T h is d is s e rta tio n has b e e n 63—2521 microfilmed exactly as received KOSZTARAB, Michael, 1927- THE ARMORED SC'AEE INSECTS O F OHIO (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 196 2 Z oology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, fAchiq THE ARMORED SCALE INSECTS OP OHIO (Homoptera: Cooooidea: Diaspidid&e) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By MICHAEL KOSZTARAB, In g . H o rt. ******* The Ohio S ta te U n iv e r sity 1962 Approved hy A dviser Depar'bfeent of Zoology Entomology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The preparation of this manuscript has teen greatly facilitated "by the aid rendered by several individuals and institutions. This study was supervised by Dr. Dwight M. DeLong, my adviser at The Ohio State University, to whom I am greatly indebted. His personal warmth and continuous attention made this study an enjoyable o n e. I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Harold Morrison, Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, who read this manuscript and made many helpful suggestions during the study. Dr. John A. Davidson, Sr., was kind enough to loan copies of his two theses on scale insect taxonomy. His important studies helped the preparation of this work a great deal. The work was financed through a research assistant ship by The Ohio Biological Survey. I am thankful to Dr. Charles A. Dambach, Executive Secretary of The Ohio Biological Survey, and to the members of the Advisory Board, for their understanding and support in making this study possible. My sincere thanks are due to Professor Harold Compere and Dr. Paul DeBach, Department of Biological Control, University of California, for the identification of chaloid parasites reared from the scale inseots; Dr. Donald E. Johnston, Curator of the Institute ii of Acarology, Wooster, Ohio, for the identification of mites as­ sociated with the collected armored scale insects; Miss Louise M. Russell, Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, for identifying one species of Phylloxeridae which was associated with the oystershell scale; Dr. Clara G. Weishaupt, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, for checking my host identifications and identifying many host plants collected in Ohio. I express great appreciation to those workers whose names are mentioned in the part on "Armored Scale Insect Material Examined," for lending their own collections or the collections of their insti­ t u t io n s . Several members of the Department of Zoology and Entomology of The Ohio State University made substantial contributions, to whom I express sincere thanks. I mention here but a few names: Dr. Donald J. Borror and Dr. Alvah Peterson for giving me many useful suggestions during this study; Mr. Paul H. Preytag, for taking part in several of the collecting trips; Dr. Roy W. Rings, for making available several data on armored scales from the files of the Ohio Agricultural Experi­ ment Station; Mr. Andrew C. Terranova, for taking some of the pictures used in this manuscript and also guiding me in the preparation of the other pictures. Individuals too numerous to mention here gave permission or aid in collecting scale insects on their property or in the parks under their supervision. The names of scale insect collectors or abbreviations are given after eaoh data in the manusoript. iii Finally, I gratefully express appreciation to my wife, M a tild a for her companionship on many of the colleoting trips and fo r h e r patienoe in typing the first rough draft of my manuscript. iv CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 METHODS OF STUDY................................................................................................... 4 Collecting ........ ................................................................... 4 Color Description ..................................................................................... 4 R earing ............................................................................................................. 5 Mounting Armored Scales ...................................... ....... 14 Determ ination ......................................................................................... 16 Drawing of P la te s .......................................................................................... 16 ARMORED SCALE INSECT MATERIAL EXAMINED.....................................................17 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................... 19 KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF SCALE INSECTS IN OHIO......................................... 21 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DIASPIDIDAE ......................... 23 SUBFAMILY AND TRIBES............................................................................................... 28 KEY TO THE TRIBES OF DIASPIDINAE IN OHIO .................................. 28 TRIBE ASPIDIOTINI....................................................................................................29 TRIBE D IA SPID IN I......................................................................................................107 SELECTED LITERATURE.............................................................................................200 AUTOBIOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................210 v FIGURES Figure Pag© 1 Rearing in glass cylinder .......................................................... 7 2 Rearing in cellophane hag .......................................................... 8 3 Relative humidity graph of different types of roarings ...............................................................................................11 4 Temperature graph of different types of roarings . 13 5 General morphology of a Piaspididae female ..................... 24 6 Abgrallaspis comstocki (Johnson) ............................................ 34 7 Abgrallaspis ithacae (Ferris) . ....................................... 34 8 Abgrallaspis townsendi (Cockerell) ....................................... 39 9 Acutaspis morrisonorum sp.n. ........................................ 39 10 Clavaspis ulmi (Johnson).............................................................. 49 11 Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam) ................................................ 49 12 Diaspidiotus caryae sp.n...................................................................... 57 13 Diaspidiotus hunteri (Newell) . ....................................... 57 14 Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky) .............................. 62 15 iiaspidiotus osborni (Newell and Cockerell) .... 62 16 Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock)........................................................... 69 17 Hemiberlesia diffinis (Newstead) ............................................ 69 18 Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) ............................................ 74 19 Melanaspis obscura (Comstock) ................................................. 74 20 Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock) ......... 80 21 Nuculaspis californica (Coleman) * ........................................ 80 vi FIGUKES--(Continued) Quadraspidiotus forbesi (Johnson) ........ 88 Quadraspidiotus gigas (Thiem and Gerneck) • . 88 Quadraspidiotus juglans-regiae (Comstock) . 96 Quadraspidiotus ostreaeformis (Curtis) ........................ 96 Quadraspidiotus pernioiosus (Comstock) ........................ 105 Quadraspidiotus taxodii Ferris ............................. 105 Aonidomytilus multiglandulatus sp.n................................. 115 A u la ca sp is ro sa e (Bouchfi) ................................................ 115 Carulaspis juniperi (Bouchd) ............................................... 126 Chionaspis acericola Hollinger ........................................... 126 Chionaspis americana Johnson ................................. 130 Chionaspis caryae Cooley ......................................................... 130 Chionaspis corni Cooley ......................................................... 135 Chionaspis furfura (Fitch) .................................................... 135 Chionaspis gleditsiae Sanders .......... 142 Chionaspis lintneri Comstock ............................................... 142 Chionaspis longiloba Cooley ............................................... 146 Chionaspis parkii Hollinger • • ............................. 146 Chionaspis salicis-nigrae (Walsh) . ........................ 151 Chionaspis sylvatica Sanders ............................................... 151 Chionaspis wistarias Cooley 156 Epidiaspis leperii (Signoret) ........................................... 156 Fiorinia externa Ferris ......................................................... 162 Lepidosaphes soiadopitysi McKenzie ................... 162 vii FIGURES— (Continued) Page Lepidosaphes ulrai (Linnaeus) ................................................ 170 L ep idosaph es y a n a g ic o la Kuwana ........................................... 170 Lopholeuoaopis japonioa (Cockerell) ............................. 177 Phenacaepis heterophyllae (Cooley) .................................. 177 Phenacaspis nyssae (Comstock) ........................................... 181 Phenacaspis occidentalis sp.n................................