Naval History Bee Round 1 ­ Prelims

1. Dionysius I of Sicily is said to have invented this ship as an improvement on a Carthaginian model. Most depictions of these ships show an "oar box" rather than outriggers to arrange rowers within the hull. The 300 rowers within each of these ships were arranged such that most, but not all, oars had two rowers. By the ascendency of Alexander the Great, the Athenian navy owned two of these ships, in addition to hundreds of smaller vessels. The Roman and Carthaginian navies made heavy use of, for the point, what heavy warships that used five levels of oars, as opposed to three in the earlier trireme? ANSWER: quinquereme (or penteres; prompt on five before "five levels" is read)

2. In a battle at this city, Federico Spinola was killed after clashing with a force led by Joos de Moor. The stolen ship Christopher was recovered from enemy forces at this city. N icolas Béhuchet [bay­hoo­SHAY] was captured in a battle at this city and was hanged from a ship mast in retaliation for the massacre at Arnemuiden. The Cog Thomas was attacked near this city, which led to the wounding of Edward III at this location. For the point, name this Dutch town, the site of a decisive French defeat in the Hundred Years War. ANSWER: Sluys (accept Sluis )

3. In the aftermath of this event, Nadezhda Tylik was forcibly sedated after telling naval officers to "shoot yourselves now!" An early government response to this event posited that it may have been caused by a collision with the USS Memphis . Dmitri Kolesnikov survived the initial portion of this event but, due to purposefully disabled rescue buoys, he could not be located. In the prelude to this event, the central vessel fired dummy torpedoes at the Pyotr Velikiy as part of a naval exercise. For the point, name this August 2000 tragedy in which a Russian submarine sank with all hands lost. ANSWER: Kursk submarine disaster

4. While being invaded by this group, the last king of Ugarit, Ammurapi, lamented that all of his ships were in the Land of Luakka. This group conducted a raid on Amurru, and their defeat at the Battle of Djahy is depicted on the walls of a mortuary temple at Medinet Habu. Ramesses III successfully ambushed a fleet belonging to these people at the Battle of the Delta. For the point, name these generically­named invaders who contributed to the Bronze Age collapse with their frequent raids. ANSWER: The Sea People s

5. Originally constructed as the USS Phoenix , this ship survived the attack on Pearl Harbor despite being anchored at Ford Island. Controversy over an attack on this ship centers on the fact that it was outside of the "total exclusion zone." The HMS Conqueror fired three torpedoes at this ship, making it the only ship sunk by a nuclear submarine. Under the impression that this ship had been damaged, not sunk, The Sun printed a headline that read "GOTCHA." For the point, name this cruiser, named for a hero of the Argentine War of Independence, which was sunk during the Falklands War. ANSWER: ARA General Belgrano (accept ARA October 17 ; accept ARA 17 de Octubre )

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6. Richard Halliburton died while attempting to sail one of these ships, equipped with a diesel engine, across the Pacific Ocean. The sails of these ships are used on the modified lorcha ships, which use Portuguese hull structures. Charles Kellett smuggled one of these vessels out of Hong Kong, since the sale of these vessels to foreigners was strictly forbidden. Koxinga [ko­shing­ya] used hundreds of these ships in his attack on Fort Zeelandia while reclaiming Taiwan. For the point, name these large Chinese ships that composed Zheng He’s treasure fleet. ANSWER: junk

7. The Hunter's Point Drydocks were reopened in preparation for this fleet. This fleet provided humanitarian aid in the aftermath of the 1908 Messina earthquake. When Eugene Hale questioned the funding for this fleet, one of its supporters claimed he already had the money and to "try and take it back." This fleet composed of sixteen battleships departed from Hampton Roads to start its circumnavigation of the world. For the point, name this colorfully­named unit of ships dispatched by Theodore Roosevelt to showcase the United States’ naval power. ANSWER: Great White Fleet

8. The Tamzine participated in this operation, although it was only a small fishing boat. The SS Mona's Queen , one of this operation's "little ships," was sunk when it struck a mine. Gerd von Rundstedt was criticized for halting the advance of Panzer units, a move which may have allowed the success of this operation. The HMS Wakeful was destroyed by the Luftwaffe while loading troops as part of this operation. In a speech, Winston Churchill stated that, in this operation, the Navy had "carried over 335,000 men" out "of the jaws of death and shame." For the point, name this large exodus of Allied troops from a northern French commune. ANSWER: Dunkirk evacuation (accept Miracle at Dunkirk ; accept Operation Dynamo )

9. Deng Zilong died during this battle when friendly fire disabled his ship, allowing the enemy to board it. In the prelude to this battle, Chen Lin agreed to withdrawal after being bribed by Konishi Yukinaga. Song Hui­Rip was knocked unconscious after being fired on by enemy forces in this battle. In the aftermath of this battle, Japanese forces under Shimazu Yoshihiro retreated to Pusan Harbor. For the point, name this decisive battle in Toyotomi Hideyoshi's invasion of Korea which resulted in the death of Yi Sun­sin. ANSWER: Battle of Noryang

10. During this battle, a group of Phoenicians were executed for complaining to the losing commander about the poor performance of the eastern Greeks, just as ships from Samothrace sank two enemies in this battle. A ship in this battle escaped by ramming through the ship of its captain's ally and personal rival, the king of Calynda, prompting the losing commander to cry "My men have turned into women, and my women into men!" Queen Artemisia of Halicarnassus escaped from, for the point, what naval battle of the Greco­Persian Wars that Xerxes observed from a cliff above the straits? ANSWER: Battle of Salamis

11. During this battle, the first Viscount [VYE­count] Hood's confusion over conflicting signals, one for "line ahead" and one for "close action," made his ships ineffective. Francis Samuel Drake was forced to relocate his command from the Princessa to the Alcide [al­SEED] due to damage sustained during this battle. In response to this battle, George III commented, "I nearly think the empire is ruined." Thomas Graves was defeated at, for the point, what 1781 victory for the Comte de Grasse that prevented British reinforcements from reaching Yorktown? ANSWER: Battle of the Chesapeake (accept Battle of the Virginia Capes; accept Battle of the Capes )

12. Pyotr Yugensburg was forced to surrender the I smail to sailors from this ship. The Kambala was accidentally sunk in an accident with this ship. After being recovered from Constanta, this ship was renamed Panteleimon . Ippolit Gilyarovsky was killed while he was an officer on this ship. Afanasi Matushenko led an attack aboard this ship that was sparked by the delivery of rotten meat. For the point, name this Russian ship, the subject of a Sergei Eisenstein film, which mutinied during the Revolution of 1905. ANSWER: Russian Battleship Potemkin 2016 International History Olympiad • Naval History Bee • Round 1 • Page 3 of 5

13. In one account of this vessel, Hárr described this as being smaller than the Naglfar , which may have been because this vessel was designed to be collapsible for overland travel. The Sayings of Grimnir compares this ship to Hábrok and Garm because of its association with favorable winds. This ship may have been made by Brokkr, a Svartálfar and son of Ivaldi, who also made Gungnir and a head of naturally­growing golden hair that was given to Sif in a tale recorded by Snorri Sturluson. For the point, name this "best of ships" that was owned by Freyr in Norse mythology. ANSWER: Skidbladnir ([SKIDTH­bladth­neer] but be lenient with pronunciation)

14. John Randolph Tucker earned a promotion during this battle due to his skillful command of the J amestown . Early in this battle, the Congress was rammed by an enemy ship, causing over one hundred deaths. John Marston was unable to effectively lead forces in this battle because his flagship, the USS R oanoke , ran aground. Though they won a tactical victory, one side in this battle failed to break a blockade around Richmond. For the point, name this 1862 battle between the USS Monitor and CSS Virginia, two Civil War ironclads. ANSWER: The Battle of Hampton Roads (accept Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack before mentioned; accept Battle of Monitor and Virginia before mentioned; accept Battle of Ironclads before mentioned)

15. This monarch's navy was bolsted by the CSS Stonewall , whose delivery was delayed by an ongoing civil war. Louis­Émile Bertin [loo­EE ay­MEEL ber­TAHN] created three ships for this monarch, and named them after three scenic "views" in this monarch's country. In 1894, forces loyal to this monarch won the Battle of the Yalu River against China's Beiyang Fleet, and this monarch conquered the rebellious Republic of Ezo at the Battle of Hakodate. For the point, name this Emperor whose defeat of the last Tokugawa Shogun in 1868 gave him complete control of Japan. ANSWER: Emperor Meiji

16. While navigating this ship through Sasebo submarine defenses, Captain Warner R. Edsall died of a heart attack. A Japanese pilot who attacked this ship was given a burial at sea by its crew on the orders of William Callaghan. At the outbreak of the Korean War, Allan Edward Smith used this vessel as his flagship, since it was the only active battlecruiser in the US Navy. In a photograph taken aboard this ship, Chester Nimitz is shown signing a document while Douglas MacArthur stands behind him. For the point, name this Iowa­class vessel, which was the site of Japan's surrender during World War II. ANSWER: USS Missouri (accept Big Mo ; accept Mighty Mo )

17. In the aftermath of a battle at this location, William Fergusson returned to England aboard the captured H olsteen . At this location, Horatio Nelson ignored an order to retreat by holding a telescope to his blind eye and saying he didn't see the signal. Edward Riou died in a battle at this city while attempting to disengage from the Trekroner fortress. Hyde Parker was criticized for not pressing his victory at this city by pushing into the Baltic Sea. For the point, name this city that was attacked by British forces in the War of the Second Coalition, the capital of Denmark. ANSWER: Copenhagen

18. Edward O'Hare died during a mission launched from this ship. During the Battle of Santa Cruz, this ship absorbed the crew of its sunken sister ship, the USS Hornet . During a battle, bombers from this ship successfully disabled the Kaga and Akagi . Raymond Spruce used this vessel as his flagship during the Battle of Midway. Along with the Lexington and Saratoga, this ship was one of three of the Pacific Fleet's carriers absent from Pearl Harbor. For the point, name this most decorated ship in World War II, an aircraft carrier nicknamed Big E. ANSWER: USS Enterprise (accept Big E before mentioned)

19. Many victims of these ships were quarantined at Windmill Poin,t where a mass grave is now marked by "the Black Rock." The St. Lawrence River became overrun with these ships, causing many passengers to be dumped on the beaches of Grosse Isle, which led to an 1847 typhus epidemic. John Behan made a large bronze one of these ships littered with skeletal remains as part of a national memorial. For the point, name these poorly­maintained ships, named for their high mortality rates, which helped refugees flee from Ireland during the potato famine. ANSWER: coffin ships 2016 International History Olympiad • Naval History Bee • Round 1 • Page 4 of 5

20. Descriptive answers acceptable. Many people were resettled at Soli after a decisive success for this campaign at the Battle of Korakesion. This campaign’s leader was empowered to carry it out when he was given i mperium over the entire Mediterranean by the Lex Gabinia . This campaign targeted primarily Cilicians, who curbed their activities after it. For the point, name this campaign against seafaring marauders in the Mediterranean, led by a future enemy of Julius Caesar. ANSWER: Pompey ’s s uppression of the pirate s (accept descriptions of Pompey the Great, or of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, leading a campaign against pirates ; accept Lex Gabinia before mentioned)

21. This ship headed the Force H to help the Ark Royal pursue the Strasbourg d uring the attack on Mers­el­Kebir. While under Ralph Kerr, this ship pursued the G neisenau [g­NYE­seh­now] and the Scharnhorst , but failed to prevent them from reaching Wilhelmshaven. Along with the P rince of Wales, this ship attempted to prevent Operation Rheinübung [RYE­nuh­bung] by engaging the P rinz Eugen [prinz OY­gehn] at the Battle of Denmark Strait. This ship was one of only four planned Admiral­class ships to actually be built, due to the end of World War I. For the point, name this British battlecruiser sunk by the Bismarck. ANSWER: HMS Hood

22. The Orphan Hills were bombarded by one side's fleet during this battle. Nikolai Essen scuttled the Sevastopol during this battle after enemy forces failed to sink it despite scoring numerous direct hits. Alexander Kolchak was awarded the Order of Saint Anna for his role in sinking the Takasago during this battle. During this battle, one side's Pacific Fleet was destroyed by enemy howitzers firing from "203 Meter Hill." For the point, name this battle in which Japanese forces laid siege to a Russian port in Manchuria. ANSWER: Siege of Port Arthur

23. This man led the naval division of an expedition that failed to take Corunna because of the actions of Maria Pita. Along with John Hawkins, this man led a failed attack to capture San Juan, which may have contributed to this man's death from dysentery. During a campaign led by this man, troops under his command captured the S ão Filipe . This man led the "Singeing the King of Spain's Beard," an attack on Cadiz that destroyed a large portion of the Spanish fleet. F or the point, name this English privateer who circumnavigated the world while in command of the Golden Hind . ANSWER: Sir Francis Drake

24. In the buildup to this event, Admiral Edward O'Donnell issued an evacuation order that said, "Get your suitcases and children and wait quietly in your front yard." Four submarines attempted to break a quarantine in this event as part of Operation Kama. The USS Beale attacked the B­59 during this event, a move which apocryphally prompted two of its three officers, excluding Vasili Arkhipov, to authorize a nuclear strike. The USS N ewport News served as the flagship of a blockade during this event. For the point, name this event in which the United States responded to the Soviet Union's gift of nuclear weapons to a Caribbean nation. ANSWER: Cuban Missile Crisis

25. The "big blue blanket" was invented by John Thatch to counter this strategy. The Lark was a missile system designed in response to this strategy. The HMS V ictorious was damaged by an attack using this tactic, though it recovered a few hours later because of its armored deck. During the Battle of Iwo Jima, the Bismarck Sea was destroyed by this strategy. Arita Masafumi was posthumously promoted to Admiral for his role in implementing this strategy. For the point, name this strategy in which Japanese pilots sacrificed themselves to destroy Allied ships. Answer: kamikaze (prompt on descriptions like "planes crashing into ships")

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26. The Tierra Firme fleet was composed of these ships, many of which were lost on the way to Havana. In 1716, Henry James ambushed a salvage camp that was trying to recover a fleet of these ships. Andres de Urdaneta discovered the "tornaviaje" [TOR­nah­vee­AH­hay], a route which allowed the "Manila" group of these ships to sail across the Pacific. One of these ships, the Nuestra Señora de Atocha , was sunk in the Florida Keys, nearly destroying an Iberian country's economy. For the point, name these large ships which composed the Spanish treasure fleet. ANSWER: galleon s (accept Spanish Treasure ship before mentioned)

27. In the prelude to this offensive, hundreds of sailors died at the Battle of Lyme Bay as an unintended consequence of Operation Tiger. The Norwegian S venner was the only Allied ship sunk by the enemy navy during this attack. The USS Augusta served as Alan Kirk's flagship during this event, and transported Omar Bradley. Mulberry harbors were invented for logistical use in this attack. This operation specifically avoided the Channel Islands as they were heavily fortified in anticipation. For the point, name this attack, the Allied invasion of Northern France. ANSWER: Battle of Normandy (accept D­Day ; accept Operation Overlord ; accept Operation Neptune )

28. John A Howell developed an early version one of these devices which was replaced by the mass­produced Bliss­Leavitt version. During the Battle of Taranto, the F airey Swordfish, a bomber designed to use these weapons, sank several Italian ships. Robert Whitehead created the first self­propelled version of these weapons, which were labeled "The Devil's Device." During World War II, John F. Kennedy commanded a ship designed to use these weapons, PT­109. For the point, name these weapons that are shot through the water to sink enemy ships. ANSWER: torpedo

29. Creosote treatment can help prevent both rotting and this problem, which the ancient Greeks countered by coating with tar. The HMS A larm was the first vessel to use copper sheathing as a defense, since its toxicity kills barnacles and the metal is impenetrable to this creature's razor shells. The teredo navalis mollusc, which can reach 2 feet long at maturity, is the most common species of, for the point, what biological threat to ancient ships, an invertebrate that bores into wood? ANSWER: ship worm (accept further elaboration; accept Teredo navalis or Teredo worm before mentioned; prompt on "molluscs" before mentioned; do not accept or prompt on barnacles)

30. Cranes called gerania were used to deploy this weapon in battle. The author of De Administrando Imperio told its subject to be careful with this weapon, as it was a gift from God. The use of this weapon required a specialized siphōn , and it was used to defend against a Norman siege of Dyrrhachium. This technology was invented by Kallinikos; though the recipe is now lost, it likely contained naphtha. For the point, name this incendiary weapon used by the Byzantines that was able to float on water. ANSWER: Greek fire (prompt on descriptions of fire that don’t mention “Greek,” including things like “sticky fire;” prompt on naphtha; do not accept or prompt on napalm)

Extra Tossup – ONLY READ IF A QUESTION IS BOTCHED!

The Lancha Poveira was a fishing boat based on the design of these vessels. The Tune ship is an example of a small type of these vessels known as a karve. A well­preserved one of these vessels was discovered at a burial mound near Oseberg. A museum dedicated to these vessels is located at Roskilde [RUH­skee­luh] and is credited with finding the largest known example of these. During his conquest of England, William the Conqueror used one of these ships, the Mora , as his flagship. For the point, name these ships, generically named for their size, which were widely used by Vikings. . ANSWER: Longship s (accept Longboat s)