Hydrogeochemical Analysis for Tasuj Plain Aquifer, Iran
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Hydrogeochemical analysis for Tasuj plain aquifer, Iran AtaAllahNadiri1,2, Asghar Asghari Moghaddam1,∗, Frank T-C Tsai2 and Elham Fijani1,2 1Department of Geology, University of Tabriz, 29 Bahman Boulevard, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran. 2Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3418G Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. ∗Corresponding author. e-mail: [email protected] This study investigated the hydrogeochemical processes of groundwater in the Tasuj plain, Iran. The Tasuj plain is one of the 12 marginal plains around Urmia Lake which is currently under a critical ecolog- ical condition. In the last decades, the Tasuj plain aquifer suffered from severe groundwater level declina- tion and caused degradation of groundwater quality. To better understand hydrogeochemical processes in the Tasuj plain, this study adopted graphical methods and multivariate statistical techniques to ana- lyze groundwater samples. A total of 504 groundwater samples was obtained from 34 different locations (qanats, wells, and springs) over 12 years (1997–2009) and analyzed for 15 water quality parameters. From the results, the Piper diagram indicated four groundwater types and the Stiff diagram showed eight different sources of groundwater samples. The Durov diagram identified five major hydrogeochemical processes in the aquifer. However, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) identified five water types in the groundwater samples because HCA was able to analyze more chemical and physical data than graphical methods. The HCA result was checked by discriminant analysis and found consistency in all samples that were classified into correct groups. Using factor analysis, we identified three factors that accounted for 81.6% of the total variance of the dataset. Based on the high factor loadings of the variables, factors 1 and 2 reflected the natural hydrogeochemical processes and factor 3 explained the effect of agricul- tural fertilizers and human activities in the Tasuj plain. Dendrograms from 2000 to 2009 were studied to understand the temporal variation of groundwater quality. Comparing the distributions of ground- water types in 2000 and 2009, we found that the mixing zone was expanded. This may be due to artificial groundwater recharge in the recharge area and the effect of inverse ion exchange in the discharge area. 1. Introduction has considerably declined due to large groundwa- ter withdrawals. The continuation of groundwater Groundwater is a vital water resource to the arid level declination at its current rate could cause des- and semi-arid areas in Iran. Recent increases in iccation of Urmia Lake and an ecosystem disas- agricultural activities in Iran have caused ground- ter to its surrounding area. Therefore, groundwater water to become the main water source for agricul- quality monitoring and protection are essential to ture, industry and public uses. This study focuses sustain the Tasuj plain aquifer. For this purpose, on the Tasuj plain aquifer, one of the endangered a fundamental understanding of hydrogeochemi- aquifers around Urmia Lake (the third largest cal processes and hydrogeological conditions for an saline lake in the world), where groundwater level aquifer system is important (Adams et al. 2001; Keywords. Graphical method; hydrogeochemistry; multivariate statistics analysis; Tasuj plain aquifer. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 122, No. 4, August 2013, pp. 1091–1105 c Indian Academy of Sciences 1091 1092 Ata Allah Nadiri et al. Khazaei et al. 2006; Al-Shaibani 2008; Asghari used to determine the variables, which discrimi- Moghaddam and Fijani 2008; Hossain et al. 2010). nate two or more naturally occurring groups. This Hydrogeochemical processes are influenced by method can verify if the groups are classified cor- many factors, such as geogenic factors (i.e., rock– rectly by cluster analysis (Lambrakis et al. 2004; water interaction) and anthropogenic activities Singh et al. 2004). In summary, multivariate sta- (i.e., agricultural, industrial and domestic activi- tistical methods have several advantages. They can ties). Recent research showed the importance of correlate chemical and nonchemical data, incorpo- investigating the impacts of various factors on rate more chemical and physical variables (e.g., hydrogeochemistry (Chae et al. 2004; Dragon 2006; EC, pH and temperature), and identify relation- Cloutier et al. 2008). In this study, we adopt graph- ships between variables and samples (Matalas and ical and multivariate statistical methods to better Reiher 1967; Dalton and Upchurch 1978). understand the hydrogeochemical processes in the In order to better understand the Tasuj plain Tasuj plain aquifer. aquifer, in this study we conduct hydrogeolog- Graphical methods (e.g., Piper diagram, Durov ical and hydrogeochemical investigations on the diagram, Stiff diagram, etc.) are commonly used groundwater data obtained from the Tasuj plain to interpret hydrogeochemical processes (Piper aquifer using graphical methods and multivariate 1944;Durov1948; Stiff 1951; Lloyd 1965;Hem statistical methods. The objectives of the study 1986; Hounslow 1995; Schwartz and Zhang 2003). are: Piper diagrams can be used to deduce groundwa- • ter types (Asghari Moghaddam and Fijani 2009). to investigate the aquifer hydrogeological and geophysical conditions, An expanded Durov diagram (Lloyd and Heathcote • 1985) improves the Piper diagram by providing to identify types and origins of groundwater a better display of different types of water as resources, • to identify major hydrogeochemical processes, well as important hydrochemical processes, such • as ion exchange, simple dissolution and mixing of to identify hydrochemical factors that have influ- ence on groundwater quality, and waters of different qualities (Singhal and Gupta • 1999). A Stiff diagram compares analytical data in to identify groundwater type variation through pairs and infers types of source rocks (Stiff 1951; the time. Hounslow 1995). Although the graphical methods are commonly used to interpret hydrogeochemical processes, they have several limitations as they 2. Study area cannot be used to analyze neutral chemical species − (e.g., SiO2 and NO3 ) and nonchemical data (e.g., The Tasuj basin shown in figure 1 is located about temperature) (Voudouris et al. 1997). 100 km northwest of the city of Tabriz, in the Multivariate statistical methods (e.g., factor northwest region of Iran. The basin is a subbasin analysis (FA), hierarchical clustering analysis of the Urmia Lake basin. The Tasuj basin is about (HCA) and discriminant analysis (DA)) are able 559.32 km2. This includes 302.67 km2 of the Tasuj to complement the limitations of the graphical plain and 256.65 km2 of Mishu Mountain. The methods for hydrogeochemical process interpreta- study area is surrounded by Urmia Lake (south), tion (Johnson and Wichern 1992; Reghunath et al. Mishu Mountain (north), Salmas Plain (west) and 2002;Singhet al. 2004;Chenet al. 2007; Cloutier Shabestar Plain (east). The study area contains the et al. 2008). Multivariate statistical analysis is able city of Tasuj and 15 other villages. Agriculture is to explain the correlation among a large number of the main economic activity in the area. variables and reduce the number of variables into The highest elevation of the Tasuj basin is a small number of factors without loss of essen- 3133 m above mean sea level (amsl) at the peak tial information (Jackson 1991). Laaksoharju et al. of Alamdar Mountain and the lowest elevation (1999) adopted multivariate statistical analysis to is 1274 m amsl near Urmia Lake. Based on de simplify and organize a large number of variables to Martonne (1925) and Emberger (1930), the pre- gain meaningful insights. In multivariate statisti- vailing climate in the Tasuj plain is semiarid-cold. cal methods, factor analysis was frequently used to Average annual precipitation is about 232.7 mm investigate hydrogeochemical origins (Voudouris (Tasuj climatological station, 2000–2009) (Research et al. 2000; Lambrakis et al. 2004). Factor analy- Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of sis was also applied for investigating groundwater East Azerbaijan Province 2010). The highest and contamination (Grande et al. 1996; Dragon 2006; lowest precipitation occurs in the spring and sum- Jiang et al. 2009). Clustering analysis was used as a mer seasons, respectively. The mean daily temper- classification technique for hydrogeochemical type ature at the Tasuj climatological station (1411 m investigation and the interpretation of their origin amsl) varies from –11.33◦C (in January) to 33◦C (Cloutier et al. 2008). Discriminant analysis was (in August). The annual temperature average is Hydrogeochemical analysis for Tasuj plain aquifer, Iran 1093 Figure 1. The study area and locations of sampling sites and piezometers. 14◦C. In general, average monthly relative humid- map is shown in figure 2. Precambrian formations ity at the Tasuj climatological station is fairly high include metamorphic complex and Kahar forma- ranging from 54% (in July) to 68% (in March). tion which are located in Mishu Mountain, north- In the Tasuj basin, only a few seasonal rivers west of the basin. The Kahar formation is mainly originate from Mishu Mountain. These seasonal composed of shale, shale-sandstone and sandstone, rivers can flood the Tasuj plain in the wet season. which were slightly metamorphosed and changed The seasonal rivers are the Amestejan, Angoshte- to slate, quartzic slate and rarely phyllite. Pale- jan, Almas, Chehregan, Tiran, Cheshmekonan,