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Single-Particle and Collective Properties Around Closed Shells

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Single-Particle and Collective Properties Around Closed Shells Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica Single-Particle and Collective Properties around Closed Shells probed by In-Source Laser Spectroscopy CERN-THESIS-2010-185 04/03/2010 Promotoren: Proefschrift ingediend tot het be- halen van de graad van Doctor in Prof. Dr. M. Huyse de Wetenschappen door Prof. Dr. P. Van Duppen Thomas Elias COCOLIOS Leuven 2010 c 2010 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Groep Wetenschap & Technologie, Arenberg Doc- toraatsschool, W. de Croylaan 6, 3001 Heverlee, Belgi¨e Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden vermenigvuldigd en/of openbaar gemaakt worden door middel van druk, fotokopie, microfilm, elektronisch of op welke andere wijze ook zonder voorafgaandelijke schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm, electronic or any other means without written permission from the publisher. ISBN number 978-90-8649-316-6 D/2010/10.705/9 `aMme. Gauthier, pour avoir cru en moi d`es mon plus jeune ˆage. iv Acknowledgments Who’s to say when you get older You don’t need a toy collection? Who’s to say when you get older That you have to follow convention? Katie Melua - Toy Collection. A thesis represents the achievement of 4 years of hard work towards a single goal. While the cover bears only my name, it is actually the result of a group effort at many levels and I would like to acknowledge here the many contributions that made it possible. First of all, I would like to thank my promotors Mark Huyse and Piet Van Dup- pen who gave me the opportunity to perform this research in IKS. Their continued support, encouragement and guidance have made these last 4 years a trully enlight- ening experience on all the aspects of academia. Never would I have thought, when meeting Mark for the first time in Vancouver, that I would benefit from such a rich experience. I would also like to thank the members of the doctoral examination committee, Prof. Dr. Hans-J¨urgen Kluge, Prof. Dr. Paul-Henri Heenen, Prof. Dr. Pieter Lievens, Prof. Dr. Gerda Neyens, and Prof. Dr. Nathal Severijns, for their attentive review of the thesis manuscript and the exciting discussions during the first thesis defense. As evidenced by the long author lists for the different articles that constitute this thesis, none of the experimental work was performed by a single person. I would like to acknowledge in particular the work of Dr. Yuri Kudryavtsev, Dr. Tetsu Sonoda, and Dr. Maxim D. Seliverstov, present or past colleagues from our group on Nuclear Spectroscopy, for their hard work at lisol or isolde. Their contribution on the gas cell work, the list, or the polonium isotopes, respectively, made this whole research possible. I would like to also extend my thanks to the many people who contributed to the nice research atmosphere within our research group: Prof. Dr. ANA, Beyhan, Deyan, Dieter, Hilde, Iain, Jan, Jarno, Jeroen, Johnny, Marijke, Martin, Nele, Nick, Nikolas, Paul, Prof. Dr.R2, Thomas R., and Wim. A special note goes to the craziest group members who contributed to my (un)sanity, Maria and Irina. May your laughter propagate for long. The fun extended well beyond the group itself. I had much fun with many others in IKS. There are so many people who deserve mentioning, it would take another v vi Acknowledgments thesis just to honour them! Nonetheless, I would like to give a particular word for Vˆache-Koe who taught me the intricate twists of the Belgian culture, for Π and his unmatched business skills, Simon for not dying on me half-way to Louvain-La- Neuve, and Marieke who grew a few pieces of white hair reading my Dutch. Talking of white hair, a big thanks must go the administration team, past and present: Sally, Katia, Jos´ee, Isabelle, Martine. After so many years with physicists, I understand why Sally’s hair is all white! Actually, the whole supporting team from IKS, Nancy, Willy, Dries, Luc, Bert, Pascal, deserve a warm acknowledgement, for their work behind the scenes is essential to our survival. De taalcursus Nederlands was ook een groot deel van mijn doctoraatsopleiding. Ik wil al de docenten bedanken voor de toffe tijden: Ines, Kitty, Mit, Els, Evelien, Helga, en Ellen. Ik wil ook de Franse Erasmus Candice en Audrey en de Amerikaanse Chelly en Jennifer bedanken. Zonder jullie zou ik vergeten dat er buiten fysica nog een wereld bestaat! Ik bedank ook Ellen en de mensen van de Japanse lessen voor de steun en de kans om mijn Nederlands verder bij te schaven. Enfin, parce qu’il y a quand meme une vie en dehors de l’universit´e, je voudrais rendre grˆace `atoutes celles et ceux qui ont toujours ´et´e l`a, Aur´elien, depuis des temps imm´emoriaux, B´en´edicte, par-del`ales oc´eans, et enfin Andr´ee, pour toutes ces ann´ees et parce que J’Ai Encore Rˆev´eD’Elle. Ma famille fut aussi toujours tr`es importante pour moi. Malgr´ela distance, vous ˆetes tous toujours avec moi, mes deux supers sis’ Marnia Kaenzig Balibrera Cocolios Avalon et Iphig´enie Marie Cocolios, P´ep`ere Maurice et M´em`ere Missette, Papa Panos et Monique, Maman Brigitte et Wizz et Charly, . Votre soutient continu et inconditionnel m’a permis d’atteindre mes objectifs les plus fous. Je partage aujourd’hui avec vous tous mes succ`es. Ten slotte, miaou miaou miaou, meeeeooooww miaou miaouw rrr Alice. PRrrrhhh. et Arne. Samenvatting Resonante laserionisatie is een veel gebruikte techniek in de kernfysica om zuivere radioactieve ionenbundels te produceren en om de eigenschappen van grond- en iso- mere toestanden te bestuderen. In dit doctoraatswerk worden twee verschillende aspecten van resonante laserionisatie onderzocht: de toepassing van de methode bij het bepalen van magnetische dipoolmomenten en ladingsstralen, en de optimisatie van laser ionenbronnen aan isol faciliteiten. De experimenten werden uitgevoerd aan de lisol opstelling, waar een nieuwe gascelconfiguratie ontwikkeld werd en waar magnetische momenten van neutronarme koperkernen onderzocht werden, en aan de isolde opstelling waar de ladingsstraal van poloniumkernen opgemeten werden. De lisol gascel ionenbron gebruikt resonante laserionisatie om een grotere ef- fici¨entie en selectiviteit te bereiken. Met behulp van een 252Cf spontane fissiebron werd de effici¨entie zonder laserionisatie opgemeten wat resulteerde in een brede sprei- ding gaande van 0.03% voor krypton isotopen tot 74% voor cesium isotopen. Er werd een verband vastgesteld tussen de eerste ionisatiepotentiaal en de opgemeten effici¨entie. Tevens volgden de rubidium en cerium isotopen deze trend niet. Om de selectiviteit van de gascel te verhogen werden twee onderzoeksstrategie¨en uitgewerkt: een eerste maakte gebruik van de scheiding van het volume waarin de reactieproducten gestopt worden van het volume waarin de reactieproducten ge¨ıoniseerd worden. Het eerste volume wordt gebruikt om de reactieproducten te stoppen en te neutraliseren en het tweede om de atomen met behulp van laserlicht resonant te ioniseren . De scheiding tussen de twee ruimtes werd zodanig opgebouwd dat de laatste afgeschermd is van de fotonen en elektronen die door de doorgang van de primaire bundel door de eerste kamer gecre¨eerd worden. Hierdoor wordt de ladingsdichtheid in de ionisatiekamer veel kleiner en kunnen de foto-ionen enerzi- jds langer overleven en kunnen anderzijds elektrische velden aangelegd worden om de ongewenste ionen, de resterende elektronen en foto-elektronen te collecteren. De gascel werd offline getest met isotopen van nikkel en online met rhodium. De collectie van ongewenste ionen en elektronen werkte zoals verwacht. Voor het tweede ontwerp werd de laserionisatie uitgevoerd in de rf-structuur achter de gascel (spig). Ongewenste ionen, die uit de gascel komen, worden door een elektrische potentiaal tussen de gascel en de spig afgestoten. De atomen die samen met het draaggas uit de gascel stromen worden met behulp van het laserlicht ge¨ıoniseerd, vervolgens gevangen in de rf-structuur en getransporteerd naar het versnellersgedeelte van de massaseparator. Deze techniek werd zowel off-line als on- line met succes getest. Omwille van geometrische en technische beperkingen werd de vii viii Samenvatting list mode niet gebruikt om nieuwe bundels van radioactieve kernen aan te maken. Het gebruik van de list mode bracht bovendien aan het licht dat een grote fractie van de radioactieve kernen, die op de spig zijn gevangen, na verval eveneens in de rf-structuur worden gevangen. Dit veroorzaakt een substantieel lagere selectiviteit. Naast de effici¨entie en de selectiviteit werd de lijnbreedte van de atomaire overgan- gen in de gascel en in de supersonische jet onderzocht teneinde in-bron laserspectro- scopische metingen te optimaliseren. Een vergelijkende studie van de eigenschappen van de in-bron laserspectroscopie techniek tussen de gascel, list mode en hoge tem- peratuur ionenbron toonde aan dat, in optimale omstandigheden, de list mode de beste resultaten oplevert. Met behulp van de nieuwe twee-kamer gascel werd een laserspectroscopische studie van neutronarme koperisotopen uitgevoerd. Een nieuwe 57 waarde van µ = +2.582(7) µN voor het magnetische dipoolmoment van Cu werd bekomen. Deze verschilt sterk van de vroeger geraporteerde waarde. De meting werd 68 keer herhaald, telkens gevolgd door een meting op het stabiele isotoop 63Cu om systematische effecten uit te sluiten. 57Cu is ´e´en proton verwijderd van de dubbel- magische N = Z = 28 56Ni kern waardoor het magnetische moment een ideale test vormt voor schillenmodelberekeningen. Ons resultaat wordt goed gereproduceerd door theoretische en fenomenologische berekeningen. Het dipoolmoment van 58Cu werd ook bepaald, µ = +0.479(13) µN , in overeenstemming met wat wordt verwacht voor een πp3/2 νp3/2 configuratie. Als finale conclusie kunnen we stellen dat onze meting aantoont⊗ dat de huidige modellen een behoorlijke beschrijving geven van de kernstructuur in de buurt van de N = Z = 28 gesloten schillenconfiguratie.
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