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1. THE BIG PICTURE This chapter provides a snapshot of intentional Fig. 1.1: Total number of homicides, homicide through an increasingly focused lens. by region (2012 or latest year) Beginning at the global level and ending at the sub- national level, it subsequently looks at homicide Americas from the perspective of age and sex before analysing 157,000 homicide trends from 1955 to the present. Whether Africa across regions, sub-regions and countries, age and 135,000 sex groups, and even over time, the picture of hom- icide it reveals is one of marked contrasts. Asia 122,000 The global and regional picture Europe UNODC estimates that deaths resulting from 22,000 intentional homicide amounted to a total of Oceania 437,0001 at the global level in 2012. The largest 1,100 share of those was registered in the Americas (36 per cent) and large shares were also recorded in 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 Africa and Asia (31 per cent and 28 per cent, Number of homicides respectively). Europe (5 per cent) and Oceania (0.3 per cent) accounted for the lowest shares of Source: UNODC Homicide Statistics (2013). The bars repre- sent total homicide counts based on the source selected at the homicide by region. country level, with low and high estimates derived from total counts based on additional sources existing at the country level. Between 2010 and 2012 the number of homicide victims decreased by 11-14 per cent in Oceania and Europe, and increased by 8.5 per cent in the of homicide victims in Africa and some countries Americas, yet the fact that UNODC’s 2012 global in Asia. estimate is lower than its previous estimate in 2010 The total estimated number of homicides in 2012 (468,000 victims) is almost entirely due to meth- leads to an average global homicide rate of 6.2 per 2 odological revisions of the estimation procedure 100,000 population (see figure 1.2).3 But dispari- ties in regional homicide rates are large and clearly 1 The global count of victims of intentional homicide, based point to a high intensity of homicidal violence in on sources available at the country level, varies between a low estimate of 324,000 victims and a high estimate of 518,000 the Americas, whereas in Asia, Europe and Oce- victims (see Methodological annex for more information on ania, homicide rates fall below the global average. the calculation of estimate intervals). 2 Due to a lack of national data on homicides in many African countries and a number of countries in Asia, UNODC makes use of estimates produced by the World Health Organization produce the 2012 estimates. (WHO). Such data result from indirect estimation methods of the number of deaths resulting from all causes, including 3 The global homicide rate is provided with an interval esti- homicide (see Methodological annex for further information). mate, with a low estimate of 4.6 and a high estimate of 7.4 These methods were substantially reviewed by the WHO to victims of homicide per 100,000 population. 21 GLOBAL STUDY on Homicide Fig. 1.2: Homicide rates, by region Criminal justice versus public health (2012 or latest year) sources Americas Data on homicide stem predominantly from two main types of source. “Crimi- 16.3 nal justice” data on homicide are typically recorded by the police, based on Africa information collected when they receive or investigate details about a crime. De- 12.5 pending on national legislation and practices, data on homicide can be directly Global generated by police forces or public prosecutors. “Public health” data re ect 6.2 information collected by the public health or medical service of a country and, Europe at the global level, from a dataset produced by the World Health Organization 3.0 (WHO). In countries with accurate registration systems, the two sources pro- Oceania vide very similar results, but discrepancies do exist where coverage and quality of 3.0 administrative records are poor. UNODC homicide estimates are built by select- Asia ing a source at the country level as the basis for sub-regional, regional and global 2.9 estimates (see Methodological annex). e discrepancy between criminal justice 0 5 10 15 20 and public health data is used to create the high-low estimates represented by the range intervals in the graphs depicting regional homicide counts and rates. Rate per 100,000 population Source: UNODC Homicide Statistics (2013). The bars repre- sent population-weighted homicide rates based on the source The sub-regional and national selected at the country level, with low and high estimates derived from homicide rates based on additional sources existing picture at the country level. With averages of over 25 victims per 100,000 pop- decreasing, the Russian Federation has a homicide ulation, Southern Africa and Central America are rate slightly less than double the sub-regional aver- the sub-regions with the highest homicide rates on age (9.2 versus 5.8 per 100,000 population); in the record, followed by South America, Middle Africa latter, the Philippines has a homicide rate slightly and the Caribbean, with average rates of between more than double the sub-regional average (8.8 16 and 23 homicides per 100,000 population (see versus 4.3 per 100,000 population). figure 1.3). This sub-regional picture has hardly Countries with high levels of homicide bear a dis- changed since 2011. Likewise, as discussed later in proportionately heavy burden of homicide, as they this chapter, the fact that homicide rates are sig- are home to only 11 per cent of the 2012 global nificantly higher in the Americas in comparison to population yet they account for 46 per cent of all other regions is not a new phenomenon. Indeed, homicide victims (200,000 homicides out of a according to available time series since 1955, the population of 750 million). This means that three Americas have consistently experienced homicide quarters of a billion people live in countries with levels five to eight times higher than those in serious security concerns, all of which are located Europe or Asia (see figure 1.17, page 35). in either Africa or the Americas (see figure 1.4). In addition to the entire region of Oceania, sub- Some of those countries actually have very high regions with relatively low rates of homicide (less homicide rates, above 30 per 100,000 population, than 3 per 100,000 population) include all the which are higher than rates of conflict-related kill- sub-regions of Europe (with the exception of East- ings in some conflict zones. For example, in 2012, ern Europe, which has a medium rate of homicide) the rates of intentional homicide and of civilian 4 and Eastern Asia. casualties were 6.5 and 9.3 per 100,000 popula- tion in Afghanistan, and 8.0 and 10.05 per 100,000 Sub-regional averages can, however, hide dispari- in Iraq, both situations of ongoing conflict. Even ties in homicide rates at the national level. As map when combining these two rates, the levels of kill- 1.1 demonstrates, for example, countries in the ings recorded in both countries in 2012 were well southern part of South America, such as Argen- below 30 per 100,000 population.6 tina, Chile and Uruguay, have considerably lower levels of homicide than countries further north, 4 Based on United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan such as Brazil, Colombia and the Bolivarian (UNAMA). Afghanistan 2013 Annual Report: Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict. Republic of Venezuela. Eastern Europe and South- 5 Based on data from United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq Eastern Asia are other examples of sub-regions that (UNAMI), Human Rights Division. show large disparities at the national level (see 6 Rates of intentional homicide and of civilian casualties are not figure 1.5). For example, in the former, though directly comparable in both Afghanistan and Iraq, since a cer- 22 THE BIG PICTURE Fig. 1.3: Homicide rates, by sub-region (2012 or latest year) Southern Africa Middle Africa Western Africa Eastern Africa Northern Africa Central America South America Caribbean Northern America Global Central Asia South-Eastern Asia Western Asia Southern Asia Eastern Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Southern Europe Western Europe Oceania 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Rate per 100,000 population Source: UNODC Homicide Statistics (2013). The bars represent population-weighted homicide rates based on the source selected at the country level, with low and high estimates derived from homicide rates based on additional sources existing at the country level. Map 1.1: Homicide rates, by country or territory (2012 or latest year) Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç ÇÇ Ç Ç Ç Homicide rate 0.00 - 2.99 3.00 - 4.99 5.00 - 9.99 10.00 - 19.99 20.00 - 29.99 >=30.00 WHO estimates No data available Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Dashed lines represent undeter- Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. minedDashed boundaries.lines represent un dTheeterm indotteded bound alineries. D orepresentstted line repres eapproximatelynts approximately the theLine oLinef Contr oofl in JControlammu and K ainshm Jammuir agreed up oandn by InKashmirdia and Pakis tagreedan. The fin auponl status obyf Ja mIndiamu and Kandashm irPakistan. has not yet b eTheen agr efinaled upo nstatus by the p ofarti eJammus.
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