Eden Park, Oct. 10, 1912 (JSH), Nov. 9, 1914 "very severe" (JSH, JLK), Mar. 29, 1915 (JSH); Ross Co.: Scioto Trail State
Park, July 16, 1961, on healing wounds of trunk (MK). Vitis vinifera 67
L., Lawrence Co.: Ironton, Feb. 24, 1912 (J. T. Wolfe), Nov. 2, 1915
(H. C. Rudman), (HC); no location, Sanders (1904b ) .
Other M aterial Examined.—MARYLAND: E llicott City, on VitiB vinifera L .. May 10, 1959 (MK). MICHIGAN: Warren Dunes Stafre Park, on stems of Rhus radicans L«, Aug. 19, i960 (MK). WES? VIRGINIA:
Grant Co., Greenland Gap, on Platams occidentalis L., Mar. 18, 1961
(PHF, A. Kunkel); Mason City: Gold Nursery, on V itis vinifera L.,
April 15, 1901 (-).
Additional Biological Data.—This insect overwintered as mature females in Columbus (1961- 62 ) . A ccording to Zimmer (1 9 1 2 ), the males appear in June; females are ovoviviparous and give birth to 35 "to 50 young during '.lay and June; th ere i s one y e a r ly g e n e r a tio n .
Parasites Reared.—Sulophidae: Prospaltella sp.
Acarina Associated.-—Mesostigmata : Uropodidae : 'Urodinychus — type" deutonymphs; Immature O ribatei.
The accompanying illustrations are based on the above listed material from V itis vinifera L., Maryland.
Genus Hemiberlesia Cockerell
Hemiberlesia Cockerell, 1897 c, p. 9, 12; Ferris, 1938, Ser. 11:232;
Balachowsky, 1948, P* 57; Borchsenius, 1950, p. 223; Bala-
ohowsky, 1956, p. 104; Sclunutterer, 1959, P* 65; Davidson,
i 9 6 0, p. 27. Marlattaspis MacGillivray, 1921, p. 387•
Scale of Female.—Circular to oval, usually strongly convex; exuviae oentral or subcentral. 68
Female.—Circular to pyriform.
Pygidium.—Median lobes prominent, close together; second and third lobes usually reduced. Plates elongated, fimbriated, in the normal 2-2-3 formula. Paraphyses present. Dorsal ducts few, long and slender. Anal opening circular, conspicuously large, its diameter somewhat greater than length of median lobes.
Type of the Genus.—H. rapax (Comstock).
KEY TO SPECIES OF HEHJBERLES1A
1 Perivulvar pores present; anal opening removed
about one times its diameter from base of median
lo b e s ...... • lataniae (Signoret)
1* Perivulvar pores absent; anal opening removed
about twice its diameter from base of median
lo b e s ...... diffinis (Newstead)
Hemiberlesia diffinis (llewstead)
F ig . 17
Aspidiotus affinis ITewstead, 1893a, p. 186, a preoccupied name,
Aspidiotus diffinis Newstead, 1893b, p. 281; Fernald, 1903>
p. 257. Hemiberlesia diffinis (Newstead), MacGillivray,
1921, p. 437; Ferris, 1938, Ser. 11:238; Davidson, I960,
p . 37.
Scale of Female.—Elongate, oval, high convex; length about
1.3 mm; esuviae large, at anterior end* 69
oo
Fig. I6.— Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock)
Fig. 1 7 - Hemiberlesia diffinis (Newstead) 70
Female.—Circular, oephalothoracic derm remains membranous at maturity; length on slide about 1*0 mm.
Pygidium.—Tapering toward the apex. Three pairs of sclerotized lobes, median lobes close together and about as long as wide, notched on both sides, but inner notch much smaller and closer to apex, lateral margins sloping toward meson; second lobes almost triangular, distinctly notched on lateral margins; third lobes smaller than second, acute. Platd's elongated, fimbriated, present in the normal 2-2-3 formula. A few small slender, pointed plates around the seta marking segment five. Paraphyses present in the first and second interlobular spaces. Dorsal macroducts few, long and slender, about 15 present on segment five and six; one between median lobes. Ventral ducts small, located submarginally in small groups. Vulva in about the middle of pygidium. Perivulvar pores lacking. Anal opening round, conspicuously large, its diameter greater than the length of median lobes, removed about twice this diameter from the base of median lobes0
Scale of Male.—-Similar to that of the female, but smaller.
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Occurs on bark. Only two collections are available from Ohio. Known from South, Central, and
Horth America. On branches of Liriodendron tulipifera L., Cincinnati
Burnett Woods, Aug. 4, 1913 (JSH), T ilia americana L., Clifton,
July 1955 (CAR), det. H. Morrison.
The accompanying illustrations are based on the above listed material from Liriodendron tulipifera L. 71 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret)
F ig . 18
Aspidiotus lataniae Signoret, 1869, p. 124; Comstock, 1883, p. 78;
F ern ald , 1903, p* 266; Sanders, 1904"b, p . 63; D ie tz and
Morrison, 1916b, p. 299* Aspidiotus cydoniae Comstock, 1881,
p. 295* Aspidiotus orawii Cockerell, 1897b, p. 4* Aspidiotus
greenii Cockerell. 1897b, p. 4. Aspidiotus implicatus
Maslcell, 1897, p. 241. Piaspidiotus lataniae (Signoret),
MacGillivray, 1921, p. 412; Borchsenius, 1950, p. 223.
Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Ferris, 1938, Ser. 11:241;
Balachowsky, 1948, p. 62; McKenzie, 1956, P* 6 9; Schmutterer,
1959, P» 71; Davidson, 19&0, p. 39®
Scale of Female.—Circular, high convex, grayish; about
1*5 mm in diameter; exuviae submarginal.
Female.—Circular, mature females with membranous cephalo- thorax; length on slide about 1 .1 mm.
Pygidium.—Median lobes large, prominent, close together, slightly convergent, wider than long, notched on both sides. Second and third lobes represented by small, acute, hyaline points. Plates present in the normal 2- 2 -3 formula, elongate, fimbriate; those between median lobes small, slender, hardly visible. Paraphyses present in the first and second interlobular space. Dorsal macro- ducts few, slender, most arranged in two furrows; one between median lo b e s ; 2 between paraphyses of first interlobular space; an average
of 15 dorsal ducts on each side of the pygidium. Ventral ducts very
small, numerous, located submarginally. Perivulvar pores in four 72 small groups. Anal opening circular, quite large, greater in di ameter than median lobes; removed from their bases by about this diam eter#
Scale of Male.—Unknown.
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Occurs on all parts of the host, except roots. Probably generally distributed all over the temperate areas of the world, also in greenhouses. On Morus rubra
L., Cincinnati: Ault Park, IIov. 5, 1914 (JSH, JLK). On Morus sp,,
Cincinnati: Glenwood Plats, Nov. 7, 1914 (JSH, JLK), on "Russian mulberry," Cincinnati: Zoo, IIov. 8, 1914 (JSH, JLK). On Prunus sp.,
"plum" (?) Columbus, Feb. 23, 1914. In Sanders1 Collection. Ques tionable material, probably mislabeled and identical with tho material listed by Sanders (1904b, p. 64) as: "On palm Areca lutescens, in Ohio
State University Conservatory." The present label bears the host as
"plum" which may be a misspelling of "palm." On Wisteria sp., Cin cinnati: Glenwood Plats, Nov. 7, 1914 (JSH, JLIC).
The accompanying illustrations are based on the above material from Llorus rubra L.
Genus Melanaspis Cockerell
Melanaspis Cockerell, 1897c, p. 9, Perris, 1941, Ser. 111:347, 1943,
p . 5 8 ; Borchsenius, 1950, pc 222; Balachowsky, 1951, p. 20,
1 9 5 8 , p. 191. Crenulaspidiotus MacGillivray, 1921, p. 3S9»
Pelomphala MacGillivray, 1921, p. 392® Greenoidea
MacGillivray, 1921, p. 392# 73
Scale of Female.—Circular, sometimes oval, high convex, hard, thick and b rittle, dark "brown or black; exuviae central or subcentral#
Ventral scale present•
Female#—Circular, derm at maturity membranous.
Pygidium#—Short, the angle of its apex usually much more than
90 degrees. Four pairs of lobes, fourth pair sometimes reduced to sclerotized points. Plates minuto, slightly fringed at apex. Para physes well developed; three in the space between second and third lobe. Dorsal ducts long and slender.
Type of the Genua .—LI. obscurus (Comstock).
KEY TO SPECIES OF MELANASPIS
I Perivulvar pores present; in first interlobular
space a long paraphysis is followed laterally by
a short one; associated especially with oak and
h ick o ry ...... obscura (Comstock)
II Perivulvar pores absent; in first interlobular
space a short paraphysis is followed laterally
by a long one; associated especially with maple
and hackberry ...... tenebricosa (Comstock)
Melanaspis obscura (Comstock)
F ig . 19
Aspidiotus obscurus Comstock, 1881, p. 303. Chrysopphalus obscurus
(Comstock), Sanders, 1904b, p. 73? Diets and Morrison, 1916b,
p. 308; Houser, 1918, p. 284; MacGillivray, 1921, p. 420;
Hollinger, 1923, p. 30; Britton, 1923, p. 377. Melanaspis 74
Fig. 18“ Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret)
Fig. 19“ Melanaspis obscura (Comstock) 75
obscura (Comstock), Ferris, 1941, Sor. 111:36; McKenzie,
1956, p. 77.
Common Name. — Obscure s c a le .
Scale of Female.—Circular, convex, hard, thick, brittlo, gray about 2 mm in diameter; exuviae 3ubcentral. Ventral scale present.
Female.—Circular, light yellow (Y 25.0-8/6), pygidium darker, sclerotized at the margin; length, on slide, about 1.5 mm. Antennae with one long cota. Prepygidial segments not lobed laterally.
Pygidium.—Large, with broad, rounded apex. Three pairs of well developed lobes; median pair short, broad, their cuter margins notched; second and third pair very short, broad, their outer margins sloping and toothed; fourth lobes each reduced to a sclerotized tooth. Plates extremely minute, hardly visible; two plates beyond the third lobe; one plate in each of the remaining interlobular spaces. Margin of pygidium sclerotized beyond the area of fourth lobes. Median lobes with sclerotized basal process. In first inter lobular space a relatively long paraphysis, followed by a shorter process; in second interlobular space three paraphyses, the median one much longer than the two others; three smaller paraphyses in the third interlobular space; several small, fused paraphyses beyond fourth lobe. Dorsal ducts of two sizes; both kinds long, slender.
A few ventral ducts scattered along margin of pygidium. Perivulvar pores in five small groups; usually no sharp division between anterior and posterior lateral groups. 76
Host and Distribution in Ohio*—Generally distributed in Ohio.
Occurs on hark. Acer sp., Carya alha K. Koch, (Sanders, 1904b,
Houser, 1918). C. laciniosa (LUchx.) Loud., Gypsum, July 11, 1912
(JSH), April 22, 1915 (JLK, JSH). "C. ovata (U ill.) K. Koch" (Houser,
1918). Carya sp.. Gypsum, Api‘il 22, 1915 (JLK, JSIl). Fagus sp.,
Cincinnati, Aug. 4 , 1913 (JSH). Juglans regia L., Gypsum, July 10,
1912 (JLK, JSH)c Quercus horoalis Llichx., Cincinnati: Glenwood Flats,
Nov. If 1914 (JSH, JLK), Lucas Co.: Secor Park Arboretum, July 9'
1961 (KK). coccinea Uuenchh. , 11 (Sanders, 1904* Houser, 1918).
On twigs of imbrioaria Michx., Guernsey Co.: near Cambridge,
Sept. 5, 1961 (LHC). Live females on branches of macrocarpa llichx.,
Plain City, July 9, I960 (KK), Hardin Co.: north of Ridgeway, July 9,
I 96I (UK). live females on muehlenbergii Engelm., Columbus: OSU,
J u ly 6 , I 96I (iIK), each of the three mounted females with an internal parasite larva. phellos L. (Houser, 1918). Layered infestation
on branches of Q. robur fastigiata (Lain.) A.DC., Columbus: OSU, Feb. 9»
I 96I (UK). Quercus sp., Cincinnati: Sden Park, Hay 20, 1913j Mar. 29,
1915 (JSH), Proctorville, April 1, 1912 (JSH). Vitis sp. (Houser,
1918); no host given, Catawba Island, Columbus (Osborn, 1900).
Other Material Examined.—FLORIDA: Lake City, Quercus nigra
L ., Hay 18, 1898 (ALQ), det. T.D.A. Cockerell„ MARYLAND: Baltimore,
Quercus sp„, July 7, 16, Aug. 28, 1958 (JGK)5 PENNSYLVANIA* Andorra,
on trunk of £. macrocarpa Uichx., July 11, 1947 (GBS). WEST VIRGINIA:
Morgantown, no host given, Feb. 21, 1917 (CAR). 77
Additional Biological Data*—Larvae hatched between July 14—
28 ( 1 9 6 1) in Columbus. Though high parqsitization was observed in several locations, no parasites were reared.
Acarina Associated.—Oribatei : Oribatulidae : Lucoppia sp.
Economic Importance.—Eouser (1918) gives examples of severe damages caused by this species. The author observed heavy, layered infestations on oaks in Columbus, which probably caused the death of many branches.
The accompanying illustrations are based on material from
Q)aercu3 macrocarpa Michx., Harding Co.: north of Ridgeway, July 9,
1961.
Llelanaspis tenebricosa (Corns cock)
P ig . 20
Aspidiotus tenebricosus Comsto'k, 1881, p. 308. Chrysomphalus
tenebricosus (Comstock), Pernald, 1903, p. 294; Hollinger,
1923, p. 31; Pelt and Morrison, 1928, p. 201. Aonidiella
tenebricosa (Comstock), MacGillivray, 1921, p. 443.
Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), Perris, 1941, Ser. IIIs367»
Common Name. —Gloomy s c a le .
Scale of Female.—-Circular, dark gray or black, convex, hard, thick, brittle; about 1 . 2- 1 .5 nm in diameter; exuviae subcentral; ventral scale snowy white.
Female.—Circular, length on slide 1.2 mm. 78
Pygidium*-—Short and broad. Three pairs of lobes present, median lobes short, apically rounded, outer margin notched; second pair almost triangular, smaller than first; third pair about the size of median lobes, but more sloping and toothed on outer margin; fourth pair more or less reduced. Margin of pygidium toothed and sclero tized beyond fourth lobe. Plates small and stout; one minute plate in the first interlobular space; two plates in each of the remaining interlobular spaces. Anterior margin of pygidium with a character istic semicircular sclerotization. Median lobes with sclerotized basal process. Paraphyses well developed; in the first interlobular space one short paraphysis is followed laterally by another which is twice as long; in the second interlobular space three paraphyses of which the median is the largest, lateral smaller, and mesal the sm allest; in the third interlobular space two paraphyses of which the mesal is larger than the lateral* Only a few dorsal ducts present; these are long and slender. Ventral ducts few, most along margin of pygidium. Perivulvar pores lacking. Anal opening small, close to apex of pygidium*
Scale of Male*—Not seen. According to Comstock (l 8 S l) th e scale of male is oval, same color as that of the female; exuviae near anterior end. Ventral scale as that of the female, but the margin is less thickened.
Host and Distribution in Ohio.——Occurs on bark. Distributed along the East Coast States up to Hew York. Ho Ohio material was found in the National Coccoid Collection. Perris (l94l)» studied Ohio material, but no host or location was given* The author was not able to collect this species* 79
Material Examined.—FLORIDA: Lake City, on Acer rubrum L ..
Jan. 1 5, I898 (P. H. Rolfs), (HC), det. T.D.A. Cockerell. TEXAS:
Waco, on Celtis sp., April 7> 1915 (E. J» Dunoan), (HC). VIRGINIA:
Cape Henry, on Acer rubrum L«, Sept. 14, 1923 (J* Knull), (PaDA).
WEST VIRGINIA: Morgantown, on Acer rubrum L. , Mar. 9 , 1917 (CAR).
The accompanying illustrations are "based on the above material from Virginia.
Genus Nuculaspis Ferris
Nuculaspis Ferris, 1938, Ser. 11:250} Lupo, 1948* P« 203} Dorchsenius,
1950, p . 2 1 5 .
Scale of Female.—Elongate oval, black with gray margin; exuviae central.
Female.—Circular, at fu ll maturity heavily sclerotized and with pygidium retracted into the apex of body.
Pygidium.—Four pairs of lobes present. Plates small, fringed. Paraphyses absent. Most dorsal ducts along margin of pygidium. Anal opening relatively large.
Type of the Genus.—N. californica (Coleman).
Nuculaspis californica (Coleman)
F ig . 21
Aspidiotus oalifornicus Coleman, 1903, P<> 6 4 . Aspidiotus pini Com-
stock, 1881, p. 306 (a preoccupied name). Aspidiotus abietis
(Schrank), as a m isidentification in the Houser Colleotion.
Nuculaspis oalifornioa (Coleman), Ferris, 1938, Ser. 11:251. 8 0
Fig. 20.- Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock)
Fig. 2 1 — Nuculaspis californica (Coleman) 81
Common Name. —B lack p in e l e a f sc a le *
Scale of Female*—Elongated oval, "black with gray margin; length about 2 ,0 mm; exuviae central.
Female.—At full maturity heavily sclerotized, circular, pygidium retracted into the apex of body; length on slide about 1 ,0 mm.
Young females egg-shaped, length on slide about 0.7-0,8 mm,
Pygidium.—Rounded at apex. Four pairs of lobes present; first pair larger than others, rounded; fourth pair more or less reduced in size. Plates inconspicuous, short and broad, fringed; two plates between median lobes and in first interlobular space; three plates in second interlobular space; plates of varying number and shape between third and fourth lobe. Intersegmental scleroses absent.
Dorsal ducts concentrated along the margin of pygidium, these rela tively large, stout, several on margin of prepygidial segments as far as third abdominal segment. Perivulvar pores in two or four groups.
Anal opening relatively large, removed from apex of pygidium by about three times its diameter0
Scale of Hale,—Elongate oval, black, length about 1.2 mm,
Y/idth about 0 ,5 nan; exuviae yellow, located centrally.
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Occurs on needles. Pinus echinata M ill., Marietta, July 2, 1915 (V. Lynch), (HC).
S.* virginiana L,, Gallia, April 25, 1916, Rock Bridge, April 24, 1916
(JSH).
Additional Biological Data.—Houser in his collecting notes stated that the young of this species appeared during the first part of July in 1915• 82
The accompanying illustrations are based on the above material from Finus virginiana L.
Genus Quadraspidiotus MacGillivray
Quadraspidiotus MacGillivray. 1921, p. 388; Ferris, 1938, Ser. II:
255; Bupo, 1948, p. 174; Balachowsky, 1950, P* 3; Zahradnilc,
1951, P» 113; Schmutterer, 1959, P» 76. Forbesaspis
MacGillivray, 1921, p. 3 8 8 , Comstockaspis MacGillivray,
1921, p. 391* Affirmaspis macGillivray, 1921, p. 393*
Euraspidiotus Thiem and Gerneck, 1934, P» 131*
Scale of Female.—Circular, slightly oval, convex, usually dark gray; exuviae central or subcentral.
Female.—Circular or pyriform0
Pygidium.—Tv/o pairs of lobes, which usually are close together; third lobe sometimes represented by a slight prominence.
Plates in most species small and simple. Intersegmental scleroses present. Perivulvar pores present or lacking. Anal opening much shorter than length of median lobes.
Type of the Genus.—£. ostreaeformis (Curtis).
KEY TO SPECIES OF QUAPRASPIDIOTUS
1 Perivulvar pores present 2
1* Perivulvar pores absent; three fork-like plate
lateral from third lobe; polyphagous, but with
preference for hosts belonging to family
R osaceae perniciosus (Comstock) 83
2 (l) Second lobe reduced to a sclerotized point;
occurs on Taxodiura distiohum ...... taxodii Perris
2’ Second lobe well developed ...... 3
3(2') Third lobe indicated at least by a point;
mesal paraphysis of first interlobular space
not strongly swollen apically ...... 4
3’ Third lobe entirely absent; mesal paraphysis of
first interlobular space strongly swollen
apically, club-like ...... forbesi (Johnson)
4 ( 3 ) V/ith distinct constriction between prothorax
and mesothorax, and between mesothorax and meta
thorax; only one minute plate between median
lobes and in each interlobular
space ...... juglans-regiae (Comstock)
4’ V/ith a constriction between mesothorax; and
metathorax only; two plates between median
lobes and in each interlobular space...... 5
5 ( 4 ') Fourth abdominal segment with 4-7 dorsal macro
d u cts; 3~4 duct orifices at the base of first
interlobular space; median lobe about as long
as wide; occurs chiefly on hosts belonging to
the family Rosaceae ...... oatreaeformis (Curtis)
5 1 Fourth abdominal segraent with 8—20 dorsal macro-
d u c ts; 5 more duct orifices at the base of
first interlobular space; median lobes wider 84
than long; occurs chiefly on poplar and
w illo w ...... gigas (Thiem and Gerneck)
Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johnson)
F ig . 22
Aspidiotus forbesi Johnson, 1896 a, p. 151; 1896 b, p . 38 O; Osborn,
1900, p. 72; Fernald, 1903, p. 259; Sanders, 1904b, p. 60;
Dietz and Morrison, 1916b, p. 302; Hollinger, 1923 > p. 11;
Britton, 1923, p. 373; Felt and Morrison, 1928, p. 200;
Amos, 1933a, p. 206; Sleesman, 1945» P* 48. Forbesaspis
forbesi (Johnson), MacGillivray, 1921, p. 422. Quadraspidi
otus forbesi (Johnson), Ferris, 1938, Ser. 11:256; McKenzie,
1956, p. 79.
Common Name. — Forbes s c a le .
Scale of Female.—Circular or oval, convex to almost flat, gray, from 1 . 0- 2 .0 mm in diameter; exuviae subcontral or marginal.
Fem ale0—Circular, young females reddish yellow (rY 22.5-
8/l0), egg laying females yellowish red (yYR 17.5_7/lO), slightly sclerotized and darker on pygidium; length on slide 0 . 8 - 1 .0 mm.
Pygidium.—Slightly pointed. Median lobes prominent, close together, notched on lateral margin; second lobes smaller, notched on lateral margin; third lobes reduced to a small hyaline point.
Plates inconspicuous, simple, usually two in the space between the second and third lobes. Intersegmental scleroses well developed; first pair with mesal member enlarged and apically swollen; other scleroses much smaller. Dorsal ducts small, slender, arranged in 85 rows, few in number. Pew ventral ducts along the margin of pygidium,
Perivulvar pores in four or five small groups. Anal opening removed about three times its diameter from the base of median lobes.
First Stage Nymphs,—Yellow (Y 25*0-8/8),
Soale of Male,—Elongate oval, dark gray with lighter margin, length about 1 ,0 mm, width about 0 ,5 mm; exuviae toward one end.
Host and Distribution in Ohio,—This species is apparently generally distributed in Ohio, Occurs on bark. Heavy infestation
on twigs of Caragana arborescens Lam,, Columbus: OSU, Nov. 17, I960
(MK). On trunk of Crataegus crus-galli L,, Wood Co.: Bowling Green,
J u ly 8 , 1961 (MK). Crataegus sp., Cincinnati, Nov. 9j 1914, "severe
on trunk and larger branches," (JSH, JLK); Cleveland, Sept, 16,
1961, heavy in f e s t a t io n on trunk (MK); Columbus: OSU, March 27,
J u ly 6 , 1961 (UK). Praxinus americana L», Ashtabula, Dec, 2, 1914
(JSH). Praxinus sp., Cincinnati, Nov. 9* 1914 (JSH, JLK), Ualus pumila M ill., Belmont Co., Sept. 6 , 1961 (MK); Columbus: OSU, Apr. 7 ,
1961 (MK); Conneaut, Sept. 5» 1915 U** N, H ollister), (HC); Gallia,
O ct. 8 , 1913 (JSH ); G a llip o lis , March 1912 (II. K. M ills ) , (lie );
Lucasville, April 8 , 1912 (W. T. Punk), (HC); New Metamoras, June
1912 (E. McMahan), (HC); Sidney, June 4, 1912 (L. A. Bollinger),
(HC)« Heavy infestation on trunk of M. sieboldii (Eeg.) Rehd.,
Cleveland: Park at Museum of Arts, Sept, 16, 1961 (MK)• Malus sp.,
Columbiana, Oct. 5, 1912 (P. U. Schlupp), (HC). Prunus avium L.,
C lyde: Clyde N u r se r ie s, March 8 , 1912 (A. R. Pickett), (HC); Wooster,
April 18, 1914 (Thayer), (HC). P. oerasus Lo, Clyde: in orchard of
Kenneth Taylor at Silver Fleece, Feb. 5, 1957 > Jet. H. Morrison. 86
Data from R. W. Rings, who also stated: "this species is a persistent pest in this area." P_. pennsylvanica L .t Cleveland: Gordon Park,
April 9j 1913 (JLK, JSH); Columbus: OSN, May 22, 1961, live young females on trunk (UK). P. persica (L.) Batsch, Wooster, July 14,
1920 (AEM), (HC). On trunk of P_. serotina Ehrh., Harrison Co.,
S e p t. 5 , I 96I (MK); Lucas C o.: Oak O penings, J u ly8 , 1961, heavy infestation, (MK, PHF). Prunus sp., Cincinnati: Nursery, Mar. 5,
1913 (JSH). Live females and first stage nymphs on Sorbus americana
Marsh., Licking Co.: Dawes Arboretum, Sept. 5, 1961 (MK). Viburnum opulus L», Columbus, June 23, 1961 (MK). N o host mentioned: Chil- licothe, Sept. 9 , 1911 (JSIl); Cleveland, April 27, 1912 (JSH);
Columbus, Osborn (1900); Portage, April 18, 1913 (H. A. Dauterman),
(HC).
Other M aterial Examined.—PENNSYLVANIA: Philadelphia, Fair mont Park, on Pyrus communis L ., July 20, 1949 (PaDA).
Additional Biological Data.—Eggs hatched in Columbus during the first part of July, and wingless males emerged between April 14-
21, 1961. Parasites Reared.—Eulophidae: Ablerus sp., Aphytis diaspidis
(How.), Prospaltella murtfeldtii How., Prospaltella sp. Thysanidae:
Thysanus sp.
Aoarina Associated.—Acaridei : Acaridae : Thyreophagus entomophagus (Laboulbene); Oribatei : Cymbaeremaeidae : Scapheremaeus marginalia (Banks); Oribatulidae : Lucoppia sp., Zygoribatula pyrostigmata (Ewing) ; Prostigmata : Cheyletidae undet., Etrythraeidae :
Balaustium sp. 87
Economic Importance.—There are evidences that this species o c c a s io n a lly "becomes a p e st in Ohio orch ard s.
The accompanying illustrations are "based on material col lected from Prunus pennsylvanica L ., Columhus: OSU, May 22, 1961 (MIC).
Quadraspidiotus gigas (Thiem and Gerneck)
F ig . 23
Aspidiotus (Euraspidiotus) gigas Thiem and Gerneck, 1934> P* 131*
Diaspidiotus gigas (Thiem and Gerneck), Borchsenius, 1950,
p. 226. Quadraspidiotus gigas (Thiem and Gerneck), Bala
chowsky, 1950, p. 465; Zahradnik, 1951> P* 137? Schmutterer,
1959» P» 97; Kosztarab, 1959» p. 412e
Scale of Female.—Circular, moderately convex, gray; length
1.8-2.0 mm. Exuviae central or subcentral, orange yellow.
Female.—Pear-shaped, with evident constriction between mesothorax and metathorax, prepygidial segments distinctly marked; length on slide 1.4-1*6 mm»
Pygidium.—Broad, acute at apex. Median lobes large, short and wide, notched on lateral side; second pair smaller, about as wide as median lobes, notched on outer margin; third pair small. Two small plates between median lobes; two plates between median and second lobes, mesal plate simple, lateral plate fimbriate at apex; two larger and more fimbriate plates between second and third lobes.
Intersegmental scleroses present, enclosing about 5 duct orifices between median and second lobes; enclosing about 2-3 duct orifices between second and third lobes. Dorsal maoroducts as follows: one 88
p /
Fig. 2 2 “ Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johnson)
Fig. 2 3 “ Quadraspidiotus gigas (Thiem & Gerneck) 89 between median lobes; usually 5 -1 0 between median and second lobes; about 1 0 -1 5 in a row beginning between second and third lobes; about
1 0 -2 0 in a row beginning near the seta which marks the fifth segment and extending to the lateral scar of the pygidium; 8 -1 6 on fo u rth segment. Ventral ducts in large number, located submarginally.
Vulva in about the middle of pygidium. Perivulvar pores in five groups as follows: median 5-7 5 anterior laterals 13-18; posterior laterals 9“13» Anal opening round, removed from base of median lobes by about twice its diameter.
Scale of Male<>—Elongate oval, dark gray; length about 1.2 mm.
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Occurs on bark, especially on willow and poplar. Probably introduced from Europe. These are the first authenticated records of this species from the United States.
On Populus alba L ., Cincinnati: May 19 > 1913 (JSH), Cincinnati:
Windermere Ave., and Adam Park, Nov. 7 and 9j 1914 (JSH, JLK); Cleve land, March 1912 (JLK). P. canadensis lioench, Bloomingdale, Jan. 7>
1915 "very plentiful, trees suffering," (JSH); Cincinnati: Zoo,
Nov. 8 , 1914 (JSH, JLK). Salix sp., Cleveland, 1908, associated with
Chionaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh), (WHG); "On Boulevard, south of
St. Clair," March 7, 1912 (JSH), Oct. 22, 1912, "very severe" (JSH).
Other M aterial Examined.—WYOMING: Laramie, very heavy in festation on trunk and branches of roadside trees, Salix sp., Aug* 22,
1961 (MK).
Economic Importance.—There are enough evidences that this species definitely damages trees. 90
The accompanying illu stration s are "based, on the a"bovo material from Wyoming.
Quadraspidiotus juglans-regiae (Comstock)
P ig . 24
Aspidiotus .juglans-regiae Comstock, 1881, p. 300; Fernald, 1903*
p. 265; Sanders, 1904"b, p. 62; O'Kane, 1909» Part I, p. 7;
Dietz and Morrison, 19l6"b, p. 301; Houser, 1918, p. 283;
K iller, 1922, p. 61; Hollinger, 1923» P« 12; Britton, 1923,
p. 374; Pelt and Korrison, 1928, p. 200; Amos, 1933a, p. 206;
Sleesman, 1945* P» 48. Aspidiotus fernaldi Cockerell, I8 9 8 ,
p. 323o Aspidiotus glanduliferus Cockerell, 1902b, p. 287;
Sanders, 1904b, p. 61. Purcaspis .juglans-regiae (Comstock),
KacGillivray, 1921, pc 409. Quadraspidiotus .juglans-regiae
(Comstock), Perris, 1938, Ser. 11:257; McKenzie, 1956, P* 81.
Common Name. —Walnut s c a le .
Scale of Female.—Circular, slightly convex, soft, light to dark gray; about 1.5-2.0 mm in diameter; exuviae subcentral. Ventral scale thin, white, adheres to the bark.
Female.—At full maturity the entire body heavily sclerotized, characteristic constrictions between prothorax and mesothorax, also between succeeding segments. Color of young females light yellow
(rY 22o5~8/6), egg laying females darker (YEt-Y 20.0-7/8). Length on s lid e 1 . 2- 1 06 mm, width 0 . 9- 1 .2 5 mm.
Pygidium.—Large, broad, and acute. Two pairs of well de veloped lobes, third pair usually reduced to a sclerotized point. 91
Median lobes wide, notched on lateral margins; second pair with sloping and undulated outer margins. Plates small, simple, resembling spines. Intersegmental scleroses developed. Dorsal ducts small, slender, numerous, arranged in rows; one duct between median lobes; usually four ducts in the first interlobular space; first row of about 12 ducts, beginning between second and third lobes; second row beginning near seta which marks the margin of fifth segment, and extends to lateral scar; beyond this row on the margin usually3 -4 ducts. Ventral ducts few, along the margin of pygidium. Perivulvar pores in four groups; median group absent, or represented by 1 to 4 pores. Anal opening small, removed about three or four times its diameter from the base of median lobes.
Scale of Male.—Elongate oval, gray, length about 1.25 mm; exuviae toward one end. Male scales have a tendency to cluster in a circle, almost in a perfect asterisk, around femalesc
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Generally distributed in
North America, and probably present in all counties of Ohio. Occurs on bark. Acer negundo 1«, Cincinnati: Eden Park, Oct. 10, 1912 (JSH),
Nov. 9, 1914 (JSH, JLK). A. n. aureo-variegatum Wesm., Cincinnati:
Zoo, Nov. 8, 1914, "troublesome" (JSH, JLK)0 A. platanoides L«,
Steubenville, July 1, 1913 (JSH). A. pseudoplatanus L., Cincinnati:
Eden Park, May 19, 1913 "heavy infestation" (JSH). On branches of
A. rubrum L., Cuyahoga Co., March 5» 19^1 (MK); Hocking Co.: Rock
House, Apr. 24, i 960 (MK). A . saccharinum L. , C in c in n a ti: Y/ashington
Park, Novo 4, 1914» Cincinnati: Zoo, Nov. 8 , 1914 (JSH, JLK); Clyde,
April 16, 1912 (J. 0. Schell), May 1913 (HC); heavy infestation on 92 trunk, Columbus, May 3, i960 (MK), Columbus: OSU, M ille r (1922) j
Cuyahoga Co., March 5, 1961 (MK); on trunk of roadside trees, Fayette
Co.: Staunton, July1 5 , 1961 (MK); Ottawa Co.: East Harbor State Park,
S e p t. 3, i 960 (MK); Put In Bay, S e p t. 7 , I960 (MK); Warren Co.:
Lebanon, July 1, 1961 (MK)o Layered infestation on trunk and branches of A. saccharum Marsh.. Ashtabula, Dec. 2, 1914 (JSH). Acer sp.,
Avondalo, Feb. 18, 1901 (Braucher), (HC); Cincinnati: Lincoln Park,
Sept. 4, 1914 "severe pest" (JSH, JLK) ; on trunk and branches, Cleve land: Gordon Park, March 28, 1914 (JSH); Columbus: OSU, April 7,
1920 (AEM); Gypsum, May 28, 1912 (JLK); Kinsey, Aug. 4, 1900 (J. S.
Hine), (HC). Aesculus glabra W illd., Cincinnati: Price H ill, Nov. 4,
1914 "severe infestation" (JSH, JLK); Columbus, March 1908, O'Kane
(1909); Wooster, Feb. 20, I914 (JSH). A. hippocastanum L., Cincinnati
Eden Park, Nov. 9, 1914 "layered infestation, tree dying" (JSH, JLK);
Cincinnati: Spring Grove Cemetery, Nov. 6, 1914 (JSE, JLK); Steuben v ille, July 1, 1914 "very abundant throughout the city, many limbs are found dead, apparently from no other cause than the scale infes tation" (JSH). A. parviflora W alt., Cincinnati: Mt. Storm, Oct. 8 ,
1916 (JSH). Betula lutea Michx., Hocking Co.: Crane Hollow, April 16, i 960 (PHF, MK). B. p o p u lif o lia M arsh., Cuyahoga C o ., March 5, 1961
(MK). On healing bark of Carya ovata (M ill.) K. Koch, Ross Co.:
Scioto Trail State Forest, July 16, 1961 (MK, PHF). Celtis oc— cidentalis L., Ottawa Co.: East Harbor State Park, Sept. 3, i9 6 0, isolated infestation on trunk (MK). Celtis sp., Cincinnati: Eden
Park, Oct. 10, 1912 (JSH), N o v . 8, 1914, Price H ill, Nov. 4 , 1914
(JSH, JLK). Cercis sp., Cincinnati: Price H ill, Nov. 4, 1914 "severe 93 pest" (JSH, JLK). Cornus florida L.t Lucas Co.: Secor Park Arboretum,
J u ly 9 , 1961, heavy in f e s t a t io n on tw ig s (MK). Corhub s p . , C in cin n a ti
Eden Park, Nov. 9 , 1914 (JSH, JLK); C levelan d , March 6 , 1912 (JSH).
Crataegus sp.. Columbus: OSU, July 14, I960 (MK). Praxjnus americana
L., Coshocton, Sept. 5, 1961 (MK). F. pennsylvanica lanoeolata
(Borkh.) Sarg., Cincinnati: Spring Grove Cemetery, Aug. 4 , 1913 (JSH).
Fraxinus sp., Cincinnati: Lincoln Park, Nov. 4 , 1914, Price H ill,
Nov. 5> 1914 (JSH, JLK), Glenwood Flats, Nov. 7, 1914 (JLK), Zoo,
Ju ly 8 , 1917 (P . R. Lov/ry); Columbus: OSU, March 20, 1920 (AEM),
Feb, 20, I 96I (UK). Gleditsia triacanthos L .t Cuyahoga Co., March 5,
1961 (MK). Gymnocladus d io ic u s (L .) K. Koch, Columbus: OSU, O ct. 1 8 , i 960 (HK). Hamameiis sp., Cincinnati: Eden Park, Nov. 8, 1914 (JSH,
JLK); C levelan d , March 6 , 1912 (JSH). On branches of Ilex opaca A it.,
Lake Co., April 6 , I 96I (D. Dozer), (ODA). Ligustrum sp., Cincinnati:
Zoo, Nov. 8 , 1914 (JSH, JLK). Liriodendron tulipifera L., Cleveland,
March 6 , 1912 (JSH). Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid., Cincinnati:
Eden Park, Price H ill, Nov, 4 , 1914 (JSH, JLK). Pirns sylvestris L.,
Columbus: OSU, slides marked as: "Aspidiotus glanduliferus types,'1 in Reese Collection. Same data reported by Cockerell (1902b). On branches and twigs of P. virginiana M illo, Adams Co.: Lynx Cemetery,
July 15, 1961 (MK); Columbus: OSU, Sanders 1904 ( b). Primus cerasus
L., Columbus, April 23, I960 (MK). P. pennsylvanica L., Cleveland:
Gordon Park, April 9, 1913 (JSK, JLK); Sept. 19, 1914 "severely attaoked" (JSH); Wooster, Feb. 10, 1916 (JSH). P. serotina Ehrh.,
Hardin Co.: north of Ridgeway, July 9, 1961 (MK). Robinia pseudo- aoacia L ., Cincinnati, Oct. 10, 1912 (JSH), Eden Park, Nov. 9, 1914 94
"very severe” (JSH, JLK). Sorbus americana Marsh.. Cincinnati:
Burnett Woods, Aug. 4, 1913 (JSH). S. aucuparia L., Columbus: OSU,
June 13, I960 (MK). Tilia americana L., Ottawa Co.: East Harbor
State Park, Sept. 3, i 960 (MK). Tilia sp.. Ashtabula, Dec. 3, 1914
( JSH) ; C in c in n a ti: Zoo, Nov. 8 , 1914 "severe on trunk and branches"
(JSH, JLK) 5 Banbury: W. C. Yule Farm, Nov. 2 4 , 1914 (JLK); Licking
Co.: Eawes Arboretum, June 17, 1961 (MK). Tsuga canadensis (L.)
Carr., Columbus: OSU, Sanders (1904b). Ulmus procera Salisb.,
Cincinnati: Eden Park, Nov. 9, 1914 (JSH, JLK). Viburnum dilatatum
Thunb., Hamilton Co.: Stanley Rowe Arboretum, July 1, 1961 (MK)<>
V, 1antana L ., Cincinnati: Eden Park, Oct. 10, 1912 (JSH). Viburnum sp., Avondale, Feb. 21, 1901 (R. W. Braucher); Mansfield: Cemetery,
Nov. 3, 1914 "scattering infestation" (JSH, JLK). No host mentioned,
Wooster, April 27, 1912 (JSH).
Other Material Examined.—CALIFORNIA: Populus deltoides Marsh,,
1913. FLORIBA: Lake City, on Liquidambar styraciflua L., April 7,
I 898 (ALQ). ILLINOIS: Bond C o., on Acer s p ., March 2 5, 1961 (MK).
INBIANAs Indianapolis, on Acer saccharinum L ., March 21, 1961 (UK);
Indianapolis: University Heights, Jan. 5, 1916 (P. Thayer); in a nursery on Viburnum opulus L., 1913 (Mendenhall). KENTUCKY: Bowling
Green, on Acer saccharinum L., Bee. 3, 1961 (MK).
Additional Biological Bata,—This species has two or more yearly generations in Ohio* Overwinters as adults and mates in early spring. Males appeared as early as March 14-28 in the Columbus area, latter also between May 7-21, in 1961. Egg laying was observed from 95
June and continued through first half of July in Fayette and Hamilton
Counties. First stage nymphs were observed at Put In Bay on Sept. 4*
I960.
Parasites Reared.—Encyrtidae: Chiloneurinus miorophagus
(Mayr), Coccidencyrtus sp., probably ensifer (How.), C_. infu3catus
Compere & Annecl.e, Plagiomerus sp., probably diaspidis Crawford.
Eulophidae: Azotus or Ablerus sp., Physcus sp.
Aoarina Associated.—Acaridei ; Acaridae : Thyreophagus entomophagus (Laboulbene); Oribatei : Oribatulidae : Lucoppia sp .;
Prostigmata : Cheyletidae : Cheletomimus sp .; undet. Tydeidae.
Predators.—Coccinellidae: Adalia bipunctata L», Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls. These coccinellids were found in Ohio and in
Kentucky around gnawed scales, apparently feeding on them.
Economic Importance.—Houser (1918) noted that this species especially in the cities kills trees, but more frequently merely giving them unhealthy appearance.
The accompanying illustrations are based on material from
Acer saccharinum L., Cuyahoga Co., March 5* 1961.
Quadraspidiotus ostreaeformis (Curtis)
F ig . 25
Aspidiotus ostreaeformis Curtis, 1843* P« 805* Marlatt, 1899* P« 76;
Fernald, 1903, p. 268 (most of the European synonyms of this
species are listed here); Sanders, 1904b , p 0 6 4 * B r itto n ,
1 9 2 3, p. 374; Felt and Morrison, 1928, p. 200. Biaspidiotus
ostreaeformis (Curtis), Borchsenius, 1950* P» 226. Quad- 96
Fig. 2 4 .” QuadrospidiotQuadraspidiotusus juglans juglans-regiaeregiae (Comstock)
boo *
Fig. 2 5 .“* Quadraspidiotus ostreaeformis(Curtis) 97
raspidiotus ostreaeformis (Curtis), tlacGillivray, 1921,
p. 410} Ferris, 1938, Ser. 11:258} Lupo, 1 9 4 8 , p . 175;
Balaohowsky, 1950, p« 405} Zahradnik, 1951, P* 115; Schmut-
terer, 1959, P. 77; Kosztarab, 1959, P* 414.
Common Name.—European fru it scaleo
Scale of Female.—Circular, convex, dark gray; length 1.4“
1.7 ram. Exuviae suhcentral or sometimes central, orange yellow.
Female.—Pear-shaped, length on slide 1.2-1.5 ram.
Pygidium.—Large and broad. Median lobes large, usually not notched or only slightly notched on lateral margin, rounded apieally; second pair much smaller, rounded apieally, usually notched on outer margin; third pair reduced to a sclerotised point. Two slender simple plates between median lobes, these shorter than median lobes; two plates between median and second lobes, mesal plate pointed, lateral plate more or le3s fimbriate at apex; two large and wide plates between second and third lobes, with lateral plate larger. Inter-
segmental scleroses present, enclosing 2 duct orifices between seg ments six and seven, and 3-4 duct orifices between segments SBven and eight. Dorsal macroducts as follows: one at the base of median lobes;
3 -4 between median and second lobes; 6-8 in a row beginning between
second and third lobes; 8 -1 0 in a row beginning near the seta which marks the fifth segment extending to the lateral scar of the pygidium;
4-7 on fourth segment. Ventral ducts in three small groups, located
submarginally. Vulva in about the middle of pygidium. Perivulvar pores in five groups as follows: median 4- 6 ; anterior laterals 7-10; 98 posterior laterals 7-9• Anal opening round, removed from "base of median lobes by about three times its diameter.
Scale of Male.—Not seen. According to Schmutterer (1959) the scale of male is elongated oval, light to dark gray, length about
1 . 2- 1 .3 mm.
Host and Distribution.—Occurs on bark of deciduous trees, especially fruit trees. Introduced from Europe. There are many records about its occurrence in different states of the United States, but probably these records should be critically re-examined. In the
Houser Collection many 3lides we re marked as Quadraspidiotus ostreae formis , but only one was thi3 species: from Malus pumila U illo,
Gypsum, Ohio, June 13> 1900 (?/. J. M iller). In the Sanders Collection the fo llo w in g Ohio m a teria l was found: from plum, Prurrus dom estica L .,
Salem, Sept. 6 , 1903 (JG S). Mr. G. B. Sleesm an sen t m a teria l from
Syringa vulgaris L., Girard, Pennsylvania, Dec, 13, 1920 (P. M.
Trimble), (PaDA).
The accompanying illustrations are based on the above Ohio material from plum.
Notes.—It is the author’s opinion that the illustration of
Quadraspidiotus ostreaeformis (Curtis) in the Perris Atlas (1938,
Ser. 11:258) was based on g. gigas (Thiem and Gerneck) material. The description given by Perris, which accompanies the figures, also justifies this assumption. The earlier United States records on q. ostreaeforrcH s should be revaluated with the suspicion that those records may cover both species. 99
Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock)
F ig . 26
A3pidiotus perniciosus Comstock. 1881, p. 304; Fernald, 1903, p. 271;
Sanders, 1904b, P* 65; Dietz and Morrison, 1916b, p. 290;
Houser, 1918, p. 280; M iller, 1922, p. 60; Hollinger, 1923,
p. 14; Britton, 1923» P. 375j Felt and Morrison, 1928, p. 200
Amos, 1933a, p. 206; Sleesman, 1945» P» 45; Porter, et a l..
1959» P» 77* Comstookaspis perniciosa (Comstock), MacGilliv-
ray, 1921, p. 438; Lupo, 1954» p. 56° Diaspidiotus
perniciosus (Comstock), Borchsenius, 1950, P* 229. Quadr
aspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), Ferris, 1938, Ser. 11:259;
Balachowsky, 1950, P« 424; Zahradnik, 1951, ?• 128; Schmut-
torer, 1959, P* 80; Kosztarab, 1959? P* 414*
Common Name.—San Jose scale.
Scale of Female.—Almost circular, slightly convex, light to dark gray; about 1 . 5- 2 .0 mm in diameter; exuviae central or sub c e n tr a l.
Femaleo—Young females pear-shaped, older females almost circular, reddish yellow (rY 22.5-8/12). Length on slide 0.8-1.2 mm.
Pygidium.—Slightly sclerotized, pointed at apex. Two pairs of lobes well developed, third pair scarcely indicated; median pair prominent, notched on outer margin; outer margin of second pair undu lated. Two small plates between median lobes; two slender, slightly fringed plates between median and second pair; three similar plates between second and third pair of lobes; three short and broad, variously fringed plates beyond third lobes, each bearing a microduot 100
Intersegmental scleroses present. Pew, slender, dorsal ducts. Pew ventral ducts along the margin of pygidium. Perivulvar pores absent*
Anal opening oval, removed from the base of median lobes about three times their diameter.
First Stage Nymph.—Reddish yellow (rY 22*5-8/10).
Second Stage Nymph.—Yellow (Y 25.0-8/12).
Scale of Male*—Oval, gray, length 0.8-1*0 mm; eiuviae toward one end*
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Probably generally distributed in Ohio. Prefers hosts of the family Rosaceae. Occurs on bark, sometimes on fruits of apple and pear, males may infest leaves too.
Acer sp., Columbus: OSU, April 2, 1920 (AEM) * Chaenomeles .japonica
(Thumb.) Lindl,, Columbus: OSU, Hay 24, I960, layered infestation, killing twigs (MK). Cephalanthus occidentalis L., Cleveland: Edge— water Park, May 1912 (C. R. H eillie), (HC). Cornus sp., Ashtabula,
Pec. 1, 1914 (JSH). Cotinus coggygria Scop,, Cincinnati: Spring
Grove Cemetery, llov. 6 , 1914 (JSH, JLK). Cotoneaster foveolata Rehd. and Wils. Licking Co.: Dawes Arboretum, June 17, 1961 (MK). Crataegus sp., Cleveland, - , (C. R. N eillie), (HC); Columbus: OSU, Miller (1922).
Juglans cinerea L», Ashtabula, Dec. 1, 1914 (JSH). J, r e g ia L. ,
July 10, 1912 (JLK, JSH). Juglans sp., Mechanicsburg, June and
July 13, 1914, "tree growing in a garden beside an osage orange hedge badly infested, tree badly attacked” (JSH). Madura pomifera (Raf.)
Schneid., Tuscarawas Co., Sept. 6 , 19^1, the host planted as hedge around an orchard, (MK); Wooster, May 22, 1924 (data from R. W. Rings)*
Malus TTumila M ill., Columbus, March 20, 1920, Columbus: OSU, April 4, 101
1920 (AEM); Meigs Co., Jan. 26, 1914 (HC). Poncyrus trifoliata (L.)
Raf., Cincinnati: Eden Park, Oct. 6 , 1916 (JSH). Prunus avium pendula (Ser.) Jaeg., Cincinnati: Spring Grove Cemetery, Nov. 6 , 1914
(JSH, JLK). P. mahaleb L., Cincinnati: Eden Park, Oct. 10, 1912,
"very severe" (JSH) , Windemore Avo., Nov. 7, 1914, "very severe"
(JSH, JLK). P. pennsylvanica L., Cincinnati: Eden Park, March 4,
1913 (JSH); Erie Co.: Cedar Point, June 30, 1912 (JLK), July 11,
1912 (JSH) ; Mentor: L ittle Lit., Aug. 8 , 1917 (JSH). P_. persica (L.)
Batsch., Erie Co.: Berlin Heights, Hodges Orchard, April 6 , 1953, det. H. Morrison, "killing top limbs and required special control," data from R. W. Rings; Johnston, March 18, 1912 (W. 0. Benner), (HC).
P. serotina Ehrh., Cincinnati: Eden Park, March 2 9 , 19151 data from
R. IV. Rings. P. virginiana L., Ashtabula, Dec. 1, 1914 (JSIl). Prunus sp., "wild plum," Gypsum, July 11, 1912 "plentiful in woods almost surrounded by orchard" (JSH), Nov. 23, 1914 (JLK). Ptelea trifoliata
L., Cleveland: Gordon Park, March, 1912 (C. R. N eillie, JSH); Paines- v ille, Sept. 28, 1911 (JSH); Wooster, May 1, 1913 (JSH). Pyracantha s p ., H ighland C o., March 1 1 , I96I (E. Hazard). Pyrus communis L.,
Licking Co.: Dawes Arboretum, June 17, Sept. 5, 1961 (MK); Williams
Co.: sand dunes, Sept. 4, I960 (MK). Rhus typhina L., Danbury,
Nov. 24, 1914 (JLK). Rhus sp., Mentor: Little lit., Dec. 3, 1914,
Wooster, March 1914 (JSH). Ribes gordonianum Lem., Cincinnati:
Nursery, March 5, 1913 (JSH). Ribes sp., "flowering currant," Cin cinnati: Mt. Echo Park, Nov. 9> 1914 (JSH, JLK). Sorbus americana
Marsh., Licking Co.: Dawes Arboretum, June 17, 1961 (MK); Wooster,
Aug. 1, 1913, associated with Chionaspis furfura (Pitch), (JSH). 102
Sorbus scopulina Greene. Wooster, Aug. 29, 1947 > det. H. Morrison,
•'infestation very heavy on young trees,” data from R. W. Rings* T ilia sp., Dayton: River Blvd., ITov. 7, 1914 (JSH). Ulmus americana L.,
Dayton, Sept. 10, 1914 (JSH); Upper Sandusky, June 29, 1912, "taken at edge of woodland at least a quarter of a mile from any cultivated planting” (JSH); Wooster, July 31, 1917 (JSH). U. procera viminalis
(Loud.) Rehd., Wooster, Sept. 1914 (D* C* Babcock). Ulmus sp., Cin cinnati: Eden Park, Oct. 10, 1912 "severe infestation” (JSH). Vitis vinifera L ., Painesville, Sept. 28, 1911 (JSH), Ho host given:
Batavia, April 2, 1924, data from R. W. Rings 5 Catawba Isld ., Clinton
Co., Osborn ( 19OO) ; Gypsum: Roy ICelly Orchard; P a in e s v ille , W a te r v ille :
Schaller Orchard, April 1, 1936, data from R. W. Rings.
Other M aterial Examined.—FLORIDA: De Funiak, on Prunus persioa (L.) Batsch., Dec. 6 , 1897 (P* H. R o lf s ) . KENTUCKY: Oldham
Co., on Malus pumila M ill., Dec. 3, 1961 (MK). MARYLAND: B a ltim o re, on Pyrus sp., Oct. 12, 195$; on Pyracantha sp., and Rosa sp*, Hay 26,
1958 (MK).
Additional Biological Data.—This ovoviviparous species in
Central Ohio apparently has two or moro generations yearly. Over wintered as seoond stage larvae in Central Ohio, 1 9 6 0- 61. Fem ales with a few crawlers were collected at Oldham Co., Kentucky on Dec. 3j
1961. Large numbers of crawlers were noted on June 17, in Licking
Co., also on Sept. 6 , 1961, in Licking and Tuscarawas Counties.
Males appeared in Central Ohio during June 7-18 and Oct. 10-Uov. 16 in I960 (UK). 103
Parasites.—Rice (1937) observed, the following Hymenoptera parasites on San Jose scale in Ohio. Eulophidae: Ablerus clisiocanrpae
Ashm., Aphytis diaspidis (How.), A. mytilaspidis (LeBaron),
Aspidiotiphagus citrines (Craw), Prospaltella m urtfeldtii (How.), P_. perniciosi Tower, this species ranked first in economic importance as the natural enemy of the scale. Thysanidae: Thysanus pulchra
(G ir .)«
The author reared the following parasites from Ohio material.
Eulophidae! Aphytis diaspidis (How.), A. mytilaspidis (LeBaron), A. near mytilaspidis (LeBaron), Llarietta sp., Prospaltella murtfeldtii
(How.), P. perniciosi Tower.
Predators.—Rice (1937) found the coccinellia Scymnillu3 atterrimus Horn., feeding on San Jose scale in Ohio. Houser 1 ( 9 1 8 ) states that Uicroweishea mlsella (Lee.) and Chilocorus hivulnerus
Uuls., both Coccinellidae, were found most useful in the control of this species in Ohio. Coccinellid larvae wore noted feeding on the species at Columbus: OSU, Oct. 10, i 960 (UK)•
Acarina Associated.—Oribatei : Cymbaeremaeidae : Scapherema- eus marginalis (Banks).
Fungi.—Houser (1918) observed at Ironton, Ohio, the red fungus Sphaerostilbe sp., which killed the scales on currant.
Economic Importance.—According to Houser (1918) the San Jose scale was found to be the most destructive scale insect of fruit trees in Ohio, and also caused severe injury to some ornamentals. It is the author's opinion that this species lost some of its economic 104 importance in Ohio probably due to the heavy parasitization and to the wide application of modern insecticides in the fruit growing areas of Ohio,
The author would like to emphasize the importance of wild and cultivated hosts (such as ornamental trees and shrubs) hedge shrubs, especially osage orange, in the spread of the San Jose scale. These hosts are present around the orchards and usually are not treated with insecticides, therefore may serve as reservoir hosts for the scale insect, and later may become the sources of reinfes— tation of the orchards.
The accompanying illustrations are based on material col— lected from Prunus pennsylvanica L., at llentor, Ohio, Aug. 8 , 1917
(JSH).
Quadraspidiotus taxodii Perris
P ig . 27
Quadraspidiotus taxodii Ferris, 1938, Ser. IIs261. Aspidiotus
taxodii (Perris), Sleesman, 1945 > P« 45*
Scale of Female.—Circular, flat, light or dark gray, usually covered with particles of bark; about 1 ,2 mm in diameter; exuviae m arginal#
Female.—Circular, slightly pointed at apex, margin of cephalothoracic region slightly sclerotized; length on slide 0 . 9-
1 .1 mm.
Pygidium. —Median lobes about as long as wide, rounded at apex, well separated, with a notch on outer margin; second pair 105
Fig. 2 6 “ Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock)
Fig. 2 7 .- Quadraspidiotus taxodii Ferris 106 reduced to small, acute, strongly sclerotized point; third lobes laoking. 0n}.y one slightly developed plate is present, located in the interlobular space between the median and second lobes. Inter- segmental scleroses present, the second pair poorly developed. Dorsal ducts small and few in number. Pew ventral ducts confined to margin of pygidium. Marginal setae well developed, quite long. Vulva hardly visible. Perivulvar pores in four small groups. Anal opening about as large as diameter of median lobes, removed about four times its diameter from the base of median lobes0
Scale of Male.—Not seen.
Host and Distribution.—Occurs in cracks of bark, also under bark. No records from Ohio, but reported from the bordering state of Pennsylvania by Sleesman (1945)> who loaned the following material used for the above description and figures: Taxodium distichum (L.)
Rich., Pennsylvania: Lansdale, Carroll Nurseries. According to
Ferris (1938) this species is also reported from the same host from
Texas and Louisiana. TRIBE DIASPIDINI
KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE TRIBE DIASPIDINI IN OHIO
1 Female enclosed within cast skin of second
molt (pupillarial forms) ...... 2
1' Female not enclosed within cast skin of second
molt (nonpupillarial forms) ...... 3
2(l) Dorsal ducts as large as those on margin of
pygidium; median lobes not zygotic; two well
developed and wide plates in each interlobular
space; on deciduous trees (Fig, 4 8 ) .... Lopholeucaspis
2' Dorsal ducts lacking; marginal ducts moderately
large; median lobes zygotic; on needles of Tsuga
sp. (Fig. 4 4 ) ...... F io r in ia
3(l’) Median lobes fused into a single broad lobe with
no trace of division; each marginal duct of
pygidium with a swollen, sclerotic rim about its
mouth; on oaks (Fig. 5 6 ) ...... Q uernaspis y Median lobes sometimes fused at base but always
with some indication of their paired character ...... 4
4(3*) Median lobes zygotic ...... 5
4* Median lobes nonzygotic ...... 8
Prosoma swollen, more or less quadrate, wider than
the rest of the body; median lobes forming a
107 108
distinct notch in apex of pygidium; on rose,
raspberry, blackberry (Fig. 2 9) Aulaoaspis
5' Prosoma not swollen, and not quadrate; body
turbinate or elongate ...... 6
6(5') Body turbinate or pear-shaped, widest beyond
middle of pro3oma; median lobes large and
prominent (Fig. 55) Pseudaulaoaspis
6‘ Body elongate, often spindle-shaped, widest on
abdomen; median lobes -various, less prominent ...... 7
7(6') Free outer margin of median lobes usually as long
as or longer than the free inner margin; lobes
without median apical notch in the
pygidium (Fig. 39) ...... Chionaspis
7' Free outer margin of median lobes always shorter
than the free inner margin; lobes more or less
divergent and forming a definite notch in the
pygidium (Fig, 5l) ...... Phenacaspis
8(4') Body pear-shaped or almost circular; without gland
tubercles on margin of anterior abdominal segments .... 9
8’ Body elongated, often spindle-shaped; with gland
tubercles on margin of anterior abdominal segments . . . 10
9 ( 8 ) Second lobes reduced to small points; with or
without a few submedian dorsal ducts, which are
never arranged in definite rows; apex of pygidial
gland spines usually bent; on deciduous trees,
especially rosaceous trees (Fig. 43) ...... Epidiaspis 109
9' Second lobes well developed, submedian dorsal
ducts arranged in definite rows; apex of pygidial
gland spines not bent; on conifers (Fig. 30) . . Carulaspis
1 0 (8 ') Dorsal median pygidial furrow present, extending
from anal opening posteriorly to median lobes;
median lobes close together, and without gland
spines between them (Fig. 57) Unaspis
10' Dorsal median pygidial furrow absent; median lobes
not close together, and with two gland spines
between them ...... H ll(lO ') Median pygidial lobes small, not notched, widely
separated; the gland spines between them about
twice as long as the lobes (Fig. 2 8 ) ...... Aonidomitylus
11' Median pygidial lobes large, notched on both
sides, not widely separated; the gland spines
betw een them about th e same s iz e or s l i g h t l y
longer than the lobes (Figs. 5» 4 6 )...... Lepidosaph.es
Genus Aonidomytilus Leonardi
Aonidomytilus Leonardi, 1903> P» 102; MacGillivray, 1921, p. 275j
Ferris, 1937» Ser. 1:55 Hall, 1946, p. 503*
Scale of Female.—Oystershell-shaped, white or light brown, exuviae terminal*
Female.—Elongate spindle-shaped. No spurs on any abdominal segm en ts. 110
Pygidium.—Median lobes widely separated, non-zygotic, usually with a pair of gland spines between them; second lobes well developed; third lobes reduced. Gland spines slender, along margin
pygidium. Dorsal ducts smaller than marginal duots. Perivulvar pores in five small groups.
Type of the Genus.—A. concolor (Cockerell).
Aonidomytilus multiglandnlatus sp.n.
P ig . 28
Aonidomytilus solidagini3 (Hoke), Schuder, 1954, p* 172 (m isidentifi-
o a t i o n ) .
Scale of Female.—Oystershell-shaped, light brown, yellowish white toward apex. Length 2.3 mm; exuviae apical, orange yellow.
Female.—Quite slender, spindle-shaped, margins lobed; length on slide 1.4-1*85 mu, average length 1.65 mm. Antennae with two setae. Anterior spiracles with 4-12 pores (average 6, 12 counted).
Posterior spiracles with only 1-3 pores (average 2, 12 counted). A group of dorsal ducts on margin of metathorax, also on margin of each prepygidial segment. A group of gland tubercles laterad of posterior spiracles, also on lateral margin of first abdominal seg ment. Marginal gland spines present from second to fourth abdominal segm ent.
Pygidium.—Broad, rounded apieally, slightly sclerotized around the apex. Median lobes small, pointed apieally about as long as wide, widely separated; second pair well developed, outer lobule much smaller than inner; third pair reduced to sclerotized point. Ill
Gland spines slender; median spines at most twice as long as median lobes, not "branched, needle-shaped; one laterally unipectinate spine located laterally from mesal and second pair of lobes* Numerous dorsal maoroducts, which are smaller than marginal ducts, some arranged in definite rows; submedian ducts from third to seventh segment in short rows, often with two rows on one segment; sub marginal ducts scattered along the margin, sometimes in rows. Few ventral ducts present, located in groups of 3-4 ducts, as follows: one group anterior to second pair of lobes; two more groups laterad of the previous group, close to the margin of pygidium. Vulva hardly visible, located about the middle of pygidium. Perivulvar pores in five groups; median 0-6, anterior laterals 8-12, posterior laterals
9-12. Anal opening round, surrounded by a sclerotized area.
Egg.—Color light purple (P 85*0-7/4)*
Scale of Male*—Not seen.
Material Examined*—On peeling bark of twigs of Hypericum spathulatum (Spach) Steud., Indiana: Tippecanoe Co*, Agronomy Farm,
June 19, 1961. Received unmounted material through the courtesy of
Professor D. L. Schuder, who also collected the material*
Additional Biological lata*—In the above material the females had died and eggs were found (18-28 per female) under each scale. It is assumed that probably the second stage nymphs over w in te r .
The accompanying illustrations are based on the above m a terial* 112
Holotype female deposited in the U.S. National Museum.
Paratypes 3 females in the author's collection. Both holotype and paratype specimens are from the above listed material. The closest related species is Aonidomytilus aolidaginis (Hoke), from which
A. multiglandulatus differs as follows:
1. There are more than 30 submedian dorsal macroducts on each side of the pygidium and on the prepygidial segments, and often there are two rows of ducts on some of the segments in A. multiglandulatus, while in A. solidaginis the number of submedian dorsal macroducts is less than 3 0 , and only one row of ducts is present on each segment. Hence the specific nameo
2. Ventral ducts in A. solidagini3 present in large groups as follows: one group of about 4 ducts anterior from the second pair of lobes; two groups of ducts of about 10 or 11 each, lateral on pygidium; one group of about 7-11 ducts on each of the two prepygidial segments. In A. multiglandulatus these ducts are fewer in number, never more than 3-4 in a group,
3. Median lobes pointed and not notched in A. multi glandulatus, while in A. solidaginis the median lobes are broadly rounded at apex and usually slightly notched on both sides.
4. Median gland spines at most twice as long as median lobes in A. multiglandulatus, while in A»_ solidaginis these spines are three times as long as the median lobes.
5. Anterior spiracles with 4-12 pores, (average 6, 12 counted), posterior spiracles with 1-3 pores (average 2, 12 counted) 113
in. A. multiglandulatus, -while in A. solidaginis these pores are in
groups o f 1 0 -1 8 (average 14, 28 counted), and 3-8 (average 6, 28
counted), consecutively.
6. The known hosts of A. solidaginis are Solidago sp.,
Aster sp., and Bacoharis halim ifolia, all "belong to family Carduaceae while A. multiglandulatus is known only from Hypericum spathulatum and Hypericum sp., which "belong to the family Hyperaceae.
Dr. Harold Morrison called the author's attention to this taxonomical problem and through his courtesy the author was able to
study the material which represents these two species in the National
Coccoid Collection. In this collection A. solidaginis is represented from Alabama, Florida, Maryland, South Carolina, Virginia and Cuba, while A. multiglandulatus is known from Illin ois, Indiana, Maryland,
Missouri, and Virginia.
Material from type of Aonidomytilus hyperici Ferris was
obtained through the courtesy of Professor Howard L. McKenzie.
Although the host preference may suggest some sim ilarity, A. multi- glaudnlatus definitely is not identical with A. hyperici.
Genus Aulacaspis Cockerell
Aulacaspis Cockerell, 1893, P. 180, 1902a, p. 58? Kuwana, 1926, p. 21
Myers, 1927, p. 341? Ferris, 1937, Ser. 1:9; Borchsenius,
1950, p. 205; Zahradnik, 1951, p. 179? Scott, 1952, p. 33?
Balachowsky, 1954, p. 240; Schmutterer, 1959, p. 197. 114
Scale of Female.-—Circular to slightly oval, flat to convex, white; exuviae oentral or subcentral.
Female*—Elongate, with swollen prosoma which is "broader than the rest of tho "body.
Pygidium.—Three or four pairs of lobes present. Median lobes joined by a sclerotized yoke; other lobes (if present) bilobed.
Gland spines well developed. Dorsal ducts short, arranged in sub marginal and submedian rows. Perivulvar pores in five groups.
Type of the Gems.—A. rosae (Bouch6 ).
Aulacaspis rosae (Bouchd)
F ig . 29
A sp id io tu s ro sa e Bouch.6 , 1833, p. 53. Diaspis rosae Sandberg,
Signoret, 18 69, p. 441; Bogue, 1896 a, p* 7» Aulacaspis
rosae (Bouchd), Sanders, 1904b, p. 53? Dietz and Morrison,
1916b, p. 284; Houser, 1918, p« 295» MacGillivray, 1921,
p. 316; M iller, 1922, p. 60; Hollinger, 1923> P» 18; Britton,
1923, p. 369; Felt and Morrison, 1928, p. 199; Amos, 1933a,
p. 206; Ferris, 1937, Ser. 1:10; Sleesman, 1945> P« 47;
Borchsenius, 1950, p. 205; Zahradnik, 1951» P» 180; Scott,
1952, p. 40; Balaohowsky, 1954, p. 242; Porter et a l., 1959,
p. 77; Schmutterer, 1959, P« 197; Kosztarab, 1959» P» 411•
Diaspis rosae (Bouchd), Lupo, 1938, p. 157*
Common Name.—Rose scale. 115
Fig. 2 8 “ Aonidomytilus multiglandulatus sp. n.
t# r o
Fig. 29 ~ Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche) 116
Soale of Female.—Circular, flat, white to grayish white, about 1.5-2.0 mm in diameter. Exuviae subcentral*
Female.—Elongated, somewhat mushroom-shaped, with prosoma swollen, brownish dark red (rYR 12.5-4/6), length on slide 1*0-1*1 mm, width 0*6-0.7 mm. Margin of the three anterior abdominal seg ments strongly lobed.
Pygidium.—Median lobes well developed, zygotic, divergent, forming a median notch, their inner margins finely serrate. Second and third pairs bilobed, rounded at their apex. Gland spines long and strongly developed, also present in groups on margin of second and third abdominal segments. Dorsal ducts short, arranged in rows composed of submarginal and submedian series; on fourth to seventh abdominal segments include one or a pair of large marginal ducts; submarginal series extend to fifth and submedian series to sixth segments; no ducts between median lobes. A few ventral ducts in a submarginal row, others on the margin of fourth segment. Vulva hardly visible. Perivulvar pores in five large groups. Anal opening round, relatively small, located about the middle of pygidium.
Eggs.—Oval, light brown (YR 15.0-5/6).
Scale of Male.—Elongated, white, tricarinate, exuviae at one end.
Male.—Reddish, with wings0
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Generally distributed in Ohio.
Occurs on stem of host, especially close to the ground. Hydrangea
sp., Ashtabula, Dec. 1, 1914 (JSH). Rosa Carolina L., Adams Co:
Green Township, July 15, 19^1 (MK). R. rugosa Thunb., Cleveland, 117
Mar. 7» 1912 (JSH). Rosa sp., Canal Winchester, - , Bogue 1896 ( a );
Columbus: OSU, Mar. 13, 1920 (AEM); "wildrose," Wooster: in woods,
April 27, 1912 (JSH); Fairfield Co.: Buckeye Lake, Sept. 11, 1921.
Rubus allegheniensis Porter, Williams Co.: sand dunes, Sept. 4» i960
(MK). R_. canadensis L., Wooster, Nov. 20, 1911 (JSH). R. idaeus L.,
Ashtabula, Dec. 2, 1914 (JSH); Columhus, - , Bogue 1896 ( a ) . Rubus sp., Cuyahoga Co., Mar. 5> 1961 (MK); Brie Co.: Castalia, Sept. 2, i 960 (MK) ; Franklin Co., May 29, 1961 (MK); on "blackberry,” Gypsum,
Nov. 23, 1914 (JLK); on "wild raspberry," Jackson Co., Mar. 6,1 8 9 7 »
Osborn (1900); Wooster, Mar. 10, 1914 (JSH). No host given, Columbus,
- , Osborn (1900); Sebring, March 1915 (Hartzell Bros.).
Other Material Examined.—IOWA: Ames, on "blackberry,"
May 9, 1916, (CAR); MARYLAND: E llicott City on Rubus sp., May 10,
1959 (MK).
Additional Biological Data.—Overwintered in egg stage.
Average number of eggs per female 80 (maximum 152, minimum 26, counted eggs of 20 females). First stage nymphs were observed during July 20-
28, ( 1 9 6 1) in Adams Co., and on Sept. 14, Erie Co.: Castalia (i9 6 0).
Males emerged between June 7-14 (l96l) in Franklin Co., and during
Sept. 5-14 (i 9 6 0) Williams Co., and Sept. 5“17 (i960) Erie Co.:
C a s t a lia .
Parasites Reared.—Encyrtidae: Arrhenophagus chionaspidis
Aur., Chiloneurinus microphagus (Hayr).
Economic Importance.—This species is known to cause serious
damage t o ra sp b erry , b la ck b erry and r o s e s . 118
The accompanying illustrations are based on the above listed material from Rosa Carolina L.
Gems Carulaspis MacGillivray
Carulaspis MacGillivray. 1921, p* 305» Perris, 1937, Ser. 1:11; Hall,
1946, p. 507; Borchsenius, 1950, p. 206; Balachowsky, 1954,
p. 202; Schmutterer, 1959, P« 188*
Scale of Female.—Circular, slightly convex, white; exuviae central or subcentral*
Female*—Circular, or slightly oval* Derm membranous except on pygidium.
Pygidium,—Median lobes well developed, non-zygotic; second pair bilobed; third pair reduced. Gland spines present. Dorsal ducts slightly smaller than marginal ducts, arranged in distinct rows. Perivulvar pores usually in five compact groups. Anal opening round, slightly posterior from middle of pygidium.
Type of the Gems.—C. visoi (Schrank).
Carulaspis juniperi (Bouchd)
F ig . 30
Aspidiotus .juniperi Bouch6. 1851, p. 112. Diaspis .juniperi (Bouch6).
Comstock, I 8 8 3 , p . 9 6. Carulaspis juniperi (Bouchd), Mac-
Gillivray, 1921, p. 313; Baccetti, i9 6 0, p 0 6 4 . D ia sp is
carueli Targioni-Tozzetti, Britton, 1923, p« 367; Felt and
Morrison, 1928, p. 199, Porter et a l., 1959, P« 71* Carulaspis
visci (Schrank), Ferris, 1937, Ser. 1:12; Borchsenius, 1950,
p. 206; Balachowsky, 1954, P* 206; McKenzie, 1956, p. 91j 119
Schmutterer, 1959> P« 189; Kosztarab, 1959» P* 412* Diaspis
visci (Schrank), Zahradnik, 1951» P* 175•
It is the author's opinion that the earlier published United
States records of Carulaspis carueli (Targioni-Tozzetti) and C_. v i s c i
(Schrank) should be re-evaluated in the light of most recent studies on these species.
Common Ilame.—Juniper scale.
Scale of Female.—Circular, slightly convex, white, about
1.0-1o5 mm in diameter; exuviae subcentral or central.
Female.—Circular, young females yellow (Y 25.0-8/8), females with eggs darker (YR 17 <> 5-5/8)* Length on slide 0.7-0.8 mm. Antenna with one strong and recurved seta. Anterior spiracles with one or two p o r e s.
Pygidium.—Triangular, rounded at apex. Median lobes well separated, rounded at apex, small, about as long as wide, with small paraphyses; second lobes deeply bilobed, the inner lobule more or less triangular, sloping toward meson, with small paraphyses, its outer lobule much smaller: third pair vestigial. Gland spines well developed. In the material examined the number of dorsal macroducts was between 110-148 per female. Marginal ducts arranged in the usual
Diaspidinae pattern, one between median lobes. Dorsal ducts slightly smaller than marginal ducts, arranged in rows on second to fifth segments. In the material at hand no submarginal macroduct was found anterior to second lobes, which was noted by Ferris (1937)* Only few ventral ducts present. Vulva located anterior to anus. Peri— 120 vulvar pores usually in five compact groups; rarely two additional small groups present, anterior to the anterior lateral groups. Anal opening round, large, posterior from the middle of pygidium.
Scale of Male.—Elongated, slightly tricarinate, white, ahout 0 . 7 - 1*0 mm in length; esuviae at one end.
Male.—Winged, orange yellow.
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Probably generally distributed in Ohio. Occurs on needles and cones. Juniperus chinensis Phitzeriana
Spaeth., Columhus: OSU, June 9, I960, Feb. 10, 1961 (MK). communis suecica A it., Peray: Thompson Farm, May 2, 1961 (J . T. W alker), (ODA).
J. sabina L., Cleveland: Gordon Park, May 19, 1916 (JSH). On cones of J. virgin!ana L., Adams Co.: Groon Township, Jan. 14, 1961 (R.
M aly), (ICC). Juniperus sp.t Ironton, May 6 , 1916 (W. G. Lambe),
(HC); Salem, Mar. 22, 1946 (D. R. Aubill), (EC). No host or locality given, Patterson (1 9 2 3).
Other M aterial Framined.—CALIFORNIA: Palo A lto, Libocedrus decurrens Torr., Oct. 25, 1914 (C. H. Kennedy), (HC). KANSAS: Man hattan, Aug. 4 , 1916 (B. \7. W e lls ). DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Juniperus sp., May 18, 1957 (MK). MARYLAND: Catonsville, Juniperus virginiana
L., May 28, 1 9 5 8 , Elkridgo, July 9, 1958 (MK); E llicott City, Thuja occidentalis L., Sept. 17, 1958 (MK). PENNSYLVANIA: Andorra Nur series, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis glauoa B eiss., Feb. 22, 1944
(GBS), (PaDA).
Additional Biological Data.—Overwintered as mature females filled with eggs in I96O-6I (Adams C o., C levelan d , F rank lin C o .).
First stage larvae appeared between June 10—18 (i9 6 0) in Franklin 121
Co. Males emerged during July 2-12 (i960), and July 26-Aug. 14
(1 9 6 1) in Franklin Co.
Parasites Reared.—Eulophidae: Aphytis near mytilaapidis
(LeBaron), probably a new species according to BeBacli. Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Craw), Prospaltella sp.
Acarina Associated.—Oribatei : Cymbaeremaeidae :
Scapheremaeus marginalia (Banks).
Economic Importance.—Discoloration of leaves was noted in case of heavy infestations.
The accompanying illustrations are based on the above listed material from Juniperus virginiana L.
Genus Chiona3pis Signoret
Chionaspis Signoret, 1 8 6 9 , p. 442; Myers, 1927» P. 342; Ferris, 1936,
p. 24, 1937, Ser. 1:13; Lupo, 1938 b, p. 270; Hall, 1946,
p. 507; Zahradnik, 1951, P» 183; Balachowsky, 1954, P« 317;
Sckrautterer, 1959, P® 223. Fundaspis MacGillivray, 1921,
p . 3 0 7 . Marchaliella Bodenheimer, 1951, P® 331.
Scale of Female.—Oystershell-shaped, usually convex, white; exuviae at anterior end.
Female.—Elongate, spindle-shaped, lobed laterally, color in most species reddish.
Pygidium.—Median lobes close together, zygotic, their yoke usually well sclerotized; second lobes always present, bilobed, in most species rounded apically; third lobes similar to second lobes, but smaller, sometimes entirely lacking. Gland spine3 well developed. 122
Dorsal ducts arranged in rows, forming submedian and submarginal series, llo ducts or gland spines between median lobes. Perivuivar pores in five groups.
Type of the Genus.—C_. salicis (Linnaeus).
KEY TO SPECIES OP CHIONASPIS
1 Median lobes fused except for a small
apical notch ...... 2
1* Median lobes separate for at least half
of their length ...... 4
2(l) Median lobes almost triangular, tapering
toward apex, finely serrate on lateral margins;
only 1-3 submedian dorsal ducts on fourth and
fifth segment; known only from Nyasa and
Celtis sylvatica Sanders
2' Median lobes rounded at apex, not serrate on
lateral margins; more than 3 submedian dorsal
ducts on fourth and fifth segm ent...... 3
3(2’) One or two submedian dorsal ducts on segment
six; known only from hickory and walnut . . . caryae Cooley
3' Ho submedian dorsal ducts on segment six; occurring
on hosts of the family Ulmaceae (elm,
hackberry) ...... americana Johnson
4 (l') Median lobes noticeably elongate, divergent
mesally, finely serrate on margin, never deeply
notched, separate completely to the b a se...... • . . 5 Median lobes not so, short and rounded, or laterally notched or partially fused ...... 6
Median lobes separated and parallel at base, strongly divergent toward apex; all dorsal ducts large and same size., usually 4-6 submedian ducts on third to fifth segment; known only from
W isteria ...... wistariae Cooley
Median lobes not parallel at base, but yoked by a short sclerosis, moderately diverging toward apex; dor3al ducts of two sizes; usually 6-8 large and 2-4 small submedian ducts on third to fifth segment; known only from poplar and w i l l o w ...... longiloba Cooley
Dorsal macroducts few, usually not more than 2-3 in any submedian group; submedian group anterior to segment five lacking or composed of small ducts only; submarginal group of fifth segment composed of 3 or 4 d u cts ...... 7
Dorsal macroducts more numerous, usually 5 °-c more ducts in any submedian group; submedian groups anterior to segment five present and composed of large and small ducts; submarginal group of fifth segment composed at least of 4 or 5 ducts, usually more...... 9
Median lobes short, never longer than wide, almost semicircular, not notched on either 124
side; usually on hosts belonging to family
Rosaceae furfura (Fitch)
7' Median lobes elongated, longer than wide,
notched at least on lateral sid e ...... 8
8 ( 7 ') Median lobes with distinct elongated zygosis
at base; occurs on maple . . • . o . . • acericola Hollinger
8 ' Median lobes with short, indistinct zygosis
at base; occurs on Gleditsia and
Frpnri-naB gleditsiae Sanders
9 ( 6 ') Inner margin of median lobes straight, parallel
at base, broadly diverging toward apex, its
diverging margin definitely longer than lateral
margin; on Cornus ...... corni Cooley
9* Inner margin of median lobes not parallel at base, moderately diverging from base to apex, both
margins approximately equal ...... 10
1 0 (9 ’ ) Median lobes broad, rounded, more or less semi circular, often -with a pair of small tooth-like
projections between them; usually on Populus, Salix,
and Fraxinus saliois-nigrae (Walsh)
10» Median lobes elongated, tapering toward apex,
never with a pair of tooth-like projection
between them ...... 11
11(10' ) Median lobes with their mesal margins parallel
and closely appressed at their base; inner lobule
of second lobes without a notch on lateral margin;
known in Ohio only from Juglans cinerea . • lintneri Comstock 125
11* Median lobes diverging from their base; inner
lobule of second lobes with a notch on lateral
margin; knovm from Platanus only ..... parkii Hollinger
Chionaspis aoericola Hollinger
F ig . 31
Chionaspis acericola Hollinger. 1923> P* 20; Ferris, 1937 > Ser. I:
1 4 .
Scale of Female.—Oystershell-shaped, flat, white to light gray, about 2 .0 mm long; exuviae apical, brownish.
Female.—Elongate spindle-shaped, segments rounded laterally; length on slide about 0 . 8 - 1 ,0 ram.
Pygidium.—Triangular, acute and sclerotized at apox. Median lobes rounded, slightly notched on inner and outer margins, close together, their basal yoke with an alongated sclerosis; second pair bilobed, inner lobe slightly crenate on outer margin, outer lobule smaller; third pair reduced. Gland spines well developed, each with one duct. Marginal ducts in the usual arrangement. Dorsal ducts reduced in number; submedian groups with only 2-3 small ducts on the third segment; 2 -3 small or sometimes one large duct on the fourth segment; usually only one large, but sometimes also with one or two small ducts on the fifth segment. Submarginal groups usually with three ducts on third segment; 2 -4 ducts on fourth segment; always with one duct on fifth segment. Ventral ducts few, located submarginally. Vulva hardly visible, about the middle of pygidium. 126
^ A h y ^
Fig. 3 0 .- Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche)
Fig. 31 •“ Chionaspis acericola Hollinger 127
Perivulvar pores in five large groups. Anal opening round, just anterior from vulva*
Host and D is tr ib u tio n in Ohio. — Occurs on "bark. The f o l lowing are the first distributional records from Ohio. Acer ruhrum
L., Hocking Co.: Rock House, Apr. 24, I960 (MK). A. saccharum
Marsh., Wooster, Dec. 9» 1914 (JSH). Acer sp.. Gypsum, Sept. 18,
1914 (JLK).
Additional Biological Data.—Overwintered in egg stage and
on April 24, I960, there were still a few eggs unhatched under the
female scales.
The accompanying illustrations are based on the above listed
material from Acer rubrum L,
Chionaspis amerioana Johnson
F ig . 32
Chionaspis amerioana Johnson, 1896 b, p. 3905 Cooley, l899» P* 41;
Sanders, 1904b, p. 43; Dietz and Morrison, 1916b, p. 2 6 4 ;
Houser, 1918, p. 290; M iller, 1922, p. 60; Ferris, 1937,
Ser. 1:15; Sleesman, 1945» P* 44; McKenzie, 1956, p. 93*
Elmdaspis amerioana (Johnson), MacGillivray, 1921, p. 338.
Common Hame0— Elm sc u r fy sc a le o
Scale of Female.—Oystershell-shaped, white or grayish
white, about 1 . 5- 2 .5 mm in length.
Female.—Spindle-3haped, segments deeply lobed, reddish
brown, length on slide about 1 . 0 - 1 .3 mm. 128
Pygidium.—Broadly acute. Median lobes prominent, closely appressed, rounded apically, notched on lateral margins; second lobes bilobed, inner lobule more or less acute, notched, outer lobule much smaller and rounded; third lobes reduced. Gland spines large, each with one or two ducts. An elongated sclerosis between the median lobes and another in the first interlobular space. Sub median dorsal ducts present on third to fifth segments, the groups on third and fourth segments composed of large and small ducts, on fifth segment only 4 -5 large ducts present. Ventral ducts present, most located submarginally. Vulva in the middle of pygidium. Peri vulvar pores in five large groups. Anal opening round, anterior from vulva.
Eggs.—Ovoid, yellowish red (yR 7c5_4/6).
Scale of Male.—Elongated oval, tricarinate, white, length about 0.7 nun; exuviae yellow, at one end.
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Widely distributed in Ohio.
Occurs on bark. Celtis sp., Columbus, Apr. 7, 1920 (AELl). "Platanus occidentalis L.," Columbus: OSU, Miller (1922). Ulmus amerioana L.,
Ashtabula, Dec, 1, 1914 (JSH); Belmont Co., Sept. 6, 1961 (MK);
Champaign Co.: Cedar Swamp, July 9, 960 i (MK); C levelan d , March 6,
1912 (JSH), Feb. 21, 1915 (JLK); Columbus, May 28, 960 i (MK),
Columbus: OSU, Apr. 11, i 960 (ME); Cuyahoga Co., Mar. 5, 1961 (MK);
Pickaway Co., July 16, 96 I I (MK); W ooster, Mar. 1 0 , 1914, "severe infestation" (JSH). Ulnus sp., Cincinnati, Nov. 4, 7, 1914 (JSH,
JLK); Cleveland, Mar. 12, 1936, "abundant," (JSH), data from E. W.
Rings; Columbus, - , (CAR), Columbus: OSU, Feb. 11, 1920 (AEM); Delaware Co.: Deep Run, May 31, 1920 (AEM); Mahoning Co.s Hubbard,
Oct. 9, 1912 (P. W. Schlupp), (HC); Marietta, Mar. 31, 1916 (JSH);
Wooster, Apr. 27, 1912 (JSH).
Other Material Examined.—ILLINOIS: Bond Co., on twigs of
Ulmus amerioana L ., Mar. 25, 1961 (MK). INDIANA: Putnam Co., Ulmus amerioana L., Mar. 25, 1961 (MK). MMRILAND: E llicott City, Ulmus s p ., J u ly 11, 1958 (MK).
Additional Biological Data.—This insect overwinters in the egg stage, and the eggs hatch in May. Since eggs were found under live females in Pickaway Co., on July 16,1 9 6 1, it is assumed that there are two yearly generations. Johnson (1916b) also noted two yearly generations in Illin ois. An average of 57 eggs per female
(maximum 7 5 > minimum 1 4 ) were counted in the material collected from
Ulmus amerioana L. in Cuyahoga Co., Mar. 5, 1961 (MK).
Parasites Reared.—Eulophidae: Aphytis diaspidis (How.),
Marietta sp., Prospaltella sp. A high degree of parasitization,
84 per cent, was noted in the material collected in Illinois: Bond
C o., Mar. 25, 1961 (MK).
The accompanying illustrations are based on material from
Ulmus amerioana 1 ., Cuyahoga Co., March 5, 1961.
Chionaspis oaryae Cooley
P ig . 33
Chionaspis caryae Cooley, 8 I 9 8 , p« 8 6 , 1899, P» 40; Pernald, 1903,
p. 214; Sanders, 1904b, p. 44; Dietz and Morrison, 1916b,
p . 2 6 6 ; Hollinger, 1923, P» 22; Britton, 1923, P» 363;
Perris, 1942, Ser. IV:386; Sleesroan, 1945, P* 46. 130
Fig. 3 2 “ Chionaspis amerioana Johnson
Fig. 3 3 “ Chionaspis caryae Cooley 131
Scale of Female.—Irregular, oystershell-shaped, convex, dirty white, length 1 * 5 -2 ran; exu viae "brown.
Female*—Elongate spindle-shaped, segments produced laterally, length on slide ahout 1 .0 mm,
Pygidium.—Triangular, rounded at apex. Median lotes large, broad, fused basally, separated apically by a distinct notch, each lobe rounded apically and slightly notched on lateral margin; second pair bilobed, first lobule rounded apically, notched laterally, second lobule rauch smaller, rounded apically; third pair poorly developed, with serrate margin. First gland spine with two ducts, others with one duct. Marginal ducts of the normal pattern. Sub- median dorsal macroducts present on third and sixth segment; usually one or two ducts, rarely none on sixth segment; about $-6 large ducts on fourth and fifth segments; usually one or two small ducts with
5 -6 large ducts on third segment. Submarginal macroducts in rows on third and fifth segments. Few ventral ducts present. Vulva located anterior to middle of pygidium. Perivulvar pores in five large groups. Anus rounded, located anterior from vulva.
Scale of Male.—Oblong, with median carina, white, about
0 . 5 - 0 .7 mm long; exuviae brown.
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Known only from a few localities in Ohio. Occurs on bark. Carya alba K. Koch, Ottawa Co.:
Catawba Island, July 10, 1902, Sanders (1904J. C. ovata (M ill.)
K. Koch, "Columbus: OSU," May 31, 1920, M iller (1922); Wooster,
July 1, 1917 (JSH), Wooster: 0AES, Aug. 8, 1917 (P. H. Lowry), (HC); 132
Carya sp., Delaware Co.: Deep Dun, M a y 3 1 , 1920 (AEM); Hocking C o.:
Haydenville, Mar. 7, 1914 (H. W. Stiers), (HC).
Other Material Examined.—IOWA: Ames, on Carya sp., Nov. 20,
1916 (CAR).
The accompanying illustrations are "based on material from
Carya ovata (M il.) K. Koch., Wooster, Ohio, July 1, 1917 (JSE).
Chionaspis corni Cooley
F ig . 34
Chionaspis corni Cooley, 1899» P* 155 Oshorn, 1900, p0 72; Fernald,
1903, p. 215; Sanders, 1904b, p. 45 5 Dietz and Morrison,
1916b, p. 267; Houser, 1918, p. 290; KacGillivray, 1921,
p. 331; Miller, 1922, p. 60; Britton, 1923, p. 363; Felt
and Morrison, 1928, p. 1 9 8 ; Ferris, 1937, Ser. 1:16;
McKenzie, 1956, p. 93•
Common Name. —Dogwood s c a le .
Scale of Female*—Elongated, "broadening posteriorly, white, le n g th 1 . 8 - 2 .5 mm; exuviae orange yellow.
Female.—Spindle-shaped, expanded posteriorly, margins lobed, length on s lid e 1 . 2- 1 .3 mm.
Pygidium.—Broad, almost semicircular. Mesal margin of median lobes parallel for almost half of their length, and then strongly divergent; the diverging margin straight; second pair bilobea, both lobules rounded at apex, outer lobule much smaller; third pair small, rounded. Gland spines large, slender, each with
one duct. Submedian dorsal duct groups well developed, only small 133 duots on segments 1 and 2 , one or two small ducts, usually with
7 -8 d u cts on segm ents 3 and 4 , u s u a lly 5 -6 large ducts on segments
5 and 7* Five to ten submarginal ducts in each row on segments 3 to 6 . Ventral ducts accumulated suhmarginally. Vulva slightly anterior from the middle of pygidium. Perivulvar pores in five large groups. Anus round, located anterior to vulva.
Scale of Male.—Not seen. Cooley (1899) described it as follows: "Length 0.6-0.8 mm, moderately but plainly tricarinate.
Exuviae pale yellow occupying one-third to one-half the length of the scale."
Host and Distribution in Ohio.—One collection from Central
Ohio, a ll others from Northern Ohio. Occurs on bark. Cornus amomum
M ill., Erie Co.: Sandusky, Osborn (1900), Sanders 1904 ( b ) . C.. florida L ., Columbus: OSU, Mar. 30, 1920 (P. R. Lowray), (HC). Heavy infestation on twigs of C. racemosa Lamm., Erie Co.: Castalia, Rest— haven W ildlife Area, Sept. 2, i 960 (HK). £. sanguinea L., Cleveland,
1908, (WHG), (HC), Cleveland: Gordon Park, 1912 (C. R. N eillie),
(HC). Cornu3 sp., Lucas Co.: Cedar Point, June 30, 1912 (JLK) ;
WooBter, April 27, 1912, June 27, 1914 (JSH).
Other Material Examined: KANSAS, on Cornus asperifolia
Michx., (J. B. Norton), (HC).
Additional Biological Data.—According to Houser (1918) this species overwinters in egg stage. Mature females were found on
Sept. 13, I960, at Castalia (MK).
Parasites Reared.—Eulophidae: Aphytis diaspidis (How.),
Prospaltella sp. High parasitization rate was noted by the author. 134
The accompanying illustrations are based on material listed above, from Cor m s racemosa Lam,
Chionaspis furfura (Pitch)
F ig . 35
Aspidiotus furfurus Fitch, 1857a, p, 352. Aspidiotus cerasi Fitch.
1857b, p . 368 . Coccus harrisii Walsh., 1866, p. 31*
Chionaspis furfurus (Fitch), Comstock, 1881, p, 315*
Chionaspis furfurus var. fulvus King, 1899> P* 334»
Chionaspis furfura (Fitch), Bogue, 1896 a, p. 7; Cooley, 1 8 9 9 ,
p . 235 Osborn, 1900, p. 72; Sanders, 1904b, p. 4 6 ; Dietz and
Morrison, 1916b, p. 270; Houser, 1918, ?• 288; MacGillivray,
1921, p, 331; Miller, 1922, p. 60; Hollinger, 1923, P* 23;
Britton, 1923, p. 364; Ferris, 1937> Ser. 1:18; Sleesman,
1945» P« 44; McKenzie, 1956, p, 97; Porter et a l., 1959»
P. 7 8 .
Common Dame. — Scurfy s c a le .
Scale of Female.—Oystershell-shaped, broadened posteriorly,
thin, white, length 2 , 5 ~ 3 o O mm; exuviae yellowish-brown.
Femaleo—Spindle-shaped, laterally lobed, reddish, length on slide 1.0-1,2 mm0
Pygidium.—Median lobes well developed, apically rounded;
second pair broad, bilobed; third pair rudimentary. Gland spines large, those lateral from median lobes smaller. An elongated scle rosis. between median lobes. Few dorsal ducts; submedian groups present only on third to fifth segments, usually composed of 2 or 3 135
y V***'
W'VJ
" Fig 3 4 .- Chionaspis corni Cooley Fig. 3 5 ." Chionaspis furfura (Fitch) 136 ducts; submarginal groups composed of 2 to 4 ducts on third to fifth segments. Few ventral ducts, usually located submarginally. Two small setae at the "base of each median lobe. Marginal setae on venter much smaller than those on dorsum. Vulva hardly visible. Perivulvar pores in five large groups. Anal opening round, anterior to v u lv a . Scale of Male.—Elongated oval, tricarinate, white, length 0.7-0.9 mm; exuviae yellow. Egg. —Ovoid, reddish (yE 7 «>5“3/6) • Host and Distribution in 0hioo—Occurs on bark. Generally distributed in Ohio. On Crataegu3 spc, Ashtabula, Dec. 2, 1914, "very severe" (JSH) ; Cincinnati: Price H ill, Nov. 4, 1914, Cincinnati Nov. 7, 1914 (JSH, JLK); Ottawa Co.: East Harbor State Park, Sept. 6, I960 (MK); Tuscarawas Co.: near Newcomers, Sept. 5, 1961 (MK) . Juglans cinerea Lo, Champaign Co.: Mechanicsburg, July 13, 1914 (JSH) Washington Co0: Vincent, May 23, 1913, Wooster, 0ct„ 3, 1912 (JSH). J. nigra L., Pike Co.: south of Piketon, July 16, 1961 (MIC). Malus pumila M ill., Cuyahoga Co., March 5, 1961 (MK); Franklin Co.: Wester v ille, Pec. 1, 1900, (W.N.), Osborn (1900); Logan Co., July 9, 1961 (MK); Union Co.: New California, July 9, 1961 (MK); Wooster, Pec. 1, 1900 (W.N.), Osborn (1900). Malus sp., Ashtabula, Pec. 1, 1914, "severe on wild crab" (JSH); Columbus: OSU, March 6, 1920 (AEM); Cuyahoga Co., March 5, 1961 (ME); Franlclin Co0: Gahanna, March 15, 1900 (Lewis Bobb), (HC); Highland Co., July 15, 1961 (MK); Hocking Co.: Neotoma, April 16, i 960 (PFH, MK); Medina C o ., - , (CAR). Prunus avium L., Muskingum Co.: Zanesville, April 2, 1920 (AEM) o 137 P_. cerasus L. . Columbus: OSU, M iller (1922). P_. pennsylvanica L .t Wooster, May 6, 1912, March 10, Oct. 19, 1914 (JSH). P. serotina Ehrh., Wooster, Jan. 20, 1912 (JSH). Pyracantha coocinea Lalandii Dipp., Lucas Co.: Secor Park Arboretum, July 9, 1961, heavy infes t a t io n , (MK). Pyrus communis L ., " P h ilo ." , Mar ch 7> 1912 (G. Henderson), (HC). Sorbus amerioana Marsh., Wooster, Aug. 1, 1913> associated with Quadraspidiotus pernicio3U3 (Comst.), (JSIl). Staphylea trifolia L., Ashtabula, Dec. 1, 1914 (JSH). "Ulmu3_ sp.", Columbus: OSU, Bogus (1896 a ) . Other M a teria l E-ra-mined. — KENTUCKY* Oldham Co0, on Malus pumila Mi 11 ., Dec. 3, 1961 (MK). MARYLAND: Elkridge, on Chaenomeles sp., July 9, 1958 (MK). PEWHSYLVAHIA: M orrisville, Rickerts Kursery, on Sorbus aucuparia L„, Aug. 26, 1943 (GBS). Additional Biological Data.—This species overwinters in the egg stage, and the eggs begin hatching the end of April. Since eggs were found under live females in Highland, Logan, and Pilce Counties between July 9-16, 1961, it is assumed that there are two yearly generations in Ohio. An average of 64 eggs (maximum 8 2 , minimum 42) per female were found (20 counted) in the material studied. Parasites Reared.—Eulophidae: Aphytis sp. Predators .—The lady—bird beetle, Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls., was noted by Sanders (1904b) to be predaceous on this species in Ohio. The author observed the following three species to prey upon this scale in Lucas Co.: Cocoinella novatmotata 5bst„, C. trifasoiata L., and Hippodomia oonvergens Guor. 138 Economic Importance*—This species occasionally becomes a pest in untreated orchards in Ohio; it causes reddish spots and small pits on the hark of twigs. The accompanying illustrations are hased on material from Malus pumila M ill., Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, March 5, 1961 (MK). Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders P ig . 36 Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders, 1903, P* 413, 1904b, p. 46; Dietz and Morrison, 1916b, p0 271; Houser, 1918, p. 293; MacGil- livray, 1921, p. 328; Perris, 1937, Ser. 1:19; McKenzie, 1956, p. 99. Scale of Female.—Oystershell-shaped, light gray or dirty white, about 1.5-2.0 mm in length; exuviae at one end. Female.—Spindle-shaped, segments laterally rounded; color of overwintering females yellow (Y 22.5-8/12), after egg laying brownish (YR 20-5/8); length on slide 0.7-0.9 nm. Pygidium.—Triangular, acute, with sclerotized lobes. Median lobes prominent, rounded at apex, notched on inner and outer margin, basal yoke with a small elongated sclerosis; second pair bilobed, inner lobule much larger than outer lobule, crenate on outer margin, outer lobule inconspicuous, more or less triangular; third pair reduced to small sclerotized area. Gland spines large, first gland spine with two ducts, all others with one duct. Marginal and dorsal ducts well developed; submedian groups reduced in number of ducts, usually 2-3 small ducts on the third segment; one large and 1—2 small 139 ducts on the fourth segment; usually 3 -4 large ducts on the fifth segment; sometimes one large duct on sixth segment. A row of ventral ducts located suhmarginally. Vulva large, about the middle of pygidium. Perivulvar pores in five groups, median group usually confined to a row of 8 -9 pores. Anal opening round, located anterior t o v u lv a . Color of eggs reddish brown (YR 15“5/6); first stage nymphs light yellow (Y 22.5-8/8); second stage nymphs light yellow (Y 22.5- 8 /6). Scale of Uale<>—Elongated, white, about 0 o6 mm long, exuviae yellow, located at one end. Males.—Wingless. Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Widely distributed in Ohio. Occurs on bark. On twigs of Fraxih u b amerioana L ., Wood Co., July8 , I 96I (MK). On twigs of F. nigra Marsh., Ottawa Co.: East Harbor State Park, Sept. 3, i 960 (MK)o P. pennsylvanica lanceolata (Borkh.) Ashtabula, Dec. 1, 1914 (JSH). Gleditsia triacanthos L., Cincinnati: Eden Park, Oct. 10, 1912, Mar. 29, and Octo, 1915 (JSH), Cincinnati, May 19, 1913 (JSH), Nov. 9, 1914 (JSH, JLK), Cincinnati: Burnett Woods, July 15, 1914 (JSH); Columbus, Sanders (1904b), Columbus: OSU, May 1 4 , 1920 (AEM), Feb. 9, 1961 (14K) ; Dayton: S ie b e n th a le r N u rsery, Feb. 16 and 23, Apr. 14» 1961 (J. T. Walker), (ODA) ; Franklin Co.: W esterville, Sanders (1904b); Hancock Co.: south of Findlay, July 9, 1961 (MK); Hooking C o.: C lear Creek, June 1 1 , 1961 (MK) 5 Licking Co.: Newark, Lucas Co.: Cedar Point, Sanders (1904b); Ottawa Co.: East Harbor State Park, Sept. 6 , i 960 (MK); Gypsum, Nov. 5> 1912 (JLK). 140 G_. t_. inermis W illd., Hamilton Co.: Stanley Rowe Arboretum, July 1, I 96I (MK). "Robinia pseudo-acacia L .,1f Columbus: OSU, 1905, Cotton (1 9 0 5 ). Other M aterial Examined.—MARYLAND* Baltimore, Fraxinus sp ., Aug. 14, 1958 (MK). PENNSYLVANIA: Cheltenham, James Kremson & Son Nursery, Feb. 28, 1944 (UBS), (PaBA). Additional Biological Bata.—Overwintered as mature females in Franklin Co. in 1 9 6 1. An average of 21 eggs were counted under females in Hocking Co. on June 11, 1961. All instars were present on July 1, 1961, in Hamilton Co., also on Sept. 13, I960, in Ottawa Co. Houser stated in his collecting notes that wingless males emerged in laboratory in large numbers on Nov. 8 , 1912, from material c o lle c t e d in Ottawa Co: Gypsum, on Hov0 5» Parasites Reared,,—One female of Encyrtidae and one specimen of Eulophidaec Predators.—Coccinellidae: Scymnus sp. Acarina Associated.—Acaridei : Acaridae : Thyreophagus entomophagus (Laboulbene), Hemisarcoptidae : Hemisarcoptes malus (Shim er)o The accompanying illustrations are based on material from Gleditsia triacanthos L., Cincinnati, Nov. 9, 1914 (JSH, JLK). 141 Chionaspis lintneri Comstock F ig . 37 Chionaspis lintneri Comstock, 1883, p. 103; Cooley, l899> P» 22; Fernald, 1903, P» 220; MacGillivray, 1921, p. 328; Britton, 1923» P« 3^4; Felt and Morrison, 1928, p. 1 9 8 ; Ferris, 1937, S e r . 1 :2 0 . Scale of Female.—Elongate oystershell-shaped, white to grayish white, length about 2.5 mm; exuviae yellow brown; ventral scale thin and white. Female.—Spindle-shaped, laterally lobed, length on slide about 1.3-1.4 nun. Pygidium.—Median lobes prominent, more or less acute, diverging, yoked by a short median sclerosis; second and third pair bilobed, each rounded apically, mesal lobules much larger. Gland spineB long and slender, usually 6 -9 on margin of third and fourth segments. Submedian dorsal ducts form larger groups; only small ducts on first segment; large ducts mixed with few small ducts on second and third segments; usually 5-10 large ducts on fourth to sixth segments. Numerous well developed submarginal dorsal ducts. Most ventral ducts located submarginallyo Setae on venter much smaller than those on dorsum. Perivulvar pores in five large groups. Anal opening round, located immediately posterior to median peri- vulvar pore group. Scale of Male.—Oblong, tricarinate, white, length about 0.8-1.0 mm; exuviae yellow. Male.—Winged, yellow. 142 Fig. 3 6 - Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders Fig. 3 7 - Chionaspis lintneri Comstock 143 Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Occurs on "bark. Juglans cinerea L. , Medina Co.: Wadsworth, June 1914, first stage larvae were noted, also many males emerged from this material, (CAR), (HC). Other M aterial Examined.—MICHIGAN* East Lansing, heavy infes tation on twigs and branches of Juglans cinerea L., 1914 (CAR), (HC). The accompanying illustrations are based on material from Juglans cinerea L., in Medina Co.: Wadsworth, Ohio, June 1914 (CAR), (HC). Chionaspis longiloba Cooley F ig . 38 Chionaspis longiloba Cooley, l899> P« 16; Sanders, 1904b, p. 47; MacGillivray, 1921, p. 329; Hollinger, 1923, p. 24; Felt and Morrison, 3 928, p. 198; Ferris, 1937, Ser. 1:21. Scale of Female.—Elongate oystershell-shaped, white, length about 1.5 mm; exuviae yellowish brown. Female.—Spindle-shaped, segments produced laterally, length on slide 0 . 8 - 0 o9 mm0 Pygidium.—Triangular, pointed at apex, lobes slightly sclerotised. Median lobes conspicuous, divergent and yoked together by a short sclerosis, acutely rounded, finely serrate on lateral sides; second and third pairs well developed, finely serrate on lateral sides and rounded at apex, outer lobule always smaller than inner lobule. Gland spines long and slender. Submedian dorsal duct group arranged as follows: small ducts on first and second segments, usually 6 large and 3-4 small ducts on third segment, about 6-8 large 144 and 2-4 small ducts on fourth and fifth segments, usually 4-6 large d u ct3 on sixth segment. Suhmarginal duct groups present with several ducts on second to fifth segments. A few ventral ducts present* Peri vulvar pores in five large groups. Anus rounded and located close to median group of perivulvar pores* Scale of Hale*—Not seen. Cooley (l899) described it as follows: "Length 0.6-0.8 mm. Oval without carinae. Exuvia brownish or colorless." Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Occurs on bark. According to Sanders (1904b) i t was found on cottonw ood, Populus d e lto id e s Marsh., Lake Co.: Painesville (G. A. Runnor). Other I.Iaterial Examined.—LUCIIIGAIT: Y/arren Punes State Park, on Populus deltoides Marsh., Aug. 20, i 9 60 (UK) • The accompanying illustrations are based on the above material from Michigan0 Chionaspis ortholobis Comstock This species was listed from Ohio by Sanders (1904b). The material on which Sanders' description was based v/as re-examined and it was found to be identical with Chionaspis parkii Eollinger (see data under this species). According to Ferris (1937)» the records of the occurrence of £. ortholobis east of the Rocky Mountains are open to question and some of them are very definitely erroneous. Since the author was unable to obtain authentic material of the species from Ohio or from Eastern United States, this species is not discussed herein. 145 Chionaspis parkii Hollinger P ig . 39 Chionaspis parkii Hollinger« 1923* P. 25; Perris, 1937, Ser. 1:23. C. ortholobis Comstock, as a m isidentification by Sanders, 1904b, p. 48. Scale of Female.—Oystershell-shaped, white, length 2.0- 2 .2 mm; exuviae brownish« Female.—Spindle-shaped, segments rounded laterally, length on slide about 1 .0 mm. Pygidium.—Large, broad, triangular, apical margin sclerotizedo Each pair of lobes well separated from the others, median lobes small, distinctly pointed, their mesal margins divergent, yoked by a short sclerosis. Second pair small, bilobed, rounded apically, mesal lobule notched on outer margin, outer lobule much smaller; third pair smaller than second pair, rounded apically. Gland spines relatively small. Submedian dorsal duct groups well developed; only small ducts on first and second segments, usually 7 -1 0 la r g e and 2 -4 small ducts on third segment; about 6—8 large ducts on fourth segment; double row of 8 -1 2 large ducts on fifth segment; usually 3-5 large ducts on sixth segment. Submarginal dorsal duct groups well developed. Only a few scattered ventral ducts present. Setae on venter much smaller than on dorsal side. Perivulvar pores in five large groups. Anal opening round, located on anterior half of pygidium . 146 Fig. 38. - Chionaspis longiloba Cooley Fig. 3 9 " Chionaspis parkii Hollinger 147 Scale of Male*—Not seen. According to Hollinger (1923), the male scale is elongate, parallel-sided, white, about 0 o7 nun lo n g , and 0 ,2 mm w id e. Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Occurs on bark. On peeling bark of Platanus occidentalis L., Licking Co,; Newark, Jan. 4> 1903 (JGS), (SC); this material was identified as Chionaspis ortholobis Comstock, by J . G. Sanders, Other M aterial Sxaminedo—INDIANA: Tippecanoe Co.: Wea Creek, on Platanus sp., April 20, 1932 (J. M. Amos), (PC). The accompanying illustrations are based on the above Ohio m a te r ia l, Chionaspis saliois-nigrae (Walsh) P ig . 40 Aspidiotus salicis-nigrae Walsh, 1868, p. 39• Mytilaspis saliois LeBaron, 1872, p, 140 (preoccupied name). Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus), Comstock, l 88 l, p. 320 (misidentification), Chionaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh), Cooley, 1 8 9 9 , p . 19; Pernald, 1903, p. 225; Sanders, 1904b, p. 495 Dietz and Morrison, 1916b, p. 272; Houser, 1918, p. 289; MacGillivray, 1921, p, 330; M iller, 1922, p, 60; Hollinger, 1923, p. 27; Britton, 1923, p, 365; Pelt and Morrison, 1928, p. I 9 8 ; Perris, 1937, Ser. 1:24; Sleesman, 1945» P° 44; McKenzie, 1 9 5 6, p . 1 0 1 , 148 Common Name.—Black willow scale. Scale of Female.—Oystershell-shaped, broad, convex, white, length 2.5-3.5 n™* Exuviae yellowish. Female.—Broad spindle-shaped, lobed laterally, length on s lid e 1 . 3- 1 .7 mm. Pygidium.—Very broad in proportion to its length. Lobes sclerotized. Median lobes broad, rounded; second pair with two distinct rounded lobules, outer lobule much smaller; third pair more or less reduced. Besides great individual variability there are two major morphological groups represented in the material studied. In one of these groups on which the accompanying illustrations are based (most of the specimens collected from Populus spp., belong to this group), the median lobes are well separated at their bases, and between them is a pair of small tooth-like projection. The submedian dorsal duct group on the sixth segment is composed of a small number of large ducts. Usually no submarginal ducts on sixth segment. In the other morphological group, which is represented from Ohio: Hocking Co., on Fraxinus americana L., and on Salix sp., the median lobes are closely united, not bearing tooth-like projections at their bases. On sixth segment the submedian dorsal duct group is composed of about 6-12 small ducts. One or sometimes two or more additional sub marginal ducts are present on sixth segment. Intermediate forms between the two above morphological groups were found in the Ohio m aterialo Gland spines conspicuous, large, pointed. Few ventral ducts located submarginally. Vulva in the middle of pygidium. Perivulvar 149 pores in five large groups. Anal opening round, located close to median group of perivulvar pores. Scale of Male.—Elongated oval, slightly tricarinated, white, length 0.8-1.0 mm. Exuviae brownish to almost colorless. Eggs and First Instar Nymphs.—Purplish red. Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Uo3t of the records are from ITorth and Central Ohio. Occurs on bark. Fraxinus americana L., Hocking Co.: Old Han's Cave, Hay 19> I960 (D. E. PeLong, UK). Populus canadensis Hoench., Trumbull Co.: Hubbard, Hay 26, 1913 (P. J* G riffith), (HC). P_. deltoides Harsh., Erie Co.: Castalia, Resthaven W ildlife Area, Sept. 2, I960 (ilk). P_. gileadensis Rouleau, Gallia Co.: Vinton, Oct. 1915 (A. J. Lewis), (HC). P. grandidentata Hichx., Hocking Co., May 20, 1961 (lUC) ; Tuscarawas Co.: Mineral City, July 11, 1916 (JSn). P. tremuloides Michx., Pulton Co.: Swanton, Jan. 23, 1913, "occurs on trees growing in swampy or wet places" (C. 0. Castle), (EC); Hocking Co., Hay 20, 1961 (MK); Lucas Co.: Oak Openings, July 9, 1961, found on tree growing on sand dunes, (PHF, HK) Stark Co.: M assillon, Apr. 6 , 1914 (F. S. Gallatin), (HC), Aug. 4> 1914 (A. A. Hammersmith); Wooster, May 19> 1913> March 1914 (J5H). Populus sp., Champaign Co.: Uechanicsburg, June 1914 (J. Wing), July 1914 (JSH); Wooster: Clear Creek, June 22, Oct. 3, 1912 (JSH). Salix interior Rowlee, Lucas Co.: Cedar Point, June 30> 1912 (JLK). Salix sp., Cleveland, 1918, associated with Quadraspidiotus gigas Thiemand Gern. (WHG), (HC); Columbus, Oct. 7, 1919 (?• E. Loway), (HC) Erie Co.: Castalia, Resthaven V/ildlife Area, Sept. 2, i 960 (MK) ; 150 Hocking Co.: Conkles Hollow, Hay 19» I960 (MK), Crane Hollow, April 16, i 960 (PHP, MK); Wooster, July 1, 1920 (AEM). Other Material Examined.—IOWA: Ames, on Salix nigra Marsh., Nov. 17» 1916 (CAB). KANSAS: Goodland, on Populus deltoides Marsh., Aug. 24, 1908 (T. J. Headlee), (HC). Additional Biological Data.—This species overwinters in the egg stage and the eggs hatched during the first half of May in Hocking County in 1961. It is assumed to have two yearly generations in Ohio. Parasites Reared.—Eulophidae: Aphytis diaspidis (How.). The accompanying illustrations are "based on material from Populus tremuloides Michx., Ohio: Hocking Co., May 20, 1961 (MK). Acarina Associated.—Oribatei : Cymhaeremaeidae : Scapheremaeus sp. Chionaspis sylvatica Sanders P ig . 41 Chionaspis sylvatica Sanders, 1904a, p. 95, 1904b, p. 50; Hollinger, 1923, Po 28; Pelt and Morrison, 1928, p. 1 9 8 ; Perris, 1937j Ser. Is25; Sleesman, 1945, P° 44. Pundaspis sylvatica (Sanders), MacGillivray, 1921, po 338. Scale of Female.—Elongated, oystershell-shaped, white, le n g th I o 5 - 2 o 0 mm. Female.—Spindle-shaped, lobed laterally, acute posteriorly; length on slide O08 -O.9 ram. 151 Fig. 4 0 .” Chionaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh) Fig. 41.” Chionaspis sylvatica Sanders 152 Pygidium.—Triangular, acute, sclerotized on apex. Median lobes prominent, characteristically fused except for a small apical notch, finely serrate on lateral margins, each with a transverse basal sclerosis; inner lobule of second pair rounded apically, sometimes serrate on outer margin, outer lobule triangular, sharp- pointed; third pair serrate, reduced to a sclerotized area. First gland spine short, all others large, sharp-pointed. Subnedian dorsal duct groups reduced in number; no ducts on first to third segment; sometimes one duct on fourth segment; only 1 -3 ducts on fifth segment. Submarginal dorsal ducts few in number and present only on third to fifth segments. A few ventral ducts located submarginally. Vulva hardly visible. Perivulvar pores in five groups. Anal opening small, round, located anterior to middle of pygidium. Scale of Hale.—Elongated, oval, tricarinate, white, length 0 . 7 - 0 .9 nun; exuviae yellow. Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Known from Central Ohio and from the eastern half of the state. Occurs on baric. On twigs of Celtis occidentalis L., Franklin Co.: Route 23, at Blacklick Creek, Kay 2 0, I96I (MK) ; this is probably the first record of the scale on a host other than sourgum. On trunk and branches of Ilyssa sylvatica Marsh., Carroll Co.: Carrollton, Mar. 14, 1916 (M. S. Fawcett), (HC); Fairfield Co.: Sugar Grove; Guernsey Co.: Quaker City, Sanders (1904a); Hocking Co., May 20, 196I (MK); L ick in g C o.: Hawes Arbore tum, June 17, 1961 (MK), Newark, Sanders (1904a); Perry Co.: Somer set, Sanders (1904a) ; Scioto Co.: Portsmouth, Aug. 14» 1917 (JSH); Wayne Co.: Wooster Cemetery, Sept. 3j 1913 (JSH). 153 Other M aterial Examined.—MARYLAND: Baltimore, on Nyssa s y lv a tic a M arsh., Aug. 28, 195$ (MK). Additional Biological Data.—Reddish brovm eggs were present under the scales in Franklin Co., on May 20, 1961. Parasites Reared.—Encyrtidae: Chiloneurinus microphagus (llayr) . Eulophidae: Prospaltella sp. The accompanying illustrations are based on material from Nyssa sylvatica Marsh., Hocking Co., May 20, 96 I I (MK). Chionaspis wistarias Cooley F ig . 42 Chionaspis wistariae Cooley, 1897, p. 280, 1899» P« 39; Ferris, 1942, S er. IV: 3 8 8 ; Sleesman, 1945 > P° 44; Taltahashi, 1953» P« 43; McKenzie, 1956» P» 101. Phenacaspis wistariae (Cooley), MacGillivray, 1921, p. 349; Ferris, 1955» P» 53* Although LlacGillivray (1921) and Ferris (1955) transferred this species to the genus Phenacaspis Cockerell and Cooley, the author did not find enough morphological evidence to justify such nomenclatural change,, Scale of Female.—Variable in shape and size. Elongate oystershell-shaped, white, length 1 . 5- 2 .5 nim0 Female.—Spindle-shaped, espanding toward posterior end, laterally lobed, length on slide O.9-I 0I mm, Pygidium.—Triangular, sclerotized at apex. Median lobes large, conspicuous, separated and parallel at base, diverging toward a rounded apex, finely serrate on inner margins; second pair 154 bilobulate, rounded at apex; third pair more or less reduced, rounded or serrate. Gland spines large and slender. All dorsal ducts large. Submedian dorsal duct groups as follows: No ducts on first and second segments; usually 4-6 ducts on third to fifth segments; 2-4 ducts on sixth segment. Submarginal dorsal ducts in groups of 5 to 10 on third to fifth segments0 A few ventral ducts along margin of pygidiumo Two setae at base of each median lobe. Marginal setae mch smaller on ventral than on dorsal side. Perivulvar pores in five groups. Anal opening round, located just posterior to median group of peri vulvar pores. Scale of Male.—Elongated-oval, white, distinctly tricarinate, length about 1.0 mm; exuviae yellowish brown. Host and Distribution.—Occurs on bark, leaf petioles, and leaves, especially along the main veins of the leaves. This species is known from the bordering state of Pennsylvania, from different locations in California. It was introduced to the United States from Japan. Material Examined.—Wisteria sp., Pennsylvania: Narberth, Albrechts Nursery, Sept. 1943 (GBS). Acarina Associated.—Oribatei : Cymbaeremaeidae : Scapheremaeus (?) marmoratus (Berlese); Haplozetidae : Peloribates sp. The accompanying illustrations are based from the above m a te r ia l. Notes.—Takahaski (1953) noted that in Japan the females of the overwintering generation of this species, on the bark, are Chionaspis-type, with the median lobes expanded, rounded and pro- 155 truding, while "those on the leaves in the summer are of Phenacaspis- typo, with the median lobes being narrow, pointed at the outer corner of the apex and entirely in an incision at the hind end of pygidium. ITo intermediate form has been detected by him. Although there were specimens studied from bark and from the leaves of the above material the author did not find such major morphological differences. Genus Epidiaspis Cockerell Epidiaspis Cockerell, 1899) P» 398, 1902a, p. 59; Ferris, 1937) Ser. 1:49; Borchsenius, 1950) Po 208; Zahradnik, 1951) P° 188 Balachowsky, 1954, P» 217; Schmutterer, 1959) P« 194* Cockrellaspis llacGillivray, 1921, p. 306. Scale of Female.—Circular to slightly oval, white; exuviae subcentral or central. Female.—Circular to pyriform, derm membranous except on pygidium . P y g id iu m .—Lledian lobes prominent, non-zygotic; second and third lobes reduced. Gland spines large. Dorsal ducts scattered, and present on pygidium to seventh segment. Perivulvar pores in five groups. Anal opening posterior to center of pygidium. Type of the Genus.—E. leperii (Signoret). Epidiaspis leperii (Signoret) F ig . 43 Diaspis leperii Signoret, 1869, p. 437; Sleesman, 1945, P» 47• Diaspis pyri Colvde, Fernald, 1903) P« 232. Epidiaspis 1 56 y 0 *0 Fig. 42~ Chionaspis wistariae Cooley Fig. 4 3 “ Epidiaspis leperii (Signoret) 157 piricola (Del Guercio), Britton, 1923, p. 368; Pelt and Morrison, 1928, p. 200. Epidiaspis betulae (Baerensprung), Zahradnik, 1951» P« 189. Epidiaspis leperii (Signoret), Perris, 1937, Ser. 1:515 Geier, 1949> P* 175; Borchsenius, 1950, p. 208; Balachowsky, 1954, P» 220; McKenzie, 1956, p. 109; Schmutterer, 1959» P« 195; Kosztarab, 1959, P« 412* Common Bane.—Italian pear scale. Scale of Female.—Circular, convex, white, yellowish white or gray, about 1-1.2 mm in diameter; exuviae subcentral or central © Female.—Circular to pyriform, metathorax and the three anterior abdominal segments usually lobed at the margins, red to orange yellow, cephalothoracic- margins sclerotised; longth on slide about 0.7-1.0 mm. Pygidium.—Median lobes large, prominent, close together, rounded, slightly notched on outer margins; second and third pair reduced to small sclerotized points. Large gland spines on margin of pygidium and on margin of propygidial segment, apex of pygidial gland spines usually bent toward median lobes. Three pairs of inter- segmental scleroses. Marginal ducts large, other dorsal ducts ir regularly arranged; one duct between median lobes. Only a few ventral ducts present. Perivulvar pores usually in five compact groups, but occasionally in seven groups as on the illustration. Anal opening located about the middle of pygidium0 Scale of Male.—Elongated, white, about 0.6-0.8 mm long; exuviae at one end. Male.—Wingless, orange yellow. Host and Distribution.—This species was not collected in Ohio, hut is known from New York and Pennsylvania. Occurs on bark, mainly on rosaceous trees. Material examined was from Pyrus communis L., Somerton: Sickle Nursery, Pennsylvania, June 29, 1944 (GBS). The accompanying illustrations are based on the above listed m aterialo Genus Fiorinia Targioni-Tozzetti Fiorinia Targioni-Tozzetti, 18 68 / 6 9, P» 735; Signoret, I8 6 9 , p . 449; Ferris, 1937> Ser. 1:54; Lupo, 1938b, p. 310; Borchsenius, 1950j P» 179; Balachowsky, 1954> P» 302; Schmutterer, 1959> p. 225. IJhleria Comstock, 1883, p. 110. Scale of Female.—Usually elongate. Composed of second exuvia^ which may be covered with a thin film of wax. First exuviae at apex of scale. Female.—Elongate, membranous. Pupillarial; the adult female being retained in the exuviae of second stage. Antennae relatively large, close together, at anterior margin of the head. Pygidium.—Median lobes zygotic, usually forming a median notch in the pygidium; second pair bilobed. Marginal ducts large, few small dorsal ducts located on the submedian or submarginal area. Perivulvar pores in five groups or absent. Type of the Genus.—F. fioriniae (Targioni-Tozzetti). 159 Fiorinia externa Ferris F ig . 44 Fiorinia externa Ferris, 1942, Ser. IV:393j bowl, 1962, p. 24. Scale of Fomale.—Hot seen. Ferris (1942) described, it as fo llo w s s Scale of the female of the type common to the genus, being composed almost entirely of the sclerotized and elongate second exuvia. Color a pale yellow or slightly reddish brown, the exuvia more or less translucent. The scale shows a specific peculiarity in that the first exuvia is exceedingly thin and transparent and seems ordinarily to be detached from the second, to which it is connected only by a thin film of wax. Scale of the male not seen. Female.—Elongated, margins almost parallel, tapering at apex length on slide 0.9-1«1 mm. berm membranous except for the pygidium. Pupillarial; the adult female is retained within the exuviae of the second stage. Pygidium.—Sclerotized, with small areas of weaker scleroti- zation. Median lobes relatively small, zygotic, forming a median notch, and sunk into apex of pygidium, conspicuously serrate; second pair well developed, bilobed, each lobule rounded apically; third pair lacking. Two long gland spines at the apex of pygidium, located laterad of median and second pair of lobes. One to three stout and pointed gland spines on each of the three prepygidial segments; anterior to these is a marginal cluster of small gland spines. Marginal ducts large, 5 or 6 on each side of the pygidium. Few ventral ducts located submarginally. Perivulvar pores in five groups 160 median group composed of only 3-4 pores. Anal opening round located just "behind the median group of perivulvar pores. Host and Distribution.—Occurs on needles of hemlock. It was described from Tsuga sp., from Baltimore, Maryland. On Tsuga sp., Kent, Ohio, Feb. 21, 1929 (W. 0. H ollister), (NCC). Bowl (1 9 6 2) mentioned it from Ohio based on a report from John A. V/eidhaas of Cornell University. The accompanying illustrations are based on material received through the courtesy of E. Llorrison, from Tsuga sp., Baltimore, Lid., Feb. 12, 1954 (S. Acton), (KCC). Genus Lepidosaphes Shimor Lepidosaphes Shimer, 1865, p. 373; Kuwana, 1925, P» 2; Myers, 1927» p. 343; Ferris, 1936, p. 25, 1937, Sor. 1:70; Borchsenius, 1950, P» 180; Balachowsky, 1954, p. 28; Takahashi, 1955, p. 67; Schmutterer, 1959, P» 156. Mytilococcus Amerling, 1 8 5 8a , p . 29 (a s nomen nudum), 1 8 5 8b, p. 103} Lupo, 1939, p . 6 9; Zahradnik, 1951, p0 161. Kytilaspis Targioni- T o z z e t t i, 1 8 6 8/ 6 9, p. 737. Cornuaspis KacGillivray, 1921, p. 274. Cephalaspis MacGillivray, 1921, p. 274. Insulaspis Mamet, 1950, p» 32. Scale of Female.—Oystershell-shaped, usually strongly convex, brownish or gray; exuviae at anterior endo Female.—Elongate spindle-shaped, strongly lobed and often with spurs on abdominal margin. 161 Pygidium.—Lledian lobes well developed and separated, never yoked together; second lobes bilobed; third lobes more or less re duced*. Gland spines large, present along margin of pygidium and of prepygidial segments,, Dorsal ducts present on segments one to six, arranged in rows; marginal ducts larger, 6 - 7 on each side of pygidium. Perivulvar pores in five groups. Anal opening close to the anterior margin of pygidium. TyPe of th e Genu3 .—L. ulrni (Linnaeus). KEY TO SPECIES OP LEPIDOSAPHES 1 Dorsal ducts on sixth segment numerous and forming a continuous group extending from margin of pygidium almost to the anus . . . ulmi (Linnaeus) 1* Dorsal ducts on sixth segment in small number, usually 1-3 d u cts...... 2 2 (l!) Usually 4_9 submedian dorsal ducts in each row on second to fo u rth segm ents; occu rs on Euonymus and Pachysandra in Ohio ...... yanagicola Kuwana 2' Usually 3-5 submedian dorsal ducts in each row on second to fourth segment; occurs on umbrella pine and Sophora japonica ...... sciadopitysi McKenzie Lepidosaphes sciadopitysi McKenzie P ig . 45 Lepidosaphes sciadopitysi McKenzie, 1955> P« 87; 195^» P» 125* Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Sulc), Britton, 1923> P<> 379> as a misidentification. Lepidosaphes sp., Sleesman, 1945> P» 44. 162 OG #*« Pig 4 4 - Fiorinia externa Ferris to© 90, CO Fig. 4 5 - Lepidosaphes sciadopitysi McKenzie 163 Scale of Female*—Slender oystershell-shaped, brown or grayish brown, length 1 . 2 - 1 . 5 mm; exuviae yellow 0 Femaleo—Spindle-shaped, slightly sclerotized at apex, abdominal segments slightly produced laterally and with three sets of sclerotized spurs; length on slide 0 o7- 0 . 8 mm. Pygidium.—Pounded apically. lledian lobes about as long as wide, notched on both sides, rounded apically; second pair bilobed, each lobule notched on outer margin and rounded apically. Gland spines well developed. Dorsal macroducts much smaller than marginal ones; submedian ducts in definite rows of 3 - 5 ducts, containing usually 2 or 3 ducts on sixth segment. Usually 2 submarginal ducts on fifth segment, more numerous on other segments. Only very few ventral ducts present. Vulva hardly visible, located about the middle pygidium. Perivulvar pores in five groups as follows: median 3-4> anterior laterals 5-8, posterior laterals 4-7. Anal opening round, located just posterior to median group of perivulvar pores. Scale of Male.—ITot seen. Host and Distribution in Ohioo—On needles of Soiadopitys verticillata Sieb. et Zucc., Cleveland: Gordon Park, May 19> 1916 (JSH). Other M aterial Examined. —PENNSYLVANIA: Andorra N urseries, on the above host, and also on branches of Sophora japonica L., Feb. 22, 1944 (GBS), (PaDA). According to McKenzie (1955) ibis species is also known in the United States from California, Connecticut, D istrict of Columbia and from Long Island, New York. 164 The accompanying illustrations are based on the above material from Sophora .japonica Le Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus) P ig . 4 6 Coccus ulmi Linnaeus, 1758, p. 455» Aspidiotus pomorum Bouchd, I 8 5I, p . 1 1 0 . M ytilaspis pomorum (BouchS), Comstock, 1881, p. 325, Bogue, 1 8 9 6a , p0 7j Oshorn, 1900, p. 71* Uytilococcus ulmi (Linnaeus), Lupo, 1939* P» 73; Zahradnik, 1951, P» l620 Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Fernald, 1903, P* 314; Sanders, 1904"b, P» 74; Dietz and Morrison, 1916b, P» 282; Houser, 1918, p. 285; Glenn, 1920, pD 173; MacGillivray, 1921, p. 285; M iller, 1922, p. 60; Hollinger, 1923, Po 34; Britton, 1923, P» 379; Pelt and Morrison, 1928, p. 202; Perris, 1937, Ser0 1:76; Sleesman, 1945, P» 47; Borchsenius, 1950, p. 181; Balachowsky, 1954, P« 37; Takahashi, 1955, P» 77; McKenzie, 1956, p. 127; Schmutterer, 1959, P» 158; Porter et a l., 1959, P* 75; Kosztarab, 1959, Po 410. There are hundreds of publications dealing with this specios and its synonymy is much confused. Only the most important synonyms are listed here. Common Name.—Oystershell scale. Scale of Female.—Variable in form, usually elongate oyster- shell-shaped, strongly convex, brownish or gray in color; length 2.0-3.5 mm. Ventral scale well developed, white. 165 Female.—Elongate spindle-shaped, distinctly lohed laterally, color reddish yellow (rT 22.5-8/8) on Catalpa specioaa Warder, length on slide 1.2-1.5 mm. Segments 2-4 "bear a sclerotized spur at margin. Pygidium.—Wide, sclerotized at apex. Median lobes large and wide, notched on both sides, rounded apically; second pair bilobed, mesal lobule notched on outer margin and rounded apically, lateral lobule much smaller; third lobes lacking. Gland spines large and slender. Dorsal ducts quite small, except those on margin; dorsal ducts on sixth segment forming a continuous group extending from margin of pygidium almost to the anus; dorsal ducts on third to fifth segment divided into large submarginal and submedian groups. Few, hardly visible, scattered, ventral ducts. Vulva in the middle of pygidium. Perivulvar pores in five groups. Anal opening round, located close to anterior margin of pygidium. Egg.—Ovoid, white; length 0.31 mm., width 0.154 nan. First Stage Nymph.—Reddish yellow (rY 22.5-8/6). Scale of Male.—Elongated, gradually narrowing toward anterior end, brownish; length 1 , 0 - 1 . 3 mm. Host and Distribution in Ohio.—-Generally distributed in Ohio. Occurs on bark and leaves. Betula alba L. and B_, a_. atropurpurea Jaeg. et B eiss., Cleveland, 1908 (WHG), (HC). Betula sp., Columbus: OSU, June 1 3 , I960 (MK). B u x u s sp., Butler Co.: Middletown, July, 1915 (L. Krafzig), (HC). Carpinus caroliniana Walt., Cincinnati: Lincoln Park, Hov. 4, 1914 (JSH, JLK). Catalpa speciosa Warder, Clark Co., July 1, 1 9 6 1 (MK). Cercis sp., Cincinnati: Lytle Park, Hov. 9, 1914, "very badly infested," (JSH, JLK). Cornus sanguinea L., 166 C levelan d , March 6, 1912 (JSH). Fraxinus americana L., Hocking Co.: Old Man's Cave, May 19, I960 (MK)5 Prehlo Co., Aug. 26, 1961 (MK). Fraxinus sp., Ashtabula, Dec. 1, 1914 (JSH); Cleveland, Mar. 7, 1912 (JSH); Geauga Co.: Chardon, Feb. 10, 1913 (JSH). Hypericum kalmianum L ., Lucas Co.: Oak Openings, on sand dunes, July8 , I 9 6I (ilk). Ilex sp., Cleveland, March 7, 1912 (JSH). Juglans cinerea L., Ashtabula, Dec. 1, 1914 (JSH); Chardon Falls, 1912 (A. E. Taylor), (HC). J. nigra L., Akron, April 30, 1915 ($• T. Lepper), (HC) 5 Lake Co.: Willoughby, Dec. 4 , 1914 (JSH). Maackia amurensis Rupr., Liclcing Co.: Dawes Arboretum, June 17, 1961 (I3C). Malus sp., "throughout the State" (Bogue, 1 8 9 6a); Cuyahoga Co., Lar. 5, 1961 (MK). Matsudana tortuosa Hehd., Lake Co.: Holden Arboretum, Sept. 19, 1 9 6 1 (MK). Pach.y3 andra sp., Wooster: OAES, Aug. 23, I960 (J. Appleby), (KC). Populus alba L., Cincinnati, Hov. 4 , 1914 (JSH, JLK); Lake Co.: Mentor, L ittle Lit., Dec. 3, 1914 (JSH). P_. charkovi- ensis Schroed., Cincinnati: Lytle Park, Liar. 4, 1913 (JSH, W. 0. Minger) . P. grandidentata Michx., Chardon, Feb. 10, 1913 (JSIl). P. tremuloides Michx., Lucas Co.: Oak Openings, July 8 , I 9 6I (MK). Populus sp., Cleveland, Portage, July 29, 1 8 9 6 ("C.W.M."), Osborn (1900). Prunus americana Marsh., Lake Co.: Holden Arboretum, May 18, i 9 6 0 (R. W. Rings). P. nana var. susquehanae (V/illd.) Jaeg., Lucas Co.: Secor Park Arboretum, July 9,1 9 6 1 (MK). P te le a trifoliata L., Licking Co.: Dawes Arboretum, June 17, 1961 (MK). Pyrus sp., "throughout the State" (Bogue, 1 8 9 6a). Rhus sp., (no more data). Ribes americanum M ill., Champaign Co.: Cedar Swamp, July 9, I960 (MK). R. odoratum Wendland, Columbus: OSU, Hov. 17, 167 I 9 6 0 (UK). Salis alba L., Wyandot Co., July8 , 1961 (UK). S . bebbiana Sarg., Lucas Co.: Oak Openings, July8 , 1961 (MK). S_. n ig ra L., Champaign Co.: Kiser Lake, June 26, i9 6 0 (UK) ; Lucas C o.: Oak Openings and Secor Park Arboretum, July8 - 9 , 1961 (MK). S a lix s p ., C levelan d , March 6, 1912 (JSE) ; Erie Co.: Castalia, Resthaven Wild life Area, Sept. 2, i 9 6 0 (MK) ; Hancock Co.: Van Buren State Park, Aug. 1 8 , i 9 6 0 (UK); Ottawa Co.: East Harbor Stato Park, Aug. 31, 1 9 6 0 (UK); Scioto Co., July 16, 1961 (UK). Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Heos, Cleveland, 1908 (WHG), (HC); Fairfield Co0, June 11, 1961 (MK); Lake Co.: Mentor, L ittle Jit., Dec. 3, 1914 (JSIl). Staphylea tri folia L., Cleveland, 1908 (WIIG), (HC), March, 1912 (JSH). On leaves and twigs of Syringa vulgaris L., Columbus, Sept c 2, 19 61 (UK)* Sept. 23, 1961 (B. D. Valentine); Ross CoQ: Scioto Trail State Park, July 16, 1961 (UK); Warren Co.: Lebanon, July 1,1 9 6 1 (UK). Syringa sp., Cleveland, I 9O8 (WHG), (PIC) ; Franklin Co.: Flint Ravine, Hay 29, 1961 (UK). "Tamarix africana Poir. 11 (?) Cincinnati, Oct. 10, 1912 (JSH). Tilia sp., Ashtabula, Dec. 2, 1914 (JSIl). Ulmus americana L., Lake Co.: Willoughby, Dec. 4 , 1914 (JSH). Vitis vinifera L.t Lako Co.: Mentor, L ittle Lit., Dec. 3, 1914 (JSIl). Vitas sp., Springfield, Aug. 1917 (J» K. Llitchell), (HC). Other M aterial Examined.—MICHIGAN: Warren Dunes State Park, on Cornus stolonifera Hichx., Aug. 19, i 9 6 0 (LIIC). PENNSYLVANIA: Avondale, on Castanea sp. ("Paragon chestnut"), Aug. 1914 (Orcutt), (HC). VIRGINTA: Shenandoah National Park, on Malus sp0, July2 9, 1958, and on Ribes sp., Oct. 20, 1958 (MK)o 168 Additional Biological Data.—Overwinters in ogg stage. Eggs were deposited during the second part of August and first part of September. Eggs hatched between Llay 10-30, 1961, in Central Ohio. Average number of eggs per female 49 (based on counts of 50 females). The eggs tend to stay together in clusters, probably due to the sticky surface, llales appeared on Ptelea trifoliata L., between June 21-30, 1961, in Licking Co., and on Catalpa speciosa Warder, between July 2-5, 1961, in Clark Co. Phylloxera salicola Pergande females and first stage nymphs were found using as shelter the empty s c a le s of females on branches of a willow located at the side of a creelc in Scioto Co., on July 16, I9 6I 0 Glenn (1920) described three forn3 of this species from Illinois. Parasites Reared.—Encyrtidae: Chiloneurinus microphagus (llayr). Eulophidae: Aphytis diaspidis (How„), A. mytilaspidis (LeBaron), A. near mytilaspidis (LeBaron), Aspidiotiphagus citrinus (Craw). An undetermined species of Serphoidea. Predators.—Coccinollidae: Chilocorus bivulnerus Luis., were noted feeding on second stage nymphs of the scaleo Acarina Associated.—Acaridei : Acaridae : Thyreophagus entomophagus (Laboulbene); Oribatei : Cymbaeremaeidae : Scapheremaeus marginalis (Banks), Oribatulidae : Dometorina sp., and an undet. Oribatulidae. Oripodidae s Oripoda elongata Banks; Prostigmata : Bdellidae s Octobdellodes sp.n. Economic Importance.—According to Sanders (1904b) the greatest damage is done on poplars and willows, and many poplars have been killed by its attack. Houser (1918) noted that under city conditions the damage is more severe. 169 The accompanying i l l u s t r a t i o n s are "based on m a teria l from Syringa vulgaris L., Columhus, Sept. 23, 1961 (B. D. Valentine). Lepidosaphes yanagicola Kuwana P ig . 47 Lepidosaphes yanagicola Kuwana. 1925> P« 195 Borchsenius, 1950* P* 182; Talcahashi, 1955» P* 78; Porter et a l., 1959? P» 66; Takagi, 19 60, p. 7 6. Scale of Female.—Elongate oyster3hell-shaped, gradually widening posteriorly, dark "brown; length 1.8-2.0 mm. Exuviae orange y e llo w . Female.—Spindle-shaped, slightly widening posteriorly, rounded at hoth ends, lobed laterally, pygidium and prepygidial seg ments usually heavily sclerotized; length on slide 0o9~l*l nan. Each of the 3 prepygidial segments with a sclerotized marginal tubercle or sp u r. Pygidium.—Semicircular. Uedian lobes large and widely separated, about as long as wide or slightly wider than long, notched on both side3, rounded apically; second pair bilobed, mesal lobule much larger than lateral and notched on outer side; third pair lackingo Gland spines large, about as long or longer than lobes. Dorsal ducts smaller, than marginal ducts. Submedian dorsal ducts arranged as follows: usually 4-9 ducts on second to fourth segments, usually 4-6 on fifth and 2-3 ducts on sixth segment. Usually 3 submarginal ducts on fifth and none on sixth segment. Occasionally one slender duct in front of second lobe. 1'To ventral ducts were noted, probably due 170 Fig. 4 6 - Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus) rt ' 'n nA) Fig. 4 7 “ Lepidosaphes yanagicola Kuwana 171 to the heavy sclerotization of pygidium. Vulva large, posterior to middle of pygidium. Perivulvar pores in five groups as follows: median 4-7 > anterior laterals 8-13, posterior laterals 7-11* Anal opening round, located close to anterior margin of pygidium* Scale of Maleo—Not seen. Kuwana (1925) described it as follows: "Small, of same color as the female; slightly wider towards the posterior end. Length about 1.0 mm." Host and Distribution in Ohio.—First found in Ohio in 1950 (Porter et a l., 1959)> now widely distributed in the state. Occurs on bark, usually between the corky wings of twigs and branches. Host in Ohio: Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb., E_. a_. var. compacta Adams, E. fortunei vegeta (Rehd.) Rehd. According to Hr. James T» Walker (personal communications), this species has been reported from the following counties in Ohio: Ashtabula, Auglaize, Butler, Clark, Cuyahoga, Erie, Franklin, Geauga, Greene, Lake, Lorain, Lucas, Montgomery, Richland, Stark. llaterial examined from Euonymus alatus var. compacta Adams, Wayne C o.: W ooster, OASS, Llarch 3 and Hay 1 0, 1961 (R. B. ITeiswander). According to Dr. Donald L. Schuder (porsonal communication) this species was collected on Pachyaandra sp., in Cleveland, Feb. 26, 1954 (Charles Irish). Additional Biological Data.—Porter et a l», (1959)> noted that the females overwinter and produce eggs from early June into July. Crawlers appeared by June 20. Prom late July all stages are p r e se n t. 172 Economic Importance*—Several cases of heavy infestation and damage were reported from Ohio nurseries. The accompanying illustrations are "based on the above listed material from Wooster. ITotes.—This species is very similar to Lepidosaphes corni Takahashi (1957> p. lll)> and according to Takagi (i960) th e main distinguishing character is the shape of the pygidium. In L_. corni the pygidium is trapezoid-like, while in L_. yanagicola the pygidium is rounded. The presence of a slender submarginal dorsal duct in front of second lobe is more characteristic to L. corni, but occasionally occurs in L. yanagicola Genus Lopholeucaspis Balachowsky Lopholeucaspis Balachowsky, 1953» P« 153> 1958> P* 3355 Schmutterer, 1959, P. 150. Scale of Female.—Pupillarial; the adult female being retained within the seoond exuviae. Elongated, white or grayish, with first exuviae at apex. Female..—Elongate spindle-shaped; with a continuous row of gland tubercles along the lateral margins of prosoma and the anterior abdominal segments* Pygidium.—Lobes widely separated. Lledian lobes non—zygotic ; second lobes not bilobed. Dorsal ducts few, small and scattered. Perivulvar pores in four or five groups. Anal opening round, located on the anterior half of pygidium. Type of the Genus.—L.. .japonica (Cockerell) 173 Lopholeucaspis .japonioa (Cockerell) F ig . 4 8 Leucaspis .japonioa Cockerell. 1897a, p. 53; Fernald, 1903> P» 244; MacGillivray, 1921, p. 266; Britton, 1923* P» 370; Ferris, 1938, Ser. 11:148; Sleesman, 1945 > Pc 45; Borchsenius, 1950, p. 176. Lopholeucaspis japonioa (Cockerell), Balachowsky, 1953, P. 155. Scale of Female.—Elongated, oystershell-shaped. Composed principally of the second exuviae, "but usually concealed in grayish white wax coating, often sane color as hark; length 1.5-2.0 mm. First exuviae apical, brownish. Female.—Elongate spindle-shaped, tapering toward anterior end, length on slide 0.9-1.1 mm. Female retained within the enlarged and sclerotized exuviae of second stage. A continuous row of gland tubercles along the lateral margins of prosoma and the anterior abdominal segments. Pygidium.—Rounded, membranous for most part. Two pairs of relatively large and acute lobes; second pair smaller. In the Cockerell (1897a) description and the figures of Ferris (l93o) the lobes are trilobed. Ho trilobed lobes were found in the material examined by the author. Two slender fimbriate plates between median lobes, also between median and second lobes. Beyond second lobes is a series of short, broad, apically fimbriate plates, most with ducts at their base. The row of broad plates continues in a row of gland tubercles which extend almost to the anterior end of the body. Dorsal 174 ducts relatively small, numerous, scattered. Pew ventral ducts present. Vulva located about the middle of pygidium. Perivulvar pores in an almost continuous arch; a small cluster of pores on the two prepygidial segments. Anal opening round, surrounded "by a sclerotized area. There are other small and weakly sclerotized areas on the pygidium. Scale of Male.—Not seen. According to Britton (1 9 2 3) th e male scale is whitish, without carinae, length 1 0 2 5- 1 . 7 5 nun; exuviae hrown. Host and Distribution.—Occurs on bark. Known from the bordering state of Pennsylvania, also from Connecticut, Long Island, and liaryland in the United States,, Katorial Examined0—LIARyLAIID: Baltimore, on Fagus sp., April 23, 1959» on Pyracantha sp., !.Iay 20, 1958, on Rosa sp., Kay 26, 1958 (UK) ; E llicott City, on Acer sp„, Hay 10, 1959 (KK)» PE1IK- SYLVA1HA: Iliquon, on Acer saccharum Karsh., Feb. 6, 1944 (GBS) ; Villanova Nurseries, on Ligustrum sp., - , (GBS), (PaBA). The accompanying illustrations are from the above material from Fagus sp. Genus Phenacaspis Oooley and Cockerell Phenaoaspis Cooley and Cockerell, Cockerell, 1899, P» 398; Cooley, i 1903, p . 4 8 ; Ferris, 1937, Ser. 1:915 Hall, 1946, p. 528; Borchsenius, 1950, p. 198; Balachowsky, 1954, p. 350; Ferris, 1955, P. 41, 1956, p. 67. 175 Scale of Female.—Elongate, usually oystershell-shaped, white, exuviae apical. Female.—Elongate, spindle-shaped. Derm membranous, or only slightly sclerotized with the exception of pygidium. Pygidium.—lledian lobes yoked together, more or less divergent, and form a distinct notch in the pygidium. Dorsal ducts relatively large, arranged in rows. Perivulvar pores in five groups. Anal opening round, anterior from center of pygidium0 Type of the Genus.—P. nyssae (Comstock). KEY TO SPECIES OF PHEKACASPIS 1 Llesal lobule of socond lobes longer than median lobes ...... 2 1! llesal lobule of second lobes not longer than median lobes ...... 3 2(l) Lateral lobule of second lobes vestigial; mesal lobule of third lobes large, almost as large as the mesal lobule of second lobes; subnedian dorsal macroducts present from second to sixth segments, with 2-8 ducts on each segment; known only from leaves of sycamore, PIatanus occidentalis ...... occidentalis sp.n. 21 Lateral lobule of second lobes well developed, rounded apically; mesal lobule of third lobes small, only slightly projecting; submedian dorsal macroducts present only on fourth to sixth seg ments, usually with 1-4 ducts on each segment; 176 occurs on honey locust, Gloditsia triacanthos ...... spinicola Dietz and Morrison 3(1') With two large dorsal suhmarginal macroducts just anterior to base of second lobe; occurs on black-gum or sour-gum, Hyssa s y l v a t i c a...... nyssae (Comstock) 3' Without such ducts ...... 4 4(3') Median lobes large, divergent; occurs on sycamore ...... platani (Cooley) 4* Median lobes small, divergent or almost parallel; occur on needles of conifers ...... 5 5(4') Median lobes almost parallel, wide; the space between median lobes shorter than the width of a median lobe; setae laterad of median lobes much shorter than diameter of anal opening; occurs on different conifers, including p in o s ...... pinifoliae (Pitch) 5* Median lobes strongly divergent, narrow; the space between median lobes wider than the width of a median lobe; setae laterad of median lobes about as long as or longer than the diameter of anal opening; known only from pines • heterophyllae (Cooley) Phenacaspis heterophyllae (Cooley) F ig . 49 Chionaspis pinifoliae heterophyllae Cooley, 1897> P* 281, 1899> P» 34; Pelt and Morrison, 1928, p. 198. Phenacaspis heterophyllae 177 * D '* * o o r.bh* * o » » * L A . _ “ # Fig. 4 8 “ Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerell) , ' / , 0 '= heterophyllae (Cooley) Fig. 4 9 ” Phenacaspis 178 (Cooley), MacGillivray, 1921, p. 3475 Ferris, 1942, Ser. IV:406; Andresen, 1957 > p. 8 l. Scale of Female,—Elongate, strongly convex, white; length 2«0-3#2 mm; exuviae yellow, Female.—Spindle-shaped, lohed laterally; length on slide 1,2-1,4 mm. Pygidium.—Lledian lobes small and narrow, strongly divergent; the space between median lobes wider than the width of a median lobe. Second lobe short, both lobules of about equal in size and rounded apically. Hesal lobule of third lobe rounded apically, lateral lobule serrate on margin. Gland spines long and slender; those lateral from median lobes about as long or longer than the diameter of anal opening. Submedian dorsal ducts present on segments one to six; those on segments one and two are composed entirely of micro ducts; on segment three 3-5 macroducts, which are usually accompanied by 2-4 microducts; on segments four and five 3-5 macroducts on each side of the pygidium; on segment six usually 2 macroducts. Sub marginal dorsal macroducts present on segments one to five; those on segments one and two are smaller than the others. A few ventral ducts located submarginally. Perivulvar pores in five groups; medians 5-9, anterior laterals 16-22, posterior laterals 14-25. Anal opening round or slightly oval. Scale of Iiale.—Elongated, white, length about 1,0 mm; with a median Carina, 179 Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Occurs normally on needles of pines, although Cooley reported it on hark of young twigs. Known only from Southwest Ohio. On leaves of Pinus resinosa A it., Pike Co.: Pike Lake area, July 24, I960 (MK). On P_. sylvestris L.« Hocking Co.: Neotoma Botanical Reservation, April 16, i 960 (PHF, lUC). Pinus sp., Hoclcing Co.: Conkles Hollow, May 19, I960 (MK). Other M a teria l "RTAmined. — NORTH CAROLINA: Lucaraa, on Pinus sp., March 22, 1959 (HK). Additional Biological Bata.—This species overwintered in the egg stage (purple red eggs). Eggs started to hatch on April 21 ( i 960) in Hocking County. Since egglaying females v/ere noted on May 19 ( i960), it is assumed that this species has two yearly generations in Ohio. The accompanying illustrations are "based on the above listed material from Pinus re3in o sa A it . Phenacaspis nyssae (Comstock) Pig* 50 Chionaspis nyssae Comstock, 1881, p. 316. Phenacaspis nyssae (Com stock), Cooley, 1903, P* 48 5 Fernald, 1903, p. 239? Dietz and Morrison, 19l6b, p. 276; MacGillivray, 1921, p. 3515 Perris, 1937» Ser. 1:92; Sleesman, 1945, P* 44* S oale o f F e m a le . —Almost triangular, strongly broadened posteriorly, white; length 1 .5 nm; exuviae yellowish. Female.—Spindle-shaped, conspicuously lobed laterally, length on slide 0 o8 - 0 .9 mm. 180 Pygidium.—Triangular with a wide triangulate notch at apex. Median lobes large, long and narrow, strongly divergent, widely separated; second pair well developed, inner lobule muoh larger than the outer; third pair reduced to sclerotized serrate margin. Gland spines large and stout. Dorsal ducts all large. Submedian groups on fourth to sixth segments, containing 2-4 ducts on each segment. Sub marginal ducts on third to sixth segments; characteristically 2 ducts on sixth segment, usually 2-6 ducts on the other segments. Only 2-3 ventral ducts present. Perivulvar pores in five small groups. Scale of Male.—Not seen. According to Dietz and Morrison (1916b) the scale of male is elongate, slender, tricarinate, snow white, length 1 . 0- 1.25 ram. Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Known only from one location, from leaves of Nyssa sylvatica Marsh., Scioto Co.: Roosevelt Park, J u ly 1 6 , 1961 (MK). The accompanying illustrations are based on the above m a te r ia l. Phenacaspis ocoidentalis sp.n. F ig . 51 Scale of Female.—Elongated oystershell-shaped, convex, thin, white. Length about 2.0 mm, exuviae light yellow. Female.—Elongate spindle-shaped, distinctly segmented, length on slide about 1.0 mm. Pygidium.—Median lobe3 large, deeply sunken into pygidium, mesal margins finely serrate. Median lobes forming a distinot, wide, 181 »» Fig. 5 0 _ Phenacaspis nyssae (Comstock) Fig. 51” Phenacaspis occidentals sp. n. 182 deep, and acute notch, in pygidium. Second pair of lobes with prominent mesal lobule which is longer than median lobes, outer lobule very small; third pair with inner lobule large, broad, rounded apically, outer lobule very small, with serrate margin. Gland spines well developed. Submedian dorsal duct groups as follows: 3-6 small ducts on first segment; 1-2 small and 4”6 larger ducts on second segment; 2-3 small and 6-8 large ducts on third segment; 7-8 large ducts on fourth segment; 4 large ducts on fifth and 2 large ducts on sixth segment. Submedian dorsal duct groups composed of large ducts as follows: 3”4 on. first segment; 4-5 on second segment; 6-8 on third segment; 2—4 on fourth segment; 3 on fifth segment. A few ventral ducts present. Perivulvar pores in five groups: median 10, anterior laterals 10-13> posterior laterals 12-13. Anal opening round. The closest related species is Phenacaspis spinicola Dietz and Morrison, which differs from P_. occidentalis as follows: 1. The median notch between the median lobes is much larger and the degree of median lobe divergence is more pronounced in P. occidentalis. 2. The outer lobule of second lobes is very small in the P. occidentalis, while in P. spinicola is well developed. 3. The inner lobule of third lobes is large, almost as large as the inner lobule of seoond lobes, broad, rounded apically in P. occidentalis, while this lobule is small and only slightly projecting in P. spinicola. 183 4. Submedian dorsal macroducts are present only on the fourth to sixth segments and usually contain only 1-4 duots in P, spinicola, while in P. occidentalis these ducts are present from the second to sixth segments and are more numerous, with 2-8 duots on each segment, 5. Submarginal dorsal macroducts are present on the third to fifth segments in P. spinicola, while in P. oocidentalis these ducts are present from the first to fifth segments, 6. The known host of P. spinicola is Gleditsia tri- aoanthos L., while P. occidentalis is known only from Platanus occidentalis L., hence the specific name. Material Examined.—One female and three second stage nymphs collected from leaves of Platanus occidentalis L., Indiana: Indianap olis, Aug. 2, I 96I (MK). Holotype female deposited in the U.S. National Museum, The accompanying illustrations are based on the above m a te r ia l, Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Pitch) P ig . 52 Aspidiotus pinifoliae Fitch, I 856 , p , 488 . Chionaspis pinifoliae (Pitch), Comstock, 1881, p. 318; Cooley, 1899, P. 30; Osborn, 1900, p. 72; Fernald, 1903, P« 221; Sanders, 190413, p. 49*, Dietz and Morrison, 1918b, p. 268; Houser, 1918, p. 291; MaoGillivray, 1921, p. 326; M iller, 1922, p. 60; Hollinger, 3.923, p. 26; Britton, 1923, p. 3655 Felt and Morrison, 1928, p0 198; Sleesman, 1945, P» 44. Phenacaspis pinifoliae 184 (Pitch), Ferris, 1937> Ser. 1:93; Neiswander, 1951» P» 10; Gumming, 1953* P* 3475 MoKenzie, 1956, p. 149; Porter et a l., 1959» p. 75; Brown, 1959> p. 529. Common Name. —Pine n eed le sc a le * Scale of Female*—Elongated oval, almost parallel sided on spruce, usually "broader on pine needles, convex, snow-white, length 2*5-3*0 mm* First exuviae almost colorless, second exuviae orange- yellow * Female*—Spindle-shaped, lohed laterally, purplish red, length on slide 1.1-1.4 mm* Pygidium.—Rounded and sclerotized apically. Median lobes small, rounded, sunken into the apex of pygidium, separated from each other by a distance equal to about one-third to one-half the width of a lobe. A distinct sclerosis yokes the median lobes. Second and third pair rounded apically, mesal lobule larger. Gland spines with long and slender ducts. Dorsal submedian ducts as follows: only small ducts on first to third segments; about 6-8 ducts on fourth segment; about 4 ducts on fifth segment; usually 3 ducts on sixth segment. Size of large ducts increases consecutively from fourth to sixth segments. Only one ventral duct was noted in the studied material. Vulva just posterior to anal opening. Perivulvar pores in five groups. Anal opening relatively large, round. Egg*—Ovoid, color red (yR 7<>5“5/lO)« Scale of Male.—Elongated-oval, slightly broadened posteri orly, trioarinate, white. Length about 1*0 mm, width 0.4 mm; exuviae pale yellowo 185 Hoat and Distribution in Ohio .—Generally distributed in Ohio. Occurs on the needles of conifers. Picea ahiea (L.) Karst., Columbus: OSU, June 13, I960 (MK) ; Wooster: OAES, Feb. 13, 1915 (JSH). P. orientalis (L.) Link., Licking Co.: Dawes Arboretum, Sept. 5, 1961 (MK). P . pungens E ngelm ., Columbus, June 1 0 , 1961 (MK). P_. p . v a r . glauca (Reg.) B eiss., Columbus: OSU, April 29, I960, heavy infes tation, (R. H. Davidson), (KC). Picea sp., Hocking Co.: Rock House State Park, April 24, I960 (MK). Pirns nigra Arnold, Columbus: OSU, Mar. 29, 1920 (AEM); Wooster, Jan. 19, 1900, Osborn (1900). P. rigida M ill., Henley, May 24, 1916 (JSH). P. strobus L., Wooster, May 24, 1937 (JSH), data from R. W. Rings. P„ sylvestris L., Columbus: OSU, A p ril 6 , I960 (MK)j E rie C o.: C a s ta lia , S e p t. 2 , i960 (MK)j W ooster, Jan. 26, 1916, "tree dying" (JSH); Wooster: Sechrest Arboretum, Ju ly 7 , i960 (MK). Pinus sp., Cleveland, Mar. 6, 1912 (JSH), Cleveland: Gordon Park, March 1912 (JSH)j Lake Co.: Mentor, L ittle Mt., Dec. 3, 1914 (JSH). Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr., Hocking Co.: Rhododendron Hollow, June 11, 1961; Wooster: Sechrest Arboretum, J u ly 7 , I960 (MK). Other M aterial Era-mined.—MARTLAUD: Baltimore on Picea sp ., June 1 9 , 1958 (MK), C a to n s v ille , on P inus s p ., A p r il 30, 1959 (MK). Additional Biological Data.—This species overwinters in the egg stage. Average number of eggs per female 29 (eggs of 20 females counted) in the material from spruce, Bridgeport, Indiana, March 25, 1961 (MK). Eggs started to hatch by the end of April (i960) in Franklin and Hocking Counties, and continued through the middle of 186 May. Males emerged between June 14-24, also Sept. 5-17 and Oct. 18- Hov. 1 ( i 960) in Columbus. There are two yearly generations in Ohio. Parasites Reared.—Eulophidae: Aphytis near mytilaspidis (LeBaron), Aphytis sp., probably a new speoies according to Paul Des a ch . Acarina Associated.—Oribatei s Ceratozetidae : Trichoribates sp .; Oribatulidae : Zygoribatula pyrostigmata (Ewing). The accompanying illustrations are based on material from Picea pungens Engelm., Columbus, Ohio, June 10, I96I (MFC). Phenacaspis platani (Cooley) F ig . 53 Chionaspis platani Cooley, 1899, P» 36; Fernald, 1903, p. 223; Hollinger, 1923, p. 27; Amos, 1933as p. 207, 1933b, p. 210* Phenacaspis platani (Cooley), MacGillivray, 1921, p. 345, Forris, 1937, Ser. 1:94, 1956, p. 72. Scale of Female.—Oystershell-shaped, convex, white or dirty white. Length 1.8-2.0 mm; exuviae yellowish-brown. Femaleo—Spindle-shaped, distinctly lobed laterally, length on slide 0«9“1*1 n*®* Pygidium.—Bounded on margin, sclerotized at apex. Median lobes large, serrate on their margin, divergent and forming a distinct notch at apex of pygidium; second and third pairs well developed, although their outer lobules obscure. Gland spines, with the ex ception of the mesal pair, relatively large, each with a long and slender duct. Submedian dorsal ducts as follows: a few small ducts 187 Fig. 5 2 .- Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) **GG ( Fig. 5 3 . - Phenacaspis platani (Cooley) 188 on first segment 5 u s u a lly 2 large and 4 - 6 small ducts on second seg ment; 6-8 large and 5 -6 small ducts on third segment 5 about 7 la r g e ducts on fourth segment; 5 large ducts on fifth segment; usually 3 large ducts on sixth segment. Submarginal dorsal ducts with 4-10 ducts on second to fifth segments. Few ventral duots located sub- marginally. Vulva anterior to middle of pygidium. Perivulvar pores in five elongated groups. Anal opening round, located Just anterior from vulva. Soale of Hale.—Hot seen. Cooley (1899) described it as follows: "Length, 0.8-0 .9 mm. Parallel-sided to oval in outline. Occasionally very feebly unicarinate but usually without carinae. Exuviae pale yellowish-brown, occupying about two-fifths of the length of the scale." Host and Distribution.—Known only from Platanus sp. Ho material was colleoted in Ohio, but this species is listed from the bordering state of Indiana. Also known from Missouri, Kansas, and T ex a s. Material FYamined.—From trunk of Platanus occidentalis L ., M isso u ri: S t . L o u is, March 2 5 , 1961 (MK). The accompanying illustrations are based on the above mat o r i a l • Phenacaspis spinicola Lietz and Morrison F ig . 54 Phenacaspis spinicola Dietz and Morrison, 1916a, p« 101, 1916b, p. 277; Hollinger, 1 9 2 3, p. 36; Ferris, 1937, Ser. 1:95. 189 Scale of Female.—Oyster shell-shaped, -widest "behind the middle, thin, convex, white. Length 1.5-2.0 mm; exuviae light yellow. Female.—Elongate spindle-shaped, distinctly lobed laterally, apex rounded; length on slide 0 . 9- 1*1 mm. Pygidium.—Triangular, rounded apically, deeply incised at apex. Median lobes large, with distinctly serrate margins; second pair with both lobules well developed and rounded apically, mesal lobule longer than median lobes; third pair poorly developed, only slightly projecting, inner lobule more or less triangular and rounded apically, outer lobule wide, with serrate margin. Gland spines well developed, each with an elongated duct. Submedian dorsal macroducts present only on fourth to sixth segments, usually containing only 1 -4 ducts in each group, sometimes ducts are lacking on fourth and sixth segments. Submarginal dorsal duct groups on third to fifth segments, containing 3-7 ducts. Few ventral ducts present, most located behind the posterior lateral group of perivulvar pores. Vulva inconspicuous. Perivulvar pores in five groups. Scale of Male.—Not seen. Dietz and Morrison (1916b) de scribed it as follows: "Length about 0.8 mm; elongate, narrow, sides approximately parallel or slightly curved; white, more or less dis tinctly tricarinate, roughened above; exuviae pale yellow, occupying fully two-fifths of the total length of the scale." Host and Distribution in Ohio.—On trunk and thorns of Gleditsia triaoanthos L., Columbus, Nov. 7» 1919} Flint, Sept. 22, 1917; Oct. 18, 1920 (P. R. Lowry), (NCC). Tuscarawas Co., Sept. 5, I 96I (MK), associated with Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders. 190 Other Material Examined.—INDIANA: Tippecanoe Co., Battle Ground, on Gleditsia triaoanthos L., July 18, 1956 (D. L. Schuder), (PC). The accompanying illustrations are based on the above Indiana m a teria l* Genus Pseudaulacaspis MacGillivray Pseudaulacaspis MacGillivray. 1921, p. 305; Ferris, 1937> Ser. 1:108; Borchsenius, 1950» Po 205; Balachowsky, 1954» p. 2355 Schmutterer, 1959> P» 200o Sasakiaspis Kuwana, 1926, p. 7» Scale of Female.—Circular, convex, white; exuviae subcentral or marginal. Female.—Broadly oval or pyriform, widest on mosothorax, margins strongly lobed. Pygidium.—Median lobes strongly zygotic, large; second pair bilobed; third pair reduced to sclerotized points. Gland spines large, some bifurcate at apex. Dorsal ducts in definite rows. Perx- vulvar pores in five large groups. Anal opening in about the middle of pygidium. Type of the Genus.—P. pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti). Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) P ig . 55 Diaspis pentagona Targioni-Tozzetti. 1 8 8 5 , p. 1-3; Lupo, 1938a, p. 152. Diaspis amygdali Tryon, Osborn, 1900, p. 72. Aula- caspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti), Fernald, 1903> P* 234; 191 Fig. 5 4 - Phenacaspis spinicola Dietz 6 Morrison Fig. 55“ Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) Hollinger, 1923» p. 18; Britton, 1923, P* 369; Felt and Morrison, 1928, p. 199o Pseudanlaoaspis pentagons (Targioni- Tozzetti), MacGillivray, 1921, p. 315> Ferris, 1937» Ser. Ii 109; Borchsenius, 1950» P» 206; Balachowsky, 1954, P«2 3 6 ; McKenzie, 1956, p. 153; Schmutterer, 1959, P. 200* Common Name*—White peach scale. Scale of Female.—Circular or subcircular, white to yellowish white, about 1.5-2.0 mm in diameter. Exuviae marginal or sub- m arginal • Female.—Broadly oval or pyriform, margins strongly lobed, yellow, length on slide 0 . 9- 1 .1 mm. Pygidium.—Broad, robust, strongly sclerotized around apex. Median lobes zygotic, large and protruding, notched on both sides, with two setae between their bases; second lobes sclerotic, rounded at apex, with small outer lobule; third lobes only slightly developed. Large gland spines on margin of a ll abdominal segments, some on pygidium bifurcate and with two ducts. Dorsal ducts large, present in definite rows divided into submedian and submarginal series, from second to fifth segments, no duot between median lobes. Perivulvar pores in five large groups. Anal opening round, anterior to middle of pygidium. Scale of Male.—Elongated, noncarinate, white, about 1.0 mm in length. Exuviae apical. Host Distribution in Ohio.—Occurs on bark. There are only two records from Ohio. According to Osborn (1900), this species 193 was found by Webster on "flowering cherry" received from Japan at Painesville, Aug. 16, 1917. On Syringa vulgaris L.» Lucas Co., Sept. 1946 (C. R. Jones), det. H. Morrison, data from JQ T. Walker. Other M aterial Examined. —DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA, Catalpa sp ., May 25, 1957 (MK)j Ligustrum s p ., J u ly 2 and 7 , 1957 (MK). FLORIDA: Cassadaga, Pruitus persica (L.) Batsch., Feb. 1962 (R. S. Atherton), (KC). PENNSYLVANIA: Moosic, Syringa vulgaris L0, Oct. 6, 1958 (A. H. Collacott), (PaDA). The accompanying illustrations are based on the above listed material from Pennsylvania. Genus Quernaspis Perris Quernaspis Ferris, 1937> Ser. 1:118. Scale of Female.-—Oystershell-shaped, white, exuviae apical. Female.—Elongate, spindle-shaped. Pygidium.—More or less triangular. Median lobes fused into a single lobe without any trace of division; second lobes bilobed; third lobes vestigial. Marginal ducts large, with their mouths surrounded by wider ring-like scleroses. Perivulvar pores in five large groups. Type of the Genus.— quercus (Cockerell). Quernaspis quercus (Comstock) P ig . 56 Chionaapis quercus Comstock. 1881, p. 319; Fernald, 1903, p. 223* Fundaspis quercus (Comstock), MacGillivray, 1921, p. 338. 194 Quernaspis quercus (Comstock), Ferris, 1937> Ser. 1:119; McKenzie, 1956, p. 155* Scale of Female,—Elongated, oystershell-shaped, white to gray, about 1.5 nim long; exuviae apical* Female.—Spindle-shaped, length on slide about 1,0 mm0 Pygidium.—Triangular, margin sclerotized. Median lobes fused into a single broad lobe, without trace of division; second lobes bilobed; third lobes reduoed to sclerotized points. Gland spines along margin of pygidium. Dorsal ducts present, marginal ducts large and their mouths surrounded by ring-like scleroses. Vulva located in middle of pygidium. Perivulvar pores in five large groups. Anal opening round, located just posterior to median perivulvar pores. Soale of Male.—No males or male scales were found in Ohio. Comstock (l88l) desoribed the male scale as follows: ”... snowy white, with the larval skin very light yellow. The texture of the scale is quite loose and the carinae prominent; length 1 .2 5 mm ( .0 5 i n c h ) .1’ Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Occurred on twigs of Quercus macrocarpa Michx., at Plain City, July 9» I960 (MK). According to Ferris (1937) this species is also known from California, Florida, Texas, and Mexico. The accompanying illustrations are based on the above listed m a te r ia l. 195 Gexrus Unaspia MacGillivray Unaspis MacGillivray. 1921? p« 308; Ferris, 1937» Ser. 1:128; Rao, 1949, P. 59; Borchsenius, 1950, p® 196; Balachowsky, 1954, p. 288; Schmutterer, 1959, p. 222. Graphaspis MacGillivray, 1921, p. 310« Ametrochaspis MacGillivray, 1921, p. 311* Prontaspis MacGillivray, 1921, p® 311* Scale of Female.-—Oystershell-shaped or pyriform, ‘brownish; exuviae terminal® Female®—Spindle-shaped, tapering toward the head® P.ygidium. —-A median furrow Between anus and median lohes. Throe pairs of lobes; median pair non-zygotic, second and third pair deeply bilobed. Dorsal ducts numerous; marginal ducts slightly larger than other dorsal ducts. Perivulvar pores in five groups or absent. Anal opening round, on the anterior half of pygidium. Type of the Genus.—U. acuminata (Green). Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) F ig . 57 Chionaspis euonymi Comstock, 1881, p. 313; Fernald, 1903, P® 216; Sanders, 1904b, p. 45; Houser, 1918, p® 293; MacGillivray, 1921, p® 325; M iller, 1922, p. 60; Hollinger, 1923, P® 23? Britton, 1923, p, 363; 5'el‘t Morrison, 1928, p* 1 9 8 ; Lupo, 1938, p® 272; Sleesraan, 1945, P» 44. Unaspis euonymi (Comstock), Ferris, 1937, Ser. 1:130; Rao, 1949» P® 62; Borohsenius, 1950, p. 196; Balachowsky, 1954, P® 294; Schuder, 1 9 6 Fig. 5 6 - Quernaspis quercus (Comstock) Fig. 57“ Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) 197 1954» P. 173; McKenzie, 1 9 5 P* 1595 Schmutterer, 1959t p. 223; Porter, 1959» P« 67; Kosztarab, 1959» P* 411* Common ITame. — Euonymus sc a le * Scale of Female.-O ystershell-shaped, "broad, dark brown with gray margin; length 1*6-2*0 mm. Exuviae yellow. Female.—Spindle-shaped, tapering anteriorly, laterally lobed, widest at second abdominal segment; live specimens orange yellow (yHt 17*5”7/lO); length on slide 1.2-1*4 ram. Pygidium.—-Broad, sclerotized at apex. A median furrow extends from anus to median lobes. Median lobes close together, definitely non-zygotic, elongated, tapering toward apex; second and third pair well developed, deeply bilobed; fourth pair indicated by a sclerotized area. Gland spines slender, usually 3-4 on the margin of fourth segment, others in pairs. Dorsal ducts numerous, all of about equal size, scattered, some arranged in more or less definite rows. Few ventral ducts present. Perivulvar pores in five small groups as follows: median 4-5 > anterior laterals 6-8, posterior laterals 4» Anal opening round, its diameter about the same as the length of median lobe3. Scale of Male*—Elongated, tricarinate, white, length 0.8- 1*2 mm. Host and Distribution in Ohio.—Generally distributed in Ohio* Occurs on bark, leaves, fruits. "Althea sp." (probably a m isidentification), Cincinnati, Sanders, (l904"b). Heavy infestation on twigs of Celastrus scandens L ., Columbus, Feb. 14> 1961 (MIC). Euonymus bungeana Maxim., Columbus: OSU, Feb. 27» 1961 (MK). E. 198 europaea L.» Cleveland, Houser (1918); Columbus: OSU, Oct. 11, i960 (MK). Killed the shrub E. fortune! radicans (Miq.) Rehd,, at Wooster, Houser (1918). E. f. vegeta (Rehd.) Rehd., Mt. Vernon, Hay 22, 1961 (W. K. Walker), (ODA). E. latifolia Scop., Columbus: OSU, April 18, 1917 (P* R* Lowry), Miller (1922). Euonymus sp., Cincinnati: Spring Grove Cemetery, ITov. 6, 1914> "very severe,shrub dying,” (JSH, JLK); Columbus: OSU, Aug. 1, i 960 (HK), Columbus, Dec. 29, I960 (l>« H. DeLong). Pachy3andra terminalis Siebo et Zucc., Cleveland, April 1, 1954 (E. E. Irish), data from I. L. Schuder. Ho host mentioned, Cleveland: Rockefeller Park, June 25, 1913 (JSH), data from R. W0 R in g s. Other M aterial Examined. —DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA: on Euonymus s p ., June 23, 1957 (UK). WEST VIRGINIA: C h arleston , on Euonymus latifolia Scop., Sept. 2, 1919 (CAR). Additional Biological Data.—Mated females overwintered in Central Ohio during the winter 1960-61. Larvae of the first gener ation appear in May and may continue to emerge throughout June; those of the second generation emerge during the second half of July. Hales emerged between Sept. 20-0ct. 8 (i960) in Columbus. At least two yearly generations occur in Ohio. This species has a tendency to cover the surface of twigs in a coherent layer. Parasites Reared.—Eulophidae: Aspidiotiphagus sp., and Prospaltella sp. Acarina Associated.—Acaridei : Aoaridae : Thyreophagus entomophagus (Laboulbene); Mesostigmata : Phytoseiidae undet.; Tarsonemini : Tarsonemidae undet. 199 Economic Importance.—Heiswander (1958) reported from Ohio: •'The euonymus scale is one of the more troublesome pests of ornamental plants beoause it multiplies rapidly and is difficult to control." The accompanying illustrations are based on material from the already listed Celastxus soandens L. SELECTED LITERATURE Anonymous. 1929-1942. Mansell book of color. Pocket Ed.., Munsell Color Co., Inc., Baltimore, Md., X + 41 color charts. Amerling, C. 1858 a. Einige physiokratische Beobachtungen an den ObstbSumen in dor TJmgegend von Prag. Lotos, 8:27-30. ______. 1858 b. lloch einige physiokratische Beobachtungen an den Obstb&umen in der Umgegend von P rag. L o to s, 8 :9 9 -1 0 4 , i l l u s . Amos, J. M. 1933a. A list of the Coccidae of Tippecanoe County and their hosts (Homoptera). Indiana Acad. Sci. Proc. 42:205-8. ______. 1933b. Descriptions of Coccidae heretofore unreported from Indiana (Homoptera). Indiana Acad. Sci. Proc. 42: 208 - 1 1 , i l l u s . Andresen, J. W. 1957* Phenacaspis heterophyllae Cooley in New Jersey. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. J. <>5*81-40 Baccetti, Baocio. i 9 6 0. Le cocciniglie italiane delle Cupressacee. Redia, 45*23-111, illu s. Balachowsky, A. 1948. Les cochenilles de Prance, d*Europe, du ITord de I ’Afrique et du bassin mediterranden IV.-Monographic des Coccoidea; Classification-Diaspidinae (Premiere partie). Actualitfis Soi. et Indus., Ent. Appl. 1054*243-394, illu s. . 1950. I b id ., Vo D ia sp id in a e (DeukLdme p a r tie ) Aspidiotini., ibid. , 1087*1-163 (397-557)* illu s. ______. 1951* Ibid., VI. Diaspidinae (Troisidme partie) Aspidiotini (fin), ibid., 1127*1-162 (561-720), illu s. . 1953* Ibid., VII. Diaspidinae (Troisifime partie) Odonaspidini-Parlatorini. Ibid. , 1202:1-207 (725-929)* illu s. . 1954* Les cochenilles palearctiques de la tribu des Diaspidini. Inst. Pasteur (Paris) Mem. Soi., 450 P• > illu s. ______. 19560 Les oochenilles du Continent Africain Noir I (Aspidiotini). Ann. Mas. Roy. Congo Beige, Sci. Zoolog., Tervuren, 3*1-142, illus* 200 201 Balachowsky, A. 1958. Ibid., II. Aspidiotini (2me partie), Odonaspidini et Parlatorini. IM d., 4:149-356, illus* Bodenheimer, F. S. 1951* Description of some new genera of Coccoidae. Entomol. Ber. 13 (315)*328-31* ______. 1952. The Ooccoidea of Turkey I. Istanbul Univ. Facult. des Sci. Rev. Ser. B. 17:315-51» illu s, ______. 1953a. Ibid., II., ibid., Ser. B. 18:1-61, illus. ______. 1953b. Ibid., III., ibid., Ser. B. 18:91-164, illus. Bogue, E. E. 1896 a. Scale insects of the green-house and garden. M.S. thesis, The Ohio State University, p. 1-61 (Unpublished). ______. 1896 b. Scale insects. J. Columbus Hort. Soc., 11:39. Borchsenius, N. S. 1950. Mealybugs and scale insects of the USSR (Coocoidea) (in Russian; Akad. Hank. Zool. Inst., Tableaux Analyt. de la Faune de l ’URSS., 3^» 250 p., illu s. Bouchd, P. F. 1833. Naturgeschichte der sch&dlichen und nfltzlichen Garten-lnsecten, Berlin, Nicolai. 176 p. (49-54). . 1851. Neue Arten der Schildlaus-Familie. Stettin. Entomol. Ztg., 12:110-2. Braun, E. L. 1961. The woody plants of Ohio. Ohio State Univ. Press, Columbus, Ohio, 362 p., illus. Bremner, 0. E. 1907. New Coccidae from California. Canad. Entomol. 39 (11):366-8, illu s. Britton, W. E. 1923. The Hemiptera or sucking insects of Connecti cut. Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 34, 807 p. (spec. p. 346-82), illu s. Brown, C. E. 1959. Reproduction of the pine needle scale, Phenaoaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Canad. Entomol* 91 (9)*529-35> illu s. Cockerell, T.D.A. 1893. Museum notes. Coccidae.Inst. Jamaica J. 1 :1 8 0 . . I 8 9 6 . Preliminary diagnoses of new Coccidae. Psyche 7 (1894-96) (sup.):l8—21. ______. 1897a. Notes on new Coccidae. 1. A new coccid pest of greenhouses. 2, A Japanese cocoid quarantined at San Francisco. Psyche 8 (252):52-3. 202 Cockerell, T.P.A. 1897b. Notes on scale insects. - 2. Calif. Fruit Grover 20 (23)s4-5* ______. 1897c. The San Jose scale and its nearest allies. Rep. U.S. Pept. Agr., Piv. Entomol., Techn. Ser. 6, 31 P»» illu s. ______• 1 8 9 8 . New North American insects. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 7 ) 2:321-31. (322-3, 330-1). ______. 1899* Article VII*- First supploment to the check-list of the Coccidae. 111. Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 5:389-98* ______. 1902a. The coccid genus Aulacaspis. Entomologist 35: 5 8 -9 . ______. 1902ho New Aspidiotus from Pinus sylvestris. Ohio Nat., 2 ( 8 ) s2 8 7 -8 . Coleman, G. A. I 9O3 . Coccidae of the Coniferae with the descriptions of ten new species from California. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. J. 11 (2):61-85, illu s. Comstock, J. H. 1881. Report of the entomologist. Part II. Report on scale insects. In U.S. Pept. Agr. Comnr. Agr. Rpt., 1880:276-349, illu s. As reprint in Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt• Sta. Bull. 372:425-500, 22 p is., 1916. . 1 8 8 3 . Second report on scale insects, including a mono graph of the subfamily Piaspinae of the family Coccidae and a list with notes of the other species of scale insects found in North America. In Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta. Pept. Ent. Rpt. 2 (1882-83):47-142, illu s. As reprint in Cornell Univ. Agr. Espt. Sta. Bullo 372:507-603, 4 p is., 1916. Cooley, R. A. 1897. New species of Chionaspis. Canad. Entomol. 29:278 - 82 . ______. I 8 9 8 . New species of Chionaspis and notes on previously known species. Canad. Entomol. 30:85-90. ______. I 8 9 9 . The Coccid Genera Chionaspis and Hemichionaspis. Mass. Agr. Expt. Sta. Spec. Bull. 57 P», illu s. ______, 1903» A new diaspid genus. Canad. Entomol. 35 (2):48. Cotton, E. C. 1905. The insects affecting the black locust. J. Columbus Hort. Soc. 20:79—117* Cumming, M.E.P. 1953. Notes on the life history and seasonal de velopment of the pine needle scale, Phenaoaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Piaspididae:Homoptera). Canad. Entomol. 85:347-52, i l l u s . 203 Curtis, J. 1843* Aspidiotus ostreaeformis (the pear-tree oyster scale). Gard. Chron. 4 6 :6 0 5 ? i l l u s . Davidson, J. A. 1957* A synopsis of the scale insect genera of Maryland (Homoptera:Coccoidea). U.S. thesis at the Univ. of Maryland, 99 P« (Unpublished; ______. i 9 6 0. The genera Hemiherlesia and Ahgrallaspis in North America with emphasis on host relationships in the H. howardi (Cockerell) complex (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Ph.D. thesis at the Univ. of Maryland Y + 97 P»? illu s. (Unpublished) Dietz, H. P. and H. Morrison. 1916a. Phenacaspis spinicola sp.n.; an apparently new coccid from Indiana (Hem., Horn.) Entomol. News 2 7 :1 0 1 -2 , i l l u s . ______. 1916b. The Coccidae or scale insects of Indiana. Indiana State Entomol. Ann. Ept. 8 (1914-1915)sl95“321, illu s. Dowl, D. 1962. Varied topics discussed by New York arborists. Am. Nurseryman 115 (3):24. Pelt, E. P. and H. Morrison. 1928. Coccidae. In Leonard, M. D., A list of the insects of New York with a list of the spiders and certain other allied groups. Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta. Mem. 101:193-202. Fernald, M. E. 1903. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Mass. Agr. Expt. Sta. Spec. Bull. 88, 36O p 0 Ferris, G. F. 1936. Contributions to the knov;ledge of the Coccoidea (Homoptera). II. (Contribution No. 2). Microentomology 1: 17-92, illu s. . 1937. Atlas of scale insects of North America. Ser. I. Serial Nos. 1-136, illu3. . 1938. Ibid., Ser. II. Serial Nos. 137-268, illus, ______. 1941. Ibid., Ser. III. Serial Nos. 269-384? Illus. 1942. Ibid., Ser. IY. Serial Nos. 385-448, illu s., 11, 70? 4? 7? P* . 1943* Additions to the knowledge of the Diaspididae "(Homoptera: Coccoidea) (Contribution No. 41) Microentomology 8:58-79? illu s. . 1955. The Genus Phenacaspis Cooley and Cockerell, Part I. "(Insecta: Horn.: Coccoidea) Contribution No. 93. Microento mology 20:41-82, illu s. 204 Ferris, G. F. 195&. IMd., Part II. Contribution No. $6. H ic r o - entomology 2 1 : 6>7 -&3 , i l l u s . Fitch, A. I 8 5 6 . The pine leaf scale insect, Aspidiotus pinifoliae, new species. In Second Rpt. on Noxious, Beneficial and Other Insects of the State of New York, 1T.Y. State Agr. Soc. Trans. 15 (1 8 5 5 ):488-94, illu s. 1857a. 54• - Scurfy bark louse, Aspidiotus furfurus, new species. (Homoptera, Coccidae). In Third Rpt. on Noxious and Other Insects of the State of Hew York, II.Y. State Agr. Soc. Trans. 16 (IS 5 6 ) *352-3. • 1857b. 75. - Cherry Scale Insect, Aspidiotus cerasi sp.n. ibid., 16 (l 8 5 6 ):3 6 8 Geier, P. 1949• Contribution a l'dtude de la Cochenille rouge du Poirier (Epidiaspis Leperii Sign.) en Suisse. Rev. de Path. Veg. et d'Entomol. Agr. de France, 28:177-266, illu s. Glenn, P. A. 1920. Forms of tho oyster-shell scale in Illinois. J. Econ. Entomol. 13:173-7• Hall, V/. J. 1946. On the Ethiopian Diaspidini (Coccoidea) Roy. Entomol. Soc., London, Trans. 97 5497-592, illu s 0 Hoke, G. 1927. Some undescribed Diaspines from M ississippi. (Homoptera: Coccidae) Entomol. Soc. Am. Ann. 20 (3 ): 349-58j illu s. Hollinger, A. H. 1923. Scale insects of Missouri. Mo. Agr. Expt. S ta . Re3 . Bull. 58:71, illus* Houser, J. S. 1914* The San Jose scale, the oyster shell bark louse, and the scurfy bark louse. Ohio Expt. Sta. 33rd Ann. Rpt. Circ. No. 143:41-62 0 . 1918. Destructive insects affecting Ohio shade and forest trees. Ohio Expt. Sta. 38 th Ann. Rpt. Bullo No. 332:161-487, illu s. Hunter, S. J. 1 8 9 9 . The Coccidae of Kansas. Kansas Univ. Quart. Ser. A, 8:1-15, illu s. Johnson, W. G. 1896 a. Preliminary notes on five new species of scale insects. Entomol. Nev/s 7 (5):150-2. ______, 1896 b. Descriptions of five new species of scale insects with notes, Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist. Bull. 4:380-95, i l l u s . 205 Johnson, W. G. 1896 c, Notes on new and old scale insects. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Entomol. Bull. No. 6 (New S e r ie s ) *74-8• King, G. B. 1899* A new variety of Chionaspis furfurus Pitch, and notes on other species. Psyche, 8:334-6. ______. 1903* The Coccidae of Ohio. Entomol. News 14:204-6. Kosztarab, M. 1959* Biological notes on the scale insects of Hungary. Entomol. Soc. Am. Ann. 52 (4):401-20, illu s. Kotinsky, J. 1903* The first North American leaf-gall Diaspine. Entomol. Soc. Wash. Proo. 5 (2):149“50o Kuwana, I. 1925• The Diaspine Coccidae of Japan, II. The Genus Lepidosaphes. Dept. Finance Imp. Plant Qjuar. Serv. Tech. Bull. 2, 42 p., illus. . 1926. Ibid., IV. Genera Cryptoparlatoria, Howardla, SasakiaspiB (n.gen.), Diaspis, Aulaca3pis. Pinnaspis and Frontaspis (Japan) Ibid., 4> 44 P«» illuso LeBaron, W. 1872. The willow bark louse (Mytilaspis salicis sp.n.) Illinois State Hort. Soc. Trans. (1871):140. Leonardi, G. 1897* Llonografia del Genere Aspidiotus. (Nota p r e v e n tiv a ). R iv . d i P a t o l. Veg. 5*28"3-(J. ______. I 8 9 8 . Generi e specie di Diaspiti. Saggio di sistematica degli Aspidiotus. Ibid., 6 (l897)*48 (20f$ - 78 ( 2 3 6 ) , i l l u s . ______. 1903* Ibid., Saggio di sistematica delle Mytilaspidos. Portici, R. Scuola Super. Agr. Ann. (ser. 2) 5 (1904;> 114 p ., i l l u s . ______. 1 9 0 6. Ibid., Saggio di sistematica delle Leucaspides. Portici, R. Scuola Super. Agr. Ann. (ser. 2) 6 , 32 p., illus. Linnaeus, C. 1758* Insecta Hemiptera. Coccus. Systema Nat. (Ed.10) 1:455-7. Lupo, V. 1938a. Revisions delle Cocciniglie italiane I, Boll. Labor. Zool. Portici, 30:121-62, illu s. ______. 1938 b. Ibid., II. (Howardia, Adisoodiaspis, Chionaspis, Pinnaspis, Fiorinia, Kuwanaspis) Ibid., 30:255-322, illu s. ______. 1939. Ibid., III. (Mytilocoocus). Ibid., 31*69-136, i l l u s . ______. 1 9 4 4. Ibid., IV. (Gen. Leucaspis Targioni) Boll. Labor. Entomol. Agr. Portici, 5*206-42, illu s. 206 Lupo, V. 1948* Ibid., VI. (Gen.. Aspidiotus, Qnadraspidiotus, Diaspidiotus. Rhizaspidiotus, Nuculaspis). Ibid.., 13 7 - 20&, i l l u s . ______. 1954. Ibid., X. (Pelomphala, Aonidiella, Comstockaspis). Ibid., 13:34^3, illus. MacGillivray, A. D. 1921. The Coccidae. Urbana, Illinois, Scarab, 502 p . Mamet, R. 1950* Rotes on the Coccoidea of Madagascar. - I. Inst. Sci. de Madagascar Mem., Ser. A. 4:17-38, illu s 0 Marlatt, C. L. 1899. An account of Aspidiotus ostreaeformis. U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Entomol. Bull. (n.sero) 20:76-&2, illu s. ______. I 9O8 . Hew species of Diaspine scale insects. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Entomol., Tech. Ser. 16 (2)sll-32, illu s. Maskell, W. M. 1897* On a collection of Coccidae, principally from China and Japan. Entomol. Monthly Mag. 33:239-44« McKenzie, E. L. 1955• A new species of Lepidosaphes scale infesting umbrella pine in California (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae)• Pan-Pacific Entomol. 31 (4):l87-90, illu s. ______. 1956. The armored scale insects of California. Univ. Calif. Press, 209 P., illu s. M iller, A. E. 1922. A partial insect survey of the Ohio State Uni versity Campus and immediate vicinity. M. S. thesis at Ohio State Univ. I 46 p., illu s. (Unpublished) Morrison, H. and A. V. Renk. 1957. A selected bibliography of the Coccoidea. U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr„ Res. Serv., Misc. Publ. No. 734, 222 p. Myers, L. E. 1927. The generic types of the Diaspidae (Hemiptera)• - Part II. Bull. Entomol. Res. 17:341-6, illu s. Neiswander, R. B. 1951. Controls for pine needle scale. Ohio Farm and Home Res. 36 (268):10—1, illu s. ______. 1954* Scale causing considerable damage to Ohio orna mentals. Ibid., 43 (313):54-5* Newell, W. I 8 9 9 . On the North American species of the subgenera Diaspidiotus and Hemiberlesia of the Genus Aspidiotus. Iowa State C oll., Dept. Zool. and Entomol. Contrib. 3, 31 p., i l l u s . 207 Newstead, R. 1893a. Observations on Cocoidae (No. 5)* Entomol* Monthly Mag. 29:185-8, illu s. ______. 1893b. Ibid., (No. 7). Ibid., 29:279-80. (errata p. 2 8 1 ) , i l l u s . O'Kane, W. C. 1909* Studies in the life history, systematic re lationship and eoonomic treatment of certain Coccidae. M.A. thesis at Ohio State Univ., Introd. p. 1-5; Part I, p. 2-7; Part II, p. 2- 5 8 ; Part III, p. 2-6; Part IV, p. 2-22. (Unpublished) Osborn, H. 1 8 9 8 . Notes on Coccidae occurring in Iowa. Iowa Acad. Sci. Proc. 5 (1897):224-31o ______. 1900. Remarks on the hemipterous fauna of Ohio with a preliminary record of species. 8 th Ann. Rpt. Ohio State Acad. Sci. p. 60-79* Patterson, E. L. 1923. A study of the family Coccidae. M.S. thesis, Ohio State Univ., p. 1-128. (Unpublished) Porter, H. L., 0. W. Spilker, and J. T. Walker. 1959* The control of insects and plant diseases in the nursery. Ohio Dept. Agr., Div. Plant Industry, 6th E d ., 158 p., illus. Putnam, J. D. 1878. Report on maple bark louse. Iowa State Hort. Soc. Ann. Rpt. 12 (1877):317-24 (32l). Rao, Prabhaker V. 1949. The Genus Unaspis MacGillivray (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Microentomology, 14 (2):59-72, i l l u s . Rehder, A. 1940. Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs. Second Ed. Macmillan Co., N.Y, XXX + 996 p. Rice, P. L. 1937• A study of the insect enemies of the San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock) with special reference to Prospaltella perniciosi Tower. Ph.D. dissertation at Ohio State Univ. 98 " p., illu s. (Unpublished) Sanders, J. G. 1903. Chionaspi3 gleditsiae (new species). Ohio Nat. 3*413-4, illu s. ______. 1904a. Three new scale insects from Ohio. Ohio Nat. 4:94-8, illus. ______. 1904b. The Coccidae of Ohio. Ohio Acad. Sci. Proc. 4 , Pt. 2 (Spec. Papers No. 8):25~92, illu s. 208 Schmutterer, H. 1959* SchildlSuse Oder Coccoidea. I. Deckel- schildlSuse oder Diaspididae. In Die Tierwelt Deutschlands# 45* Teil. Veb Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 260 p., illus* Schrank, F. von P. 1781. Coccus, Gallinsect. In Enumeratio Insectorum Austriae Indigenorum. p. 295-6 , illu s * Schuder, D. L. 1954* Additions to the Coccoidea or scale insects of Indiana (Homoptera). Indiana Acad. Sci. Proc. (1953) 63:171-6, illu s. Scott, C. L. 1952. The scale insect Genus Aulacaspis in Eastern Asia (Homoptera:Coccoidea :Diaspididae^ . Micro ent omology 17 (2)*33-60, illu s. Shimer, H. 1868. Notes on the "apple hark-louse" (Lepidosaphes conohiformis, Gmelin sp.) with a description of a supposed new Acarus. Am. Entomol. Soc. Trans. 1:361-74* Signoret, V. 1 8 6 9 . Essai sur les Cochenilles ou Gallinsectes (Homopteres-Coccides) Soc. Entomol. de France Ann. (ser.4 ) 9:97-104; 109-38; 431-52, illu s. Sleesman, Go B. 1945* The Coccidae or scale insects of Pennsylvania. Pa. Acad. Sci. Proc. 19:43-8. Stoll, N. R. et a l. 1961. International code of zoological nomen clature adopted "by the XV International Congress of Zoology. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, XVIII + 176 p. Takagi, S. I960. A contribution to the knowledge of the Diaspidini of Japan (Homoptera: Coccoidea) Part I. Insecta Hatsuraurana, 23 (2)*67-100, illu s. Takahashi, R. 1953* Dimorphism in some species of Chionaspis or Phenacaspis (Diaspididae: Coccoidea: Hom optera)Boll. Lab. di Zool. Gen. Agr. "Filippo Silvestri," Portici 33:48-56, i l l u s • . 1 9 5 5. Lepidosaphes of Japan. (Diaspididae, Coccoidea, Homoptera). Bull. Univ. Osaka Prefecture, Ser. B, 5:67-78, i l l u s o ______. 1957* Some Japanese species of Diaspididae (Coccoidea, Homoptera). Trans. Shikoku Entomol. Soc. 5 (7):104-H, illu s. Targioni-Tozzetti, A. I868 / 6 9. 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Report Acting State Entomologist, p. 4 0 , Webster, F« M. and A. F. Burgess. 1902. A partial list of the Coccidae of Ohio. U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Entomol. Bull, (n.ser.) 37:109-13® Webster, F. M. 1903. The Coccidae of Ohio. Entomol. Hews, 14 (9): 288-90 o Woglum, R. S. 1906. Two new scale insects. Canad. Entomol. 3 8 : 73-5, illus. York, H. H. 1905* A new Aspidiotus from Aescuius glabra. Ohio N at. 5 0 2 5 - 6 , i l l u s . Zahradnik, J. 1952. Revision der Cechoslovakischen Arten der Schildl&use aus der Unterfamilie der Diaspidinae. Acta Entomol. Mu3 . Nat. Pragae, 27 (l95l):89-200, illu s. dimmer, J. F. 1912. The grape 3cale (Aspidiotus [DiaspidiotusJ uvae Comst.). U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entomol. Bull. 97: 115- 2 4 , i l l u s . AUTOBIOGRAPHY I, Michael Ko3ztarab, was "born in Bucharest, Romania, J u ly 7i 1927• I received my secondary-school education in the public schools of RAkoskeresztur and Budapest, Hungary. I graduated from the Municipal School of Horticulture, Budapest, in 1947; received my degree of "Ingdnieur Horticulteur" from the Hungarian University of Agricultural Sciences, Budapest, in 1951» where I specialized in Horticultural Entomology. I worked in Budapest for the Hungarian Bureau of Plant Protection, between 1947 and 1950 and I was appointed to teach as an assistant professor at the College of Horticulture and Viticulture, Hungarian University of Agricultural Sciences, Budapest, between 1951 and 195^» 1 worked as a consulting entomologist for the Insect Control and Research, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, between 1957 and 19&0. Since i960 I have been employed as research assistant by the Ohio Biological Survey while completing the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree. I have accepted a position as Associate Professor in Ento mology at the Virginia Polytechnic Instituteo 210