Political Reform in Mongolia
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Temporary Workers from the Democratic People's Republic Of
Temporary Workers from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in Mongolia Mitsuhiro Mimura (The Economic Research Institute for Northeast Asia) Yuji Fukuhara (University of Shimane) This presentation is based on fieldwork and interviews from 5 to 8 September 2017 in Ulan Bator, Mongolia. We went to construction sites and companies employing North Korean workers, and looked at the places of construction. We will report the contents of this fieldwork and discuss the significance of sending and receiving the North Korean workers from the viewpoint of Mongolia and DPRK relations. Mongolia has a population of 3 million whereas the DPRK has 24 million. Although North Korea is very small, it has 8 times more population of Mongolia. Ulan Bator is the only large city in Mongolia and has a population of 1.5 million. Because the economy is growing, there is a lot of construction work. In terms of history, Mongolia was established in 1924, and the DPRK was founded on 9 September 1948. After the USSR, the second country that established diplomatic relations with the DPRK was Mongolia in October 1948. During the Korean War, Mongolia supported North Korea together with the USSR and China, providing material support and horses. It also received many war orphans. From 1948 to 1989 was a honeymoon period for Mongolia-DPRK relations. North Korea had some flexibility about doing business with the USSR and China. Mongolia, on the other hand, was a landlocked country, located between the Soviet Union and China. Speaking bluntly, usually countries next to China don’t like China. Of course, the countries next to Russia don’t like Russia. -
ICS Mongolia
Integrated Country Strategy Mongolia FOR PUBLIC RELEASE FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Table of Contents 1. Chief of Mission Priorities ................................................................................................... 2 2. Mission Strategic Framework ............................................................................................. 4 3. Mission Goals and Objectives ............................................................................................. 6 4. Management Objectives ................................................................................................... 11 FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Approved: August 07,2018 1 FOR PUBLIC RELEASE 1. Chief of Mission Priorities Mongolia is a key partner in the Asia-Pacific region, and our shared priorities with Mongolia are fully aligned with the Administration’s Indo-Pacific strategy. Mongolia’s continued and enhanced sovereignty is in our national interest. We are strengthening Mongolia’s independence through supporting its continued democratic development; facilitating strong, sustainable, inclusive economic growth; and strengthening our bilateral defense cooperation. Formerly a de facto Soviet satellite, Mongolia chose in 1990 to become a democracy and embrace free-market economic principles. Its achievements since then have been impressive, but in a tough geopolitical neighborhood with alternative political models, Mongolia is under constant pressure to deliver positive results from reform efforts to its citizens. While voter turnout has declined from a peak of 98 -
New Documents on Mongolia and the Cold War
Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issue 16 New Documents on Mongolia and the Cold War Translation and Introduction by Sergey Radchenko1 n a freezing November afternoon in Ulaanbaatar China and Russia fell under the Mongolian sword. However, (Ulan Bator), I climbed the Zaisan hill on the south- after being conquered in the 17th century by the Manchus, Oern end of town to survey the bleak landscape below. the land of the Mongols was divided into two parts—called Black smoke from gers—Mongolian felt houses—blanketed “Outer” and “Inner” Mongolia—and reduced to provincial sta- the valley; very little could be discerned beyond the frozen tus. The inhabitants of Outer Mongolia enjoyed much greater Tuul River. Chilling wind reminded me of the cold, harsh autonomy than their compatriots across the border, and after winter ahead. I thought I should have stayed at home after all the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Outer Mongolia asserted its because my pen froze solid, and I could not scribble a thing right to nationhood. Weak and disorganized, the Mongolian on the documents I carried up with me. These were records religious leadership appealed for help from foreign countries, of Mongolia’s perilous moves on the chessboard of giants: including the United States. But the first foreign troops to its strategy of survival between China and the Soviet Union, appear were Russian soldiers under the command of the noto- and its still poorly understood role in Asia’s Cold War. These riously cruel Baron Ungern who rode past the Zaisan hill in the documents were collected from archival depositories and pri- winter of 1921. -
ESS9 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed
APPENDIX A3 POLITICAL PARTIES, ESS9 - 2018 ed. 3.0 Austria 2 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 10 Czechia 12 Denmark 14 Estonia 15 Finland 17 France 19 Germany 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 23 Ireland 25 Italy 26 Latvia 28 Lithuania 31 Montenegro 34 Netherlands 36 Norway 38 Poland 40 Portugal 44 Serbia 47 Slovakia 52 Slovenia 53 Spain 54 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United Kingdom 61 Version Notes, ESS9 Appendix A3 POLITICAL PARTIES ESS9 edition 3.0 (published 10.12.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Denmark, Iceland. ESS9 edition 2.0 (published 15.06.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden. Austria 1. Political parties Language used in data file: German Year of last election: 2017 Official party names, English 1. Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) - Social Democratic Party of Austria - 26.9 % names/translation, and size in last 2. Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) - Austrian People's Party - 31.5 % election: 3. Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) - Freedom Party of Austria - 26.0 % 4. Liste Peter Pilz (PILZ) - PILZ - 4.4 % 5. Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne) - The Greens – The Green Alternative - 3.8 % 6. Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) - Communist Party of Austria - 0.8 % 7. NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum (NEOS) - NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum - 5.3 % 8. G!LT - Verein zur Förderung der Offenen Demokratie (GILT) - My Vote Counts! - 1.0 % Description of political parties listed 1. The Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, or SPÖ) is a social above democratic/center-left political party that was founded in 1888 as the Social Democratic Worker's Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei, or SDAP), when Victor Adler managed to unite the various opposing factions. -
Inner Mongolia Information Overview Inner Mongolia Is Located in The
Inner Mongolia Information Overview Inner Mongolia is located in the northern region of China and shares an international border with Mongolia and the Russian Federation. Inner Mongolia is the third-largest subdivision of China and covers 12% of China's total land area. The main languages spoken here are Chinese and Mongolian. The province has a population of about 24 million people with the majority being the Han Chinese. The capital of Inner Mongolia is Hohhot and the largest city is Baotou. The region is known as “Inner” Mongolia, to distinguish itself from “Outer Mongolia”, or the independent state of Mongolia. Geography Inner Mongolia ties the province of Shaanxi in that is has the most neighboring provinces of any other Chinese province. Inner Mongolia borders Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, and Gansu. Due to the size of the province stretching from Northwest to Northeast, the region has a four-season climate to include long, cold, dry winters and very warm to hot summers. Economy Farming of crops such as wheat takes precedence along the river valleys. In the more arid grasslands, herding of goats, sheep and so on is a traditional method of subsistence. Inner Mongolia has an abundance of natural resources such as coal, cashmere, natural gas, and rare earth elements. The region also has more deposits of naturally occurring niobium, zirconium and beryllium than any other province in China. Demographics When the region was established in 1947, Han Chinese comprised about 83% of the population, while the Mongols made up about 14% of the population. The Han Chinese live mostly in the Hetao region as well as in central and eastern Inner Mongolia. -
Mongolia and the OSCE Adiyasuren Jamiyandagva
In: IFSH (ed.), OSCE Yearbook 2014, Baden-Baden 2015, pp. 155-162. Adiyasuren Jamiyandagva Mongolia and the OSCE Introduction to Mongolia Mongolia is located in the heart of Asia. It shares borders only with Russia (3,543 km) to the north and China (4,709 km) to the south. Mongolia is a landlocked nation with a surface area of 1.5 million square kilometres. In terms of territory, Mongolia is the seventh largest country in Asia and the 19th largest in the world. Mongolia has a continental climate with four sea- sons, and consists of a mixture of forests, steppes, deserts, and mountains. In 2013, Mongolia’s population was 2.93 million, making it the 139th most populous nation in the world. The latest census shows that 67 per cent of the population is under the age of 35, thus, making the country rather youthful compared to its neighbours. Mongolia’s official language is Mongolian, a language of the Altaic language family. Standard written Mongolian is based on the Khalkha dialect using the Cyrillic alphabet with slight modifications. The most common for- eign language used in Mongolia is English, followed by Russian. Mongolians, like other nomadic groups of Central Asia, mainly adhered to Shamanism until the rapid spread of Buddhism began in the 14th century. Nevertheless, Shamanism continues to be practised. According to the 2010 census, 53 per cent of citizens above the age of 15 identified themselves as Buddhists, three per cent as Muslims, three per cent as adherents of Shaman- ism, two per cent as Christians, and 39 per cent as atheists. -
New Leaders Begin the Search for Economic Reform
Signaling Change: New Leaders Begin the Search for Economic Reform Barry Naughton Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang are now the two top leaders in China. Both have moved quickly to break with the Hu-Wen Administration and signal their support for dramatic new economic reforms. The structure of the new Politburo Standing Committee appears to support their aspirations. Neither Xi nor Li has yet committed to specific reform measures, and the obstacles to reform are formidable. However, both Xi and Li have committed to a process that will lead to the creation of a reform program by late 2013. From the standpoint of economic reform policy, the outcome of the 18th Party Congress was clear and unambiguous. The two top leaders, Xi Jinping and Li Keqiang, emerged from the Congress with a substantial degree of room to maneuver. Both leaders quickly displayed their willingness to break with what had become business as usual under Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao. Xi and Li, each in his own way, moved quickly to express their intention to support a revitalized program of economic reform. Xi Jinping has received most of the attention, which is certainly appropriate. Xi has brought a more direct and personal style to the top job, a refreshing change of pace that has generally been welcomed both in China and abroad, and has shown that he intends to keep an eye on economics. Li Keqiang has also begun to signal his intentions. Although Li’s approach is more understated—in part because he will not actually step in as Premier until the March National People’s Congress meetings—his comments merit close attention. -
Realpolitik in Mongolia-US Relations
Realpolitik in Mongolia-US Relations Ron A. PORTER Ritsumeikan Asia Pacifi c University Abstract The United States has, in recent years, touted the accomplishment of Mongolian democracy as a positive example to other nations in the region. The shift from socialism to democracy on the part of the Mongolians has dominated both academic discourse and political speeches alike on the growing friendship between these two countries. This article argues, however, that the growing relationship between the United States and Mongolia is one based on practical benefi ts to both parties instead of the ideals of liberal democracy. Hence, US- Mongolia relations are based in realpolitik, not ideology. Keywords: Independence, strategic interests, liberal economy, democracy, realpolitik. Introduction Mongolia’s declaration of independence from the Qing (Manchu) dynasty of China in 1911 was founded on Mongol nationalism that, at that time, fostered dreams of a comprehensive nation made up of Mongol inhabitants of territories that stretched from Manchuria in the east, to Tuva in the west, and what is now Inner Mongolia south of the Gobi desert.1 However, this comprehensive pan-Mongolian state never materialized and only what is known as Khalkha Mongol territory (excluding Inner Mongolia) was carved out and successfully made into an independent nation-state. Nevertheless, since its initiation in 1911 and its subsequent successful independence in 1924, the Mongolian state has been founded on the principal of Mongol “national” unity. Even the socialist revolution of 1924 refl ected Mongolia’s unique situation for social reform that was aided along, but not completely in line with, the Soviets’ world social revolution scheme. -
Book of Abstracts
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DEMOCRACY IN THE 21ST CENTURY CHALLENGES AND WAYS FORWARD BOOK OF ABSTRACTS Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 9-10 July, 2018 WELCOME NOTE Welcome note by the in Ulaanbaatar, as Mongolia has its own unique experience of democracy. President of the World This Conference - with is interesting topics on Society Foundation civil society, rural-urban cleavages and the role of On behalf of the World Society extractives - allows scholars to engage in dialogue Foundation it is my distinct on the ‘ways forward’ (in strengthening democracy pleasure to welcome you all to and global society) that benefit the well-being of the ‘International Conference on all. Selected papers from the Conference will be Democracy in the 21st Century’ published in the World Society Foundation book here in Ulaanbaatar! The World series ‘World Society Studies’. Society Foundation’s conference The Independent Research Institute of Mongolia’s has been organized annually Organizing Team has been crucial in all stages of since 2007; covering various preparation of the Conference. Special thanks go to global issues, such those related the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation to inequality and sustainability and the University of Neuchatel for their generosity that we are now facing. As such, in providing sponsorship for the Conference. the Foundation aims to sustain A very warm welcome to all participants. I hope you a network of excellent scholars enjoy the Conference and the beautiful summer interested in transnational and weather here in Mongolia! global research topics. In 2018, the Conference theme Christian Suter, ‘Democracy in the 21st Century: President, the World Society Foundation (Zurich) Challenges and Ways Forward’ provides a platform for scholars from different disciplines, and from different regions, to come together and share their research. -
Willem Banning and the Reform of Socialism in the Netherlands
Contemporary European History (2020), 29, 139–154 doi:10.1017/S096077732000003X ARTICLE Willem Banning and the Reform of Socialism in the Netherlands Arie L. Molendijk University of Groningen, Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, Oude Boteringestraat 38, Groningen, 9712GK, The Netherlands [email protected] Abstract In 1947 the liberal Protestant minister Willem Banning drafted a new programme for the Labour Party, in which the party dropped the Marxist view of history and class struggle. New Labour in the Netherlands was envisioned as a party that strove for a democratic and just society. Banning’s role in reforming the Labour Party was part of his broader project of breaking down structures of socio-political segregation that had existed since the end of the nineteenth century. Banning argued that the Labour Party had to abandon its atheist ideology to open up to Protestants and Catholics. This article will examine Banning’sviewsandideals and show how he contributed to the transformation of Labour into a social democratic party and seek answer to the question: how could a liberal Protestant minister become the main ideologue of the Labour Party? Introduction A touching photograph shows Willem Banning being decorated by Prime Minister Willem Drees on the occasion of his sixty-firth birthday in February 1953. The demeanour of the two social democrats displays a degree of ambiguity: they both seem to be fully enjoying this special moment, while at the same time being sceptical of such honours. In his words of gratitude Banning said that his resistance had been over- come by his friends’ insistence that he should accept the distinction.1 The Dutch Labour Party could not have been what it was in the 1950s without the decisive input of Drees and Banning. -
What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging
What’s Left of the Left What’s Left of the Left Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times Edited by James Cronin, George Ross, and James Shoch Duke University Press Durham and London 2011 © 2011 Duke University Press All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ♾ Typeset in Charis by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data appear on the last printed page of this book. Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction: The New World of the Center-Left 1 James Cronin, George Ross, and James Shoch Part I: Ideas, Projects, and Electoral Realities Social Democracy’s Past and Potential Future 29 Sheri Berman Historical Decline or Change of Scale? 50 The Electoral Dynamics of European Social Democratic Parties, 1950–2009 Gerassimos Moschonas Part II: Varieties of Social Democracy and Liberalism Once Again a Model: 89 Nordic Social Democracy in a Globalized World Jonas Pontusson Embracing Markets, Bonding with America, Trying to Do Good: 116 The Ironies of New Labour James Cronin Reluctantly Center- Left? 141 The French Case Arthur Goldhammer and George Ross The Evolving Democratic Coalition: 162 Prospects and Problems Ruy Teixeira Party Politics and the American Welfare State 188 Christopher Howard Grappling with Globalization: 210 The Democratic Party’s Struggles over International Market Integration James Shoch Part III: New Risks, New Challenges, New Possibilities European Center- Left Parties and New Social Risks: 241 Facing Up to New Policy Challenges Jane Jenson Immigration and the European Left 265 Sofía A. Pérez The Central and Eastern European Left: 290 A Political Family under Construction Jean- Michel De Waele and Sorina Soare European Center- Lefts and the Mazes of European Integration 319 George Ross Conclusion: Progressive Politics in Tough Times 343 James Cronin, George Ross, and James Shoch Bibliography 363 About the Contributors 395 Index 399 Acknowledgments The editors of this book have a long and interconnected history, and the book itself has been long in the making. -
Law on the Election of the State Great Hural of Mongolia Procedure For
LAW ON THE ELECTION OF THE STATE GREAT HURAL OF MONGOLIA PROCEDURE FOR OBSERVATION AND REPORTING ON THE ELECTION OF THE STATE GREAT HURAL OF MONGOLIA ULAANBAATAR 2012 LAW ON THE ELECTION OF THE STATE GREAT HURAL OF MONGOLIA PROCEDURE FOR OBSERVATION AND REPORTING ON THE ELECTION OF THE STATE GREAT HURAL OF MONGOLIA ULAANBAATAR 2012 1 CONTENTS 1. LAW ON THE ELECTION OF THE STATE GREAT HURAL OF MONGOLIA 2. PROCEDURE FOR OBSERVATION AND REPORTING ON THE ELECTION OF THE STATE GREAT HURAL OF MONGOLIA Unofficial translation LAW OF MONGOLIA December 15, 2011 LAW ON THE ELECTION OF THE STATE GREAT HURAL OF MONGOLIA (Revised) CHAPTER ONE General provisions Article 1. Purpose of the Law 1.1. The purpose of the Law is to define the basic principles and procedures of the election of State Great Hural of Mongolia, ensure the right of a citizen of Mongolia to elect and be elected, and regulate the relations arising from the organization and conduct of elections. Article 2. Legislation on the State Great Hural elections 2.1. The legislation on the election of the State Great Hural of Mongolia consists of the Constitution of Mongolia,1 this law, and and other legal acts passed in conformity with these laws. Article 3. Legal terms and definitions 3.1. The following terms used in this Law shall be construed as follows: 3.1.1. “Voter” means a citizen of Mongolia eligible to vote�� 3.1.2. “����������������������������������������������������������Citizen eligible to vote” means a citizen who has attained the age of eighteen years and has the full legal capacity as set forth in Article 15.1 of the Civil Law�2 1 Constitution of Mongolia, State Information Bulletin, Issue 1, 1992 2 Civil Law of Mongolia, State Information Bulletin, Issue 7, 2002 3.1.3.