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Sir John Jordan and the Affairs of China, 1906 - 1916, with Special Reference to the 1911 Revolution and Ytian

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Sir John Jordan and the Affairs of China, 1906 - 1916, with Special Reference to the 1911 Revolution and Ytian Sir John Jordan and the Affairs of China, 1906 - 1916, with Special Reference to the 1911 Revolution and Ytian Shih-k1ai. submitted for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The University of London by Lau Kit-ching 1968 ProQuest Number: 11010596 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010596 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 Abstract Apart from several journalistic articles there is no major work on Sir John Jordan who was the British minister to Peking from 1906 to 1920. This can probably be explained by the fifty years1 rule which had until recently prevented the opening to the public of Foreign Office materials pertaining to the later years of Jordan1s service. This thesis is a study of his work as British minister in Peking between 1906 and 1916. However, as the title indicates, not every aspect of Jordan1s ministry nor every major event in China in these ten years is dealt with in the thesis. The emphasis is on those which have a direct bearing on his role in the 1911 revolution and his relationship with Yiian Shih-k*ai. This also accounts for choosing 1916, when Yilan died, as the closing year of the study. Jordan*s ministry between 1906 and 1916 is worthy of study in that it throws light on a vital period of Chinese internal history which was crammed with dramatic changes. Institutionally, China changed from being a dynasty to a republic and then almost to a dynasty again; militarily, she suffered from three civil wars; and politically, she was to reap from these ten years decades of internal chaos and strife which was only brought to a temporary end with the institution of the communist regime in the middle of the century. Jordan, as the British representative, as a senior diplomat with great knowledge of China and as a friend of Ytfan Shih-k*ai, played an important part in these events. The primary purpose of the thesis is to identify and assess his role. 3 It is also hoped that the thesis will throw light on British policy towards China and, to a lesser extent, Japan during these years. In this respect, it is important to bear in mind that it was during this period that Britain1 s predominance in China, and the Far East, was for the first time being seriously challenged. Finally, Jordan himself is an interesting person to study. His activities during these ten years serve as a case study of the place of personal influence in policy-making in the peculiar political and international setting of the time. 4 Contents Abstract Contents Photograph of Sir John Jordan List of Abbreviations Pa? e $ Introduction - - .. - ------- - ® Chapter One - Chinese Politics 1906 - 1911,........ .... Chapter Two - Policy of Neutrality in the 1911 Revolution .. Chapter Three - Mediation ......... ........... Chapter Four - Yuan Shih-kJai's Rise to the Presidency__ Chapter Five - The Reorganisation Loan.. 2°^ Chapter Six - YUan Shih-k'ai's Autocracy.................. Chapter Seven - The Monarchical Movement, ........ , .... _ .2 Conclusion.. ....................................... ........ Glossary - List of British Officials Whose Names Appear More Than Three Times in the Thesis. Bibliography 5 HIS EXCELLELNCY SIR JOHN N. JORDAN. K.C.M.G. i British M inister at Peking > This photograph is taken from A. Wright, Twentieth Century Impresssions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaity Ports of China (Lonidon etc., 1908) 6 Abbreviations CCL Pao Tsun-p’eng etc., (ed,), Chung-kuo chin-tai-shih lun-t6Tung, Taipei, 1960 - CCS ts’ung-k’an Shen Yun-lung (ed.), Chin-tai Chung-kuo shih-liao ts’ung- k ’an, Taipei, 1966. CH ts’ung k f an Wu Hsiang-hsiang, (ed.) , Chung-kuo hsien-tai-shih ts’ung-k1 an, Taipei, 1960 - Ch. Conf. Print Foreign Office Confidential Print, China. (F.O. 405). Ch. Corres. Foreign Office General Correspondence, Political, China, before 1906 (F.O. 17), after 1906 (F.O, 371). Ch. Emb. Arch. Foreign Office Embassy and Consular Archives, China • (F.O. 228) or (F.O. 671) or (F.O. 233). The reference number will be inserted when a volume is mentioned for the first time. Cheng-chf ih shih Li Chien-nung, Chung-kuo chin-pai-nien cheng-ch’ih shih, Shanghai, 1948. China Consortiums F. V. Field, American Participation in the China Consortiums, Chicago, 1931. HHKM Chung-kuo shih-hslieh-hui, Hsin-hai ko-ming, Shanghai, 1957 Japan Corres. Foreign Office General Correspondence, Political, Japan, after 1906 (F.O. 371). KMWH Lo Chia-lun (ed.), Rooming wen-hsien, Taipei, 1953 - Liang, hien-pfu Ts’en Hsueh-lii, San-shui Liang Yen-sun Hsien-sheng nien-pTu, in CHS tsTung-shu. NGB Nihon Gaimusho, Nihon Gaiko Bunsho [“Documents on Japan’s diplomacyl . 7 NCH The Not th China Her gild and Supreme Cour t and Consular Gazette. PRCCC Papers prepared for the Research Conference on Contemporary China, with exclusive reference to the 1911 Revolution, New Hampshire, Aug., 1965. Recent Events J.O.P. Bland, Recent Events and Present Policies in China, London, 1912. Shih-hua Tfao Chu-yin, Pei-yang chiin-fa t'ung-ch1 ih shih-chih shih-hua, Peking, 1957 - 1961. Shih-kao Tsou Lu, Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang shih-kao, Commercial Press, 1941. Tsu\-c1r)in san- sbi k - h/en len - nung 9 Tsul-d'Mh kuo c t i e h g - S1h3.n , I 9 30, t 8 Introduction Sir John Newell Jordan'*' was born at Balloo, Ireland, on 5 September 1852. It was alleged that he owed his sense of justice and conscientiousness to both his Irish origin and strict Presbyterian upbringing. His career of forty-four years was exclusively made in the Far East, his highest position being British minister in Peking, 1906-20. Five and a half years after he retired from China he died in London on 14 September 1925. Jordan^ Career Unlike many, Jordan entered the China Consular Service as a 2 student interpreter in 1876 with an excellent university degree , His academic aptitude accounted much for the success he made of the Chinese language and the concise and interesting way with which he wrote official despatches. Between 1881 and 1886 Jordan was pro-consul at Canton, acting consul at Kiungchou and Amoy respectively. These were the only years which Jordan spent in southern China where the anti-dynastic revolu­ tionary movement gradually gathered strength. The period was valuable to Jordan in giving him first-hand experience of the sentiment of the southern Chinese, something which became particularly useful during the crisis of the 1911 revolution. In 1886 Jordan was transferred to Peking where he at first discharged the duties of accountant to the legation. He soon proved his mettle and was promoted to assistant Chinese secretary in 1887, 1. The biography of Jordan given here is based on D.H. Hosie, "Jordan, Sir John Newell", Dictionary of National Biography, supp. 1922-30, (Oxford Univ. Press 1937) pp. 461-^5 Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book for 1920 9 and full Chinese secretary in 1891. His seryice as Chinese secretary especially won the high approval of 0’Conor , then British minister . 3 . m Peking . The ten years, until 1895, in the legation were beneficial in two ways. In the course of the period it was inevitable that Jordan should become familiar with Chinese politics at the highest level. It also meant complete mastery over the Chinese language on 4 Jordan’s part . In 1896 Jordan went to Korea as the consul-general at Seoul. He became charge d ’affaires in 1898 and minister resident in 1901. He left in late 1905 s1>c rtlj before the legation was withdrawn on Japan establishing a protectorate over Korea. Despite his feeling that between 1896 and 1906 he was "only a distant observer of events in China"^, Jordan’s Korean days had an indelible effect on his later service in China. He was frequently apprehensive that China would follow the tragic steps of Korea. References to Korea were made most frequently during World War I when China’s sovereignty was severely 6 threatened by Japan. p.408; and the obituary notes in The Times, 15 Sept. and NCH, 19 Sept. 1925, except where stated otherwise. 2. He obtained a -first Class B.A. honours degree in Classics in 1873 at Queen’s College, Belfast. 3. N.R. 0’Conor to Sanderson, 4 Feb. 1895, in which 0’Conor describes Jordan as "our excellent Chinese secy."; also 0’Conor to Marquis of Salisbury, 10 Oct. 1895, Ch. Corres., (F.O.17), vols. 1246 and 1245 respectively. 4. For a brief description of the duties of the first secretary, see L. Mar chant, Anglo-Chinese Relations in the Provinces of the West River and the Yangtze River Basins 1889 - 1900 (London M.A. thesis^ 1965) p.64. The duties included daily visits to the Wai-wu Pu and being the language expert of the legation. 5. Jordan, "Some Chinese I have known", Nineteenth Century, vol. 88 (Dec. 1920) p.947. 10 From 1906 to 1920 Jordan was again back in Peking, this time as the British representative there.
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