Elements and the Periodic Table the Teacher’S Guide: Social Skills Teacher Assessment

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Elements and the Periodic Table the Teacher’S Guide: Social Skills Teacher Assessment Elements and the Periodic Table The Teacher’s Guide: Social Skills Teacher Assessment The Teacher’s Guide: Social Skills Teacher Assessment Group # Period Name Activity Name Social Skills Teacher Assessment Name Social Skill First Second Total Visit (5) Visit (5) (10) Total (50) Group # Period Name Activity Name Social Skills Teacher Assessment Name Social Skill First Second Total Visit (5) Visit (5) (10) Total (50) CD-40415 ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers Elements and the Periodic Table The Teacher’s Guide: Social Skills Student Evaluation The Teacher’s Guide: Social Skills Student Evaluation Group # Period Name Activity Name Social Skills Student Evaluation Name Directions: For this activity, write the five social skills stressed by your teacher in the space provided below. Circle the number that best relates to how your group performed on each social skill. Then total your score. Be honest so your teacher can help you become a better group. Points Behaviors 5 Excellent! Your group mastered this skill. 4 Good job! Your group did a good job of following this skill. 3 Average! Your group may not have followed this skill all the time, but it tried. 2 Needs work! It was a rare occasion when this skill was followed. 1 Needs lots of work! Most of the time this skill was not followed. 0 A disaster! Students in your group never followed this skill. 1. 0 1 2 3 4 5 2. 0 1 2 3 4 5 3. 0 1 2 3 4 5 4. 0 1 2 3 4 5 5. 0 1 2 3 4 5 Total Write any comments or concerns that your group has in the space below or on the back of this page. Include comments or concerns about the activity or the social skills. Word the comments in such a way that your teacher can help you overcome any difficulties. CD-40415 ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers Elements and the Periodic Table The Teacher’s Guide: Showcase Portfolio The Teacher’s Guide: Showcase Portfolio Showcase Portfolio Name Unit Date Hour Directions: Pick five completed unit activities that show your best work. Assemble them, using this page as a cover sheet. In the spaces provided below, write the name of the activity and give reasons why this is your best work. Teacher Use Only 1. Name of Activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 Reason you chose this activity 2. Name of Activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 Reason you chose this activity 3. Name of Activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 Reason you chose this activity 4. Name of Activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 Reason you chose this activity 5. Name of Activity 0 1 2 3 4 5 Reason you chose this activity Total (25) CD-40415 ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers 10 Elements and the Periodic Table The Teacher’s Guide: Collective Portfolio The Teacher’s Guide: Collective Portfolio Collective Portfolio Name Unit Date Hour Directions: Gather all of your papers from this unit and assemble them in order by date. Complete this table of contents and staple it to your papers. Table of Contents Page # Title Date 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 1. 1. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Total CD-40415 ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers 11 CD-4041 The Periodic Table of the Elements Elements Elements?: Are What 1: Chapter Table Elements andthePeriodic 1 18 5 ©Mark Twain Media, Inc.,Publishers Twain 5 ©Mark 1 Alkali Metals 2 Alkaline Earth Metals 2 3–12 Transition Elements 13 14 15 16 17 13–16 BCNO Group 17 Halogens 18 Noble Gases 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Chapter 1: What Are Elements?: What AreElements?: Chapter 1: 15 The Periodic Table ofthe Table Periodic The The Periodic Table oftheElements Table The Periodic Elements and the Periodic Table Chapter 1: What Are Elements?: Transparency Master Chapter 1: What Are Elements?: Transparency Master What Are Elements? Elements are pure substances made of only one kind of atom. Atoms are tiny structures found in all matter. Most substances contain many different atoms. Only elements contain just one kind of atom. ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS MIXTURES 1. One kind of atom 1. Two or more kinds of 1. Two or more 2. Pure atoms chemically elements or 3. Separated in bonded compounds nuclear reactions 2. Pure physically together 3. Separated in 2. Not pure chemical reactions 3. Separated in physical reactions Aluminum Gold Water Salt Salad Soda Can Jewelry Hydrogen Sodium Dressing and Oxygen and Chlorine The Periodic Table of the Elements The Periodic Table was first constructed in 16 to organize the elements by their properties. The Periodic Table in this book shows 11 elements. It organizes them by their families, atomic numbers, and many other properties. CD-40415 ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers 17 Elements and the Periodic Table Chapter 2: Uses of Elements: The Uses of the Elements Booklet Chapter 2: Uses of Elements: The Uses of the Elements Booklet Hydrogen (H) Boron (continued) • Hydrogen was used to keep blimps and manned • Boron is used to make control rods in nuclear balloons aloft. reactors. • Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water. • Boron is used for transistors in computers and • Hydrogen is used to make ammonia, fertilizer, calculators. margarine, and rocket fuel. • Isotopes are used in nuclear reactions and Carbon (C) hydrogen bombs. • Many organic compounds are made from carbon. • Many products such as petroleum and perfume are Helium (He) made from carbon. • Helium is used today to fill blimps, manned balloons, • Natural diamonds are made of carbon. toy balloons, and weather balloons. • Graphite is made of carbon. Graphite is used in • Scuba divers use a mixture of oxygen and helium many products, such as pencils and synthetic to breathe. diamonds. • Helium was used to make the first gas lasers. Today • Carbon makes coal, which is used to make heat gas lasers are used in bar code scanners. and electricity in some areas. • Helium is used as a liquid to cool particle • Carbon is combined with oxygen to form carbon accelerators. dioxide. Carbon dioxide is exhaled when we breathe, • Helium is used by astronomers to eliminate space used in photosynthesis, used for carbonation in soft noise on their detectors. drinks, and used to make decaffeinated coffee. • Dry ice is frozen carbon dioxide. It is used to freeze Lithium (Li) many things, such as ice cream. • Lithium combines with aluminum to make a light • Carbon is used to remove pollutants from the air. metal used in aircraft and spaceships. • Carbon is used in some inks, tires, and dry cells. • Lithium is used to make small batteries for cameras, • Carbon combines with nitrogen to make cyanide, calculators, and pacemakers. which is a toxic poison. • Lithium is used to purify air in spacecraft and • Isotopes are used to date rocks and fossils. submarines. • Lithium is used in some soaps. Nitrogen (N) • Lithium is used to manufacture lubrication • Nitrogen makes up 7% of air. grease. • Liquid nitrogen is used to freeze foods and biological • Lithium is used as medication for bipolar disease. specimens. • Isotopes are used to make hydrogen bombs. • Gaseous nitrogen is used to protect electronic materials. Beryllium (Be) • Nitrogen is used to store fruit for long periods of • Beryllium is found naturally in gems. It gives time. Apples stored in nitrogen gas can last 30 emeralds and aquamarines their color. months without rotting. • Beryllium is used to make X-ray tubes. • Nitrogen is used to pump oil from the ground. • Beryllium is used in rocket fuel and explosives. • Nitrogen combines with carbon, hydrogen, and • Isotopes are used for neutron sources in nuclear other elements to make protein. laboratories. • Nitrogen is used in the production of ammonia and fertilizer. Boron (B) • Nitrogen combines with oxygen to form dangerous • Boron is used in water softeners. pollutants. • Boron is used as an eyewash. • Nitrogen is used to make nitrous oxide, a medicine • Boron is used to make heat-resistant glass, such as that serves as a mild anesthetic. Pyrex™, for baking dishes and measuring cups. CD-40415 ©Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers 32 Elements and the Periodic Table Chapter 2: Uses of Elements: The Uses of the Elements Booklet Chapter 2: Uses of Elements: The Uses of the Elements Booklet (cont.) Nitrogen (continued) Sodium (Na) • Nitrogen is used in whipped-cream dispensers. • Sodium is used to transfer heat out of nuclear • Nitrogen is used to make dynamite and other reactors. explosives. • Sodium combines with chlorine to make table • Nitrogen is used to preserve canned food. salt. • Nitrogen is used in air bags in cars. • Sodium is used in drain cleaner and oven cleaner. • Nitrogen is used in the PET scan, which is used in • Sodium is used in several soaps because of its hospitals to detect brain dysfunction, schizophrenia, ability to dissolve grease. and Alzheimer’s disease. • Sodium is used in baking soda. • Sodium is used in medicine to provide relief for Oxygen (O) heartburn. • We use oxygen to breathe. • Sodium is used in highway lights and fog lights • Every cell in the body needs oxygen. because it glows yellow. • Oxygen makes ozone, which protects us from the • Isotopes are used in medicine to trace movement harmful rays of the sun. in the body. • Oxygen combines with hydrogen to make water. • Oxygen combines with just about every element to Magnesium (Mg) make a family of compounds called oxides. • When combined with aluminum, magnesium makes • Oxygen makes hydrogen peroxide, which is used as an alloy that is used in automobile parts, aircraft an industrial and cosmetic bleach and disinfectant.
Recommended publications
  • US 2018/0240561 Al Giraldo Et Al
    US 20180240561A1 (i9) United States (12) Patent Application Publication oo) Pub. No.: US 2018/0240561 Al Giraldo et al. (43) Pub. Date: Aug. 23,2018 (54) DIRECT SYNTHESIS OF RADIOACTIVE Publication Classification NANOPARTICLES INVOLVING NEUTRONS (51) Int. Cl. G21G 1/06 (2006.01) (71) Applicants:Carlos Henry Castano Giraldo, Rolla, G21G 1/12 (2006.01) MO (US); Maria Camila Garcia Toro, B82Y 5/00 (2006.01) Rolla, MO (US); Brian Michael Mills, (52) U.S. Cl. Rolla, MO (US) CPC ...... G21G 1/06 (2013.01); G21G 2001/0094 (2013.01); B82Y5/00 (2013.01); G21G 1/12 (72) Inventors: Carlos Henry Castano Giraldo, Rolla, (2013.01) MO (US); Maria Camila Garcia Toro, Rolla, MO (US); Brian Michael Mills, (57) ABSTRACT Rolla, MO (US) A method to synthesize radioactive nanoparticles includes the production of metallic and multimetallic nanoparticles in a single step by providing an aqueous solution of the metal (73) Assignee: The Curators of the University of precursor, and irradiating the aqueous solution thereby pro­ Missouri, Columbia, MO (US) ducing nanoparticles. The obtained nanoparticles include one or more radioactive isotopes of gold, such as 198Au and 199Au as well as radioisotopes of silver when the obtained (21) Appl. No.: 15/892,520 nanoparticles are bimetallic. The aqueous solution is irradi­ ated in a radiation field that includes neutrons and gamma rays. The radiation field may be provided by a nuclear (22) Filed: Feb. 9, 2018 reactor. The aqueous solution may include silver, and bime­ tallic nanoparticles may be produced. Duration of the irra­ Related U.S. Application Data diation time is selected to control the particle size distribu­ tion of the produced nanoparticles.
    [Show full text]
  • Po and Pb in the Terrestrial Environment
    Current Advances in Environmental Science (CAES) 210Po and 210Pb in the Terrestrial Environment Bertil R.R. Persson Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University S-22185 LUND, Sweden [email protected] Abstract- The natural sources of 210Po and 210Pb in the meat at high northern latitudes. This was, however, of terrestrial environment are from atmospheric deposition, soil natural origin and no evidence of significant contributions and ground water. The uptake of radionuclides from soil to of 210Po from the atomic bomb test was found. The most plant given as the soil transfer factor, varies widely between significant radionuclides in the fallout from the atmospheric various types of crops with an average about ± atomic bomb-test of importance for human exposure were The atmospheric deposition of 210Pb and 210Po also affect the 137Cs and 90Sr [4]. activity concentrations in leafy plants with a deposition th 210 210 transfer factor for Pb is in the order of 0.1-1 (m2.Bq-1) plants During the 1960 century the presence of Pb and and for root fruits it is < 0.003, Corresponding values for 210Po 210Po was extensively studied in human tissues and are about a factor 3 higher. particularly in Arctic food chains [4-20]. The activity concentration ratios between milk and various types of forage for 210Pb were estimated to ± and for In December of 2006, former Russian intelligence 210Po to ±By a daily food intake of 16 kg dry matter operative Alexander Litvinenko died from ingestion of a 210 210 per day the transfer coefficient Fm. for Pb was estimated to few g of Po.
    [Show full text]
  • A 1 Case-PR/ }*Rciofft.;Is Report
    .A 1 case-PR/ }*rciofft.;is Report (a) This eruption site on Mauna Loa Volcano was the main source of the voluminous lavas that flowed two- thirds of the distance to the town of Hilo (20 km). In the interior of the lava fountains, the white-orange color indicates maximum temperatures of about 1120°C; deeper orange in both the fountains and flows reflects decreasing temperatures (<1100°C) at edges and the surface. (b) High winds swept the exposed ridges, and the filter cannister was changed in the shelter of a p^hoehoc (lava) ridge to protect the sample from gas contamination. (c) Because of the high temperatures and acid gases, special clothing and equipment was necessary to protect the eyes. nose, lungs, and skin. Safety features included military flight suits of nonflammable fabric, fuil-face respirators that are equipped with dual acidic gas filters (purple attachments), hard hats, heavy, thick-soled boots, and protective gloves. We used portable radios to keep in touch with the Hawaii Volcano Observatory, where the area's seismic activity was monitored continuously. (d) Spatter activity in the Pu'u O Vent during the January 1984 eruption of Kilauea Volcano. Magma visible in the circular conduit oscillated in a piston-like fashion; spatter was ejected to heights of 1 to 10 m. During this activity, we sampled gases continuously for 5 hours at the west edge. Cover photo: This aerial view of Kilauea Volcano was taken in April 1984 during overflights to collect gas samples from the plume. The bluish portion of the gas plume contained a far higher density of fine-grained scoria (ash).
    [Show full text]
  • Mev for Ne, 166 Mev for 0, and 2 -125 Mev for 12C
    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title ON-LINE SPECTROSCOPY OF NEUTRON-DEFICIENT ACTINIUM ISOTOPES Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8nb5n8f3 Authors Treytl, William J. Hyde, Earl K. Valli, Kalevi. Publication Date 1967-05-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UCRL-17405 ~f*J- University of California Ernest O. Lawrence Radiation Laboratory ON -LINE a SPECTROSCOPY OF NEUTRON -DEFICIENT ACTINIUM ISOTOPES William J. Treytl, Earl K. Hyde, and Kalevi Valli May 1967 REC lVED U\WP..rNU c::. Ri~D!~'!'nN ll':BC:tA'f()RY ~ ~,- TWO-WEEK LOAN COpy ~ ,-I This is a library Circul atin9 Copy tI ~ which may be borrowed for two weeks. ,.c::. For a personal retention copy, call l-f' 0 Tech. 'nfo. Dioision, Ext. 5545 \Il DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor the Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or the Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof or the Regents of the University of California.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2008/0232532 A1 Larsen Et Al
    US 20080232532A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2008/0232532 A1 Larsen et al. (43) Pub. Date: Sep. 25, 2008 (54) APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR Related U.S. Application Data GENERATION OF ULTRA LOW MOMENTUM NEUTRONS (60) Provisional application No. 60/676,264, filed on Apr. 29, 2005. Provisional application No. 60/715,622, filed on Sep. 9, 2005. (76) Inventors: Lewis G. Larsen, Chicago, IL (US); Alan Widom, Brighton, MA (US) Publication Classification (51) Int. Cl. Correspondence Address: H05H 3/06 (2006.01) COOK, ALEX, MCFARRON, MANZO, (52) U.S. Cl. .............................................................. 376/108 CUMMINGS & MEHLER LTD (57) ABSTRACT SUTE 28SO Method and apparatus for generating ultra low momentum 2OO WESTADAMS STREET neutrons (ULMNS) using Surface plasmon polariton elec CHICAGO, IL 60606 (US) trons, hydrogen isotopes, Surfaces of metallic Substrates, col Appl. No.: 11/912,793 lective many-body effects, and weak interactions in a con (21) trolled manner. The ULMNs can be used to trigger nuclear PCT Filed: Apr. 28, 2006 transmutation reactions and produce heat. One aspect of the (22) present invention effectively provides a “transducer mecha (86) PCT NO.: PCT/US06/16379 nism that permits controllable two-way transfers of energy back-and-forth between chemical and nuclear realms in a S371(c)(1), Small-scale, low-energy, Scalable condensed matter system at (2), (4) Date: Oct. 26, 2007 comparatively modest temperatures and pressures. 1222222 Patent Application Publication Sep. 25, 2008 Sheet 1 of 8 US 2008/0232532 A1 Patent Application Publication Sep. 25, 2008 Sheet 3 of 8 US 2008/0232532 A1 & N.
    [Show full text]
  • 10.ISCA-IRJEVS-2015-274.Pdf
    International Research Journal of Environment Sciences _____________________________ ___E-ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 5(4), 67-69, April (2016) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. Review Paper Identification and Assessment of Emerging Threats from Radio Nuclides in Drinking Water Brajesh K. Shrivastava Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India, New Delhi, India [email protected] Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 26th December 2015, revised 7th February 2016, accepted 4th March 201 6 Abstract The Research paper undertakes theoretical review of the characteristics of few radio nuclides in aqeous system. These radio nuclides have been identified due to their potential health effects and widespread concern. The radio nuclides are: Uranium, Tritium, Cesium-137, Radon, Strontium-90, Radium, Iodine -131, Technetium and Polonium-210. Keywords : Radio nuclides, Radiation, Ionization, Reverse Osmosi s. Introduction (WHO) recommends a guideline value of maximum permissible limit of 15 µg/L for uranium in drinking water while USEPA Radioactive isotopes released from nuclear power plants/ has a maximum limit of 30 µg/L. At high exposure levels, nuclear testing /medical facilities may wind up in drinking water uranium is believed to cause bone cancer and other type of 1 sources and thereby can pose risk for human life . Radiation cancers in humans. Uranium is also toxic to the kidneys 2. exposure may results from ionizing (alpha and beta particles, En riched uranium exposure alters the spatial working memory gamma rays or X-rays) or non-ionizing materials. Radiation of capacities of rats when these rats are exposed for 9 months to radioactive materials is measured either in curie (US system) or drinking water contaminated with enriched Uranium at a dose of in Becquerel (SI unit) and the risk of radiation exposure to 40 mg/L 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5 PROPERTIES of IRRADIATED LBE and Pb*
    Chapter 5 PROPERTIES OF IRRADIATED LBE AND Pb* 5.1 Introduction Lead and LBE possess favourable properties as both a spallation neutron target material and as a coolant for ADS and reactor systems. For ADS applications, these properties include: 1) a high yield of about 28 n for LBE and 24 n for Pb per 1 GeV proton; 2) both melts have an extremely small neutron absorption cross-section; (3) a small scattering cross-section [Gudowski, 2000]. As a coolant, lead and LBE possess: 1) high boiling points; 2) high heat capacities; (3) inert behaviour with respect to reaction with water. For safe operation and post-irradiation handling of LBE and Pb it is necessary to know the nuclides generated during irradiation. Some of these nuclides are volatile, hazardous and rather long-lived. Their behaviour within the system is strongly influenced by the environment including the oxygen content and temperature. If volatiles are produced, their release rates under specific conditions must be evaluated. The release of volatiles may be prevented by the application of a suitable absorber. Protons of 600 MeV energy induce spallation reactions in heavy materials such as Pb and Bi. These reactions generate direct spallation products, consisting of nuclei with masses close to that of the target nuclei. At the high energies involved multiple inelastic reactions are possible. Therefore, one must expect a large number of isotopes as products. For instance, reactions on Pb generate Hg isotopes roughly from 180Hg to 206Hg. Similarly, reactions of protons on Bi generate Po isotopes up to 209Po. 210Po is generated by neutron capture on 209Bi, and subsequent E decay of the compound nucleus 210Bi.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovery of Samarium, Europium, Gadolinium, and Terbium Isotopes
    Discovery of Samarium, Europium, Gadolinium, and Terbium Isotopes E. May, M. Thoennessen∗ National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Abstract Currently, thirty-four samarium, thirty-four europium, thirty-one gadolinium, and thirty-one terbium isotopes have been observed and the discovery of these isotopes is discussed here. For each isotope a brief synopsis of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented. arXiv:1201.4159v1 [nucl-ex] 19 Jan 2012 ∗Corresponding author. Email address: [email protected] (M. Thoennessen) Preprint submitted to Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables October 21, 2018 Contents 1. Introduction . 2 2. Discovery of 129−162Sm ................................................................................. 3 3. Discovery of 130−165Eu.................................................................................. 10 4. Discovery of 135−166Gd ................................................................................. 18 5. Discovery of 135−168Tb ................................................................................. 26 6. Summary ............................................................................................. 34 References . 34 Explanation of Tables . 41 7. Table 1. Discovery of samarium, europium, gadolinium, and terbium isotopes . 41 Table 1. Discovery of samarium, europium, gadolinium, and terbium isotopes. See page 41 for Explanation
    [Show full text]
  • Neutron Capture Measurements and Resonance Parameters of Gadolinium
    NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: 180, 86–116 (2015) Neutron Capture Measurements and Resonance Parameters of Gadolinium Y.-R. Kang and M. W. Lee Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Research Center Busan 619-953, Korea G. N. Kim* Kyungpook National University, Department of Physics Daegu 702-701, Korea T.-I. Ro Dong-A University, Department of Physics Busan 604-714, Korea Y. Danon and D. Williams Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering Troy, New York 12180-3590 and G. Leinweber, R. C. Block, D. P. Barry, and M. J. Rapp Bechtel Marine Propulsion Corporation, Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory P.O. Box 1072, Schenectady, New York 12301 Received June 6, 2014 Accepted July 15, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/NSE14-80 Abstract – Neutron capture measurements were performed with the time-of-flight method at the Gaerttner LINAC Center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) using isotopically enriched gadolinium (Gd) samples (155Gd, 156Gd, 157Gd, 158Gd, and 160Gd). The neutron capture measurements were made at the 25-m flight station with a 16-segment sodium iodide multiplicity detector. After the data were collected and reduced to capture yields, resonance parameters were obtained by a combined fitting of the neutron capture data for five enriched Gd isotopes and one natural Gd sample using the multilevel R-matrix Bayesian code SAMMY. A table of resonance parameters and their uncertainties is presented. We observed 2, 169, 96, and 1 new resonances in 154Gd, 155Gd, 157Gd, and 158Gd isotopes, respectively. Resonances in the ENDF/B-VII.0 evaluation that were not observed in the current experiment and could not be traced to a literature reference were removed.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovery of the Thallium, Lead, Bismuth, and Polonium Isotopes
    Discovery of the thallium, lead, bismuth, and polonium isotopes C. Fry, M. Thoennessen∗ National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Abstract Currently, forty-two thallium, forty-two lead, forty-one bismuth, and forty-two polonium isotopes have so far been observed; the discovery of these isotopes is discussed. For each isotope a brief summary of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented. ∗Corresponding author. Email address: [email protected] (M. Thoennessen) Preprint submitted to Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables October 6, 2011 Contents 1. Introduction . 2 2. 176−217Tl ............................................................................................. 3 3. 179−220Pb............................................................................................. 14 4. 184−224Bi ............................................................................................. 22 5. 186−227Po ............................................................................................. 31 6. Summary ............................................................................................. 39 References . 39 Explanation of Tables . 47 7. Table 1. Discovery of thallium, lead, bismuth, and polonium isotopes . 47 Table 1. Discovery of thallium, lead, bismuth, and polonium. See page 47 for Explanation of Tables . 48 1. Introduction The discovery of thallium, lead, bismuth, and polonium
    [Show full text]
  • Rf.:· ISOTOPES-INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY TID-4500 (19Th ED] DO NOT REMOVE from THIS FILE '
    REPORT NUMBER BUREAU OF HECLAMATTG~ ·.~. :,·: ,; HYDRAULIC LABORA'l'ORY Rf.:· ISOTOPES-INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY TID-4500 (19th ED] DO NOT REMOVE FROM THIS FILE '. lWa$([M]£OO@rn ~ rn£$l!!JOOrn~ rn[rolf lW$a[ro@ OO£lWa@a$@1r@rPrn$ a[ro [M]a@[M] [M]rn£lW 1r l!!J oo ~ a[ro rn $ £ [ro @ rP l!!J ~ rP $ .,, .. ., .............. "-0:.. ... , ... - Prepared by Bureau of Reclamation for Division of Isotopes Development United States Atomic Energy Commission Covering Work for Fiscal Year 1966 , September 30, 1966 PRINTED IN U.S.A. PRICE AVAILABLE FROM THE OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. WASHINGTON, D .C. 20201 I' LEGAL NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of Government sponsored work. Neither the United States, nor the Commission, nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission: A. Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained in this report, or that the use of any informa­ tion, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may " not infringe privately owned rights; or B. Assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of any information, apparatus, method, . or process disclosed in this report. As used in the above, "person acting on behalf of the Commission" includes any employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor, to the extent that such employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor prepares, dissemi­ nates, or provides access to, any information pursuant to his employ­ ment or contract with the Commission, or his employment with such contractor.
    [Show full text]
  • P4 ATOMIC STRUCTURE Question Practice Class: ______Date: ______
    Name: ________________________ P4 ATOMIC STRUCTURE Question Practice Class: ________________________ Date: ________________________ Time: 132 minutes Marks: 129 marks Comments: HIGHER TIER Page 1 of 44 (a) The graph shows how the count rate from a sample containing the radioactive substance 1 cobalt-60 changes with time. (i) What is the range of the count rate shown on the graph? From __________ counts per second to __________ counts per second. (1) (ii) How many years does it take for the count rate to fall from 200 counts per second to 100 counts per second? Time = _________________________ years (1) (iii) What is the half-life of cobalt-60? Half-life = _________________________ years (1) Page 2 of 44 (b) The gamma radiation emitted from a source of cobalt-60 can be used to kill the bacteria on fresh, cooked and frozen foods. Killing the bacteria reduces the risk of food poisoning. The diagram shows how a conveyor belt can be used to move food past a cobalt-60 source. (i) Which one of the following gives a way of increasing the amount of gamma radiation the food receives? Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer. Increase the temperature of the cobalt-60 source. Make the conveyor belt move more slowly. Move the cobalt-60 source away from the conveyor belt. (1) (ii) To protect people from the harmful effects of the gamma radiation, the cobalt-60 source has thick metal shielding. Which one of the following metals should be used? Draw a ring around your answer. aluminium copper lead (1) Page 3 of 44 (c) A scientist has compared the vitamin content of food exposed to gamma radiation with food that has not been exposed.
    [Show full text]