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International Differences in Ethical Standards and in the Interpretation of Legal Frameworks

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International Differences in Ethical Standards and in the Interpretation of Legal Frameworks International differences in ethical standards and in the interpretation of legal frameworks SATORI Deliverable D3.2 Authors: Philip Brey (University of Twente) (lead author) Part 1: Philip Brey & Wessel Reijers (University of Twente), Sudeep Rangi & Dino Toljan (UNESCO), Johanna Romare & Göran Collste (Centre for Applied Ethics, Linköping University) Part 2: Zuzanna Warso and Marcin Sczaniecki (Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights) on the basis of contributions from Agata Gurzawska (University of Twente), Johanna Romare (Centre for Applied Ethics, Linköping University), Sudeep Rangi & Dino Toljan (UNESCO), Leyre de Sola Perea, Concepcion Martin Arribas & Laura Herrero Olivera (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Zuzanna Warso, Marcin Sczaniecki (Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights) September 2015 Contact details for corresponding author: Prof. dr. Philip Brey, University of Twente [email protected] This deliverable and the work described in it is part of the project Stakeholders Acting Together on the Ethical Impact Assessment of Research and Innovation - SATORI - which received funding from the European Commission’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 612231. Contents Introduction to the report ..................................................................................................................... 4 PART 1: Differences between Value systems in Europe and the world ........................................... 6 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 Values, value systems and cultural diversity.......................................................................... 7 1.3 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Global comparison of value systems .................................................................................... 16 1.4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 16 1.4.2 The value system of Europe ............................................................................................ 17 1.4.3 The value system of Africa .............................................................................................. 19 1.4.4 The value system of Latin America ................................................................................. 21 1.4.5 The value system of Northern America ........................................................................... 25 1.4.6 The value system of Asia ................................................................................................. 26 1.5 Value systems within Europe’s cultures and regions ........................................................... 29 1.5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 29 1.5.2 Theoretical frameworks ................................................................................................... 29 1.6 Comparative Value Studies .................................................................................................. 35 1.6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 35 1.6.2 Freedom, Autonomy and Civil Rights ............................................................................. 35 1.6.3 Justice and Equality ......................................................................................................... 39 1.6.4 Individual Rights vs. Social Good ................................................................................... 42 1.6.5 Responsibility for others .................................................................................................. 44 1.6.8 Social conservatism and progressivism ........................................................................... 47 1.6.9 Moral Relativism ............................................................................................................. 50 1.6.10 Democratic Values ...................................................................................................... 52 1.6.11 Integrity and Corruption .............................................................................................. 56 1.6.12 Privacy and Data Protection ........................................................................................ 59 1.6.13 The Role of Religion ................................................................................................... 63 1.6.14 The role of government ............................................................................................... 66 1.6.15 Attitudes towards Science and Technology: Worldwide ............................................ 69 1.6.16 Attitudes towards Science and Technology in Europe ................................................ 72 1.6.17 Attitudes to Biotechnology in Europe ......................................................................... 74 1.6.18 Animal Rights and Welfare ......................................................................................... 77 1.6.19 Environmental values .................................................................................................. 81 1.7 Conclusion and Discussion .................................................................................................. 91 1.7.1 Differences and similarities in value systems .................................................................. 91 1.7.2 Implications for harmonisation of ethics assessment globally ........................................ 92 1.7.3 Implications for harmonisation of ethics assessment in Europe ...................................... 94 1.7.4 Reflection on limitations and recommendations ............................................................. 95 1.8 Selected Publications: .......................................................................................................... 96 2 PART 2: INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKS AND REGULATORY DIFFERENTIATION ....................................................................................................................... 100 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 100 2.2 Frameworks in Europe....................................................................................................... 101 2.2.1 General human rights frameworks ................................................................................. 101 2.2.2 Environmental frameworks ........................................................................................... 102 2.2.3 Biological and Chemical conventions ........................................................................... 104 2.2.4 Data protection frameworks .......................................................................................... 105 2.2.5 Principles for the social sciences ................................................................................... 107 2.2.6 Frameworks on status of researchers and good research practices ................................ 109 2.2.7 Biomedical ethical frameworks ..................................................................................... 110 2.3 Frameworks in China and the USA ................................................................................... 114 2.3.1 Impact assessment frameworks ..................................................................................... 114 2 2.3.2 Frameworks regarding human subject research ............................................................. 118 2.4 Concluding Remarks .......................................................................................................... 121 Annex to Part 2: Position of the frameworks in national legal systems ......................................... 123 General human rights framework ................................................................................................... 123 Environmental frameworks ............................................................................................................. 125 Biological and Chemical Weapons conventions ............................................................................. 127 Data protection frameworks ........................................................................................................... 128 Principles for social sciences .......................................................................................................... 131 Frameworks on researchers and good research practices ............................................................. 131 Biomedical ethical frameworks ....................................................................................................... 133 3 INTRODUCTION TO THE REPORT Efforts to harmonise ethics assessment across the European Union or across the world need to take into account the significant differences in institutions, values, legal frameworks and cultural practices that exist between different countries and regions. These differences do not automatically imply that no harmonisation is possible (to say so would also preclude the existence of international laws and standards), but they may imply that not every element in ethics assessment
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