The Golden Girls

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The Golden Girls DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Once, in St. Olaf“ Darstellung von Skandinavierinnen zwischen Stereotyp und Imagination in der Fernsehserie The Golden Girls verfasst von Mag. Geraldine Smetazko angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2015 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 317 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Diplomstudium Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft Betreut von: Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber, Privatdoz. DANKESWORTE Man sagt, dass es beim zweiten Mal einfacher ist. In vielerlei Hinsicht wird man routinierter, das stimmt wohl. Man weiß, wo man suchen muss, findet schneller, sortiert besser, liest selektiver. Mittlerweile hat man ja auch ein System für Zitate, schreiben tut sich die Arbeit wie von selbst. Formatierungsprobleme bringen einen nicht mehr dazu, aufgebracht zu schreien und kreativ zu fluchen. Mit dem optimierten Zeit- und Arbeitsplan geht sich ohnehin immer alles perfekt aus, Stress gibt es nicht. Aber ohne die Unterstützung einer Handvoll guter Menschen wäre man trotzdem verloren. Meiner wundervollen Mutter Silvia Smetazko gebührt hier der höchste Dank – für jede erdenkliche Art von Hilfe auf meinem gesamten Bildungsweg. Auch der Rest meiner Familie, insbesondere Stefanie Jelinek, Julia Konhefer und Martin Humburger, hat mich tatkräftig unterstützt und mir vor allem Zerstreuung geboten, was kein unwesentlicher Faktor für produktives Denken und Arbeiten ist. Meinem engsten Freund, Thomas Lintz, Dank für Gehör. Robert Wolf ein Dank für Ermutigung, Fachgespräche und Distraktion. Dank auch meinem Mitstreiter Johannes Matzinger – es ist eine Ehre, sich mit ihm zu messen. Thomas Heinschink hat mich mit einer Vielzahl an Botenfahrten und zeitlicher und räumlicher Großzügigkeit besonders unterstützt. Zuletzt möchte ich mich sehr herzlich bei meinem Betreuer Claus Tieber bedanken, der stets rasch und unkompliziert für jedes Anliegen zu sprechen war, sich sehr gut um seine Diplomanden kümmert und sich für seine Studenten einsetzt. III IV INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. Einleitung .................................................................................................................. 1 2. Stereotypie und Medium ....................................................................................... 3 2.1 Grundzüge des Stereotyps ............................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Stereotyp und Ethnie ........................................................................ 6 2.2 Stereotype und Fernsehen ............................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Fernsehen als Sozialisationsmedium .............................................. 11 2.2.2 Stereotypisierung durch das Fernsehen .......................................... 12 2.2.3 Produktions- und Rezeptionseinflüsse ........................................... 14 2.3 Stereotype der formalen Ebene audiovisueller Darstellung ......................... 18 2.3.1 Figur ............................................................................................... 18 2.3.2 Fernsehserie .................................................................................... 20 2.3.3 Sitcom ............................................................................................ 23 3. Mediale Darstellung von Skandinavierinnen nach 1945 ............................. 27 3.1 Gesellschaftspolitischer Hintergrund in Schweden ...................................... 27 3.2 Der Beitrag der schwedischen Filmindustrie ............................................... 28 3.3 Ausländische Aneignung des Schwedenfilms ................................................ 31 3.4 Popkulturelle Nutzung des Schwedinnen-Stereotyps .................................... 33 4. Rose Nylund in The Golden Girls ..................................................................... 36 4.1 Figurenkonstellation ..................................................................................... 36 4.2 The Golden Girls und Ethnie ........................................................................ 41 4.2.1 Skandinavien: Region vs. Nation ................................................... 45 4.3 Herkunft ........................................................................................................ 48 4.3.1 Exkurs: Skandinavische Emigration in die USA ........................... 48 4.3.2 St. Olaf, Minnesota ........................................................................ 52 V 4.4 Materielles und immaterielles skandinavisches Kulturgut............................ 56 4.4.1 Sprache ........................................................................................... 56 4.4.2 Kulinarisches .................................................................................. 59 4.4.3 Feste/ Bräuche/ Traditionen ............................................................ 61 4.5 Visuelle Eigenheiten ...................................................................................... 64 4.5.1 Blondheit ........................................................................................ 64 4.5.2 Busen .............................................................................................. 65 4.5.3 Kostüm. ........................................................................................... 68 4.6 Charakterliche Eigenheiten ........................................................................... 70 4.6.1 Dummheit/ Naivität ........................................................................ 70 4.6.2 Freundlichkeit ................................................................................. 73 4.6.3 Sexuelle Aktivität/ Promiskuität ..................................................... 75 4.6.4 Naturverbundenheit/ Tierliebe ........................................................ 79 4.6.5 Wetteifer ......................................................................................... 80 5. Résumé ..................................................................................................................... 82 BIBLIOGRAFIE ............................................................................................................... 83 EPHEMERE QUELLEN .................................................................................................. 90 FILMOGRAFIE ................................................................................................................ 91 ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS ........................................................................................ 96 ANHANG ........................................................................................................................ 98 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ 98 LEBENSLAUF ........................................................................................................ 99 VI 1. Einleitung Vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der Darstellung von Skandinavierinnen in populären US-amerikanischen TV-Formaten. Anhand der Serie The Golden Girls (1985-1992) wird untersucht, wie diese sich zwischen bekannten Stereotypen und neuer, kreativer Schöpfung bewegt. Hierzu wird zunächst der Begriff des Stereotyps definiert, um in weiterer Folge mit ihm operieren zu können. Insbesondere die Aneignung und Verbreitung von Stereotypen über und durch das Fernsehen wird hier in den Mittelpunkt gestellt. Doch nicht nur theoretisch, auch auf der formalen Ebene wird stereotypen Erscheinungsformen nachgegangen, da im Fall von The Golden Girls die Form den Inhalt mitbestimmt. Hier wird auf Konventionen des Genres Sitcom und des Formates Serie fokussiert. Damit wird auch der formale Rahmen diskutiert, in dem die Figur emergiert, deren Betrachtung zentraler Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist. Um die geläufigste Darstellungsform und Attribuierung auszumachen, wird in einem historischen Abriss die mediale Repräsentation von Skandinavierinnen nach 1945 abgehandelt. Hier liegt der Schwerpunkt auf Schweden und dem Schwedenfilm, die als Produktionsland und gefragte Exportware das Stereotyp der Schwedischen Sünde, der blonden, großbusigen, dümmlichen und promiskuitiven Schwedin, prägten. Auch der Übergang vom Autostereotyp zum Heterostereotyp wird in diesem Zusammenhang Thema. Da es sich bei The Golden Girls um ein amerikanisches Produkt handelt, gilt es, auch die Präsenz von Skandinaviern und deren Wahrnehmung in den USA bei der Untersuchung der Darstellung skandinavischer Figuren mit einzubeziehen. Der vorgestellte Prototyp der Schwedin wird in der Analyse in Bezug auf visuelle und charakterliche Stereotype als Maßstab eingesetzt. Mit dieser Methode soll durch die gebotene Vergleichsmöglichkeit festgestellt werden, inwieweit sich die Darstellung von Skandinavierinnen in The Golden Girls aus dem Stereotyp zusammensetzt bzw. in welchem Maße sie sich davon abgrenzt oder sogar unterscheidet. Im Hinblick hierauf 1 werden die einzelnen visuellen und charakterlichen Eigenschaften herausgearbeitet, sowie dargestelltes materielles und immaterielles Kulturgut detailliert untersucht. Die Figur der Rose Nylund wird dabei im Mittelpunkt stehen, da sie am häufigsten vorkommt und somit die größte Materialfülle bietet. Außerdem ist aufgrund des Formates einzig durch rekurrierende Merkmale eine Bestimmung als stereotypes Element möglich. Ergänzend werden allerdings auch andere gezeigte Skandinavierinnen und Skandinavier untersucht. Zentraler Zugangspunkt für die Untersuchung ist St. Olaf. Der amerikanische Ort, aus dem die Figur stammt,
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