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'■'•■* •, •- s’V ;,-V'.* *■' Order Number 0011300 Toward another miracle? Impetuses and obstacles In Tatwan*s democratlsation Wu, J&ushieh Joseph, Ph.D. The Ohio State U sfonity, 1080 Copyright ©1000 by Wu, Jaushleh Joseph. All rights reserved. UMI 300N,ZecbRcL Ann Aibor, MI 48106 TOWARD ANOTHER MUtACLE? IMPETUSES AMD OBSTACLES IN TAINAN'S DIMOCRAXIEAXIOH DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Jaushieh Joseph Hu, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1989 Dissertation Committee; Approved by Dr. Bradley Richardson n Dr. Richard Gunther ser DR. HAO CHANG Departme olitical Science COPYRIGHT JAUSHIEH JOSEPH HU 1989 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Bradley Richardson, Dr. Richard Gunther, and Dr. Hao Chang for their guidance and insights throughout this dissertation research. Their comments and suggestions made the completion of this project possible. Gratitude is also expressed to President Lee Teng-hui and those who kindly granted interview opportunities and those who provided valuable data and assistance to me. And the support of my parents and other family members is the most important inspiration to my research. I would also like to say my special thanks to my wife Su for going through difficult times together. VITA October 31, 1954 ........ Born - Changhua, Taivanr ROC 1978 ••••••«•••» B.A., National Cheng-chi University, Taipei, Taiwan 1962 «•••• M.A., University of Missouri- St. Louis 1984-1988............... Research Staff, Polimetrics Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1988-1989............... Graduate Research Associate, Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University FIELDS OF STUDY: MAJOR FIELD: COMPARATIVE POLITICS MINOR FIELD: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS TABLE OP CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................... il VITA ................................................ iii LIST OP T A B L E S ......................................... vi LIST OF D I A G R A M S ....................................viii LIST OF M A P S ........................................... ix INTRODUCTION............................................ 1 CHAPTER PAGE I. THEORY AND RESEARCH AGENDA ...................... 11 Defining Democracy ............................ 12 Taiwan in the Threshold of Transition.......... 19 Theories and Hypotheses........................ 24 Research Method and D a t a ................... .49 II. DEMOCRATIZATION IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE........ 58 Searching for Democracy in Contemporary China. .59 Taiwan: the P e o p l e ............................ 67 Taiwan's China T i e ............................ 74 Taiwan under Japanese R u l e .................... 78 The Chiang Kai-shek Era........................ 80 Chiang Chin-kuo: The Turning P o i n t ............ 93 Searching for Answers...................... 113 III. THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF TAIWAN.......116 A Showcase of Socio-economic Development . 117 Sources of Growth with Distribution.........132 A Society that Makes Demands ................ 137 A Society that is Interested in Politics . 157 Summary Conclusions........................ 170 IV. MAJOR ACTORS IN TAIWAN'S POLITICS: KMT, DPP, AND MASS-ELITE RELATIONS............... 172 KMT Versus DPP in Elections...................176 Strength and Weakness of KMT and Opposition. * 161 Elite-Mass Relations ....................... 204 Summary Conclusion ......................... 224 V. CLASH OF VIEWS: NATIONAL POLITICAL ELITES ON THE ISSUES......... 227 The Issue of National Identity ............. 233 Parliamentary Reform ....................... 255 Constitutional Amendment and Emergency Decree. 266 Conflicting Perceptions of Democracy ........ 271 Summary Conclusion....................... 285 VI. CONCLUSION...................................... 299 Research Findings............................ 300 Suggestions for Future Democratization .... 311 A Lesson for the Third W o r l d ................. 321 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................... 325 v LIST OP TABLES TABLE PAGE 2.1. Local Elections Held in Taiwan............... 86 3.1 Matrix of Correlation of National Development. 118 3.2 Economic Growth Rate, GNP Per Capita .......... 122 3.3 Per Capita GNP, Economic Growth R a t e ........ 123 3.4 Income Distribution on Selected Countries. 125 3.5 Major Social Indicators...................... 128 3.6 Media Exposure, Taiwan and US................ 131 3.7 Public Protest Activities.................... 142 3.8 Interest in Election, Taiwan, US, Japan.......159 3.9 Discussion about Election, Taiwan, US, Japan . 160 3.10 Impact of Education, Age, Gender, Origin .... 162 3.11 Discussing Election by Education .............. 164 3.12 Interest in Election by Age. ........... 165 3.13 Discussing Election by A g e .................. 166 3.14 Taiwanese vs. Mainlander on Education........ 1&7 3.15 Media Exposure and A g e ...................... 168 4.1 KMT and Tang-wai in Provincial Assembly Election 179 4.2 KMT and Tang-wai in County Mayors Election . 179 4.3 KMT and Tang-wai in Legislative Yuan Election. 180 4.4 KMT and Tang-wai in National Assembly Election . 180 ■ 4.5 Highest Votes for Opposition and KMT, 1986 . 183 4.6 Vote Distribution and Electoral Outcome...... 187 vi 4.7 Party ID by Income............................. 219 4.8 Party ID by Education........................... 220 4.9 Party ID by Provincial Origin................... 222 5.1 KMT Elite Attitude Summary .................... 289 5.2 Opposition Elite Attitude Summary............... 290 vii LIST OF DIAGRAMS DIAGRAM PAGE 2.1 Structure of the Government.................... B3 4.1 Evolution of DPP's Main Factions. ............193 viii LIST OF HAPS MAP PAGE 2.1 MAP OF TAIWAN .................................. 76 ix INTRODUCTION 2 Although the Taiwanese themselves are still debating how the country should adjust its economic structure in the increasingly competitive global market, few would doubt that Taiwan (the Republic of China, ROC) has in recent decades created no small miracle in its economic development. A very consistent 7% average annual growth rate plus a projected $6,715 GNP per capita for 1989 put Taiwan's economy in the fastest growing category of the world (The Central Daily, 12/16/88:1). Because of its economic success, Taiwan has been able to allocate some of its financial resources into the infrastructure, research and planning, education, and other public projects. As a result, an equitable distribution of income piles on top of rapid growth. All of this led the scholars of Third World development to view Taiwan as a successful model of growth and distribution for the developing countries. In spite of its rapidly growing economy, the Nationalist government has been criticized by some as being autocratic, and the political aspect of Taiwan's development has been said to have stagnated. According to the critics, there has been no basic change in the ruling structure, and late President Chiang Kai-shek and his son late,President Chiang Chin-kuo have been the only rulers of the country from 1949 to 1988. The Parliament, consisting of the National Assembly, the Legislative Yuan, and the Control Yuan, has more than 80% of its members elected in Mainland China in 1948, and they do not need tc face the challenge of 3 reelections. Taiwan's citizenry cannot elect their own president, prime minister, governor, nor the mayors of the two largest cities— Taipei and Kaohsiung. The government, moreover, was charged by critics with being completely dominated by the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang, KMT). The opposition activists were suppressed, and the government used an emergency decree and martial lav to restrict the constitutionally