INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION
ITTO
PROJECT PROPOSAL
TITLE ENHANCEMENT OF THE PARTICIPATORY BUSHFIRE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN TOGO
SERIAL NUMBER PD 888/18 Rev.1 (F)
COMMITTEE REFORESTATION AND FOREST MANAGEMENT
SUBMITTED BY GOVERNMENT OF TOGO
ORIGINAL LANGUAGE FRENCH
SUMMARY This project is the result of the study titled “Identification of a Project to Implement Priority Actions of the National Strategy for Managing Bushfires”, which was conducted between August 2010 and January 2011 with the financial support of ITTO. The project’s aim is to reinforce the traditional system that can help prevent and control bushfires in the most vulnerable government-owned forests and reforested areas of Togo with the participation of local communities, using both material and human resources. The project will conduct, among other activities, an advocacy campaign on the harmful effects of bushfires and on current regulations, targeting 66 schools and the population of the 120 local communities located near the 22 most vulnerable forest areas across the 15 Departments of the country. Additionally, it will promote small-game husbandry through the training of 100 extension workers as well as sustainable cultivation practices through the training of 200 community leaders. The project will also establish a fire-control system and contribute to the protection of 10,000 ha of plantations and natural forests (of which 7,000 ha of government-owned and 3,000 ha of private forests) after the training of brigades in 15 of the 22 gazetted forests and reforestation areas selected for project implementation. This project proposal was approved by ITTO during the 48th Session of the International Tropical Timber Council (Decision 1) in 2012 under ID number PD 609/11 Rev.3 (F). The project was thereafter lapsed due to the absence of funding. The project proposal was updated by Togo for new submission.
EXECUTING OFFICE FOR FOREST DEVELOPMENT AND USE (OFFICE DE AGENCY DÉVELOPPEMENT ET D’EXPLOITATION DES FORÊTS–ODEF)
COOPERATING --- GOVERNMENTS
DURATION 40 MONTHS
APPROXIMATE TO BE DECIDED STARTING DATE
BUDGET AND PROPOSED Contribution Equivalent in SOURCES OF FUNDING Source in US$ Local Currencies
ITTO 677 846,53 Gov't of Togo 138 641,52
TOTAL 816 488,05
TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….I LIST OF ACRONYMS ...... III MAPS OF PROJECT AREAS ...... IV PART ONE: PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 5 1.1. ORIGIN ...... 5 1.2. COMPLIANCE ...... 6 1.2.1. Compliance with the objectives and priorities of ITTO ...... 6 1.2.2. Relevance to public policies of the submitting country ...... 7 1.3. TARGET ENVIRONMENT ...... 10 1.3.1. Geographical location ...... 10 1.3.2 Social, cultural, economic and environmental aspects ...... 1.4. SITUATION EXPECTED AT PROJECT COMPLETION ...... 16 PART TWO: PROJECT RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES ...... 16 2.1. RATIONALE ...... 16 2.1.1. Institutional and organizational aspects ...... 17 2.1.2. Stakeholders’ analysis ...... 17 2.1.3. Analysis of the problems ...... 20 2.1.4. Logical Framework Matrix ...... 24 2.2. OBJECTIVES ...... 26 2.2.1. Development objectives and impact indicators ...... 26 2.2.2. Specific objectives and outcome indicators ...... 26 PART THREE: DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT INTERVENTIONS ...... 28 3.1. OUTPUTS AND ACTIVITIES ...... 28 3.1.1. Outputs ...... 28 3.1.2. Activities ...... 28 3.2. IMPLEMENTATION APPROACHES AND METHODS ...... 28 3.3. WORK PLAN ...... 30 3.4. BUDGET ...... 31 3.4.1. Main Budget Table (in US$) ...... 31 3.4.2. Yearly Project Budget ...... 36 3.4.3. Overall Project Budget by Activities and Components ...... 41 3.5. ASSUMPTIONS, RISKS AND SUSTAINABILITY ...... 43 3.5.1. Assumptions and risks ...... 43 3.5.2. Sustainability ...... 43 PART FOUR : IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT ...... 45 4.1. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND MECHANISM FOR STAKEHOLDERS’ INVOLVEMENT ...... 45 4.1.1. Executing Agency and Partners ...... 45 4.1.2. Project Management Team ...... 46 4.1.3. Project Steering Committee ...... 46 4.1.4. Mechanism for stakeholders’ involvement ...... 47 4.2. REPORTING, REVIEWS, MONITORING AND EVALUATION ...... 47 4.3. DISSEMINATION AND MAINSTREAMING OF PROJECT LEARNING ...... 48 4.3.1. Dissemination of project outcomes ...... 48 4.3.2. Sustainable use of lessons learnt...... 48 ANNEX 1: PROFILE OF EXECUTING AGENCY AND PARTNER INSTITUTIONS ...... 49 ANNEX 2: CURRICULUM VITAE OF KEY PROJECT STAFF SECONDED BY THE EXECUTING AGENCY ...... 52 ANNEX 3: TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) OF PROJECT PERSONNEL/CONSULTANTS FINANCED BY THE ITTO BUDGET CONTRIBUTION ...... 57 ANNEX 4: SUMMARY OF THE NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR WILDFIRE MANAGEMENT IN TOGO……………… ANNEX 5: RAPPORT DE MISSION OIBT D’IDENTIFICATION DU PROJET DE MISE EN ŒUVRE DES AXES ANNEX 6: RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE 53EME EXPERT PANEL AND RESULTING AMENDMENTS ...... 102
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
AVGAP: Association Villageoise de Gestion des Aires Protégées (Village Community Association for Conservation Area Management) CLGF: Comité Local de Gestion des Feux (Local Fire Management Committee) CLLCFV: Comité Local de Lutte Contre les Feux de Végétation (Local Bushfire and Wildfire Control Committee) COADEP: Conseil des ONG et Associations de Développement de la région des Plateaux (Council of NGOs and Development Associations for the Plateaux Region) CVD: Comité Villageois de Développement (Village Development Committee) DRERF: Regional Directorate for the Environment and Forest Resources DSRP-C: Extensive Poverty-Reduction Strategy Paper FAO: UN Food and Agriculture Organization FCM: Forêt Classée de Missahoé (Missahoé Forest Reserve) GERN: Environment and Natural Resource Management IEC: Information-Education-Communication ITTA: International Tropical Timber Agreement ITTC: International Tropical Timber Council ITTO: International Tropical Timber Organization MAEP: Ministry of Agriculture, Husbandry and Fisheries MDBAJEJ: Ministry of Grass-roots Development, Artisanat, Youth and Youth Employment MERF: Ministry of the Environment and Forest Resources NGO: Non-Governmental Organization ODEF: Office de Développement et d’Exploitation des Forêts (Office for Forest Development and Use) PAFN: National Forest Action Plan PAN/LCD: National Action Plan to Combat Desertification PNADE: National Programme for Decentralized Environment Management Actions PNAE: National Environment Action Plan PNIASA: National Agriculture Investment and Food Security Programme PNIERN: National Investment Programme for the Environment and National Resources PRCGE: Capacity-Building Programme for Environment Management UAVGAP: Union of Community Associations For Protection Area Management UNPD: United Nations Development Programme
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MAPS OF PROJECT AREAS
Figure 1: Location map of Togo Figure 2: Location of the 22 project areas
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PART ONE: PROJECT BACKGROUND
1.1. ORIGIN
The Year 2000 Objective was adopted during the 8th Session of ITTC in May 1990 in Bali, Indonesia, ITTO’s Year 2000 Objective states that “all tropical timber marketed in the world should come from sustainably managed forests by the Year 2000”. Decision 2 (XXIX) of the 29th ITTC session held from October 30 to November 4, 2000, in Yokohama, Japan is in line with Decision 3 (X) on the strategy put in place to enable ITTO members to move towards establishing the sustainable management of tropical forests and trade in tropical timber from sustainable sources by 2000.
To achieve this objective, ITTO developed for producer countries some guidelines for sustainable forest management together with an evaluation criteria and an action plan. On this basis and at the request of the Government of the Republic of Togo, a diagnostic mission led by ITTO was conducted in Togo from January 21 to February 2, 2008. The purpose of this mission was as follows:
- Identify the factors that are most critical in preventing the attainment of sustainable forest management in that country; - Assemble these constraints in order of importance; - Recommend a sequence of actions to remove the constraints, providing cost estimates whenever possible. From the results of this study, it appears that bushfires are a scourge in the efforts to rehabilitate forest resources (Figure 2). This is why a number of activities have been identified and recommended in the mission report to be included in the urgent action plan for the forest sector in Togo, including the following: - To set up an appropriate national and subsequently local strategy to control bushfires raging across the country each year from south to north; - To regulate the practice of early fires; - To continue public awareness campaigns; - To reinvigorate local fire control committees.
For this purpose, Togo was invited to formulate a project proposal on the prevention and management of forest fires during the 44th session of the ITTC in 2008. Therefore, a proposal was developed and submitted to ITTO in 2009. Following consideration of this proposal, the 38th Expert Panel recommended that the ITTO propose a pre-project to conduct a baseline study with information on ecological, economic and social impacts of bushfires together with a stakeholders analysis, and to convene a national workshop to validate this information with all stakeholders and finally, to formulate a project proposal according to the third edition of the ITTO Manual. Following these recommendations a work plan was developed (as had been repeatedly requested during the 45th session of the ITTC in 2009) and in accordance with Decision 6 (XXXIII). Indeed, paragraph 1 of this Decision states, "Authorize the Executive Director to make available a maximum of eight producer countries with forest fire problems, and at their request, the services of experts in forest fire to assist them in assessing the state of prevention and management of forest fires in the country, to define strategies and pragmatic actions and, where appropriate, develop pre-project and project proposals through which they are to be implemented”.
The work plan should address this wildfire situation in Togo and aim at preparing a project proposal for submission to ITTO as recommended by the 38th panel of experts.”
This new project proposal is the result of the implementation of this work plan. Indeed, it follows a six-month mission (August 2010-January 2011) conducted by an international consultant (MTDA Agency) and a local expert (from ODEF) with financial support of ITTO and ODEF. It also draws on the priority actions of the national strategy for managing wildfires, which was developed and validated in September 2010 with financial support from the UNDP (see report in Appendix 4).
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Indeed, after a review of the literature to implement the baseline study on the country's efforts in managing bushfires, contacts were established with different stakeholders – including government structures, NGOs, civil society organizations, village development committees (CVD), fire brigades, etc. –, which was instrumental in identifying the main causes, consequences and possible solutions, confirming the results of the strategy document (see mission report sent to ITTO). Among these solutions, it was decided to conduct fire control activities with light material, but on a very extensive scale. The study also found that these stakeholders had participated in the workshop to validate the strategy document, in which the recommendations were made. Some of these recommendations can be highlighted as more important: The implementation of the strategic Action Plan in the shortest possible time in the areas of the country most at risk, by creating and equipping firefighting brigades at the regional, prefectural and local levels. In addition, plantation surveys (both government-owned and private) conducted during the wet period and dry period have helped to better understand the core problem of this project.
The participation of Togo (through ODEF) to the 5th International Conference on Wildland Fire in South Africa (Sun City) from 9 to 13 May 2011 with a financial support received from ITTO, was an opportunity to share this project idea with delegates from other countries (ITTO side event). From that meeting, it appears that potential techniques and materials are available worldwide from prevention to active fire control facilities. Fire management must be integrated in a context and supported by a systemic approach to ensure its sustainability. In the long run, and as far as sub-Saharan countries are concerned, it must also be conducted as part of a sub-regional cooperation. Therefore, in this project, activities that can help address the problem at source and in an alternative way (awareness-raising campaign and sustainable forestry contract) have been emphasized; in addition, visits to neighbouring countries have been included in the work plan to not only share experiences.
This project proposal was approved by ITTO during the 48th Session of the International Tropical Timber Council (Decision 1) in 2012 under ID number PD 609/11 Rev.3 (F). However, due to the absence of funding, it was updated by Togo for resubmission.
The project proposal was updated as follows: project compliance with ITTO objectives and priorities (ITTA, 2006; Strategic Action Plan for 2013-2018); ITTO Policy Guidelines on Gender Equality and Empowering Women; ITTO Guidelines on the Assessment of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts; relevance with national policies of submitting country; equipment costs in project budget; recruitment a national consultant in replacement of international consultant; and curriculum vitae of national experts. 1.2. Compliance
1.2.1. Compliance with the objectives and priorities of ITTO
The project complies with the following objectives of Article 1 of ITTA, 2006/
(c) To contribute to the process of sustainable development;
The project will conduct activities through which it will contribute to socioeconomic development and the improvement of ecological conditions. In particular it will support self-development through the protection and enhancement of forest resources.
(j) To encourage members to support and develop industrial tropical timber reforestation and forest management activities as well as rehabilitation of degraded forest land, with due regard for the interests of local communities dependent on forest resources;
The project aims to protect soil, water and forest ecosystems through the full protection of forests against fires and therefore the maintenance of the forest cover in this area.
The project is also in line with Strategic Priorities 3 and 6 of the ITTO Action Plan for 2013-2018, namely “Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in tropical timber producing forests’ and ‘Build and develop human resource capacity to implement SFM and increase trade in forest goods and services from sustainably managed forests”.
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The project will conduct awareness-raising activities aimed at fire prevention, and reforestation and plantation protection operations will be entirely subcontracted to populations on a trial basis. The fire control brigades will be trained and provided with light equipment to enable them to control fires in gazetted forests.
The project is also compliant with Strategic Priority 6 expected outcome “Local communities are informed and able to participate in SFM policy development and related activities”, and its possible action by members (f) of ITTO Action Plan, 2008-2011, “Identify and implement innovative and socially sound interventions that contribute to poverty alleviation and improved livelihoods for forest-dependent people while securing the tropical timber resource base”.
The project is also compliant with ITTO Guidelines on Fire Management in Tropical Forests (ITTO, 1997) as follows: - The national strategy identified priority areas (hotspots) in addressing Recommended Action 2 of above Guidelines, “In a national system for fire management, the protection of conservation areas should be considered a priority”. Accordingly, project activities will focus on those areas. - The brigades that will be established will operate according to “an integrated fire management programme”, in accordance with Recommended Action 4, paragraph b. To this end, brigades will need to work on a participatory basis for implementing all techniques learnt during their training courses.
The project proposal is also compliant with “ITTO Project Cycle, Component 2”, contained in ITTO Policy Guidelines on Gender Equality and Empowering Women.
In view of women’s role in fire-related accidents, women have always been included in diagnostic studies ever since the project was identified. The project also took into account this group of stakeholders in the stakeholders’ analysis for identifying activities, logical framework, implementation approaches, etc.
The project is also compliant with the ITTO Guidelines on the Assessment of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts, and in particular Principles 1, 2 and 3, and Priority 1 “Rehabilitation of degraded landscapes”, Priority 4 “Biodiversity conservation in production forests, and Priority 7 “Planted forests”. 1.2.2. Relevance to public policies of the submitting country
Forest resources management policy in Togo, as included in the forestry policy, is based on the optimal and conservative use of these resources in line with the current state of these resources. It aims to restore the socio-economic and ecological balances by: - conserving land and biological assets and restoring their productive potential, - controlling environmental degradation and desertification, - contributing to food production through an effective interaction between forestry and agricultural techniques, - helping to improve the living conditions of local communities, by meeting their needs in forest products and by-products on a sustainable basis. The Government of Togo, in view of the precarious situation of the country's forests, included in Togo’s first three five-year economic and social development plans (1966-1970, 1971-1975, 1976-1980) and forestry policy its commitment to increasing the rate of plant cover – currently estimated at 24.24% – to 30% by 2050.
Five additional plans were also validated or are being developed: - National Environmental Action Plan (PNAE); - National Forestry Action Plan (PAFN); - National Action Plan to Combat Desertification (PAN/LCD); - National Development Plan (PND); - National Agricultural Development Plan (PNDA).
The Strategic Investment Framework for Environment and Natural Resource Management in Togo, 2018- 2022 (CSIGERN) was also developed during that year. The Framework includes Strategic Pillar 2, “Sustainable management of land and water ecosystems and biodiversity conservation, including environmental services”, which aims at addressing bushfires with a view to significantly reducing their
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magnitude. The National Agriculture Investment and Food Security Programme (PNIASAN) should also be mentioned, as it is consistent with the CSIGERN Programme.
Further to No. 2008-005 Act of 30 May 2008 establishing the Framework Law on Environment and No. 2008- 2009 Act establishing the Forestry Law whose enactments are currently under development, Section 8 of the Forestry Law contains Articles 64, 65 and 66 on the Regulation of fires and bushfires including penal provisions; Article 123 of the Forestry Law provides for a National Strategy for Managing Wildland Fire (approved in September 2010). The strategy also includes action programmes, as follows:
• Programme 1: Monitoring of environmental parameters for fire outbreaks and fire spreading • Programme 2: Raising stakeholders awareness of safety and security requirements • Programme 3: Building the technical capacity of stakeholders • Programme 4: Establishing effective and efficient bushfire control units
To achieve these objectives, the sub-program contains the following actions, at first guided by the results of the discussion conducted during the development of the national strategy to control bushfires and the management of prescribed fires and controlled burnings:
1. Establishment and operationalization of inter-institutional coordination for managing bushfires; 2. Development of risk awareness and a culture of security against the negative impacts of bushfires across the IEC for target stakeholders; 3. Support the organization and capacity building of local bushfire management committees; 4. Identification and securing in each prefecture of valuable sites to be protected against bushfires using strip clearing as firebreaks; 5. Extension of prescribed burning practices, early preventive fire and controlled burns; 6. Establishment and equipment of forest- and community-based firefighting brigades against bushfires in the five regions; 7. Support to risk-related research and knowledge through the establishment of experimental plots in the five ecological zones of Togo.
Therefore the objectives of this project are fully consistent with the national policy for the development of the tropical timber sector.
The project is also consistent with Togo’s national policy for gender equity and equality, whose vision is to make Togo an emerging country without discrimination, where men and women are given the same opportunities to play a role in its development and to enjoy the benefits of the country’s growth.
ITTO has also funded several projects in Togo. Some of these projects can inspire us to implement this project. They are: - PD 217/03 Rev.2 (F) “Establishing a Cooperative Framework between ODEF and the communities living in the Eto-Lilicope Forest complex for the Sustainable Participatory Management of this Complex” The following lessons have been drawn from this project - Knowledge of the project environment and its people has been improved; - A climate of trust has been established between ODEF and local communities, this facilitates the establishment of the framework for cooperation in the participatory management of Eto and Lili forests; Lessons that can be anticipated from these results are as follows: - Local communities living near the forests are ready to cooperate on condition that the forest administration regards them as partners; - Direct communication with the population reduces misunderstandings or misconceptions; - Capacity building for local communities through training in participatory management tools is a prerequisite for their involvement in development activities. 8
• PD 197/03 Rev.2 (F) “Support for the Implementation of a Sustainable Forest Development Master Plan in Eco-floristic Area IV, Togo” In addition to these results, the lessons drawn from this project are as follows: - A sound communication strategy greatly contributes to the success of this project involving several stakeholders; - Forest studies are highly instrumental for minimising environmental impacts; - The tenure issue is the cornerstone in any reforestation development project; - Organising communities, who have a deeply individualistic outlook, into organised groups is a long-term effort. • PD 30/96 Rev. 3 (F) “Project for a 2,500 ha Timber Production Plantation in the Reserved Forest of Haho-Baloe (Plateaux Region - Togo)” The lessons drawn after completion of this project are as follows: - During this project, three groups of community nursery operators were created. They are the «Association des groupements pour la production des plants forestiers». Following project completion, these groups of producers are marketing their production to private planters and NGOs. - Fire-control brigades set up by communities still exist and are efficient. - Trails built and rehabilitated are now used as communication links between the villages and the urban areas. - Owing to the participatory Haho-Baloe Gazetted Forest management experience, the Forest Administration is now aware of the paramount importance of surrounding community involvement in the management of protected areas. - There was a need to train community nursery managers, community beekeepers, fish farming operators and to provide guidance and support to the communities in participatory, sustainable forest management. • PD 9/99 Rev.2 “Sustainable Management of the Missahoe Reserved Forest forestry Resource with the Participation of the Local Rural Communities for an Optimal Timber Production (Kpalime, Togo)” The experience conducted under this project generated local reference data in terms of participatory management by establishing a permanent consultation platform. The lessons learnt include the following: - The 9-month long, preparatory phase of the Project provided the foundations for the success of the project, i.e., outstanding results through sound planning; - The approach followed enabled the creation of an atmosphere of trust between the forest administration traditionally regarded by the local communities as a repressive entity, while the communities were held as an enemy of the forest by the former. This translated into a frank and respectful mutual collaboration between the different stakeholders. - Highly intensive communication between technicians and village community members is a requirement for disseminating technical, social and management ideas; - Training and self-evaluation workshops helped all stakeholders to become somehow aware of their respective responsibilities; - Project teams in charge of forest management must include forestry executives having sound competence in technical, social, and project management aspects; - The existence of a Forest Fund constitutes and represents a structural element for the post-project situation; - The constant diligence, attention and dedication of the forestry agency to ensure the sustainability of project activities can be defining factors for the successful completion of the project. • Project PD 51/99 Rev.2 (F) “Support to Grassroots Forestry Promotion Initiatives in the Yoto Area (Togo)” 9
Lessons drawn from this project are as follows: - Involvement of the communities has led to effective mobilisation and participation which have been the highlights of this project implementation; - Acceptation of and support to the objectives of the project by grassroots actors have helped minimise investment costs and maximise the results; - Project co-management has made it possible to test SFM collaboration in the forests of Togo; The Government/NGO/local communities partnership should be encouraged and highly recommended as part of the nationwide projects to promote cross-exchanges and to build on the results of experiences. In addition, as part of its cooperation with ITTO, Togo hosted a "national training workshop on the use of new ITTO manual for project formulation" from 5 to 7 May 2007. Note that this project proposal has been prepared in compliance with the guidelines of the 3rd edition of the manual and using the ProTool software-itto. • Project PD 584/10 Rev.1 (F) “Implementing the Cooperative Framework between ODEF and the Stakeholders for the Effective Participatory and Sustainable Management of the Eto-Lilicope Forest Complex (Togo)” Lessons drawn from this project are as follows: - It is important to establish a committee responsible for implementing regulations and laws on forest management, monitoring and conflict resolution between stakeholders. - Establishing a management committee comprising members from various stakeholders contributes to trust- building among stakeholders. However, assuming responsibility in its operation is a challenge. - Inviting external stakeholders to participate in consultation and validation workshops is an opportunity for them to have access to documentation and is a way of disseminating project outcomes. - Participatory management should not exclude authorities in charge of enforcement in accordance with existing laws, as they sometimes play a key role when shrewd stakeholders try to take advantage of amicable dispute settlements. - Training populations and providing them with equipment enhances their involvement in participatory management.
Furthermore, through its cooperation with ITTO, Togo hosted a ‘National Training Workshop for the Use of the New ITTO Manual for Project Formulation (May 5-7, 2007)’. This project proposal was drafted in accordance with the guidelines of the Manual (Third edition, 2009) and using ITTO Pro-tool software.
1.3. Target environment
1.3.1. Geographical location
Togo is located in West Africa and covers a land area of 56,600 km 2. Its territory assumes the shape of a corridor stretching 700 km from north to south and located between 0°20 and 1°50 East meridians and 6° and 11°10 North parallels (PNAE 2001). Togo is bordered to the west by Ghana, to the east by Benin, to the north by Burkina Faso, and to the south faces the Atlantic Ocean over 50 km in the Golf of Guinea. The national territory is subdivided into five administrative regions: Savanes, Kara, Centrale, Plateaux and Maritime. It comprises a total of 35 prefectures and 1 sub-prefecture, subdivided into cantons (districts) and villages.
Project sites and selection criteria:
The project actions will be carried out in areas of government-owned forests extending over 15 prefectures including the 22 reforested sites most exposed to wildfire (Table 1). These exposed sites are undergoing reforestation and/or protection work conducted by ODEF. Every year, government-owned and private plantations within the five regions are hit by wildfire and burnt areas amount to 3,212 ha (i.e., 27% of the overall area), including 7% completely destroyed, according to the ITTO diagnostic study report of 2011 (Annex 5). Burnt areas are mostly (75%) concentrated in the Centrale and Plateaux Regions, according to the
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same study. The two northern Regions (Kara and Savanes) are those having the lowest concentration of ODEF reforestation areas. Therefore this project will focus most fire-protection efforts on those areas where reforestation operations tend to concentrate.
The selection criteria for these sites are as follows:
- Vulnerability to wild fires: Young plantations below 6 to 10 years of age are most affected by fire. - Proximity between government-owned and private plantations: Protection activities will be implemented jointly by plantation operators with a view to minimizing costs. - Human population levels: Since the risk of fire is highest in inhabited areas, protection operations will be conducted in those areas to facilitate population mobilisation in support of fire control brigades.
In the course of project updating, the list of project areas was reviewed and their number remained the same as a result.
Table 1: Project Areas by Prefecture
REGIONS PREFECTURES PROJECT AREAS YOTO TOGODO SUD ETO * MARITIME ZIO LILI * VO OUATCHIDOME AGOU WOUTO AMAKPAPE * HAHO-BALOE * HAHO NOTSE SUD PLATEAUX WAHALA OGOU ATAKPAME MONTAGNE * WAWA BATO AMOU ALAOUSSO TCHOROGO * BLITTA OYOU CENTRALE SOTOUBOUA MONT FOUKPA TCHAOUDJO SOKODE BASSAR BASSAR * GUERIN KOUKA NATCHITIKPI DRK LANDA-POZANDA KOZAH SIRKA CAILCEDRAT SAVANES OTI TAMPIALIM 15 PREFECTURES 22 AREAS * Out of 22 project areas, 7 already have fire control brigades, therefore, project activities will consist in awareness-raising events and training sessions in income-generating activities.
1.3.2. Social, cultural, economic and environmental aspects
1.3.2.1. Social aspects
With mean annual growth of 2.84 % over the last 30 years, the Togolese population is increasing at a relatively rapid rate (6 191 155 inhabitants in the RGPH4 (4th General Population and Habitat Census) of 2010). Projections for the next 20 years anticipate a moderate slowdown of demographic growth
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which is likely to slightly exceed 2 %. This means that by 2031, Togo could have approximately 10 million inhabitants, that is, over 30 % more than today (INSEED, 2015).
This population includes many different ethno-linguistic groups including two predominant groups. These are the Agnin-Chi group (Ewe, Ouatchi, Pedah, Ehoué, Ahoulan, etc.) composing some 20% of the population, occupying the southern coastal plain, and the Nigerian-Voltaic Group (Kabyè, Losso, Moba, Gourma Cotocoli, Tamberma, Bassar, etc.) making up over 10% of the population, who come from their native grasslands and mountainous areas in the north; there is also the Yoruba group (Anas - Akposso - Akékou, Tcholossi, Peul, Nagot, Haoussa, etc.), who occupy the mountainous area in the South West and other areas. Several languages are spoken such as Ewe, Kabye, Tem, Ben, Ncem, etc. The first two are recognized as national languages while the official language is French.
Project interventions will take place in the Prefectures divided into Cantons, with each Canton being subdivided into village communities.
The basic social organization of all the village communities in the area in the project area is the same with some variants. Each village community has the following governance structure:
- Village Chief: The customary authority in charge of the administration of the community living under his authority. He represents the village community with the civil and political authorities of the central government. It is also the guarantor of the habits and customs of the community.
- Elders: Depending on the villages, the number of elders vary between 2 and 10. They are heads of neighbourhood communities or barrows (quartiers) and assist the village chief.
- Secretary, who assists the Village Chief in keeping archives, minutes, etc.
- Deans: The number of deans varies according to whether the population is homogeneous (after one lineage) or heterogeneous (several lineages). The oldest of a community or lineage is responsible for managing the land estate of the lineage. He is the guarantor of the untransferable estate of the lineage and enforces rules and customs related to land management and tenure arrangements. He knows the boundaries of the lineage’s land estate. He ensures the equitable allocation of estate portions among beneficiaries within the community and regulates land access by outsiders in accordance with tradition and/or customary rules. The Dean is also the chief guardian of the lineage’s religious habits and customs. Deans and Elders collaborate with the village chief in resolving issues and disputes between community members and between them and outsiders who come to settle on the village community lands.
- Heads of families: Each lineage or community consists of several families who are aware of their belonging to one single lineage. Each family has a Head of Family. The head of the family is usually the oldest or most influential member of the family. The head of the family maintains harmony within his family, organizes the management of property in liaison with the “Land Chief”.
It should be noted that the community has the exclusive right to land ownership. Individuals and families only have a right to use the land.
In addition to traditional social structures existing in these communities, new organizational development structures are introduced to complement the social and cultural organization of the village communities surveyed. We distinguish the Village Development Associations (AVD) and Village Development Committees (CVD):
In almost all localities there are one Village Development Association and its Committee (AVD / CVD). The CVD operates in collaboration with the village chief to ensure community participation in community work implemented in the village (maintenance and sanitation, various community work including school building rehabilitation work, etc.).
1.3.2.2. Cultural aspects 12
In Togo more than anywhere else in West Africa, the past is closely related to the present. Customs and traditions are strong everywhere alongside imported religions. Traditional beliefs are quite present in Togo; other religions include Christianity (practiced by 35% of the population), and Islam (20%). There are countless ethnic festivals and ceremonies that impart a rhythm to community life and provide opportunities for vivid and colourful events. Most rituals found their origins in the forests. To cite only a few festivals from South to North, there are:
• Agbogbozan: A festival heralding the New Year for farming with the consumption of newly harvested yams among the Bassar ethnic group in the North. Agbogboza is a festive occasion when all the sons of the Ewé diaspora around Notsè – in Haho Prefecture – congregate between August and September. • Ayizan: The Bean Festival. Ewe people in the Zio Prefecture commemorate Ayiza – the exodus of their ancestors who fled the yoke of King Agokoli at the turn of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. • Kamaka: The harvest festival is celebrated in Tem country each year during the month of January at Bafilo in Assoli Prefecture. • Hunting campaigns (whether ritual, organized or casual) undertaken each year during the dry seasons in all 15 Prefectures.
There are other traditional cultural events such as the Fire Dance of the Bassar people.
Overall, traditional chiefdoms and hunting brotherhoods are the core parties or leaders and/or organizers of community hunting parties, which are conducted based on the principle of hunting with no bushfire within the localities under their policy influence. The organization of community hunting events without burning is enhanced through the logistical support provided by the participants themselves. For instance, in Lomé organizers use trucks for moving hunting parties over distances exceeding thirty miles from their place of residence. More often than not, they can be seen in motorcycles laden with game. Killed game includes rodents, snakes, birds and sometimes antelopes. Bushmeat is distributed according to well-established rules between hunters and the customary relevant authorities, including the Outindan and hunting leaders (Woukpankpli or Oubandan, Land Chiefs in Komkomba land).
The status of women is less image-enhancing than that of men. They are treated differently in the division of tasks. A large majority are subject to disparities in education and discriminatory practices (excision, forced marriage, levirate, etc.), which have an impact nont only on their health, but also on their status within families and society.
1.3.2.3. Economic Aspects
The economy is based primarily on subsistence farming (millet, sorghum, maize, cassava, yam, peanuts) and export commodities (coffee, cocoa, cotton), which represents 43.5% of GDP and employs 70% of the population. This involves traditional agriculture using fire for land preparation. However, mining (particularly phosphates) is the main driver of the country's foreign trade. Due to its geographical position and its deep-water port, Togo acts as a warehouse for neighbouring countries. Import-export trade with other countries (transit and re-export) adds an estimated 10% value to GDP. The informal sector should be mentioned too, together with the marketing of forest products. Togo’s economy GDP was US$4.4 billion in 2008, i.e., US$ 578.46 per capita (World Bank 2016). The female component is dominant in the population figure (51.3%). Youth, those under age 15, account for 42.20% of total population, 53.4% of the population is comprised of those aged 15 to 64 years, and 4.40% of Togolese are aged 65 and over.
Poverty decreased in Togo between 2006 and 2015. Incidence of poverty decreased from 61.7% in 2006 to 58.7% in 2011 and 55.1% in 2015. Analysis based on living areas found that, over a 3-year duration, poverty was highest in rural areas compared to other areas. It was found that in 2015, the incidence of poverty was 68.7% in rural areas, 37.9% in other urban areas and 34.8% in Lomé (capital city). Contribution to poverty share is also higher in rural areas compared to other areas, including in 2006, 2011 and 2015. This is due to the fact that the larger part of the population lives in rural areas, where the largest number of poor people is 13
also found (INSEED 2016).
Due to low household income levels, the population cannot afford pharmaceuticals and most rural people are using the traditional pharmacopoeia derived from medicinal plants. Detailed review of industry sectors highlights the fact that women and men’s status is not equal in the labour market. There are more men in the best-paid positions.
Charcoal production operated in the open is an important source of income for the communities in project areas. These communities also engage in honey harvesting activities using fire.
1.3.2.2. Environmental aspects In bioclimatic terms, Togo has contrasted climatic conditions, diversified soils and clearly marked ecological zones. It has an intertropical climate that varies significantly from the southern regions (four seasons) to the northern regions (two seasons). Mean annual rainfall in the past 20 years has been around 1,100 mm but spatial distribution of rainfall has been very uneven across the country. We can distinguish two marked rainfall patterns: • Tropical Sudanese regime in the north, with a rainy season that lasts from May to October and a dry season from November to April. In this area the annual rainfall varies between 900 to 1,100 mm and the period of plant growth is below 175 days; • Guinean tropical regime in the south, is characterized by two dry seasons and two rainy seasons of unequal duration. Annual rainfall varies between 1,000 and 1,600 mm.
In terms of river systems, Togo is divided into three major catchments: the Oti River basin and its tributaries (47.7% of the territory), the Mono Basin (37.7%) and the Lake Togo coastal basin (14.6%). Surface water is abundant and accounts for 8 to 12 billion m3 of water per year on average and almost all country water resources come from rainwater drained on the surface by four major rivers (Oti, Mono, Haho and Zio). Groundwater is estimated at more than 9 billion m3 per year for an annual consumption estimated at 3.4 billion m3. As far as soils are concerned, Togo has five major soil types (Lévêque1981) subdivided into two main groups: − soils with low agricultural potential, which include tropical ferruginous soils, soils relatively poor in organic matter, and waterlogged, gley soil with a high clay content; − soils with high agricultural potential with good yields; these are ferralitic soils.
Average temperature is generally high, reaching 28°C in northern areas, 27 °C in the coastal area, and between 24 and 26 °C in other areas. The average relative humidity is high in southern areas (73%-90%) but low in northern areas (53%-67%). The average wind speed is 1.93 m/s and the average insolation is 6.62 hours per day. The average evapotranspiration is 1540 mm/year.
This contrasted climate, soil and watershed context is matched by distinct ecosystems characterized by various vegetation types that are primarily dry savannah, dense semi-deciduous forests, dry deciduous forests in the lowlands, close forests in mountainous areas, and mangrove forests on coastal areas. The vegetation cover is divided into five ecological zones from north to south (Ern 1979), corresponding with some minor differences to the administrative regions of Togo:
• Zone I or Northern Plain Area. This area extends from the Dapaong peneplain to the southern boundary of the Volta Basin approximately following the Bendjeli-Kpessidè axis, and it covers the entire Savannah Region together with the northern part of the Kara Region. Sudanese savannah landscapes dominate this area with some dry forest areas in Anogeissus, and gallery forests. In addition, several agro- forest areas may be found in the form of parkland having Parkia biglobosa, Adansonia digitata and Vitellaria paradoxa as dominant species.
• Zone II or Northern Mountains Area. This area is essentially a close dry forest area with Anogeissus leiocarpus or Monotes kesrtingii and Uapaca togoensis as dominant tree species. There are also open woodland where Isoberlinia doka and Isoberlinia tomentosa are dominant. This zone straddles the area between the Sokodé and Defalé-Kanté latitudes, and therefore this area comprises the central and southern parts of the Kara Region and the northern part of the Central Region;
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• Zone III or Central Plains Area. It comprises the Centrale Region and Plateaux Region except their western parts. The dominant vegetation in this area consists of vast tracts of dry forest with Anogeissus leiocarpus as dominant species and Guinea Savannah with a relatively diverse flora, dominated by Combretaceae. There are gallery forests along major water streams.
• Zone IV or southern part of the Togo mountain chain. This is currently an area of semi-deciduous forests, which extends to the west of the Centrale and Plateaux Regions. The climate prevailing in this area is that of a Guinean mountain climate. The main occurring species are: Khaya grandifoliola, Antiaris africana, Milicia excelsa, Terminalia superba, Parinari glabra, Erythrophleum suaveolens. There are interspersed savannah pockets among these forests stands where the following are occurring: Terminalia glaucescens, Lophira lanceolata, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Hymenocardia acida, Vitex doniana etc.; • Zone V, Southern coastal area. This area covers the territory of the Maritime Region and is characterized by highly degraded plant formations. However, there are some mosaics of disparate forest patches and gallery forests. There are also salt-tolerant or swampy grassland and mangrove forests.
The plant formations described above are concentrated in certain protected areas and gazetted forests. Within these five ecological zones, forest ecosystems remain for all areas described in four distinct forms (ITTO 2008) as follows: − gallery forests along rivers and are relatively little degraded compared to other forest ecosystem. − residual forests, sacred wood lots and/or forest grounds dedicated to traditional rites, which are present over much of the territory. In the long-term fallow land plots, these forests give much hope for the spontaneous recovery of the species. It is interesting for this purpose to preserve these ecosystems for the protection of the seed and the habitat they provide to fruit-eating birds; − individual trees spared by farmers during their land-clearing operations, due to their multiple uses (food, medicinal, etc.). They include the following species: Adansonia digitata, Ceiba pentadra, Blighia sapida, Borassus aethiopium, Parkiabiglobosa, Vitellaria paradoxa, etc.; − residual forests located on superficial and/or colluvial soils that are located at the foot of hills on relatively superficial soil unsuitable for farming.
The National Forest Inventory (IFN) conducted in 2015-2016 found that the national forest cover extended over 24.24% of Togo (13,720 km2). The National Strategy for Wildfire Management (2010) and the ITTO diagnostic survey (2011) both identified environmental and social issues in connection with fire management in Togo (Annexes 4 and 5).
The intensity of fires varies from one region to another depending on the features of the vegetation. Indeed, according to the national wildfire management strategy of 2010, on average more than 50% of the country (30,000 km ²) is hit by bushfires annually. The regions with the highest level of wildfire spatial occurrence densities are Kara, Plateaux and Centrale respectively; there are three hotspots to be noted: Oti-Keran- Mandouri landscape complex, Kara Region and Centrale Region. At prefectural level, Keran, Doufelgou, Oti, Dankpen, Bassar, Kpendjal, East Mono, Tchaoudjo, Sotouboua, Blitta and Ogou Prefectures are the worst affected.
Implementing some of the activities in this project may have an environmental impact. This mainly concerns promoting small game husbandry, beekeeping, sustainable agriculture and, above all, the construction of water reservoirs. The construction of water reservoirs will disturb local ecosystems, especially in terms of soil erosion and biodiversity. However, they will not only guarantee the availability of water for combating wild fires but will also provide watering points for wild fauna and local communities. These site locations will be studied to minimise negative impacts and additional awareness sessions about the sustainable use of these water reservoirs will be provided.
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1.4. Situation expected at project completion
At project completion, young people and adults from surrounding villages in exposed areas will be aware of the harmful consequences of bushfires. Therefore, these communities established within gazetted forest areas will no longer experience wild fire causing material damages and bodily harm as is the case today. ODEF-managed government-owned plantations will be better protected not only by the people themselves, but also by the fire control brigades trained during the project. Then there will be a reduction in plantation area annually burned and a remarkable plant growth in reforested woodlands. All this will result in an increase in the profit margin of reforestation activities both for ODEF and private planters. Fire-control brigades being composed of local community members, the project will contribute to youth employment and thereby reducing poverty. Poverty will be further reduced when people have acquired the skills necessary for rearing small game and undertaking beekeeping businesses as income generating activities. Through the development of farming, hunting – a major cause of bushfires – will no longer be the main source of bushmeat supply. Agriculture will also be improved in technological terms and farmers in these areas will be able to take up new farming techniques and use improved seeds, gradually abandoning their slash-and-burn practices which are also a source of wildfire. All these efforts will help the country to move towards achieving ITTO’s sustainable management goals.
PART TWO: PROJECT RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES
2.1. Rationale
2.1.1. Institutional and organizational aspects
The project will be implemented in those forest areas and plantations most vulnerable to wildfire where ODEF has been actively promoting fire-control practices, in order to provide full wildfire protection in 10,000 ha of forests and plantations. ODEF, a public institution with industrial and trading purposes, established under Decree N° 71-204 of 13 November 1971 and having a corporate status, administrative and financial autonomy, will be the structure hosting the Project. ODEF is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Environment and Forest Resources. A structure dedicated to the project will be created within ODEF. This structure will be based in Lomé (the Capital city of Togo). Its action will be concentrated in the most vulnerable areas through its regional directorates which will be the de facto focal points for the implementation of all activities destined for gazetted/reserve forests, such as collection of information on the development and monitoring of the bushfire situation, work of firefighting brigades, selection of rural group delegates from the communities to receive training, selection of forest plots to receive full protections, etc. ODEF will be supported in its coordination of the project by other public institutions and NGOs working in areas relevant to wildfires. To this end, a project support committee will be created and will include members from other technical departments of ministries responsible for forestry, agriculture, security, welfare services, land-use planning, justice and so on. At national level the Directorate of Forest Resources (DRF) is the organisation responsible for managing forest fires. One of its roles is to define the calendar for setting early fires to protect region- specific natural resources. The Agence Nationale de Gestion de l’Environnement (ANGE) is responsible for monitoring wild fires. Moreover, the fire service (Department of Public Safety) is in charge of fire-fighting in settlements. The Ministries of Social Action and and Development manage the database on fires and provide fire victims with food and non-food assistance. The Ministry of Agriculture assesses the damage caused by fires in cultivated fields. The Ministries responsible for defence (gendarmerie) and justice are responsible for conducting enquiries into fires and punishing perpetrators, respectively, in accordance with current legislation. 16
All above government administrative structures will play a role in facilitating administrative procedures, monitoring and evaluation of project activities implementation, within their respective remits. As it is, the Directorate of Agriculture and Husbandry will have a significant role to play in the community training process and implementation of sustainable husbandry and farming practices. Integration will take place into agricultural programme currently enforced such as the National Agriculture and Food Security Programme (PNIASAN).
2.1.2. Stakeholders’ analysis
The socio-political strata targeted by the project are as follows: • Farmers and livestock keepers: They use fire to clear their fields and growing early grasses for their livestock. These burnings are most often poorly controlled and are the causes of bushfires, resulting in the destruction of crops, losses of human lives and animal habitats and other material damages to properties. In Southern Togo, farmers are for the most part women, who regrettably do not own land; • Transhumant herders: These herders always use fire to regenerate grazing land. Such fires damage forests and agricultural land and are a source of conflicts between herders and farmers; • Charcoal producers: Fire from charcoal carbonization stacks is sometimes the start of wildfires that cause heavy losses to charcoal operators and surrounding communities. Charcoal producers are essentially women; • Hunters: In order to facilitate the hunting of wild animals during the dry seasons, some casual hunters would have no qualms setting fire to the vegetation. Such fires are poorly controlled and tend to spread with serious consequences for these hunters themselves and the rest of the local community; • Honey harvesters: Stakeholders who operate in the forest environment to collect honey using fire as traditional wherewithal sometimes start wildfires inadvertently; • Industrial planters who support the Government in its forest expansion, protection and sustainable management policy, while being under the constraints of limited technical and financial resources; • Young students: With only very limited resources, schools contribute alongside the Government to enhance and protect the reforested areas at national level; • Planting farmers: Stakeholders involved in the activities of fire control brigades; • Togolese Government and the Forestry Administration, which are the guarantors of the forest estate, having had so far no way to prevent and effectively control the burning of more than half of plant resources of the country each year – a scourge that ruins any reforestation effort; these institutions will have a new system available to protect forests against fire and it will be free of disputes and damages that currently place the sustainability of investments in Togolese forests in jeopardy; • NGOs and local institutions (including women’s groups) whose activities can only have a successful impact in a peaceful environment, and who would like to see a reduction of the problems of bushfire and related damage currently assessed almost every year throughout the country. They support the Government in its outreach and advocacy campaigns; • Ministry of Agriculture: This ministry is responsible for developing and implementing agricultural development programmes and projects. It is therefore a key stakeholder for conducting awareness- raising and training aimed at the uptake of sustainable agricultural practices; • ITTO, who would like to steer Togo towards the achievement of the 2000 Objective.
The national fire management strategy was conducted following the diagnosis produced with the first three primary stakeholders. The problems have been identified and solutions proposed. This document has been approved (see Annex 4) by the same stakeholders with the addition of a range of others, which bears witness to the level of consensus achieved. The study funded by ITTO has not been limited to identifying the project proposal, it has also enabled contacting all stakeholders including NGOs. This inter-institution networking has 17
brought the confirmation that shared concerns have been taken into consideration in the development of this strategy. All of these stakeholders have played their part in both the development process of the national bushfire management strategy and ITTO mission aimed at identifying this project to implement the priority actions of the National Strategy for 2010.
Table 1: Stakeholders analysis Stakeholders Characteristics Problems, Potential Involvement in Groups needs, the project interests
Primary stakeholders
Farmers Majority, users of fire Farmland and Knowledge of the Direct involvement in their activities, low pasture causes and origins in the project and income requirements, of fire, a source of direct beneficiaries limited technical manpower in fire- of project actions and financial control efforts resources
Stockbreeders Cattle farmers, Grazing land, Knowledge of Involvement in and transhumant nomads, providers of fresh fodder fodder areas awareness-raising herders meat products, and fire arsonists management training activities
Charcoal Low-income levels, Basic charcoal Knowledge of the Direct involvement producers users of fire especially production causes and origins in the project and during the dry season technologies, of fires, a source of direct beneficiaries high risk of fire manpower in fire- of project training due to negligence control efforts and advocacy in the production actions process
Hunters Low income, hunting Need meat Target individuals Direct involvement enthusiasts, hunting products, forest for training in small in the project and culture fires due to the game husbandry direct beneficiaries use of fire Source of of training manpower in fire programmes in control activities small game husbandry related advocacy efforts
Wild honey Low income, night- Lack of Target group for Direct beneficiaries harvesters time activities knowledge in individual of advocacy actions conducted within advanced honey beekeeping training and training in forest areas collection beekeeping techniques, high techniques risk of wildfire
Farmers / planters In small number, low No command of Stakeholder group Beneficiaries of income levels appropriate to be incorporated training actions and forestry in fire control plantation techniques brigades and protection activities involved in relevant
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activities
Young students Numerous in rural Theoretical Target group for Direct beneficiaries areas, educational knowledge of fire advocacy of advocacy efforts activities, represent management campaigns, casual the future generation manpower for in charge of forestry reforestation projects by young students
Private planters Support governmental Technical and Landowners and Beneficiaries of policies to expand financial investors in the advocacy and forest areas at the resources for the forestry sector, training activities national level sustainable technical and management of financial support to their resources fire control brigade very limited activities, elite group for the dissemination of sustainable forest management practices
Forestry Promoter of forest Challenges in Human and Direct involvement Administration resources their effort to material resources in the conduct of (Government of development and achieve available, legal project Togo) management in Togo sustainable forest owner of both implementation and resource permanent and direct beneficiaries management non-permanent of project actions objectives, forest estates, participatory experience in management still plantation in infancy management and control of wildfires
Secondary stakeholders
NGOs and civil Concerned for the Challenges to Advocacy agents, Main stakeholders society welfare of local achieve have a first-hand in participatory organizations communities, ownership of knowledge of approach undertake poverty actions by the problems, reduction actions and communities, communities and sustainable environmental backgrounds development management actions rendered useless by arsonists
Women’s groups Consistently at the Sometimes Availability Source of labour, core of community marginalized educators development
Ministry of Promotes sustainable Difficulties in Implementation of Key stakeholders Agriculture agriculture and cattle realising large programmes for conducting breeding objectives in in the last decades awareness-raising 19
environment- (PNIA, PNIASA and and training aimed friendly PNIASAN) at uptake of agriculture sustainable agricultural practices
International Promoter of tropical Anxious to lead Financial resources, Funding, monitoring Tropical Timber timber development Togo towards the technical support and evaluation of Organization achievement of and monitoring project its 2000 Objective
2.1.3. Problem analysis
Following the ITTO diagnosis mission conducted in January-February 2008 in Togo, wildfires were identified as one of the major issues that hinder progress towards sustainable forest management in Togo. Studies funded by UNDP in 2010 as part of the development of the national strategy for managing wildfires together with another ITTO mission (2010) aiming at providing support to Togo in the collection of information and identification of stakeholders to formulate a project to implement priority actions under the strategy, have yielded the following findings:
➢ Government administration level: o Togolese government services do not have a monitoring system to quantify the problem: areas affected, number of bushfires, cost of damage; however the Ministry of Social Action and National Solidarity reported the occurrence of 245 wildfires (including forest fires) between 9 March and 31 December 2009; o Whereas agriculture is the main economic sector in Togo, the pressure of the agricultural sector is poorly understood and assessed (pressure from this sector is one of the main causes of wildfires); o The prefectural level seems to be the most suitable for the implementation of fire prevention policies; o Monitoring work focusing on damage related to natural disasters could highlight the part played by bushfires in the incidence of such disasters since a report is submitted whenever there is a claim for compensation; o Considering the causes of wildfires, the issue is transboundary in nature and calls for an international level approach; o While the regulation framework seems appropriate, regulation enforcement is a challenge and is undermined by a lack of human and financial resources; o The problem evolves with changes in agricultural practices (most noticeable in the South where there is an intensification of the crop production systems); o Bush fires and pollutants are linked, and therefore they mobilize environment management services.
➢ Regarding current practices: o An awareness-raising campaign is conducted each year across the prefectures targeting local communities; heads of districts are invited by the prefectural administration before the onset of the dry season to discuss the implementation of the awareness-raising/advocacy campaign; o There is no effective, in-depth research on the causes and responsibilities, whatever the cause, the number of cases brought to court is very low (one case of premeditated arson in 2002); o Use of fire is part and parcel of traditional farming practices in Africa, mainly used for land clearing purposes; o Fire is used by the majority of women for agricultural work and charcoal production in rural areas;
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o Larger forest owners (private or government) implement fire prevention (surveillance, prescribed burning) and control systems; o Onset of the prescribed burning season is decided based on field analysis: state of dryness of the herbaceous vegetation; and its date is variable between the North and South.
According to these findings, due to the inadequate information of the youth and adult population on the consequences of wildfires (i.e. beyond the risk of human casualties), they ignore and neglect any fire-control measures. Indeed, there is not a single educational program developed for the protection of the environment in primary schools, nor is there any dissemination mechanism to promote the enforcement of those regulations in force at community level, let alone any that would target the illiterate population. This situation accounts for the low rate of awareness and widespread neglect of fire management issues and control measures among the general population.
Furthermore, the impoverishment of predominantly farming and livestock keeping communities is due to the use of obsolete farming techniques. Until now, slash-and-burn agricultural practices (using fire for land clearing purposes) remain dominant, resulting not only in the degradation of the plant cover, but also that of soils; and as population pressure has greatly reduced the duration of fallow periods, allocating sufficient time for rehabilitating these areas has become a challenge. In addition, there are no other income-generating activities such as small-game husbandry and beekeeping that could also reduce the impact of fire on soils. It has also been noted that bovine cattle ranching activities, including by transhumant livestock keepers, involve the use of fire to renew pastures. Existing efforts to actively control forest fires are limited to the use of firewalls and early prescribed burnings by forest-management officers and private planters, and surveillance services by brigades mainly composed of local residents, who had no formal training and no proper equipment to provide appropriate emergency responses to fire outbreaks. It was also found that not all sites have organized brigades, so much so that responses to fire emergencies are conducted randomly, with no proper chain of command. The fire-fighting tools used in case of wildfire emergencies are limited to tree branches and machetes, which undermines the effectiveness of any responses to wildfire emergencies and related wildfire prevention measures.
➢ This entire state of affairs points to the lack of an organized system, which makes it a challenge to prevent and fight wildfires in natural forest and plantation environments. We then observe the following consequences (effects): reduction of the national plant cover, biodiversity and land degradation, and hence a loss of the ecological role of forests, desert encroachment and reduced agricultural outputs; ➢ Compromised safety for rural communities and forestry professionals, resulting in conflicts between some stakeholders and impoverished communities.
The table below summarizes the main problems and possible solutions:
Table 2: Key issues and potential solutions
Findings Solutions Farming communities are at the root of the Farmers’ involvement must be a key feature of problem. the project. The communities sacrifice their long-term Farming communities should be able to enjoy interest (forest estate) to meet short-term needs. short-term benefits from the project. Farming communities, although acting as Indirect benefits for farming communities must partners in some plantation work areas are but be linked to the success of reforestation / tree mere sub-contractors, with no real stake in the planting operations. ultimate success of the planting operations. 21
Bushfires are a widespread issue over the entire The project must be able to cover the Togolese Togolese territory. national territory in its entirety. Gazetted forests are core forest areas, while Establishing homogeneous forest landscapes, they are being threatened from within by and avoiding any shredding of the forest cover uncontrolled crop cultivation that causes the will facilitate forest protection. shredding (“moth-holing”) of the forest landscape and by bushfires from without. As the country lacks a close network of high- Provide local fire control brigades with quality infrastructure to allow for emergency lightweight equipment that will improve their responses to be provided to any area of its capacity for operational responses to wildfire territory, heavy equipment and machinery lose emergency situations. their relevance. Source: ITTO Mission Report, 2011 (Annex 5)
The implementation of this project will enable the forestry administration to refine and further its actions with a view to preventing and controlling wildfires with the help of rural communities living in and around forests.
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Loss of the ecological Desertification Social conflicts Poverty functions of forests
Reduced forest cover and Hazards for people biodiversity and worsening land and reduction of CONSEQUEN degradation process farming outputs CE/S
Forest fires are difficult to prevent and control for want of a sustainable KEY fire management and prevention PROBLEM system
Local communities use fire as Existing fire-prevention Local communities still ignore and a means to facilitate hunting and fire-fighting means CAUSE/S neglect the impacts of wildfire and farming are inefficient
Existing fire- Existing State-of-the-art Young students Game husbandry and fighting brigades Warning system legislation on farming practices not adequately beekeeping not are on an ad hoc obsolete, poorly forest fire not and resources not made aware of the adequately developed basis only, are not equipped, adequately readily accessible impacts of as income sources in actively mobilised inefficient and disseminated to by local bushfires the target areas and lack lacks monitoring local communities communities capacities
Figure 3: Project problem tree 23
2.1.4. Logical Framework Matrix
PROJECT COMPONENTS INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION KEY ASSUMPTIONS Development Objective: 1) Within 4 years following project 1) ODEF’s database on plantation fire Social and political stability, and political To Increase the plant cover and completion, the average percentage of will to intervene in the field of forestry biodiversity, soil rehabilitation, and to burnt areas in forest plantations has been 2) Satellite imagery ensure physical safety and reduce reduced from 27% to 10%; poverty in local communities 2) Within 4 years following project completion, the annual average proportion of the surface area hit by fire is reduced from over 50% to below 40% of the national territory. Specific Objective: 1) The proportion of burnt areas in 1) ODEF’s database on plantation fire Support and collaboration by stakeholders To enhance the fire prevention and plantation forests is below 22% participatory management of bushfires 2) Satellite imagery Social and political stability in the forest areas most exposed to fire 2) Total surface area nationwide hit by in Togo wildfire is below 45%
Output 1: By project completion, 44 primary schools Extension and outreach props Communities are receptive to the Communities surrounding the most and 22 high schools near forest areas disseminated message vulnerable of government-owned within 15 prefectures are made aware of Project progress report forests in 15 prefectures are informed the impacts of bushfires; of the impacts of forest fires through suitable media 50% of village communities surrounding most vulnerable forests have been made aware of the legislation in force. Output 2: By project completion, 100 delegates from Study reports Communities find their interest in the Sustainable farming and hunting rural/farmer groups surrounding forests income-generating activities proposed practices developed in the areas have developed and disseminated under the project adjacent to the most vulnerable forests knowledge on game husbandry and/or beekeeping.
By project completion, 200 farmers from Project Progress Report the farmers’ group within the local village communities have developed, adopted and disseminated a shared knowledge of sustainable farming practices.
Output 3: At least 15 fire control brigades are Field surveys All stakeholders collaborate 24
The prevention and active control of established, equipped and operational by wildfires in most vulnerable areas are project completion. enhanced Project Progress Report
6000 ha of vulnerable government- owned plantations and 2000 ha of Established data bases private plantations and natural forests are fully protected against wildfire
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2.2. Objectives
2.2.1. Development objective and impact indicators
The overall aim of this project is to increase the plant cover and biodiversity, soil rehabilitation and to improve the socio-economic conditions of local communities.
Therefore, the improved local environmental conditions and living standards of local communities will have to be significantly enhanced through:
- Reducing the average percentage of the area burned in the plantations from 27% (3 212 ha) to 10% by 2030. - Reducing the proportion of the area burned annually from over 50% (2 830,000 ha) to below 40% (2 260,000 ha).
2.2.2. Specific objective and outcome indicators
To enhance participatory bushfire prevention and management system in the forest areas most exposed to fire in Togo
After the proposed four years of project implementation,
➢ 66 primary schools and the communities of 120 villages near forest within 15 prefectures affected by bushfires are aware of the impacts of bushfires; ➢ 120 village community groups surrounding most vulnerable forest areas within 15 prefectures are aware of the legislation in force; ➢ 100 delegates, including 50 women, from the rural / farmer groups surrounding forests have been trained in small-game husbandry and/or beekeeping. The purpose of small game husbandry is to reduce the impact of hunting on forest through the use of wildfire. Honey harvesting, also involving the use of fire, carries a forest fire hazard; beekeeping is one fire control option, since an owner of bee hives in the forest will avoid any bushfire to protect the hives. These persons will act as trained trainers to assist in the knowledge dissemination efforts; ➢ 200 farmers, including 100 women, from the farmers’ groups within local village communities most exposed to wildfire have been trained in modern farming practices that will not require the use of fire. This number will be increased through the dissemination of results in other areas. To this end, early PADAT results and the outcomes of other PNIASA projects in the programme areas will be built upon and improved. Ten thousand hectares of tree plantations and natural forests (Government-owned and private) will be fully protected. Indeed, according to the National Wildfire Management Strategy, 50% of the national territory is hit by wildfire and that involves both forestland and savannah land. However, in government-owned plantations, the total land area ravaged by fire makes up almost 75% of all burnt surface area in the Centrale and Plateaux Regions. Usually, the northern regions are the most extensively affected by wildfires; however these Regions concentrate the lower proportion of ODEF reforestation projects (which is likely due to the difficulties in maintaining such projects there). Considering the magnitude of the task, this project will start the effort by focusing on plantations only (7,000 ha government-owned and 3,000 ha private plantations) and to avoid overstretching resources in overambitious endeavours, as recommended by the 43rd Expert Panel. ➢ These 10,000-ha plantations will be fully protected by trained fire control brigades. Existing brigades will be retrained while 15 new brigades will be newly formed and trained. Each brigade will include 12 officers, including 3 women, selected from among local communities.
Therefore, at project completion, the proportion of burnt plantations will be below 22% (2,645 ha) and the surface area of the national territory affected by bushfires will be below 45% (2 547,000 ha).
Figure 4: Tree of Objectives (below)
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Rehabilitation of the Plant formation Improved ecological functions Social Cohesion recovery livelihoods of forests
Increased plant Better safety for cover, biodiversity persons and and soil increased community rehabilitation revenues
To enhance participatory bushfire prevention and management system in the Specific forest areas most exposed to Objective fire in Togo
Communities around Sustainable farming and most vulnerable state Wildfire prevention and active hunting practices are forests in 15 prefectures control are enhanced in the developed in the areas are aware of the impacts forest areas most vulnerable to surrounding most of forest fire trough fire vulnerable forests adequate media
To raise communities’ awareness to the To promote game To disseminate and In 66 local schools, to To create, train and To establish and applicable legislation husbandry and/or have sustainable raise young students’ reactivate local equip an operational on wild fire using beekeeping for the farming practices awareness of the protection brigades fire alert and appropriate props in benefit of local adopted by local impacts of forest fires against forest fires monitoring system 110 village communities communities communities 27
PART THREE: DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT INTERVENTIONS
3.1. Outputs and activities
3.1.1. Outputs
Expected project outputs are as follows: Output 1: Communities surrounding the most vulnerable of Government-owned forests in 15 prefectures are informed of the impacts of forest fires through suitable media
Output 2: Sustainable farming and hunting practices developed in the areas adjacent to the most vulnerable forests
Output 3: Prevention and active control of wildfires in most vulnerable areas are enhanced 3.1.2. Activities
Activity 1.1: Raise awareness of young people in 66 schools of the impacts of wildfires Activity 1.2: Raise awareness of 120 local forest surrounding villages on the bushfire control regulation in force Activity 2.1: Promote small game husbandry and beekeeping for the benefit of local, forest-surrounding communities Activity 2.2: Disseminate and have sustainable farming practices adopted by local farmers Activity 3.1: Create, train and reactivate local protection brigades against forest fires Activity 3.2: Establish and equip an operational fire alert and monitoring system
3.2. Implementation approaches and methods
The country is subdivided in five administrative regions. In addition to natural vegetation and private plantations and natural forests, each region contains gazetted forests subdivided in activity sectors, all placed under the supervision of a regional ODEF directorate (DRODEF). Each DRODEF will be regarded as a focal point for the implementation of all project activities in areas identified as most vulnerable. DRODEFs will be supported by the Regional Environment and Forest Resources Directorates (DRERF), which are MERF decentralised structures. The whole range of activities planned under the project will be conducted as a partnership between the forestry administration and local forest communities located in areas considered at risk, with the involvement of other stakeholders in the area. This will address Principle 8 of ITTO Guidelines through Recommended Action 24 “To identify all local stakeholders and to facilitate mutual consultation in the decision-making and planning processes at the landscape scale”, and Recommended Action 25 “To create opportunities to transfer responsibilities towards all forest-dependent, local economic stakeholders”.
This approach will address the following issues: - Raise awareness both on the impacts of bushfires and impacts of this project among young students, relevant communities and other stakeholders, and make them aware of applicable legislation in force; this awareness-raising will not be exclusively oral, and appropriate materials will be developed to suit each individual social stratum (young people and adults): it will include cartoons, video animations, sketches, billboards, etc. - Train communities in small-game husbandry: this activity will not only help them obtain meat products but will also provide a source of income making it possible to reduce hunting and hence bushfire practices; - They will also be trained in beekeeping, and beehives installed within forest areas will oblige the communities to protect forests.
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- Training will also be provided to communities in sustainable farming practices to avoid the use of bushfires for land clearing purposes and the reduction of fallow periods, and to reduce the need to increase the availability of arable land; - Recruitment for and/or reactivation of fire-control brigades in the areas at risk; - Installation of infrastructure and fire-control equipment to control wildfires in areas at risk containing young, vulnerable forest plantations, as the 10,000 ha of forest plantations to be protected are between 0 and 10 years of age and located in areas most exposed to fire; The National Strategy has highlighted "hotspots" priority areas in responding to Recommended Action 2 of ITTO guidelines on fire management in tropical forests "In any national fire management system, conservation areas should be regarded as a priority". Therefore, the identification of such areas has been included in the activities of this project.
The construction of water reservoirs will definitely disturb the ecosystems, so the choice of location for these reservoirs will be investigated beforehand in order to reduce this disturbance. Extra awareness-raising campaigns about the sustainable use of these water reservoirs will be arranged. The fire-control brigades that will be put in place will have to work according to "an integrated fire management programme" in accordance with paragraph "b" of Recommended action 4. This will enable them to work in a participatory manner by implementing all the techniques acquired through their training. In addition to the direct salaries paid to the members of these brigades, a percentage of the total fee will be set aside to benefit the whole community in the form of social and community-based works.
Training in small game husbandry, beekeeping and methods of sustainable cultivation will allow the communities benefiting from this to escape from the financial need resulting from hunting and slash- and-burn agriculture, which are sources of bush fires. New activities will need to be introduced and progressively adopted by communities, which will have to take the difficult step of breaking with old traditions. The awareness campaigns envisaged in activities 1.1 and 1.2 will help to assuage any doubts. In the course of the projet, a partnership will be established with the Ministry of Agriculture to set up project activities using the results of the PNIASAN (National Agriculture and Food Security Programme). Already by the end of the project, after receiving training, farmers and breeders will have mastered the techniques. Advice will continue to be dispensed by other ministry departments so that this knowledge is not lost. The project takes into account the gender issue through planning and implementing activities such as awareness-raising among young students and women, promoting income-generating activities (small game husbandry and beekeeping), and the uptake of sustainable agricultural practices.
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3.3. Work plan
Responsible YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 Outputs and activities Partner 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 Output 1:Communities surrounding Government-owned forests in 15 prefectures informed of the impacts of forest fires through suitable media
NC + communication 1.1. Raise awareness of and young people in 66 schools environmental of the impacts of wildfires awareness- raising NGO 1.2. Raise awareness of NC + 120 local forest surrounding communication villages on bushfire control and regulations in force environmental awareness- raising NGO Output 2: Sustainable farming and hunting practices developed in the areas adjacent to the most vulnerable forests 2.1. Promote game National Wildlife husbandry and beekeeping Consultant + for the benefit of local, National forest-surrounding beekeeping communities consultant 2.2. Disseminate and have NGO in sustainable farming sustainable practices adopted by local agriculture farmers Output 3: The prevention and active control of wildfires in most vulnerable areas are enhanced NC + National 3.1. Create, train and Fire reactivate local protection Management brigades against forest fires Consultant NC +National 3.2. Establish and equip an Fire operational fire alert and Management monitoring system Consultant
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3.4. Budget
3.4.1. Main Budget Table (in US$)
Total OUTPUTS / Budget Quantity Unit cost ITTO TOGO DESCRIPTION Units cost ACTIVITIES component $US Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 $US Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Communities surrounding the most vulnerable of Government-owned forests in 15 prefectures are informed of the impacts of forest fires through suitable media Output 1: Activity 1.1 Raise awareness of young students in 66 schools of the impacts of wildfires National coordinator 11.1 3 2 1 - m.m. 1 100 6 600 1 500 1 000 500 - 1 800 1 200 600 Fire Management Expert 0 0 0 0 0 Administrative and financial 12.1 3 2 1 m.m. assistant 300 1 800 900 600 300 - - - - - Secretary / accountant 150 1 350 225 150 75 0 450 300 150 0 Driver 12.3 3 2 1 - m.m. 100 600 300 200 100 - - - - - Support committee allowance 31.1 12 8 4 m.m. (7) - 40 960 480 320 160 - - - - - Communication and environmental awareness- raising NGO (Outreach 21 20 20 20 days 400 24 000 8 000 8 000 8 000 props design and dissemination) - - - - - Validation workshop 15.1 2 2 2 days 200 1 200 400 400 400 - - - - -
Total 1.1 36 510 11 805 10 670 9 535 0 2 250 1 500 750 0
Activity 1.2 Raise awareness of 110 local forest surrounding villages on the bushfire control regulation in force National coordinator 11.1 2 2 2 - m.m. 1 100 6 600 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 200 1 200 1 200 Fire Management Expert 11.2 2 2 2 - m.m. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Administrative and financial 12.1 2 2 2 m.m. assistant - 300 1 800 600 600 600 - - - - - Secretary / accountant 12.2 2 2 2 - m.m. 150 1 350 150 150 150 0 300 300 300 - Driver 12.3 2 2 2 - m.m. 100 600 200 200 200 - - - - - Support committee allowance 31.1 8 8 8 m.m. (7) - 40 960 320 320 320 - - - - - Communication and environmental awareness- 21 22 22 22 - days 440 29 040 9 680 9 680 9 680 raising NGO (Outreach props design and - - - - -
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Total OUTPUTS / Budget Quantity Unit cost ITTO TOGO DESCRIPTION Units cost ACTIVITIES component $US Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 $US Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 dissemination)
Validation workshop 15.1 2 2 2 - days 200 1 200 400 400 400 - - - - -
Total 1.2 41 550 12 350 12 350 12 350 0 1 500 1 500 1 500 0
Output 2 Sustainable farming and hunting practices developed in the areas adjacent to the most vulnerable forests Activity 2.1 Promote game husbandry and beekeeping for the benefit of local forest-surrounding communities National coordinator 11.1 7 - - - m.m. 1 014 7 100 3 500 - - - 3 600 - - - Fire Management Expert 11.2 7 - - - m.m. 0 0 0 - - - 3 080 - - - Administrative and financial 12.1 m.m. assistant 7 - - - 300 2 100 2 100 ------Secretary / accountant 12.2 7 - - - m.m. 75 525 525 ------Driver 12.3 7 - - - m.m. 100 700 700 ------Support committee allowance 31.1 m.m. (7) 28 - - - 40 1 120 1 120 ------National Wildlife Consultant 13.1 22 - - - days 260 5 720 5 720 ------National Beekeeping 13.1 days Consultant 22 - - - 260 5 720 5 720 ------Husbandry and Beekeeping 44.4 u equipment 50 - - - 300 30 000 15 000 15 000 Training Workshop 15.2 3 - - - days 2 160 6 480 6 480
Total 2.1 59 465 25 865 15 000 0 0 3 600 15 000 0 0
Activity 2.2 Disseminate and have sustainable farming practices adopted by local farmers National coordinator 11.1 - 3 3 1 m.m 1 100 7 700 1 500 1 500 500 1 800 1 800 600 Fire Management Expert 11.2 - 3 3 1 m.m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Administrative and financial 12.1 - 3 3 m.m assistant 1 300 2 100 900 900 300 Secretary / accountant 12.2 - 3 3 1 m.m 150 1 575 0 225 225 75 Driver 12.3 3 3 1 m.m 100 700 0 300 300 100 Support committee allowance 31.1 3 3 m.m (7) 1 160 1 120 480 480 160 NGO in sustainable agriculture 22 15 15 15 Days 460 20 700 6 900 6 900 6 900
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Total OUTPUTS / Budget Quantity Unit cost ITTO TOGO DESCRIPTION Units cost ACTIVITIES component $US Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 $US Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Training workshop 15.2 2 2 2 days 2 160 12 960 4 320 4 320 4 320
Total 2.2 46 855 0 14 625 14 625 12 355 0 2 250 2 250 750
Output 3 Prevention and active control of wildfires in most vulnerable areas are enhanced Activity 3.1 Create, train and reactivate local protection brigades against forest fires National coordinator 11.1 3 3 1 m.m 1 100 7 700 1 500 1 500 500 1 800 1 800 600 Fire Management Expert 11.2 3 3 1 m.m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Administrative and financial 12.1 3 3 m.m assistant 1 300 2 100 900 900 300 Secretary / accountant 12.2 3 3 1 m.m 150 1 575 0 225 225 75 Driver 12.3 3 3 1 m.m 100 700 0 300 300 100 Support committee allowance 31.1 3 3 m.m (7) 1 160 1 120 480 480 160 Duty travel in neighbouring 32 2 Man country 1 400 2 800 2 800 National fire management 14 15 days consultant 250 3 750 3 750 Training workshop 15.2 1 u 5 240 5 240 5 240 Overhead projector 44.1 1 u 1 000 1 000 1 000
Total 3.1 25 985 0 16 195 3 405 1 135 0 2 250 2 250 750
Activity 3.2 Establish and equip an operational fire alert and monitoring system National coordinator 11.1 - 2 3 2 m.m 1 100 7 700 1 000 1 500 1 000 1 200 1 800 1 200 Fire Management Expert 11.2 - 2 3 2 m.m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Administrative and financial 12.1 2 3 m.m assistant - 2 300 2 100 600 900 600 Secretary / accountant 12.2 - 2 3 2 m.m 150 1 575 0 150 225 150 300 450 300 Driver 12.3 2 3 2 m.m 100 700 0 200 300 200 Support committee allowance 31.1 2 3 m.m (7) - 2 160 1 120 320 480 320 National fire management 14 consultant - - 15 - days 250 3 750 3 750 Training workshop 15.2 - - 1 - u 5 240 5 240 5 240 Contracts with fire control brigades 23 - 10 000 10 000 10 000 ha 2 60 000 20 000 20 000 20 000
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Total OUTPUTS / Budget Quantity Unit cost ITTO TOGO DESCRIPTION Units cost ACTIVITIES component $US Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 $US Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Purchase of bicycles 43.3 - 15 - - u 60 900 900 Purchase of motorcycles 43.2 - 5 - - u 1 000 5 000 5 000 Motorcycle insurance 55 - 5 5 5 u 60 900 300 300 300 Purchase of GPS devices 44.2 - 5 - - u 800 4 000 4 000 Purchase of water tank 44.3 - 15 - - u 800 12 000 12 000 ------Purchase of binoculars 44.2 - 15 - - u 495 7 425 7 425 ------Purchase of machetes 44.3 - 45 - - u 6 270 270 ------Purchase of spades 44.3 - 30 - - u 10 300 300 ------Purchase of axes 44.3 - 15 - - u 14 210 210 ------Purchase of rakes 44.3 - 30 - - u 8 240 240 ------Purchase of hoes 44.3 - 30 - - u 6 180 180 ------Purchase of fire protection shoes 44.3 - 180 - - u 150 27 000 27 000 ------Purchase of flashlights 44.3 - 180 - - u 2 360 360 ------Purchase of gloves 44.3 - 180 - - u 40 7 200 7 200 ------Purchase of head protection gear 44.3 - 180 - - u 150 27 000 27 000 ------Purchase of masks 44.3 - 180 - - u 30 5 400 5 400 ------Purchase of mask goggles 44.3 - 180 - - u 20 3 600 3 600 ------Purchase of firefighter outfits 44.3 - 180 - - u 225 40 500 40 500 ------Purchase of belts 44.3 - 180 - - u 15 2 700 2 700 ------Purchase of buckets 44.3 - 30 - - u 10 300 300 ------Purchase of whistles 44.3 - 60 - - u 2 120 120 ------Purchase of flails 44.3 - 90 - - u 60 5 400 5 400 ------Purchase of pumps 44.3 - 30 - - u 360 10 800 10 800 ------Reservoir construction 24 - 15 - - u 2 400 36 000 36 000 ------Snapshot camera 44.1 - 6 - - u 600 3 600 3 600 ------
Total 3.2 283 590 0 223 075 32 695 22 570 0 1 500 2 250 1 500
Sub-total for expenditures associated with activities 493 955 50 020 291 915 72 610 36 060 7 350 24 000 9 000 3 000
Expenditures not associated with specific activities
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Total OUTPUTS / Budget Quantity Unit cost ITTO TOGO DESCRIPTION Units cost ACTIVITIES component $US Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 $US Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 4WD vehicle 43.1 1 - car 44 000 44 000 44 000 Car insurance 55 1 1 1 1 car 2 000 2 000 500 500 500 500 Fuel and lubricants 51 1 540 5 315 5 346 1 813 litres 1 15 135 1 663 5 740 5 774 1 958
Servicing and spare parts 52 12 12 12 4 month 40 1 600 480 480 480 160
Office supplies 54 12 12 12 4 month 150 1 600 480 480 480 160
Purchase of laptop computers 44.1 2 - - - u 1 200 4 800 4 800 Purchase of a 44.1 2 - - - u 2 000 4 000 4 000 printer/photocopy machine Telephone, internet and 53 12 12 12 4 month 150 6 000 1 800 1 800 1 800 600 electricity costs
Miscellaneous expenses 61 Lumpsum Lumpsum Lumpsum Lumpsum Lumpsum 5 920 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120 360 360 360 360
Contingencies 63 Lumpsum Lumpsum Lumpsum Lumpsum Lumpsum 4 000 1 200 1 200 1 200 400 Audit 62 1 1 1 1 u 4 000 16 000 4 000 4 000 4 000 4 000
Sub-total for activities not associated to specific activities 105 055 62 843 14 120 14 154 8 498 1 560 1 560 1 560 760
OVERALL TOTAL 599 010 112 863 306 035 86 764 44 558 8 910 25 560 10 560 3 760
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3.4.2. Yearly Project Budget
3.4.2.1. Consolidated Yearly Project Budget 1 $US = 500 FCFA
Budget components TOTAL Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Input Unit cost 10 Project personnel 11. National experts (Long $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - term) 11.1. National coordinator 40 $ 1 085.00 $ 43 400.00 $ 12 600.00 $ 13 200.00 $13 200.00 $ 4 400.00 11.2. Fire Management $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - Expert 12. Others $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 12.1. Administrative and 40 $ 300.00 $ 12 000.00 $ 3 600.00 $ 3 600.00 $ 3 600.00 $ 1 200.00 financial assistant 12.2. Secretary / accountant 40 198.75 $ 7 950.00 $ 1 650.00 $ 2 700.00 $ 2 700.00 $ 900.00 12.3. Driver 40 $ 100.00 $ 4 000.00 $ 1 200.00 $ 1 200.00 $ 1 200.00 $ 400.00 13. National consultants $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - (Short term) 13.1. National Wildlife 22 $ 260.00 $ 5 720.00 $ 5 720.00 $ - $ - $ - Consultant 13.2. National Beekeeping 22 $ 260.00 $ 5 720.00 $ 5 720.00 $ - $ - $ - consultant 13.3. National Fire Management 30 $ 250.00 $ 7 500.00 $ - $ 3 750.00 $ 3 750.00 $ - consultant 14. International consultants $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 14.1. International Fire 32 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - Management Consultant 15. Fellowship and training $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 15.1. Validation workshop 13 $ 184.62 $ 2 400.00 $ 800.00 $ 800.00 $ 800.00 $ - 15.2. Training workshops 2 $ 4 986.67 $ 29 920.00 $ 3 480.00 $ 6 480.00 $ 9 560.00 $ 4 320.00 19. Component total $118 610.00 $ 37 770.00 $ 34 810.00 $34 810.00 $11 220.00 20 Sub-contracting 21. Communication and 126 $ 421.0 $ 53 040.00 $ 15 680.00 $ 17 680.00 $17 680.00 $ - environmental awareness- raising NGO 22. NGO in Sustainable 45 $ 460.00 $ 20 700.00 $ - $ 6 900.00 $ 6 900.00 $ 6 900.00 Agriculture 23. Contract with fire-control 30 $ 2.0 $ 60 000.00 $ - $ 20 000.00 $20 000.00 $20 000.00 brigades 000 24. Construction of 15 $ 2 400.00 $ 36 000.00 $ - $ 36 000.00 $ - $ - reservoirs 29. Component total $ - $169 740.00 $ 17 680.00 $ 80 580.00 $44 580.00 $26 900.00 30 Duty travel 31. Daily Subsistence $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - Allowance 31.1. Support committee 160 $ 40.00 $ 6 400.00 $ 1 920.00 $ 1 920.00 $ 1 920.00 $ 640.00 allowance 32. Duty travel in a 2 $ 1 400.00 $ 2 800.00 $ - $ 2 800.00 $ - $ - neighbouring country 33. Local Transport Costs $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 39. Component total $ - $ 9 200.00 $ 1 920.00 $ 4 720.00 $ 1 920.00 $ 640.00 40 Capital Goods 41. Office space $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 42. Land $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 43. Vehicles $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 43.1. 4WD car 1 $ 44 000.00 $ 44 000.00 $ 44 000.00 $ - $ - $ - 43.2. Motorcycles 5 $ 1 000.00 $ 5 000.00 $ - $ 5 000.00 $ - $ - 43.3. Bicycles 27 $ 33.33 $ 900.00 $ - $ 900.00 $ - $ - 44. Capital goods $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
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Budget components TOTAL Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Input Unit cost 44.1. Computers and $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - accessories Laptop computers 4 $ 1 200.00 $ 4 800.00 $ 4 800.00 $ - $ - $ - Printers 2 $ 2 000.00 $ 4 000.00 $ 4 000.00 $ - $ - $ - Overhead projector 1 $ 1 000.00 $ 1 000.00 $ - $ 1 000.00 $ - $ - Snapshot camera 6 $ 600.00 $ 3 600.00 $ - $ 3 600.00 $ - $ - 44.2. Forestry Equipment $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - GPS 5 $ 800.00 $ 4 000.00 $ - $ 4 000.00 $ - $ - Binoculars 15 $ 495.00 $ 7 425.00 $ - $ 7 425.00 $ - $ - 44.3. Lightweight Firefighting $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - equipment Purchase of water tank 15 $ 800.00 $ 12 000.00 $ - $ 12 000.00 $ - $ - Purchase of machetes 45 $ 6.00 $ 270.00 $ - $ 270.00 $ - $ - Purchase of spades 30 $ 10.00 $ 300.00 $ - $ 300.00 $ - $ - Purchase of axes 15 $ 14.00 $ 210.00 $ - $ 210.00 $ - $ - 30 $ 8.00 $ 240.00 $ - $ 240.00 $ - $ - Purchase of rakes Purchase of hoes 30 $ 6.00 $ 180.00 $ - $ 180.00 $ - $ - Purchase of shoes 180 $ 150.00 $ 27 000.00 $ - $ 27 000.00 $ - $ - Purchase of flashlights 180 $ 2.00 $ 360.00 $ - $ 360.00 $ - $ - Purchase of gloves 180 $ 40.00 $ 7 200.00 $ - $ 7 200.00 $ - $ - Purchase of head protection 180 $ 150.00 $ 27 000.00 $ - $ 27 000.00 $ - $ - gear Purchase of masks 180 $ 30.00 $ 5 400.00 $ - $ 5 400.00 $ - $ - Purchase of mask goggles 180 $ 20.00 $ 3 600.00 $ - $ 3 600.00 $ - $ - Purchase of firefighter outfits 180 $ 225.00 $ 40 500.00 $ - $ 40 500.00 $ - $ - Purchase of belts 180 $ 15.00 $ 2 700.00 $ - $ 2 700.00 $ - $ - Purchase of buckets 30 $ 10.00 $ 300.00 $ - $ 300.00 $ - $ - Purchase of whistles 60 $ 2.00 $ 120.00 $ - $ 120.00 $ - $ - Purchase of flays 90 $ 60.00 $ 5 400.00 $ - $ 5 400.00 $ - $ - Purchase of pumps (Water 30 $ 360.00 $ 10 800.00 $ - $ 10 800.00 $ - $ - extinctor) 44,4. Husbandry and 100 $ 300.00 $ 30 000.00 $ 30 000.00 beekeeping equipment 49. Component total $248 305.00 $ 52 800.00 $195 505.00 $ - $ - 50 Consumables 51. Fuel and lubricants 14 $ 1.08 $ 15 135.12 $ 1 663.20 $ 5 740.42 $ 5 773.68 $ 1 957.82 014 52. Servicing and spare 40 $ 40.00 $ 1 600.00 $ 480.00 $ 480.00 $ 480.00 $ 160.00 parts 53. Tel., fax, Internet and 40 $ 150.00 $ 6 000.00 $ 1 800.00 $ 1 800.00 $ 1 800.00 $ 600.00 Electricity Costs 54. Office supplies 40 $ 40.00 $ 1 600.00 $ 480.00 $ 480.00 $ 480.00 $ 160.00 55. Car and motorcycle $ 2 900.00 $ 500.00 $ 800.00 $ 800.00 $ 800.00 insurance 59. Component total $ - $ 27 235.12 $ 4 923.20 $ 9 300.42 $ 9 333.68 $ 3 677.82 60 Miscellaneous 61. Sundries 40 $ 148.00 $ 5 920.00 $ 1 480.00 $ 1 480.00 $ 1 480.00 $ 1 480.00 62. Audit 3 $ 5 333.33 $ 16 000.00 $ 4 000.00 $ 4 000.00 $ 4 000.00 $ 4 000.00 63. Contingencies $ - $ 4 000.00 $ 1 200.00 $ 1 200.00 $ 1 200.00 $ 400.00 69. Component total - $ - $ 25 920.00 $ 6 680.00 $ 6 680.00 $ 6 680.00 $ 5 880.00 Sub-total $599 010.12 $121 773.20 $331 595.42 $97 323.68 $48 317.82 70 Local management costs 71. Executing Agency’s $ 89 851.52 management costs 72. Monitoring by Focal $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
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Budget components TOTAL Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Input Unit cost Point 79. Component total $ 89 851.52 $ - $ - $ - $ - 80 Project monitoring and administration 81. ITTO Monitoring and $ 40 000.00 $ 10 000.00 $ 10 000.00 $10 000.00 $10 000.00 review 82. ITTO Mid-term, Final $ 15 000.00 and Ex-post Evaluation 83. ITTO Programme $ 72 626.41 $ - $ - Support Costs (12% on items 10 to 82 above) 84. Donors’ Monitoring costs $ - 89. Component total $127 626.41 $ 10 000.00 $ 10 000.00 $10 000.00 $ - 100 OVERALL TOTAL $816 488.05
3.4.2.2. Yearly Project Budget – ITTO US$1.00 = CFA 500 Budget components Input Unit cost TOTAL Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 10 Project personnel 11. National experts $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - (Long term) 11.1. National 40 $ 500.00 $ 20 000.00 $ 6 000.00 $ 6 000.00 $ 6 000.00 $ 2 000.00 coordinator 11.2. Fire Management - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - Expert 12. Others $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 12.1. Administrative and 40 $ 300.00 $ 12 000.00 $ 3 600.00 $ 3 600.00 $ 3 600.00 $ 1 200.00 financial assistant 12.2. Secretary / 40 $ 75.00 $ 3 000.00 $ 900.00 $ 900.00 $ 900.00 $ 300.00 accountant 12.3. Driver 40 $ 100.00 $ 4 000.00 $ 1 200.00 $ 1 200.00 $ 1 200.00 $ 400.00 13. National consultants $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - (Short term) 13.1. National Wildlife 22 $ 260.00 $ 5 720.00 $ 5 720.00 $ - $ - $ - Consultant 13.2. National Beekeeping 22 $ 260.00 $ 5 720.00 $ 5 720.00 consultant 13.3. National Fire 30 $300,00 $ 7 500.00 $ - $ 3 750.00 $ 3 750.00 $ - Management consultant 14. International consultants $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 14.1. International Fire $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - Management Consultant 15. Fellowship and training $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 15.1. Validation workshop 13 $ 184.62 $ 2 400.00 $ 800.00 $ 800.00 $ 800.00 $ - 15.2. Training workshops 6 $ 4 986.67 $ 29 920.00 $ 6 480.00 $ 9 560.00 $ 9 560.00 $ 4 320.00 19. Component total $ 90 260.00 $30 420.00 $ 25 810.00 $25 810.00 $ 8 220.00 20 Sub-contracting 21. Communication 126 $ 421.0 $ 53 040.00 $17 680.00 $ 17 680.00 $17 680.00 $ - and environmental awareness-raising NGO 22. NGO in Sustainable 45 $ 460.00 $ 20 700.00 $ - $ 6 900.00 $ 6 900.00 $ 6 900.00 Agriculture 23. Contract with fire- 30 000 $ 2.0 $ 60 000.00 $ - $ 20 000.00 $20 000.00 $20 000.00 control brigades 24. Construction of 15 2 400 36 000 - 36 000 - - reservoirs 29. Component total $ - $169 740.00 $17 680.00 $ 80 580.00 $44 580.00 $26 900.00 30 Duty Travel
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Budget components Input Unit cost TOTAL Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 31. Daily Subsistence $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - Allowance 31.1. Support committee 160 $ 40.00 $ 6 400.00 $ 1 920.00 $ 1 920.00 $ 1 920.00 $ 640.00 allowance 32. Duty travel in a 2 $ 1 400.00 $ 2 800.00 $ - $ 2 800.00 $ - $ - neighbouring country 33. Local Transport Costs $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 39. Component total $ - $ 9 200.00 $ 1 920.00 $ 4 720.00 $ 1 920.00 $ 640.00 40 Capital Goods 41. Office space $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 42. Land $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 43. Vehicles $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 43.1. 4WD car 1 $ 44 $ 44 000.00 $44 000.00 $ - $ - $ - 000.00 43.2. Motorcycles 5 $ 1 000.00 $ 5 000.00 $ - $ 5 000.00 $ - $ - 43.3. Bicycles 15 $ 60.00 $ 900.00 $ - $ 900.00 $ - $ - 44.Capital Goods $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 44.1. Computers and $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - accessories Laptop computers 4 $ 1 200.00 $ 4 800.00 $ 4 800.00 $ - $ - $ - Printers 2 $ 2 000.00 $ 4 000.00 $ 4 000.00 $ - $ - $ - Overhead projector 1 $ 1 000.00 $ 1 000.00 $ - $ 1 000.00 $ - $ - Snapshot camera 6 $ 600.00 $ 3 600.00 $ - $ 3 600.00 $ - $ - 44.2. Forestry equipment $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - GPS 5 $ 800.00 $ 4 000.00 $ - $ 4 000.00 $ - $ - Binoculars 15 $ 495.00 $ 7 425.00 $ - $ 7 425.00 $ - $ - 44.3. Lightweight firefighting $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - equipment Purchase of water tank 15 $ 800.00 $ 12 000.00 $ - $ 12 000.00 $ - $ - Purchase of machetes 45 $ 6.00 $ 270.00 $ - $ 270.00 $ - $ - Purchase of spades 30 $ 10.00 $ 300.00 $ - $ 300.00 $ - $ - Purchase of axes 15 $ 14.00 $ 210.00 $ - $ 210.00 $ - $ - Purchase of rakes 30 $ 8.00 $ 240.00 $ - $ 240.00 $ - $ - Purchase of hoes 30 $ 6.00 $ 180.00 $ - $ 180.00 $ - $ - Purchase of shoes 180 $ 150.00 $ 27 000.00 $ - $ 27 000.00 $ - $ - Purchase of flashlights 180 $ 2.00 $ 360.00 $ - $ 360.00 $ - $ - Purchase of gloves 180 $ 40.00 $ 7 200.00 $ - $ 7 200.00 $ - $ - Purchase of head protection $ 150.00 $ 27 000.00 $ - $ 27 000.00 $ - $ - gear 180 Purchase of masks 180 $ 30.00 $ 5 400.00 $ - $ 5 400.00 $ - $ - Purchase of mask goggles 180 $ 20.00 $ 3 600.00 $ - $ 3 600.00 $ - $ - Purchase of firefighters $ 225.00 $ 40 500.00 $ - $ 40 500.00 $ - $ - outfits 180 Purchase of belts 180 $ 15.00 $ 2 700.00 $ - $ 2 700.00 $ - $ - Purchase of buckets 30 $ 10.00 $ 300.00 $ - $ 300.00 $ - $ - Purchase of whistles 60 $ 2.00 $ 120.00 $ - $ 120.00 $ - $ - Purchase of flays 90 $ 60.00 $ 5 400.00 $ - $ 5 400.00 $ - $ - Purchase of pumps (Water $ 360.00 $ 10 800.00 $ - $ 10 800.00 $ - $ - extinctor) 30 44.4. Husbandry and $ 300.00 $ 15 000.00 $ 15 000.00 $ - $ - beekeeping equipment 50 49. Component total $233 305.00 $52 800.00 $180 505.00 $ - $ - 50 Consumables 51. Fuel and lubricants 14 014 $ 1.08 $ 15 135.12 $ 1 663.20 $ 5 740.42 $ 5 773.68 $ 1 957.82 52. Servicing and spare 40 $ 40.00 $ 1 600.00 $ 480.00 $ 480.00 $ 480.00 $ 160.00 parts 53. Tel., fax, Internet and 40 $ 150.00 $ 6 000.00 $ 1 800.00 $ 1 800.00 $ 1 800.00 $ 600.00 Electricity Costs 54. Office supplies 40 $ 40.00 $ 1 600.00 $ 480.00 $ 480.00 $ 480.00 $ 160.00 55. Car and motorcycle $ 2 900.00 $ 500.00 $ 800.00 $ 800.00 $ 800.00 insurance 59. Component total $ - $ 27 235.12 $ 4 923.20 $ 9 300.42 $ 9 333.68 $ 3 677.82
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Budget components Input Unit cost TOTAL Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 60 Miscellaneous 61. Miscellaneous 40 $ 112.00 $ 4 480.00 $ 1 120.00 $ 1 120.00 $ 1 120.00 $ 1 120.00 expenses 62. Audit 3 $ 5 333.33 $ 16 000.00 $ 4 000.00 $ 4 000.00 $ 4 000.00 $ 4 000.00 63. Contingencies $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 69. Component total - $ - $ 20 480.00 $ 5 120.00 $ 5 120.00 $ 5 120.00 $ 5 120.00 Sub-total $550 220.12 $112 863.20 $306 035.42 $86 763.68 $44 557.82 70 Local management costs 71. Executing Agency’s $ - management costs 72. Monitoring by Focal $ - Point 79. Total component $ - 80 Project monitoring and administration 81. ITTO Monitoring and $ 40 000.00 $10 000.00 $ 10 000.00 $10 000.00 $10 000.00 review 82. ITTO Mid-term, Final $ 15 000.00 and Ex-post Evaluation 83. ITTO Programme $ 72 626.41 $ - $ - Support Costs (12% on items 10 to 82 above) 84. Donors’ Monitoring $ - costs 89. Component total $127 626.41 $10 000.00 $ 10 000.00 $10 000.00 $ - 100 OVERALL TOTAL $677 846.53
3.4.2.3. Yearly Project Budget – Togo US$ 1.00 = FCFA 500 Budget components Input Unit cost TOTAL Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 10 Project personnel 11. National experts (Long $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - term) 11.1. National coordinator 40 $ 585.00 $ 23 400.00 $6 600.00 $ 7 200.00 $7 200.00 $2 400.00 11.2. Fire Management 40 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - Expert 12. Other $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 12.1. Administrative and $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - financial assistant 12.2. Secretary / accountant 40 $123.75 $ 4 950.00 $ 750.00 $ 1800.00 $ 1800.00 $ 600.00 19. Component total $ 28 350.00 $7 350.00 $ 9 000.00 $9 000.00 $3 000.00 20 Sub -contracting 21. Communication and $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - environmental awareness- raising NGO 22. NGO in sustainable 600 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - agriculture 29. Component total $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 30 Duty Travel 31. Daily Subsistence $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - Allowance 39. Component total $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 40 Capital Items 44. Capital goods $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 44.1 Computers and $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - accessories
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Budget components Input Unit cost TOTAL Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 44.2 Forestry equipment $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 44.3 Small equipment for fire $ - $ $ control 44.4. Cattle breeding and $300.00 $15 000.00 $15 000.00 beekeeping equipment 50 49. Component total $ 15 000.00 $ - $15 000.00 $ - $ - 50 Consumables 51. Fuel and lubricants $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 59. Component total $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 60 Miscellaneous 61. Sundry $36.00 $1 440.00 $ 360.00 $ 360.00 $ 360.00 $ 360.00
62. Audit $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - 63. Contingencies $4 000.00 $ 1 200.00 1 200.00 1 200.00 $ 400.00 69. Component total - $ - $ 5 440.00 $1 560.00 $ 1 560.00 $1 560.00 $ 760.00 Sub-total $ 48 790.00 $8 910.00 $25 560.00 $10 560.00 $3 760.00
70 Local Management Costs 71. Executing Agency’s $ 89 851.52 management costs 72. Monitoring by Focal $ - Point 79. Component total $ 89 851.52 $ - $ - $ - $ -
100 OVERALL TOTAL $138 641.52
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3.4.3. Overall project budget by activities and components (US$1.00 = CFA500)
Budget components OUTPUTS / ACTIVITIES 10. Project 20. Sub- 30. Duty travel 40. Capital 50. 60. Miscella- Year OVERALL personnel contracting goods Consumables neous Expenses not associated with any activity TOTAL
Output 1: Communities surrounding the most vulnerable of Government-owned forests in 15 prefectures are informed of the impacts of forest fires through suitable media 1.1 Raise awareness of young people in 66 schools of the impacts of wildfires 11 550 IE 18 000 I 960 I 0 I 0 I 0 1;2;3 30 510
1.2. Raise awareness of 110 local forest surrounding villages on the bushfire control regulation in force 11 550 IE 29 040 I 960 I 0 I 0 1;2;4 41 550 Sub-total 1 23 100 IE 53 040 1 920 I 0 I 0 I 0 78 060
Output 2: Sustainable farming and hunting practices developed in the areas adjacent to the most vulnerable forests
2.1. Promote game husbandry and beekeeping for the benefit of local, forest-surrounding communities 28 345 IE I 1 120 I 30 000 IE 0 I 0 IE 1 59 465 2.2. Disseminate and have sustainable farming practices adopted by local farmers 25 035 IE 20 700 I 1 120 I 0 0 I 2;3;4 46 855 Sub-total 2 53 380 IE 20 700 I 2 240 I 30 000 0 I 0 106 320 Output 3: The prevention and active control of wildfires in most vulnerable areas are enhanced
3.1. Create, train and reactivate local protection brigades against forest fires 21 065 IE I 3 920 1 000 I 0 I 0 2;3;4 25 985 3.2. Establish and equip an operational fire alert and monitoring system 21 065 IE 96 000 IE 1 120 I 164 505 I 900 I 0 IE 2;3;5 283 590 Sub-total 3 42 130 96 000 5 040 165 505 900 0 0 309 575
Total Expenses not linked to any one activity (ITTO + Exec. Agency.) 0 0 0 52 800 26 335 25 920 1;2;3;4 105 055
Sub-total (ITTO) 90 260 169 740 9 200 233 305 27 235 20 480 550 220 Sub-total (Exec. Agency.) 28 350 0 0 15 000 0 5 440 48 790 Sub-total (Others) 0
TOTAL 118 610 169 740 9 200 248 305 27 235 25 920 599 010 I = ITTO Contribution E = Host Country Contribution (TOGO)
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3.5. Assumptions, risks and sustainability
3.5.1. Assumptions and risks
The implementation of this project will be made easier provided:
• The communities, as key stakeholders, are receptive to awareness-raising messages. Indeed, bushfires have now been part of the habits of rural life, which suggests difficulties in information dissemination. To overcome this uncertainty, advocacy work will not only be by word of mouth; media will be created to address each social stratum (both among younger and older segments), and will include comics, television animation, skits, billboards, etc. • Communities will actually find their interest in proposed income-generating activities Training in game husbandry, beekeeping and sustainable cultivation methods to be provided to beneficiary communities will help them overcome the need for cash that their hunting and slash-and-burn agriculture activities cannot meet, and which are a root cause to start bushfires. These will be novel activities to be progressively introduced to communities, who will gradually adopt them and in the process will break away from old habits. Awareness-raising sessions planned in Activities 1.1 and 1.2 will help overcome any initial reluctance. During project implementation, a partnership will be established with the Ministry of Agriculture to draw on PNIASA achievements for establishing project activities. By project completion, the techniques will already be acquired by trained farmers and livestock keepers. Guidance will be sought from other ministerial departments to ensure the sustainability of project outcomes.
• All stakeholders collaborate: Fire-control brigades will be set up in protected areas throughout the territory, but fire control and fire prevention activities and advocacy work should not be limited to these brigades. If the local communities are not united, the brigades will not be supported in their tasks, and any action will be futile. Therefore, in addition to the direct compensation payable to members of the brigades, a percentage of the total amount of compensation will be appropriated as an incentive for the whole community in the form of social community work. ODEF has already developed a sound experience of this practice through the use of rebates from the use of teak plantations. 3.5.2. Sustainability
Implementation of this project will develop material and human resources together with methodologies to control wildfires. However this project is scheduled for fourty (36 or 48) months only. At the completion of the project not only should the fire protection and control systems be in place and operational, but this system should also be broadcast on all government and private sites experiencing the same problems. For this purpose, the capacity building process through training will not be limited to communities based on government-owned forests, it will also be extended to other resource persons with the possibility to yield a positive return. The outreach materials including billboards will be made from durable material, so as to make them sustainable on site.
The communities that have received training will be able not only to practice the acquired knowledge, but also to disseminate it. As such, ODEF will help those community members trained in animal husbandry to establish their business through the investment fund of the Priority Investment Programme (PIP) paid by the Government each year. Negotiations with investors, NGOs and the Department of Agriculture will also be undertaken to ensure that farmers receive financial support (e.g. under the PNIASAN). Already, the land parcels to be allocated to agricultural communities living near the Eto and Lili forests (hotspots) in project PD 584/10 Rev.2 (F) have raised the interests of partners willing to support the beneficiary communities in their development of these lands. Brigades to be recruited, trained and reactivated will also continue the activities after the completion of the project. Therefore, even during the project, these brigades will be paid by the Togolese counterpart, which will be made possible because each year funds amounting to US$30,000 are allocated by the Government for the protection of government-owned plantations as part of public investment policies. This permanent source of funding will ensure the continuity of fire brigades’ activities. These fire brigades will be retrained one year 43
after the end of project, with this being extended to other stakeholders, particularly those in the private sector. Trips of project delegates to a nearby country (Ghana or the Côte d’Ivoire) with experienced in managing fires, will help to prevent irregularities and trigger the vision of a sub- regional partnership as a holistic strategy for managing forest fires. Equipment purchased for the project will be allocated to the various state and local stakeholders under contracts stating the conditions of supply and use. An annual inventory will allow this equipment to be monitored and maintained during and after the end of the project. As a result, an equipment management committee will be set up in each community.
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PART FOUR: IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT
4.1. Organizational structure and mechanism for stakeholders’ involvement
4.1.1. Executing Agency and Partners
4.1.1.1. Executing Agency The Executing Agency for this project will be the Office de Développement et d’Exploitation des Forêts (ODEF). Administratively, it is placed under the supervision Ministry of the Environment and Forest Resources (MERF). Since its establishment in 1971, this structure has cumulated 40 years of experience in reforestation and forest management in Togo. Through ITTO projects, ODEF initiated the participatory management of forest resources by involving local communities. This structure now has a staff of male and female employees numbering 240, among which 64 executive professionals including water and forest engineers, forest and water works engineers, water and forest assistant engineers, sociologists, environmentalists and managers. ODEF will play a direct role in the implementation of the project. Project personnel will be seconded from this institution and will be responsible for recruiting staff and coordinating all project activities. It also has adequate equipment (fleet of vehicles and forestry equipment), infrastructure and real estate. ODEF’s average annual budget is US$ 2,716,503 (2015-2017). The primary need of this institution is funding. The Ministry of Environment and Forest Resources (MERF) will participate in the project monitoring through the Steering Committee, in which it will be represented. MERF also has experience in taking part in the steering committee of most ITTO projects implemented in the country. It also has a competent and multidisciplinary personnel distributed across its various directorates that will feature among project partners through a technical support committee.
4.1.1.2. Partners ODEF will be supported by other MERF technical services through a support committee comprising at least four members in which each division will be represented; the support committee will participate in workshop activities and consultation meetings. Divisions/directorates are as follows:
- Directorate of Forest Resources (DRF) DRF’s mandate is as follows: • develop forestry rules and regulations; • recommend national policy components in relation to forest resources; • implement policies, strategies, programmes and projects in relation to forest resource protection and management of vulnerable ecosystems and humid areas; • coordinate fauna and flora inventories; • monitoring compliance of flora and fauna product use; • monitoring classification procedures of protected areas; • participate in development and implementation of management plans for forests and protected areas; • develop and supervising standards for interventions in forest areas; • conclude management contracts for government-owned natural forests; • recommend incentive measures for private individuals in relation to forest management; • promote local people’s participation in forest resource management and biodiversity; • facilitate an intersectoral consultation framework involving all forest sector’s stakeholders; • administrate conventions, agreements and treaties pertaining to flora and fauna.
DRF comprises three divisions: - Standardization and Monitoring Division; - Forest Division; - Protected Areas and Wildlife Division. DRF is responsible for managing a number of Togo’s protected areas of a floristic nature and will be able to contribute its experience such as lessons learnt from Project PD 009/99 Rev.2 (F) “Sustainable Management of Missahoe Reserved Forest Forestry Resource with the Participation of Local Rural Communities for An Optimal Timber Production”. 45
DRF, through its regional offices, implements and monitors the operation of prescribed fires throughout the territory every year. It is also directly involved in the implementation of the National Forestry Action Plan, with the overall objectives of achieving 20% cover by 2035, ensuring the entirety of its needs in energy wood and ensuring biodiversity conservation and the sustainable protection of risk areas as well as fauna habitats.
- Environment Directorate Its duties are as follows: - recommend national policy components in relation to forest resources - monitor and control environmental and social management plans - participate in the development and implementation of strategies, laws, regulations, plans, programmes and projects in relation to environment conservation and management - implement international legal instruments ratified by Togo in relation to environment, and recommend joining other international instruments - work together with the Directorate of Planning for effectively taking into consideration concerns pertaining to environment conservation in development programmes, projects and actions - participate in facilitating an intersectoral consultation framework involving all stakeholders in environment management - implement programmes and strategies for ozone layer protection
The Directorate of Environment comprises four divisions: - Division of Preservation of Living Environments and Quality of Life (DPMCV) - Division of Classified Infrastructure and Technological Risks (DICRT) - Division of Hazardous Materials and Radioactive Material (DSDMR) - Division of Fight against Climate Change (DLCC). It is in this context that the plan for implementing the Participatory Control of Wildfires action was planned. The Directorate of Environment will be an ideal partner in this regard.
- The Directorate of Forestry and Environmental Inspection The Directorate is responsible for the suppression of illegal activities conducted in protected areas and will also contribute to implementing the process of participatory fire management in relation to awareness-raising, as planned by the project.
In addition, the following Consultants will collaborate with ODEF: - National Fire Management Consultant - National Consultant in Wildlife - National Consultant in Beekeeping
Subcontracts will be tendered with three NGOs, respectively specializing in communication, sustainable agriculture and installation of water reservoirs. The support of traditional leaders and local CVDs will be sought for various awareness-raising efforts and in particular for mobilizing the contracted fire control brigades. ODEF will also have the support of other departments in the ministries in charge of agriculture and stock breeding, social action, safety and civil protection (fire brigades), as well as of administrations in charge of territories and local communities, education and alphabetization, etc. Private tree planters will also collaborate with the Executing Agency through their associations.
Members from above partner entities will form a Technical Support Committee responsible for monitoring project implementation on a daily basis. Women will be given a key role in the Committee. 4.1.2. Project Management Team
As far as technical and scientific aspects are concerned, the Project will be managed by a small team composed of a coordinator (M/F) and a National Wildfire Management Expert (M/F). They will be assisted by an administrative and financial assistant, a secretary / accountant and a driver. Project headquarters will be housed at the Directorate General of ODEF based in Lomé.
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4.1.3. Project Steering Committee
The Project Steering Committee will monitor the project activities. This committee consists of: - One representative (M/F) from the Ministry of Environment and Forest Resources; - One representative (M/F) ofromITTO; - One representative (M/F) from the donor country; - One representative (M/F) from ODEF; - One representative (M/F) from the Water and Forests Directorate; - One representative of NGOs; - One representative (M/F) of rural communities; - One representative (M/F) of private tree planters; - the project coordinator (M/F). 4.1.4. Mechanisms for stakeholders’ participation
Consultation and validation workshops will be conducted at each stage of the studies as part of the implementation of activities. The workshops will invite all stakeholders and provide opportunities to present the progress and interim results of the project. Stakeholders invited to these consultations will be: the project personnel, local NGOs, representatives of local communities, administrative authorities, representatives of training institutions, representatives of government departments and the private sector working in the field of natural resource protection, etc. These representatives will not be part of the project personnel, but will be included in the Support Committee (bringing together all project partners).
Ministry of Environment and Forest Ressources (MERF)
Project Steering Committee
Executing Agency (ODEF) Support Committee (partners) National Coordinator
Administrative and Financial Assistant
Secretary / Bookeeper
Consultants
NGOs
Figure 5: Project Staff Chart
4.2. Reporting, reviews, monitoring and evaluation
A meeting of the Steering Committee will be convened following project funding, and ODEF will submit the project inception report through the project coordinator. The report will outline the steps required to implement the project. The annual operation plan for the first year of the project should include an internal monitoring system that will allow ODEF and the technical support committee to improve project performance. Internal monitoring is carried out once a year and will take place before the Project Steering Committee meeting. 47
The Committee decisions should be included in the minutes, which should include issues faced (documented in the progress reports) and describe solutions found. Monitoring and review will be based on the logical framework matrix and work plan as reference materials. The review mission implemented by ITTO staff (ITTO representative in Africa) will be organized in collaboration with the ODEF and MERF.
Progress reports should be prepared every six months following the format of the ITTO Manual for Project Monitoring, Reviewing, Reporting and Evaluation (Third edition, 2008) and submitted to ITTO twice a year in February and August. A completion report will be produced by ODEF at the close of the 40 months if the project is effectively completed at this date.
4.3. Dissemination and mainstreaming of project learning
4.3.1. Dissemination of project outcomes
Although the project is to be primarily executed in the areas most exposed to fire, it should be recalled that the issue of bushfires is ubiquitous throughout the national territory. Among forests protected each year by ODEF, 27 % are highly vulnerable and deserve particular attention. Therefore, project results will extend into all areas of intervention, and possibly to other sites operated by other government departments and individuals. To do so, resource persons from these services will be involved in workshops aimed at reporting interim results, and in project evaluation. Meanwhile, the training component provided for in the project will involve a number of stakeholders able to disseminate the knowledge conveyed. Project reports and leaflets, panels, comic books and videos created during the project will be disseminated, including after project completion. The warning and response system (equipped firefighting brigades) will be maintained in the five regions of the country and will be replicated in the most relevant areas after the project. The contract for sustainable forestry tested during the project will be sent to private planters (training courses) for implementation in their private estates and they will be supported by the administration. National guidelines will be developed for the implementation of sustainable forestry contracts by all stakeholders. Decrees will be issued by the MERF, with a view to making the establishment and operation of fire control brigades official.
4.3.2. Sustainable use of lessons learnt
To ensure the sustainable use of lessons learned from the project, the capacities of the Support Committee will be further strengthened after the project when members from other services dealing with the same field of management and representatives of surrounding communities will join the Support Committee. Retraining fire-control brigades will be carried out one year after the project and will be extended to other stakeholders, including private operators. Sustainable forestry contracts implemented on a pilot basis will be funded by the annual ODEF budget during the project and will thereafter be considered as a means for extending reforestation and protection. Regarding the remuneration of fire control brigades, annual funding as part of priority investments by the Government amounting to approximately US$60,000 will be used for this purpose, and for renewing some of the equipment of these brigades. Travels by project delegates to neighbouring countries (Ghana or Côte d’Ivoire), which have an experience in fire management will prevent flaws and promote the vision based on a partnership at the sub-regional level for the management of forest fires through an integrated approach.
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ANNEX 1: PROFILE OF THE EXECUTING AGENCY AND PARTNER INSTITUTIONS
1. Expertise ODEF is a Governmental organization established by Decree N°71-204 of 13 November 1971. Its mission includes the management and development of the Permanent Forest Estate. ODEF's achievements to date include the establishment of over 9,000 ha of plantations for the Government. These projects were financed by the Government or development organizations. They include the following:
- Project TOG/88/008: Reforestation and forest management including the establishment of some 700 ha; - Project PAM/TOG/2818 and TOG/AGR/0010: Forest Development with the establishment of almost 1,500 ha of teak plantations; and - AFRI Project financed by the Caisse Centrale de Coopération Française (Central French Cooperation Fund) and the Government of Togo through which 3,500 ha of Eucalyptus plantations were established.
In recent years, ODEF has implemented the following projects in partnership with ITTO: - PD 581/10 Rev.2 (F): “Establishing a Geographic Information System for the Sustainable Management of the Forest Areas of Togo”; - PD 584/10 Rev.2 (F): “Implementing the Cooperative Framework Between ODEF and the Stakeholders for the Effective Participatory and Sustainable Management of the Eto-Lilicope Forest Complex”; - RED-PD 031/11 Rev.1 (F): “Rehabilitation and Restoration of Residual Forests and Arid Savannah Lands in the Akpé and Akama Valleys”.
2. Infrastructure ODEF has its Headquarters in Lomé and covers 15 geographical sectors and sub-sectors over the entire Togolese territory. ODEF's Technical Directorate includes a relatively well-equipped Engineering Department that enables it to implement studies, monitor work under implementation and undertake some associated research work at field level. Thus, it provides support to other Governmental Forest Departments both with staff and equipment. At field level, its actions cover 15 gazetted forests totalling 120,000 ha approximately. Operational fire control brigades – two of which having been established through project PD 584/10 Rev.2 (F) – were trained for seven forests.
3. Operational Budget ODEF enjoys its own administrative and financial autonomy. Its budget for the past 3 years, not including project-funding contributions, breaks down as follows: Component Year 2015 Year 2016 Year 2017 Sub-contracting A+B (n°62&63) 1 087 660 1 226 245 1 319 110 Duty Travels (61&63) 71 322 82 374 105 089 Acquisitions and Capital Goods (n°2) 80 453 74 197 60 468 Consumables (n°60) 332 241 324 904 331 859 Personnel (n°66) 921 655 1 066 799 1 065 143 Total 2 493 331 2 774 519 2 881 670 US$1.00 = FCFA 500,00 4. Personnel As of now (2018), ODEF personnel includes a staff of 208 comprising the following: - Design and Development Engineer: 05 - Senior Engineer: 15 - Assistant Engineers: 16 - Administrative executives: 28 - Others (Office Staff, Rangers & Patrol Officers, drivers, etc.): 144 49
ODEF Management includes the Technical Division, Administrative and Financial Division and Commercial Division. There are also Regional Divisions in each of the five administrative regions of the country.
Profile of partner institutions
a) Directorate of Forest Resources (DFR) DRF’s mandate is as follows: • develop forestry rules and regulations; • recommend national policy components in relation to forest resources; • implement policies, strategies, programmes and projects in relation to forest resource protection and management of vulnerable ecosystems and humid areas; • coordinate fauna and flora inventories; • monitoring compliance of flora and fauna product use; • monitoring classification procedures of protected areas; • participate in development and implementation of management plans for forests and protected areas; • develop and supervising standards for interventions in forest areas; • conclude management contracts for government-owned natural forests; • recommend incentive measures for private individuals in relation to forest management; • promote local people’s participation in forest resource management and biodiversity; • facilitate an intersectoral consultation framework involving all forest sector’s stakeholders; • administrate conventions, agreements and treaties pertaining to flora and fauna.
DRF comprises three divisions: - Standardization and Monitoring Division; - Forest Division; - Protected Areas and Wildlife Division.
b) Directorate of the Environment (DE) Its remit includes the following: - To contribute to the identification of strategies and the national policy in terms of prevention of natural and technological hazards, negative impacts of development activities on the environment and the control pollution and nuisances; - To develop the definition of environmental policies and standards and to ensure the verification of compliance; - To manage with relevant institutions and stakeholders, impact assessment and environmental audit processes for the issuance of environmental compliance certificate - To ensure technical coordination of the implementation of conventions and other international treaties relating to environment conservation; - To promote technologies and modes of production and sustainable consumption.
This department includes three divisions: - Division of Impact Studies and Environmental Audits - Division of Gazetted Facilities and Hazardous Waste - Division of the Prevention and Control of Pollution and Nuisances.
c) Forestry and Environmental Inspectorate (IFE) The IFE is under the authority of a director who has the status of central director. The IFE’s duties are as follows: - Monitor the implementation of reforestation, management, maintenance and protection work in the National Forest Estate, community forests and private forests; - Check the compliance of forest concession activities with relevant terms of reference; 50
- Check the compliance of logging activities and other silvicultural operations conducted in the National Forest Estate, local authority forests, community forests and private forests with licenses issued; - Check the effectiveness and compliance of management and protection work conducted in protected areas for their sustainable management; - Check the compliance of hunting activities and harvesting of NTFPs; - Carry out random checks of the lawfulness of the transport of forest products and by-products throughout the national territory; - Ensure the compliance of studies / surveys to be carried out in connection with the development of management plans for National Forest Estate, local authority forests, community forests and private forests with the relevant terms of reference.
This Directorate comprises two divisions: - Division of Forestry Control; and - Division of Legal Affairs and Litigations.
d) Other Government Departments
They include departments placed under the authority of the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection (Gendarmerie nationale, Fire Department), Ministry of Agriculture, Husbandry and Fisheries, Ministry of Land Administration, Decentralization and Local Communities; Ministry of Welfare Action and National Solidarity (Directorate of Disaster Coordination and Management).
e) Private reforesters
They are affiliated to the trade association Syndicat des Travailleurs et Revendeurs de Bois et Activités Connexes du Togo (SYTREBACT) and include plantation operators, timber logging operators, charcoal makers, timber industry operators, etc.
All abovementioned entities are directly or indirectly involved in fire control issues in Togo, as described in section 4.1.1.
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ANNEX 2: CURRICULUM VITAE OF KEY PROJECT STAFF PROVIDED BY THE EXECUTING AGENCY
A. CURRICULUM VITAE
Name GBADOE Forename Edjidomélé Date and place of birth 05 April 1958 in Lomé (TOGO) Sex Male Family status Married with four children Nationality Togolese Profession Water & Forestry and Wildlife Engineer Address e-mail: [email protected] BP:13 623 Lomé TOGO Tel: (00 228) 905 40 62 et (00 228) 953 61 97 Professional references 1- EGLI Arnold: [email protected] 2- BARBIER Claude: [email protected] 3- AGOGNO Koffi: Tél: 958 37 04
MAIN SPECIALISMS AND EDUCATION
• Silviculture and Management − from 1983 to 1986 − Training institution − E.N.S.A. - Foresterie Centre Universitaire de Dschang CAMEROUN − Degree − Ingénieur des Eaux et Forêts et des Chasses (Water − Main subjects & Forestry and Wildlife Engineer) − Silviculture, forest management, wildlife and hunting, logging, wood-working technologies, soil protection and restoration; forest inventories • Agro-pastoralism − From 1979 to 1982 − Training institution − École supérieure d’agronomie (ESA-UB TOGO) − Degree − Executive Engineer in Agronomy − Main subjects − Specialist crop cultivation, zoo-technics, rural sociology, rural economy, botany, soil science, farm operational management. • Baccalaureate − Major: Natural science (1979)
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PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE DEVELOPED DURING THE PAST TEN YEARS
• 23 February 2009 to date Office de Développement et d’Exploitation des Forêts - Position General Director of ODEF - Duties Coordination and monitoring of administrative, financial and commercial activities
• 1 June 2007 to 22 February 2009 • Head of Studies and Planning Division - Position • Scheduling, monitoring and evaluation of ODEF activities - Duties through an Annual Operations Plan, Project design and development; supervision of construction work (building and forest roads); preparation of periodical and annual reports. • Design and execution of forest inventories
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B. CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: ALI Forename: Salissou Date and place of birth: 31 December 1976 in Kolina, Togo Nationality: Togolese Sex: Male Profession: Ph.D., Water & Forestry Engineer Address: Office de Développement et d’Exploitation des Forêts (ODEF), B. P. 334 – Lomé Togo, Tel. (+ 228) 22 51 42 17 / 90 14 07 12 e-mail: [email protected]
FIELDS OF EXPERTISE
► Forest Management 3. Project Management of a forest and protected area; 4. Forest Mapping and Geographic Information Systems (GIS); 5. Forest Inventories (flora and fauna) and data processing and analysis; 6. Socio-economic Studies of forest inhabitants; 7. Participatory Diagnosis and Systemic Approach; 8. Preparation of Community Forest Development and Management Plans and Forest Management Units.
► Tropical Agronomy 9. Management of farmstead activities and structures; 10. Crop cultivation techniques and parasite control; 11. Value-added development of local resources; 12. Rural community work and agricultural extension services 13. Agroforestry projects.
TRAINING AND EDUCATION
2013: Ph.D. Degree in Ecology, Bircham International University, Spain Association Technique Internationale des Bois Tropicaux (Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agricoles de Gembloux & École Nationale des Eaux et Forêts du Gabon).
2004: DESS (Post-graduate Diploma) in Participatory Forest Resource Development and Management (15 months); Centre Régional d’Enseignement Spécialisé en Agriculture, Forêt et Bois (CRESA Forêt-Bois, University of Dschang, Cameroon).
2002: Engineer’s Diploma in Tropical Agronomy (plant production), Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Lomé, Togo.
1995: Baccalaureate, Series “D” (Mathematics and Biology), Togo.
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE DEVELOPED DURING THE PAST TEN YEARS
February 2018-to date: Serving in the Technical Directorate, ODEF, Togo.
December 2016-June 2017: National Forestry Consultant.
Integrated Management of Disasters and Land Project (PGICT) - Development of management plan for Bago community forest - Development of charts for community-based management of PGICT plantations in Hiheatro, Otadi and Agotimé-sud dIstricts.
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August 2009-February 2017: Head of Planning Division: Office de Développement et d’Exploitation des Forêts (ODEF, Togo).
- Preparation of progress reports and development of strategy in compliance with national forest policy; - Design of forestry inventories and drafting of forest management records; - Forestry research and silvicultural monitoring; - Initiation and development of forestry project and pre-project proposals; - Coordination of development and monitoring of annual work schedule and budgets.
November 2007-July 2009: Head of Planning Division: Office de Développement et d’Exploitation des Forêts (ODEF, Togo) - Operational planning within ODEF; - Initiation, design and development of project ideas, project and pre-project proposals; - Development of technical documentation for submission to prospective donors; - Development of contracts and specifications.
March 2006-December 2009 Specialist in Participatory Forest Development and Management ITTO / ODEF Project PD 217/03 Rev. 2 (F): “Establishing a Cooperative Framework Between ODEF and the Communities Living in the Eto-Lilicope Forest Complex for the Sustainable Participatory Management of this Complex”. - Organizing and facilitation of consultant studies and NGOs; - Preparation and organization of training, validation and evaluation workshop; - Preparation of reports, forest management records and annual work plans.
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C. CURRICULUM VITAE
Surname: BAKABIMA Forenames: Ditorgue Bakén’na Date of birth: 25 November 1975 Place of birth: Tchèou (KOZAH) Nationality: Togolese Sex: Male Family Status: Married Profession: Biologist Address: ODEF 20 Rue des Evala; BP: 334 Lomé-TOGO Tel: 228 251 42 17; Fax: 228 22 51 42 14; Mobile: 228 90 93 94 17 Email: [email protected]
MAIN SPECIALIST TRAINING AND DIPLOMAS
• Industrial timber processing
• Main subjects: Identification and uses of timber species Timber physical and mechanical properties, wood diseases and preservation Kiln-drying procedures and technology Primary processing and saw doctoring techniques Timber products (peeling, slicing) and glueing Chemical processing (pulp and paper), charcoal manufacturing Construction timber (Mechanical and architectural aspects) • Educational institution attended and graduation certificate obtained: Centre Régional d’Enseignement Spécialisé en Agriculture Forêt-Bois (CRESA Forêt-Bois) in Yaoundé; Master.
- Plant biology • Main topics: Botany; Plant ecology; Biotechnology; Palynology. • Educational institution attended and graduation certificate obtained: Faculté des Sciences (Université du Bénin -- Lomé TOGO: 1998-2003): Master.
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE DURING THE PAST TEN YEARS
1. March 2015 to date:
Employer: Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Project (REDD+)
Job title: In charge of Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV).
Job description: Development of national forest monitoring system; analysis of changes in land affectation; development of monitoring & evaluation framework for REDD+ process; development of forest reference emission level.
2. August 2009-March 2015:
Employer: Office de Développement et d’Exploitation des Forêts (ODEF)
Job title: Head of Silviculture and Forest Management Division
Job description: Supervision and control of task execution in each subdivision; Monitoring and evaluation of project site work. 56
ANNEX 3: TERMS OF REFERENCE OF PROJECT PERSONNEL / CONSULTANTS FUNDED BY ITTO
➢ ToR for the Project Coordinator
Profile and Experience: The Project Coordinator shall be an engineer in Water & Forests (minimum level required) with expertise in forest resource management and a minimum of three years experience in ITTO project management. He must have a strong experience in forest protection, and forest fire prevention and control in particular. Expertise in outreach techniques in rural areas, experiences in participatory approaches and IT proficiency are required for the efficient management of the project.
Mission objective The Coordinator is in charge of implementing project activities in accordance with relevant ITTO Guidelines and Manuals.
Mandate: He is in charge of project implementation and his duties include the following: - Develop the detailed work plan; - Develop detailed terms of reference - Recruit resource persons and technicians necessary for the conduct of activities; - Concentrate and compile reports from various studies; - Organise training, consultation and validation workshops; - Monitor field activities; - Plan current expenditures; - Prepare tenders and purchase orders; - Undertake negotiations and purchases of goods and supplies.
Duration of assignment: 40 months
➢ Terms of reference for the national bushfire/wildfire-management consultant
Profile and experience - Doctorate (Ph.D), DESS/Master in forest fire and bushfire management or any other similar qualification; - Have extensive experience in bushfire prevention and control; - Have extensive experience in guidance and training for adult learners; - Knowledge of the principles of participatory management a key asset.
Mission Objective To build the technical and organisational capacities of various fire-management stakeholders, and to provide them with equipment.
Terms of reference • Build the capacity of project personnel, community representatives and other stakeholders concerned by forest fire prevention and control through: - Coaching of project personnel; - Facilitation of information sessions on relevant topics; • Identify organisational needs of local communities to be set up as fire-control brigades; • Identify the training needs of fire-control brigades and contracted fire-fighters; 57
• Train communities to abide by the clauses of the various partnerships with the forest administration; • Assist project personnel with acquisition of equipment and establishment of the fire-control system.
Duration of posting: 30 days
➢ Terms of Reference for National Small-game Husbandry Consultant
Profile and experience The Consultant shall be at least an agronomist or forest engineer or hold a master's degree in ecology, or any other equivalent qualification in the field of animal production, with an adequate professional experience in the field of wildlife planning and management, and veterinary medicine. Command of the participatory approach will be considered an asset.
Mission objective
This objective of this mission is to organize the communities in the project areas into livestock keeper groups, and to provide them with training in livestock keeping and small-game marketing techniques.
Mandate • Identify organizational needs of people among fire-exposed communities; • Identify training needs of communities in game husbandry; • Train local communities in vulnerable areas in the topics related to game husbandry and the game meat trade; • Prepare the training report.
Duration of posting: 22 days
➢ Terms of Reference for National Beekeeping Consultant
Profile and experience
The Consultant shall be an agronomist or forest engineer or hold a master's degree in ecology (minimum level required), or any other equivalent qualification in the field of animal production, with adequate professional experience in the area of wildlife planning and management, and veterinary medicine. Command of the participatory approach will be considered an asset.
Mission objective To organise communities in areas exposed to wild fire into beekeeping groups and to provide them with training in beekeeping and honey marketing techniques.
Mandate • Identify training needs of communities in beekeeping techniques, • Train local communities in vulnerable areas in the topics related to beekeeping and the marketing of honey products; • Prepare the training report Duration of posting: 22 days 58
➢ Terms of reference for Communication and environmental awareness-raising NGO
Qualification The structure to be contracted should be an NGO with skills and an extensive experience of outreach, advocacy, guidance, organization and training work targeting communities in general and local forest communities in particular. Sound knowledge of participatory management principles and a basic knowledge of environmental awareness-raising will be a key asset.
Mission objective To raise the awareness of and inform all forest stakeholders on the causes, consequences and management of wildfire. It will also provide support to these communities in terms of organization and activities aimed at avoiding damaging wildfire outbreaks.
Terms of reference
• Organise outreach and awareness-raising sessions in villages neighbouring gazetted forests and other protected areas;
• Develop appropriate media products (comic books, video animations, etc.) targeting young students to raise their awareness of bushfire impacts;
• Creating appropriate supporting material (manuals, documentary films, billboards, etc) to raise local community awareness of current fire control legislation;
• Creating appropriate supporting material to educate young people and adults in relevant topics relating to sustainable environmental management;
• Facilitate validation workshops for developed media products. Duration of posting: 180 days
➢ Terms of Reference for the Sustainable Agriculture NGO
Qualification The NGO to be contracted will be a community support structure with skills and sufficient experience in agricultural extension work. Basic knowledge of participatory approach and adult education will be considered as assets.
Mission objective To educate farmers operating within project site areas about sustainable farming, by demonstrating innovative and sustainable agricultural practices.
Mandate
• Establish the diagnosis of the tenure situation in the project area, including availability and access to land; • Identify issues related to the need for practicing slash-and-burn / shifting cultivation; • Provide local communities with training on topics relevant to sustainable agriculture practices within those areas most affected by fire hazards.
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Duration of posting: 45 days
➢ Terms of reference for the recruitment of fire control brigade members
Qualification Persons to be recruited as members of fire control brigades shall have minimum CEPD education level and originate from or be domiciled in sites to be protected. They should display physical abilities and be of good moral character.
Mission Objective Fire control brigades will be key players in forest fire management, awareness-raising activities as well as fire prevention and active fire control.
Mandate • As members of local communities, conduct awareness-raising among local population; • Surveillance of vulnerable reforestation areas; • Intervene in case of fires to control fires; • Identify and report all suspicious activities in forests constituting fires hazards and recommend prevention measures; • Conduct fire investigation procedures to identify suspects and report to forest administration authorities; • Willing to follow retraining or training.
Duration of mandate: 6 years, renewable
➢ Terms of reference for NGO or engineering firm in charge of water reservoir construction
Qualification The structure to be recruited shall be an NGO or an engineering firm with skills and extensive experience with water reservoir construction in rural areas.
Mission Objective To provide vulnerable areas with water reservoirs for use in case of fires. Water reservoirs should be located close to fire-prone areas and will be used for filling water fire extinctors.
Mandate • Identify construction locations for water reservoirs on the basis of provided maps; • Construct water reservoirs (90 m3 capacity) in project areas; • Provide the project team with the water reservoir monitoring and maintenance logbook.
Duration of mandate: 90 days
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ANNEX 4: SUMMARY OF THE NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR WILDFIRE MANAGEMENT IN TOGO
Introduction
Wildfires are a serious threat to people's lives, health, economic development and the environment, sometimes causing considerable damage in human settlements. Indeed, the use of fire is an ancient practice much common in agriculture and forest management. Fire allows forest clearing and brush cutting for less, ensures regrowth of forage for livestock, raise seeds from dormancy by mechanical process or by inducing their physiological clock and is involved in ecosystem dynamics. But beyond a certain frequency and intensity, fire becomes harmful. It prevents the recovery of the vegetation cover through the roasting of natural propagation organs, destroys biotopes and corresponding biocenoses, exposes soil to the erosion process by rain and wind, increases the load on atmospheric aerosols and pollutants and endangers properties (houses, barns, infrastructure, etc.).
This shows how the practice of uncontrolled fires should no longer be accepted, but incorporated in a strategy to prevent fire hazard, reduce the vulnerability of assets and sustainable rehabilitation of the man / forest interface. In connection to global warming and biodiversity conservation wildfires are currently at the core of discussions at the local, national and international levels. Therefore, fire management means shifting from prediction to prevention, control, relief and rehabilitation, which involves several players, specialties and responsibilities. In Togo, wildfires are identified as one of the main factors behind the loss of ecosystems. They make local communities already weakened by poverty ever more vulnerable. The collection of information at the national level in order to quantify the impact and extent of the problem, identify trends and develop a management strategy, become urgent. Actions against the fires are undertaken following decisions not based on any consistent programme framework. In order to remedy this situation the Ministry of Environment and Forest Resources (MERF) has selected the development of a national strategy to control wildfires and to manage controlled burning with financial support from UNDP as part of the implementation of the Capacity Building Programme for Environmental Management (PRCGE). The overall objective of this study is to develop the strategy for the prevention of wildfires and management of controlled burning for the preservation of biodiversity, the control of land degradation and mitigation of climate change impacts, which means specifically to: • to make a diagnostic analysis of the problem wildland fire management issues on the basis of existing literature (policy, plan, program, project, laws, regulations, etc..) and consultations with key stakeholders (public, private, research and civil society) involved in the field, • To map out the most vulnerable areas based on the records of past events, • To identify problems and constraints and the gaps to be bridged; • To set priority actions to address the problems identified; • To formulate strategic axes based on the priorities identified by taking into account the expertise of native communities; • To propose approaches for implementing the strategy; • To establish a programme framework incorporating the key results with an estimated costs of their implementation; • To seek synergies and possible partnerships with other initiatives in progress in the country.
The objectives of this strategy are in line with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the implementation of the three Rio framework agreements.
Methodological approach
To achieve these objectives, a systematic approach has been to be used. Initially, a literature search has yielded baseline data on wildfire impacts and fire management practices. It was followed by an assessment of the status of wildfires in each of the five administrative regions of Togo through sociological surveys to elicit wider participation of all stakeholders in the development of the strategy document and obtain a snapshot of the regional and local conditions in relation to the causes and various resource uses. The timeline analysis and frequency of fire occurrences were conducted on the basis of the products of active fires derived from TERRA and AQUA satellite imagery data obtained from the "MODIS Rapid Response System." System. 61
Wildfire management diagnostic
The phenomenon was analysed in the comprehensive framework of climate change vulnerability covering the 5 regions and prefectures of Togo to climate variability and change. Active fires detected by the TERRA sensor of the MODIS mission during the period from January 1995 to June 2010 in Togo have a temporal distribution characterized by a start in late October, an increase in November-December and a progressive decrease from January to March. It shows that the years 1997, 2000, 2005 and 2009 over 100 active fires were recorded with maximum in 1997 (159 active fires). On average, over 50% of the territory (30,000 square kilometres) are covered by annual fires. The regions with the highest spatial densities are respectively the Kara, Plateaux and Central regions; records show three major hotspots on focus; they are the Oti-Keran-Mandouri complex, the Kara region and the Central region. At the prefectural level, Keran, Doufelgou, Oti, Dankpen, Bassar, Kpendjal, Eastern Mono, Tchaoudjo, Sotouboua Blitta Ogou and are most affected. Locally, statistics on the effects and impacts of wildfires are not complete because, for the most part, victims do not have the funds to go to court and would rather settle disputes out of court. The negative effects are: (i) the destruction by fire of food crops (maize, sorghum, millet, yams, ...) and cottonseed awaiting harvesting or stored in granaries, (ii) the burning of field crops not yet harvested or during harvests ( iii) wide spread destruction of plantation and natural forests across most of Togo (palm, citrus, mango, papaya, of teak plantations), (iv) destruction by fire of shelter and properties including housing and capital goods purchased by farmers (bicycles, motorcycles, corn mills and house fixtures and chattels), (v) arson fire by hunters to drive and/or flush out game. The benefits identified are (i) fire used in land use conversion to alternative production either on crop land (agriculture, plantation, livestock, etc.) or wildland – this use of fire is the most useful and widespread among all Togo rural stakeholders; (ii) fire used as protection for towns, homes, and ensure health and safety by preventing hazards posed by wildfires and to flush out reptiles (iv) fire to protect crop fields, farmland, plantations and other properties such as plantations, granaries, places of temporary storage of farm products and occasional markets, (v) fire management and management of grazing areas used by herders to develop and manage natural pastures to ensure proper nutrition to livestock; (vi) ritual, initiation or worship fires started in some sacred forests of northern Togo (Bassar, Losso, Lamba, Kabyè lands). Whether positive or negative, the identified impacts are socio-economic directly affecting the level of well-being of victims (food safety and nutrition, economic and social safety) and environmental and have a collective dimension, as these impacts are being felt at the scale of human generations (landscapes, wildlife, soil, forest ecosystems). There is a variety of stakeholders, including at the field level, concerned with the management of wildfires. These are public institutions such as the Regional Directorate for the Environment and Forest Resource (DRERF); the Prefectural Directorates of Environment and Forest Resources (DPERF); the Regional Directorate of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (DRAEP); the Prefectural Directorates of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (DPAEP); the Regional Directorates for Social Welfare (DRAS); the Prefectural Directorates for Social Welfare (DPAS); the Territorial Gendarmerie Brigades (BTG), etc., Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and associations involved in the environment sector; local forest management organizations such as the Union of Community Associations for Protection Area Management (UAVGAP); Village Associations for Protected Areas Management (AVGAP), the Local Forest Management Committees (CLGF); Village Development Committees (CVD); the Prefectural Transhumance Committee, etc.
In policy terms, the management of wildland fire is an integral part of environmental management and the efforts of the MERF are declined in the National Action Plan for the Environment (NEAP) and the National Environment Management Plan (NEMP). The legal and regulatory provisions of the Framework Law on Environment enacted on May 30, 2008, the Forest Code enacted on June 19, 2008, contain a number of provisions designed to prevent fire and to suppress wildfires.
Proposed national strategy for managing wildland fires (SNGFV)
The proposed wildfire management strategy is part of a global vision of sectoral strategies to combat desertification, climate change, and is incorporated in the strategic directions contained in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper based on the MDGs. The strategy is also consistent with the guidelines of the National Forestry Action Plan. It will promote an open policy towards all stakeholders, be they government departments, local authorities or non-government actors, for their broad participation in the implementation of future actions. 62
The overall objective of this national strategy is to maximize the beneficial side of fire and mitigate their devastating impact. The approach assumes that an individual in his social, cultural and territory conditions must be central to this strategy, hence the question of how to integrate the human factor and the local context into fire prevention and controlled burning strategies. Therefore and specifically, this strategy includes the following three (3) priorities: - developing a safety culture in Togo targeting and encouraging behaviours and practices that reduce the risk of wildfires; - providing guidance for the understanding, prevention and management of wildfires in their social and ecological contexts; - to guide land-use planning not only to the sustainability of goods and ecosystem services but also to the safety of populations.
To achieve the strategic objectives, the strategy is structured around three areas of intervention, with the ability to replicate across the five economic regions of Togo. These strategic areas are:
Strategic Thrust 1: Management and development of fuel material feeding wildfire starts
Actions: O To regulate crop field fires and prairie renewal fire and prescribed burnings; O To define land-clearing procedures in accordance with the Forest Code; O To promote fuel material by collecting field straw and process it early in the dry season; O to place the emphasis on prevention by establishing an ecology monitoring unit; O To identify the areas to be monitored, managed and protected from wildfire, by districts, prefectures and regions.
Strategic Thrust 2: To raise awareness of safety and security among stakeholders and to build the required capacities.
Actions: O To educate and train the various social groups in rural communities by means of information and communication outreach for better prevention and fight against wildfires and forest fires; O To conduct field research for more knowledge and understanding of the phenomenon; O To conduct a study to redefine the most adequate periods to making prescribed burning for each agro-ecological zone and taking account climate change trends; O To carry out the dissemination and appropriation of knowledge through IEC , education and training; O To establish bushfire control committees and revitalize existing ones as provided for in the Forest Code (Article 65).
Strategic Thrust 3: Development of an effective monitoring and early warning system and operational capacity of stakeholders to respond in real time to wildfire occurrences
Actions: O To train brigades of forest workers, firefighters and armed police specialized in managing wildland fires; O To train local liaison agents to implement early firefighting systems: anti-wildfire groups will also act as a core task force to mobilize the communities in case of wildfire; O To provide adequate equipment to these brigades and local liaison agents to make fire control capacities more efficient (DFCI equipment, drills, availability, investigate criminal cases and enforce actions against the culprits); O To establish a national computerized system to enable regular monitor of progress using satellite imagery of active fires in order to provide real-time information;
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O To set up a permanent system of satellite images data acquisition and processing to feed an early warning system, monitor vegetation fire and release statistics and mapping data on areas annually burned.
These are available in strategic action plan, including four (04) programmes and 14 priority activities programs: Program 1: Ecological monitoring of fire outbreak and spreading parameters; Program 2: To raise awareness of safety and security requirements among stakeholders; Program 3: To build the technical capacity of stakeholders; Program 4: To establish effective and efficient units to control and suppress wildfires.
The selected strategic thrusts are declined at the sectoral and institutional levels foster the desired partnership and participation. Since the magnitude of the phenomenon far exceeds geographical boundaries, achievements and experiences in managing wildland fires deposited in the international (GEF, bilateral or multilateral) and regional (funding of PCAE under WAEMU) networks and frameworks for consultation and forest, environment management and sustainable development, should be built upon. This initiative for sub- regional consultation and integration will lead to the medium- or long-term harmonization of legislation and technical tools to analyse, benchmark and manage wildfires. The creation by each country of databases for data sharing with harmonized benchmarks will facilitate the work of target stakeholders, comparative research and cross-border management.
The implementation of the SNGFV strategic objectives is under the responsibility of MERF and it must consolidate the financial resources mobilized by the State. This is an opportunity to implement the National Forest Development Fund (FNDF) established by Law No. 2008-009 providing the Forest Code. Some funding will be devolved to municipalities, regions and private planters, through their participation in environmental protection, prevention and fight against wildfires on rural community land.
For SNGFV monitoring and evaluation, MERF must establish a national committee, regional committees, prefectural and district management of wildfires. These advisory bodies should be involved in the definition, coordination, implementation and evaluation of SNGFV and its local versions/adaptations. The national committee should be able to disseminate information collected on wildfires, as appropriate, to those parties who stand to benefit from them.
To ensure the successful implementation, recommendations were formulated to various stakeholders, including the following:
(1) Policy options for the implementation of the land management and land-use planning policy, (2) Development of the role of the media in the management of wildfires and general risk management, (3) Public awareness policies, (4) Education on risk and safety and security culture, (5) Dissemination and management of prescribed burnings, (6) Geomatics wildland fire management organisations, (7) Use of local knowledge, (8) Guidance to crime investigation by the law enforcement bodies of the forest and environment sectors, (9) Training of administrative and technical authorities, (10) Revitalization Wildfire Control Committees (Comités de lutte contre les feux de végétation); (11) Creation and equipping of regional or prefectural firefighting/ fire control brigades; (12) Development of an annual calendar of fire management, (13) Protection of human lives and properties;
[1]These are the following prefectures : Agou, Anié, Avé, Assoli, Bassar, Binah, Blitta, Dankpen, Doufèlgou, Haho, Kéran, Kozah, Kpendjal, Ogou, Oti, Sotouboua, Tchamba, Tchaoudjo, Vo, Yoto, Zio and sub- prefecture of East-Mono.
14) Development and dissemination of fuel management programmes, (15) Adoption of sustainable agricultural and forestry practices; 64
(16) Use of social codes to guide the use of ritual fires. (17) Respect of transhumance routes, (18 ) Promotion of incentives to control wildfires.
Conclusion
The sustainable management of forest ecosystems and the safety of persons and property from the harmful effects of wildland fires are the objectives of the national strategy for managing wildland fire in Togo. Thus, this report has enabled a diagnosis of current fire management through a systems approach (inter-sectoral and inter-agency). Stakeholders and institutions involved in management, policy and legislative frameworks were analysed. Using TERRA and AQUA satellite data imagery obtained from the "MODIS Rapid Response System" system, the spatial evolution and the density of active fires were reported over a 16-year period (1995-2010). These data show that wildfires start in Togo in October, reaching a maximum in November- December and ebb away from January to end in March – i.e. five months of fire activity each year. Between 1995 and 2010, the year 1997 was a peak year for fire activity (159 active fires), followed by 2000, 2005 and 2009, following an almost regular 5-year cycle. On average 30,000 km2 of land area was burnt each year. In terms of land use, no area is spared but lands in the Kara and Savannah regions are clearly distinguishable from others. The most vulnerable prefectures are Keran, Doufelgou, Oti, Dankpen, Bassar, Kpendjal, Eastern Mono, Tchaoudjo, Sotouboua Blitta and Ogou.
It is clear from the critical analysis that the current management of the "wildfire" hazard has been a failure ; stakeholders and institutions involved have fallen into a functional lethargy due to [inadequate] financial, technical resources and equipment. The strategy implemented so far is based on information communication relating to protection provisions shortly before the onset of the wildfire period. On this basis, the overall vision of the national strategy is to maximize the beneficial side of wildfire to mitigate catastrophic impacts (fire prevention and control over prescribed burning). The approach incorporates the human factor and the local context in the proposed strategy. This strategy is based on three strategic thrusts, along with priority actions, four programs and 14 priority activities whose implementation will enable the Togolese Government to significantly reduce the negative effects of fires and area burned each year. Recommendations are addressed to the different stakeholders to achieve the strategic objectives for 2020. The issue of "Wildfire" is to be tackled through a systems approach that generates a substantial flow of data for sharing, requiring strong research, storage and processing capacities. National and international capacity building, cooperation and technical support programmes in disaster risk management opportunities are being proposed for implementation. Only the political commitment and prioritizing these actions under sustainable development policies will make such actions effective and efficient to tackle this recurring phenomenon.
The importance of developing decision support systems in land-use planning and management planning and crisis situations relating to forest fires, including the use of GIS, encourages specialization in this area. To achieve this, mobilizing the required financial resources based on various mechanisms such as bankable projects and appropriate technology transfers will not only reduce the negative impacts of wildfires but also mitigate those of climate change.
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ANNEXE 5: RAPPORT DE MISSION OIBT D’IDENTIFICATION DU PROJET DE MISE EN ŒUVRE DES AXES PRIORITAIRES DE LA STRATEGIE NATIONALE DE GESTION DES FEUX DE VEGETATION AU TOGO
CONSEIL INTERNATIONAL DES BOIS TROPICAUX
ITTO
Identification d’un projet de mise en œuvre des actions prioritaires de la stratégie nationale de gestion des feux de végétation avec la participation des communautés riveraines au Togo
RAPPORT DE MISSION
Auteur principal : Hubert D’AVEZAC DE CASTERA Avec l’appui de l’ODEF (Salissou ALI, Hémou ASSI, Edjidomélé GBADOE)
Avril 2011
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SOMMAIRE 1 OBJECTIF DE LA MISSION ET INTRODUCTIONS 69 1.1 LES OBJECTIFS DU PROJET 69 1.2 LES PRÉCISIONS TERMINOLOGIQUES 69 2 ÉTAT DES LIEUX DE LA SITUATION ACTUELLE ET DES CAPACITÉS DE GESTION DES FEUX DE FORÊTS 71 2.1 LES PRINCIPAUX DOCUMENTS DE GESTION DES FEUX DE FORÊT EXISTANTS 71 2.1.1 La réglementation passée et en vigueur 71 2.1.2 Les directives et études existantes 72 2.1.3 La stratégie nationale de gestion des feux de végétation 74 2.1.4 Le Programme National d’Investissement pour l’Environnement et les Ressources Naturelles (PNIERN) 76 2.1.5 Synthèse des données bibliographiques et rapports cadres 77 2.2 LES PRINCIPAUX SERVICES CONCERNÉS PAR LES FEUX DE VÉGÉTATION 77 2.2.1 Les services et la problématique des feux de brousse 77 2.2.2 Les pratiques actuelles 78 2.2.3 Synthèse des rencontres 78 2.3 LES PRATIQUES ET RÉSULTATS DE LA PRÉVENTION DES FEUX DE VÉGÉTATION MENÉE PAR L’ODEF 78 2.3.1 La prévention des feux réalisés au sein de l’ODEF 78 2.3.2 L’analyse des feux dans les plantations gérées par l’ODEF 79 2.4 SYNTHÈSE DE L’ÉTAT DES LIEUX 82 3 LES ACTIONS PRIORITAIRES POUR RÉDUIRE LES FEUX DE FORÊTS POUR LE TOGO 84 3.1 LES ACTIONS PRIORITAIRES ET LEUR JUSTIFICATION 84 3.1.1 Mieux connaître et suivre la problématique des feux de forêts 84 3.1.2 Poursuivre la politique de pare-feu, feux précoces, surveillance et lutte 84 3.1.3 Encourager l’implication de la population dans la réussite des plantations et le développement d’une foresterie rurale 84 3.1.4 Améliorer les actions de prévention et de répression 85 3.2 SYNTHÈSE DES ACTIONS 86 4 PROJET POUR LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DE DEUX ACTIONS PRIORITAIRES DE LA STRATÉGIE DE GESTION DES FEUX DE FORÊTS À L’ÉCHELLE NATIONALE 88 4.1 LA GESTION DES FEUX DE FORÊT 88 4.2 LE CONTEXTE INSTITUTIONNEL 88 4.3 LE CONTEXTE ÉCONOMIQUE, SOCIAL ET ENVIRONNEMENTAL 88 4.4 LA JUSTIFICATION DU PROJET 89 4.5 LES PRINCIPES DU PROJET 89 4.5.1 La sensibilisation 89 4.5.2 Système d’alerte et lutte opérationnelle et de suivi 89 4.5.3 L’implication de la population dans la constitution des plantations 90 4.6 LES CONTRATS DE FORESTERIE DURABLE 90 4.6.1 Principes généraux 90 4.6.2 Exemple de simulation chiffrée, pour 1 ha de plantation 90 4.6.3 Synthèse du contrat de foresterie durable 91 4.7 CONCLUSION SUR LE PROJET 92 5 ANNEXES 93 5.1 LES RÉGIONS ADMINISTRATIVES DU TOGO 93 5.2 LES FEUX AU TOGO ET GHANA, 11 JANVIER 2009, NASA 94 5.3 DOCUMENTS CONSULTÉS 95 5.3.1 Texte de loi, ordonnances, décrets, directives, circulaires 95 5.3.2 Rapport d’études, programmes, projets et autre bibliographie 96 5.4 IDENTIFICATION DES ACTEURS ET COLLECTE D’INFORMATIONS 96 5.4.1 Directions régionales du MERF 97 5.4.2 Ministère de la sécurité et de la protection civile 97 5.4.3 Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Élevage et de la Pêche 97 5.4.4 Ministère de l’Administration territoriale, de la décentralisation et des collectivités locales 98 5.4.5 Ministère de l’action sociale et de la solidarité nationale 98 5.5 EXEMPLE DE CONTRAT DE PROTECTION DE PLANTATIONS DANS LE PÉRIMÈTRE DE REBOISEMENT 98 5.6 RÉSUMÉ DU DOCUMENT DU PROJET OIBT DE MISE EN OEUVRE 101 5.7 LISTE DES PERSONNES PHYSIQUES RENCONTRÉES PENDANT LA MISSION 106 67
5.8 PROCÈS VERBAL DE VALIDATION DU PROJET ET DU RAPPORT FINAL 107
TABLE DES FIGURES Figure 1 : variation du nombre de feux entre 1995 et 2010 ...... 75 Figure 2 : densité des feux actifs par région...... 75 Figure 3 : saisonnalité des feux, selon les surfaces brûlées ...... 79 Figure 4 : historique des feux, selon le nombre de feux ...... 80 Figure 5 : nature présumée des causes de feux ...... 80 Figure 6 : connaissance des causes de feux ...... 81 Figure 7 : dégâts aux plantations ...... 81 Figure 8 : pourcentage de plantations brûlées entre 2006 et 2010 ...... 82 Figure 9 : panneau d’information sur les feux de brousse ...... 85 Figure 10 : coûts comparés ODEF – subventions aux paysans dans les 6 premières années ...... 91
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Objectif de la mission et introductions
Chaque année, « tout le pays brûle » à en juger une expression populaire togolaise. Le Togo est soumis chaque année aux effets dévastateurs des feux de végétation qui parcourent plus de 50 % du territoire annuellement. Si plusieurs lois et décrets togolais traitent spécifiquement de cette problématique et ont tenté de l’enrayer, à ce jour, cette dernière reste entière. Ce fléau est abordé indirectement dans de nombreux documents et textes, notamment ceux concernant la gestion durable. Face à une politique visant un « équilibre des écosystèmes et de la pérennité du patrimoine forestier » (article 1er du code forestier) le feu est assimilé, à juste titre par rapport à l’objectif recherché de pérennité du patrimoine forestier, à un phénomène destructeur et perturbateur de l’équilibre de ces écosystèmes forestiers. Le monde paysan, principal utilisateur du feu le voit lui comme un outil de gestion et d’entretien des milieux ouverts et cultivés. L’image ci-dessous, réalisée par la Nasa le 8 décembre 2003, illustre par les points rouges les incendies de forêt identifiés par analyse satellitaire. L’annexe 0 présente une autre image satellite de la Nasa, le 11 janvier 2009. La présente mission se consacre au problème togolais mais cette même image illustre bien que cette problématique est loin d’être spécifique au pays ; une approche plus régionalisée, bien que non abordée dans cette mission, est sans aucun doute une clef d’identification de solutions panafricaines pertinentes.
Les objectifs du projet Le projet vise à contribuer à la protection, à l’aménagement et à la gestion durable des forêts togolaises par la mise en place de dispositifs tant humains que matériels susceptibles d’endiguer l’action néfaste des feux de végétation. Une stratégie nationale ayant été mise en élaborée en parallèle de la mission, cette dernière s’est recentrée sur un projet de mise en œuvre compatible d’une part avec cette stratégie nationale, d’autres part avec les orientations et recommandations édictées par l’OIBT et les autres organismes internationaux.
Les précisions terminologiques Le code forestier togolais et notamment un récent décret d’application sur la réglementation des feux utilitaires et précoces, permettent de préciser certaines définitions :
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Les feux de brousse sont les feux mis volontairement ou non à toute formation végétale pendant la saison sèche, à l’exception des feux utilitaires notamment : les feux de cultures agricoles, forestières ou pastorales, les feux de renouvellement de la paille et les feux de nettoiement des environs immédiats des agglomérations rurales. Les incendies de forêt (ou feu de forêt) sont des sinistres qui se déclarent dans une formation végétale, dominée par des arbres et des arbustes d’essences forestières sur une surface minimale de 0,5 hectare et d’un seul tenant. Les feux utilitaires sont allumés pour des objectifs spécifiques d’aménagement selon les mesures qui permettent de maîtriser leur propagation. Les feux précoces sont allumés à titre préventif et sous contrôle, en début de saison sèche afin de lutter contre les feux de brousse. Enfin la politique de prévention actuelle instaure également les pare-feu qui forment des obstacles qui empêchent la propagation des feux aux abords des plantations. Ils peuvent être naturels (cours d’eau) ou artificiels (piste, bandes désherbées, bandes vertes etc…). Le terme « feu de végétation » est employé dans la stratégie nationale. Il présente l’avantage de regrouper sous un même terme les feux qui souvent gagnent, dans un même épisode, les forêts, les savanes, les champs de cultures et plantations.
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État des lieux de la situation actuelle et des capacités de gestion des feux de forêts
Les principaux documents de gestion des feux de forêt existants Les documents de gestion des feux de forêt existant sont issus de plusieurs sources : la base de connaissance de l’ODEF et les documents qu’il a à sa disposition ; les documents communiqués par les autres directions et services lors des entretiens réalisés ; la bibliographie disponible sur internet. Ils ont été analysés dans le cadre de cette mission et ont permis d’apprécier le contexte et la problématique de la gestion des feux de brousse. L’annexe 0 Documents consultés les répertorie. L’un des éléments le plus intéressant a été communiqué à la suite de la première phase de la mission. La Stratégie Nationale de Gestion des Feux de Végétation, finalisée en novembre 2010, met en évidence les axes de la stratégie dont veut se doter le Togo. Compte tenu de l’importance des éléments que ce document apporte à la mission, il fera l’objet d’un paragraphe détaillé dans la partie 0.
La réglementation passée et en vigueur Les paragraphes suivants font un rapide rappel des différents textes législatifs et réglementaires qui ont encadré et/ou sanctionné les pratiques d’utilisation du feu. Ils montrent l’évolution de la prise en compte de cette problématique et les tentatives plus ou moins fructueuses de réduction de ce fléau. Le décret de 1938 La prévention des incendies de forêt est une problématique vieille d’environ un siècle puisque le décret du 5 février 1938 portant organisation du régime forestier du Togo, prévoyait déjà, dans ses articles 22 à 25 des dispositions relatives aux feux de brousse – incendies de forêt : article 22 : 1. interdiction d’abandonner un feu non éteint 2. interdiction des feux autres que ceux dont le but est le renouvellement des pâturages et le débroussaillement des terrains de culture 3. limitation des surfaces à incendier par des bandes débroussaillées et désherbées 4. autorisation du chef du village et surveillance par la collectivité article 23 : interdiction d’allumer le feu dans l’intérieur et à 500 m des forêts classées, avec des exceptions ; article 24 : certaines zones sont soumises à la surveillance des usagers et de la population ; article 25 : une réquisition est possible via le chef de village, le refus d’obtempérer est passible de peine. L’ordonnance de 1973 L’ordonnance de 1973 a durci cette réglementation tant dans les interdictions que dans la répression. L’article 1 interdit les feux de brousse en tout temps et en tout point du territoire. Les articles suivants précisent les amendes en cas de feux non volontaires, volontaires (peine doublée), les peines financières en cas de refus d’obtempérer, la responsabilité du chef de village en l’absence d’auteur identifié… L’ordonnance renvoie à un décret les modalités complémentaires d’organisation de la lutte contre les feux de brousse. Les décrets de 1974 et 1984 Le décret de 1974 complète et assouplit l’ordonnance de 1973 en précisant les types de feux autorisés par la loi : les feux dits utilitaires ou précoces, notamment les feux de cultures agricoles, forestières ou pastorales, les feux de renouvellement de la paille et les feux de nettoiement des environs immédiats des agglomérations rurales. Il instaure aussi : les responsabilités et l’organisation des feux précoces, les périodes d’autorisation, les comités de lutte contre les feux de brousse, leur fonctionnement et leur organisation. 71
Le décret de 1984 précise quant à lui les montants des peines et durées d’emprisonnements prévus en fonction des dégâts occasionnés. Par exemple pour une surface détruite entre 0 et 5 ha, de savane ou de forêt, dans un domaine classé, l’amende encourue est de 25 000 FCFA et la peine d’emprisonnement de 6 mois. Il précise aussi les modalités de prétention aux dommages et intérêts et institue une semaine nationale de sensibilisation et de lutte contre les feux de brousse. La législation en vigueur : la loi n°2008-009 portant code forestier du 19 juin 2008 Le code forestier en vigueur a été élaboré en 2008. Sa section n°8 traite des incendies et feux de brousse. Le code forestier reste cohérent avec la réglementation des années 1970 et 1980, tout en étant plus précis (via les décrets à promulguer) et plus en phase avec les enjeux actuels. Seuls 3 articles concernent directement la problématique des feux, les deux autres articles de la section étant sans rapport (et traitent du défrichement). L’article 64 conforte l’interdiction de pratiquer les feux de brousse et renvoie vers un décret les règles concernant les feux de culture, de renouvellement de pâturage et de paille ainsi que les feux précoces. L’article 65 instaure la sensibilisation et la formation du public pour la prévention et la lutte contre les incendies des forêts et les feux de brousse, et notamment un comité de lutte contre les feux de brousse dans chaque ville ou village. Ce type d’organisation existait déjà (décret de 1974) mais les modalités de constitution et l’approche est modernisée. L’article 66 renouvelle la responsabilité citoyenne lors de l’alerte en cas de feu, et dans la phase de lutte avec la possibilité, pour l’autorité publique, de requérir aux personnes valides pour la maîtrise du feu. Les décrets d’application Les décrets promulgués suite au code forestier de 2008 apportent les précisions nécessaires à son application ; ils abrogeront peu à peu les anciens textes devenus obsolètes. Un récent décret et une directive de 2009 apportent des précisions intéressantes sur les feux précoces et feux dits utilitaires. Le décret réglementant « les feux utilitaires et les feux précoces » comporte 8 articles. Il fixe le cadre de la réglementation en précisant les termes techniques utilisés (feux précoces, feux utilitaires, pare-feu, cf. 0 Les précisions terminologiques) et autorise la pratique des feux précoces sous quelques conditions : respecter une période : du début de la saison sèche à une date définie par l’autorité ; allumer les feux pendant la journée ; être organisés et contrôlés par les services forestiers. Concernant les feux utilitaires, ils peuvent être allumés postérieurement aux dates limites indiquées pour les feux précoces et doivent être précédés de l’ouverture de pare-feux de largeur entre 6 et 12 mètres.
Les directives et études existantes Les paragraphes suivants font écho des quelques documents intéressants pour la problématique des feux de brousse à différents niveaux : connaissance du phénomène et des principales causes, aspects organisationnels de la pratique des feux précoces, et enfin la définition de la stratégie nationale. Ce dernier document est de loin le document le plus complet dont l’apport à la présente mission est capital. Il définit les axes de la stratégie nationale dont veut se doter le Togo et les actions qui en découlent. Directive de l’ODEF sur la gestion des feux précoces Une directive élaborée par la direction technique de l’ODEF, sous l’égide du Ministère de l’Environnement et des Ressources Forestières (MERF) explicite toute la méthodologie à suivre pour mettre en œuvre les feux précoces. La directive précise plusieurs points : la préparation préalable avant l’exécution des feux précoces : aspects organisationnels (matériels, moyens humains et constitution des équipes), réunions de sensibilisation, implication de la population locale ; la période des feux précoces et le choix de la période en fonction des régions, de l’hygrométrie de l’air, le vent, la période de la journée et la siccité de la végétation ; l’application du traitement en feu précoce des plantations : notamment l’âge des plantations à traiter ; les plantations de moins 5 ans ne doivent normalement pas être traitées, celles entre 5 et 10 ans doivent faire l’objet d’une analyse précise ;
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les particularités à respecter en cas de pente (brûler de haut en bas), la présence de rémanents d’éclaircie ou d’exploitation, brûlage contrôlé des parcelles voisines, comité anti-feu ; l’évaluation du traitement et le degré de réussite de l’opération, l’opportunité de la renouveler ou la recommencer. Cette directive illustre bien le degré de maîtrise de la pratique des feux précoces, véritable outil de prévention des feux de brousse. La stratégie actuelle qu’illustre cette directive est essentiellement la lutte des feux par réduction de la vulnérabilité des plantations. Cette dernière se cantonne à la seule problématique forestière (enjeu de production de bois) même si sa mise en œuvre est plus intégrée en impliquant les populations locales dans la réalisation des opérations de feux précoces. La problématique des feux de brousse dépasse en effet le simple cadre de la production de bois. Le Plan National de Mise en œuvre de la Convention de Stockholm sur les polluants organiques persistants au Togo La combustion non contrôlée due aux feux de brousse est l’une des principales activités responsables des rejets de dioxines et furanes au Togo. Avec le brûlage sauvage des déchets ménagers solides ou industriels ainsi qu’une fraction de déchets hospitaliers, ils représentent 88,10% du total national. Ce constat illustre bien la raison pour laquelle, la Direction de l’Environnement du MERF au Togo a intégré la lutte contre les feux de brousse dans son plan national de réduction des polluants organiques persistants. Dans ce plan, 7 actions concernent la lutte participative contre les feux de brousse : Sensibilisation de la population sur l’impact négatif sur la santé humaine de l’exposition aux dioxines et furanes émis par les feux de brousse ; coût indicatif : 50 millions de francs CFA. Élaboration consensuelle de directives de lutte contre les feux de brousse ; coût indicatif : 15 millions de francs CFA. Mise en place d’un cadre de concertation réunissant tous les acteurs locaux concernés ; coût indicatif : 15 millions de francs CFA. Organisation et formation de la population et des membres des comités de protection et de gestion de l’environnement pour l’application des directives ; coût indicatif : 50 millions de francs CFA. Acquisition d’équipements nécessaires à la lutte préventive et active ; coût indicatif : 100 millions de francs CFA Création de parcelles de démonstration dans les cinq régions économiques du pays ; coût indicatif : 30 millions de francs CFA. Institution et application de mesures incitatives pour une bonne gestion des terroirs. Coût indicatif : 25 millions de francs CFA. Rapport d’étude de l’ONG Jeunes Volontaires pour l’Environnement Le rapport d’étude de l’ONG Jeunes Volontaires pour l’Environnement « Les causes profondes de la déforestation et de la dégradation des forêts au Togo » liste les causes de départ de feux et propose des solutions. Il indique des causes naturelles, liées à la foudre, mais estime que celles-ci sont très peu nombreuses. La plupart des feux de brousse doivent être associées à l’activité humaine, que les causes soient intentionnelles ou accidentelles. Le rapport identifie les causes suivantes : agriculture, pour préparer le terrain devant recevoir des cultures, l’incendie est le moyen paysan togolais de préparer le sol de culture chasse, pour trouver le gibier en le débusquant et supprimant la végétation sèche où il se cache élevage, à l’instar de l’agriculture, pour permettre la repousse de fourrage pour le bétail récolte du miel, par négligence en laissant des braises après la récolte, ou pour se frayer un passage dans les zones denses négligence des personnes jetant leurs mégots volonté destructrice des pyromanes 73
la récolte du vin de palme par certains fabricants. Parmi les causes liées à l’activité humaine, il ressort une proportion forte de causes liées aux pratiques vivrières, artisanales ou agricoles. L’ONG propose des actions pour lutter contre le fléau, selon plusieurs axes. Ceux qui semblent contribuer le plus à la problématique des feux de brousses sont les actions de développement forestier vers les populations : mettre en place effectivement des structures locales décentralisées de gestion des ressources naturelles, partager équitablement les bénéfices tirés de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles entre l’administration et les communautés locales abritant ces ressources, inciter et favoriser les populations pour la création des forêts privées et la protection rationnelle des ressources forestières, développer avec les concours des autorités des collectivités locales, la foresterie urbaine, périurbaine et rurale, susciter et encourager la participation populaire au développement à la gestion décentralisée et à la conservation des ressources forestières. Les actions suivantes peuvent également apporter des réponses à la problématique : améliorer les méthodes culturales (agroforesterie), aménager les forêts avec la participation des populations riveraines, élaborer et mettre en œuvre un programme d’économie d’énergie ligneuse, établir un cadre juridique favorable pour le renforcement de la contribution des personnes, des communautés et des institutions au développement, à la gestion et à la conservation des ressources forestières, améliorer la collaboration des institutions forestières avec les différentes structures intervenant dans les autres secteurs de développement, élaborer un plan d’occupation et d’affectation des sols, doter les institutions de l’administration forestière des moyens matériels et financiers, dynamiser la sensibilisation et l’information des populations sur les problèmes forestiers.
La stratégie nationale de gestion des feux de végétation Les principes généraux de la stratégie et la déclinaison de son programme opérationnel L’équipe du consultant Kokou Kouami a défini la stratégie nationale de lutte contre les feux de brousse et la gestion des feux utilitaires peu de temps après la première partie de la mission. Ce travail a été réalisé avec l’appui financier du PNUD dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du Programme de Renforcement des Capacités pour la Gestion de l’Environnement (PRCGE). Il a été validé par le Ministère de l’Environnement et des Ressources Forestières et des acteurs concernés suite à des ateliers de travail nationaux qui se sont tenus les 28, 29 et 30 septembre 2010. Le rapport de synthèse et de justification de la stratégie est un document complet qui apporte des éléments de réponse et d’analyse chiffrés et qualitatifs. NB : Ce document n’en extrait que les éléments essentiels (se référer au rapport pour plus de détails). 3 axes d’intervention ressortent de la stratégie : la gestion et la valorisation du combustible à l’origine des feux de végétation le développement de la conscience de sécurité et de sûreté chez les acteurs et le renforcement des capacités le développement d’un système efficace de suivi et d’alerte rapide et la capacité opérationnelle des acteurs pour pouvoir réagir en temps réel en cas de feux de végétation. Les axes d’intervention sont donc bien centrés sur les deux volets pour réduire les feux et leurs conséquences : 74
o la diminution des conséquences et de l’ampleur des feux, avec la gestion et la valorisation du combustible ainsi que la lutte opérationnelle (alerte et intervention) la diminution du nombre de feux avec le développement de la conscience de sécurité chez les acteurs La stratégie est assortie de programmes d’actions : Programme 1 : Suivi écologique des paramètres d'éclosion et de propagation des feux Programme 2 : Développement de la conscience de sécurité et de sûreté chez les acteurs Programme 3 : Renforcement des capacités techniques des acteurs Programme 4 : Mise en place des unités effectives et efficaces de lutte contre les feux de végétation La stratégie balaye donc les différents aspects de la problématique et semble apporter des réponses cohérentes aux problèmes identifiés. Elle est par ailleurs assortie d’une vingtaine de recommandations, dont certaines, bien que ne traitant pas directement du feu, mériteraient d’être élevées au niveau du programme d’action : foncier, agriculture, information-éducation, gestion du combustible. Les feux de brousse et de forêt ne sont souvent qu’une conséquence de maux plus profonds et de pratiques attachées aux domaines non forestiers. Enfin, la stratégie propose de réinstaurer des fonctionnements qui n’ont pas montré, par le passé, leur efficacité comme les comités villageois de lutte contre les feux de forêt. Il est important, afin de ne pas reproduire des actions qui n’ont pas porté leur fruit, d’apprécier finement les raisons des échecs passés. La stratégie et le programme d’action sont au final intégrés pour partie dans le Programme National d’Investissements pour l’Environnement et les Ressources Naturelles au Togo (PNIERN), permettant une approche transversale de la problématique, et évitant, ce qui aurait été une erreur, une approche sectorielle. Le PNIERN est résumé plus bas. Une typologie de feux et l’analyse du phénomène Le rapport a permis d’établir une typologie des feux au Togo alors qu’aucune approche fine ne semblait exister. La variation annuelle du nombre de feux ne semble pas suivre de tendance nette comme l’illustre la Figure 1. Par ailleurs, il ne semble pas y avoir de corrélation entre nombre de feux et les superficies brûlées. Figure 1 : variation du nombre de feux entre 1995 et 2010
Nbre de feux actifs 180 159 160 135 140 128 120 115 100 104 100 89 81 80 70 69 71 65 62 55 54 60 48 40 20 0 Année
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
De plus, l’analyse fait ressortir une variation régionale forte de la pression incendiaire, approchée par la densité de feux illustrée par la Figure 2. Figure 2 : densité des feux actifs par région
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Nbre de feux 400 369 350
300
250
200 142 150 107 100 84
50 5 0 Savanes Kara Centrale Plateaux Maritime Régions
Toutefois, les préoccupations des services forestiers de l’ODEF peuvent conduire à une analyse différente des régions les plus problématiques. En effet, si la région de Kara compte le plus grand nombre de feux, les surfaces reboisées des forêts de l’État y est le plus faible (voir également Figure 8, p82). Si l’enrayement de la problématique est une affaire nationale, la défense des enjeux forestiers qui ont fait l’objet d’investissements humains et financiers doit être une priorité ou un objectif parallèle à atteindre (cf. 0, p.78).
Le Programme National d’Investissement pour l’Environnement et les Ressources Naturelles (PNIERN) L’objectif du PNIERN est de permettre de renforcer la conception, le ciblage, le séquençage et le suivi des investissements et créer un impact plus incisif et obtenir un meilleur rapport coût - efficacité dans la GERN (Gestion de l’Environnement et des Ressources Naturelles) au Togo. Pour atteindre cet objectif, 6 sous- programmes sont définis ; le sous-programme 2 traite des feux de brousse. Il s’intitule « soutien à la mise en œuvre et à l'amplification des bonnes pratiques de GERN en milieu rural et au renforcement des services de recherche et conseils et des services commerciaux ». Ce sous-programme vise la mise en œuvre sur le terrain des meilleures pratiques de GERN éprouvées dans les zones prioritaires et à étendre le couvert forestier national. Il est attendu de la mise en œuvre de ce sous-programme les résultats suivants : o Les bonnes pratiques de GERN en milieu rural sont encouragées et renforcées ; o La productivité agricole, forestière et pastorale a augmenté ; o La biodiversité est préservée ; o Les services de conseils et de recherche et les services commerciaux en soutien à la GERN sont renforcés. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, le sous-programme contient les actions suivantes, a priori guidées par la réflexion menée lors de la construction de la stratégie nationale de lutte contre les feux de brousse et la gestion des feux utilitaires : 8. Mise en place et opérationnalisation d'une coordination interinstitutionnelle de gestion des feux de végétation ; 9. Développement de la conscience du risque et de la culture de sécurité face aux impacts négatifs des incendies de végétation à travers l'IEC en faveur des acteurs cibles ; 10. Appui à l'organisation et au renforcement des capacités des comités locaux de gestion des feux de végétation ; 11. Identification et sécurisation au niveau de chaque préfecture des sites de valeur à protéger contre les feux de brousse par la confection des layons pare feu et coupe feu ; 76
12. Vulgarisation des pratiques de brûlage dirigé, de feu précoce préventif et des feux utilitaires ; 13. Création et équipement des brigades forestières et communautaires de lutte contre les feux de brousse dans les cinq régions ; 14. Appui à la recherche et à la connaissance du risque à travers la mise en place des parcelles d'expérimentation dans les cinq zones écologiques du Togo. L’ensemble de ces actions consiste donc l’expression de la politique que souhaite se donner le Togo pour lutter contre les feux et par conséquent le cadre de travail de la présente mission. Toutefois même si le document cible spécifiquement certaines actions pour lutter contre les feux de végétation, d’autres actions du sous programme comme la sécurisation du foncier rural, ou encore l’aménagement et la gestion des aires pastorales, la promotion de la culture des plantes fourragères ou des autres sous-programmes comme la gestion durable des écosystèmes forestiers et l’intensification du reboisement, la réduction de la pression humaine sur les ressources forestières… peuvent avoir un impact indirect mais non moins intéressant voire efficace sur la problématique.
Synthèse des données bibliographiques et rapports cadres Le cadre législatif existant s’est assis sur plusieurs décennies de réglementation des feux. Même s’il est encore trop tôt pour apprécier la pertinence des dernières lois et décrets d’application, l’ampleur actuelle des phénomènes montre comment la problématique n’a pas été enrayée et dépasse aujourd’hui largement les moyens qui sont mis en œuvre pour la maîtriser. Le rapport de l’équipe dirigée par le consultant Kokou sur la stratégie apporte des pistes très intéressantes notamment sur la connaissance des phénomènes, la construction d’une typologie des feux et des régions soumises aux feux et le squelette de la stratégie adoptée par le Togo. Les ateliers qui ont suivis la remise de ce rapport ont contribué à préciser et affiner cette stratégie. Ils ont apporté des éléments intéressants notamment sur la régionalisation de la stratégie de réduction des feux. Enfin, le PNIERN retient 7 actions sur lequel le Togo s’engagera pour lutter directement sur les feux de forêt, sachant que d’autres actions du programme sont susceptibles de participer à la réduction de ce fléau.
Les principaux services concernés par les feux de végétation Lors de la première séance de travail (août 2010), une trentaine de RDV ont été pris avec les acteurs impliqués directement (ODEF, MERF) ou moins directement (MSPC, MAEP, MATDCL, MASSN, etc), en salle et sur site. Si ce sont essentiellement des partenaires institutionnels qui ont été audités, un représentant d’une société privée a également été rencontré (GAD). Un compte rendu des entretiens a été réalisé par Salissou ALI, consultant national attaché à l’ODEF. Ce compte rendu est repris à la partie 0 Identification des acteurs et collecte d’informations. Ces entretiens ont permis de mettre en évidence l’ensemble des acteurs qui suivent de manière plus ou moins directement la problématique des feux de végétation. Ils ont montré comment une coordination entre services pourrait améliorer la connaissance et le suivi des feux de brousses.
Les services et la problématique des feux de brousse Les entretiens ont fait ressortir les éléments suivants : les services de l’État togolais ne disposent pas de suivi quantifié de la problématique : surface, nombre de feux, montant des dégâts occasionnés ; toutefois, le Ministère de l’action sociale et de la solidarité nationale reporte 245 incendies (dont des incendies de forêt) entre le 9 mars et le 31 décembre 2009 l’agriculture est le principal secteur économique au Togo ; la pression du secteur agricole est également mal perçue et quantifiée (elle fait partie des causes principales de feux) ; le maillon préfectoral semble être celui le plus opportun pour la mise en œuvre de la politique de prévention des feux ; le suivi réalisé dans le cadre des dégâts liés aux catastrophes naturelles pourrait faire ressortir la part des feux de brousse puisqu’un rapport est produit dès lors qu’il y a une demande d’indemnisation ; vues les causes de feux, la problématique est transfrontalière et gagnerait à être appréhendée à l’échelle internationale ; la réglementation semble opportune mais son application est problématique et se heurte aux manques de moyens humains et financiers ; 77
la problématique évolue au rythme des modifications des pratiques culturales (plus perceptibles dans le sud du pays où on observe une intensification des cultures). feux de brousses et polluants sont liés ; ils mobilisent donc les services de l’environnement.
Les pratiques actuelles Les entretiens ont fait ressortir les éléments suivants : une sensibilisation est faite chaque année à l’échelle des préfectures, à l’attention des populations ; les chefs de canton sont invités avant la saison sèche par la préfecture pour discuter de la mise en œuvre de la campagne de sensibilisation ; La recherche des causes et des responsabilités est peu approfondie, quelle que soit la cause ; les exemples de cas déférés sont très faibles (un cas en 2002, suite à un acte prémédité) ; le feu est une pratique inféodée aux pratiques agricoles africaines ; il est notamment utilisé pour défricher les terres ; Les plus grands propriétaires de forêt (privé ou État) mettent en place des systèmes de prévention (surveillance, feux précoces) et de lutte ; le déclenchement de la saison des feux précoces est basé sur des analyses de terrain : état de siccité de la végétation herbacée ; elle est variable entre le nord et le sud.
Synthèse des rencontres La société civile, bien que directement concernée et à l’exception de quelques privés, a une attitude relativement passive par rapport à la problématique, faute de moyens. Le suivi des dommages causés par les feux de brousse est peu réalisé : aucune base de données ne recense spécifiquement les dégâts causés ; le travail d’investigation et de recherche de responsabilité est rarement réalisé. Un dispositif de prévention, encadrant les pratiques et sensibilisant la population est en place mais semble ne pas apporter tous les fruits attendus. Il ressort que la gestion opérationnelle des feux de brousse est essentiellement assumée par l’ODEF, qui y voit comme principal intérêt la protection des plantations qu’il entreprend, en lien avec les populations locales. C’est le service concentrant le plus grand nombre d’informations et de savoir faire relatifs aux feux de végétation. Les parties qui suivent détaillent ces pratiques.
Les pratiques et résultats de la prévention des feux de végétation menée par l’ODEF Cette partie présente sommairement la façon dont l’ODEF met en œuvre sa politique de prévention des feux de forêt et quelques éléments statistiques qui ont été récoltés et analysés dans le cadre de la mission. Les privés rencontrés dans le cadre de la mission ont des pratiques similaires.
La prévention des feux réalisés au sein de l’ODEF La prévention des feux dans les forêts plantées de l’ODEF repose sur deux modalités : o la gestion du combustible dans et aux alentours des plantations, o la surveillance et la lutte contre les feux. Ces dispositifs associent le personnel de l’ODEF et les populations riveraines ; ces dernières sont impliquées de manière contractuelle sur ces deux modalités. La gestion du combustible La gestion du combustible est réalisée de manière évolutive, en fonction de l’âge de la plantation et donc de sa vulnérabilité aux feux. La gestion du combustible est réalisée soit par fauchage, soit en ayant recours à l’utilisation du feu : les feux précoces. Cette utilisation est encadrée par une directive qui précise la préparation préalable nécessaire, la période, les conditions d’utilisation, les particularités à respecter et l’évaluation nécessaire à l’efficacité de la pratique. La directive considère que le feu ne peut pas être utilisé pour les plantations de moins de 5 ans et avec des précautions pour les parcelles entre 5 et 10 ans. La pratique du feu précoce est associée à des fauchages, au moins sur les pourtours de la parcelle à traiter, pour éviter tout débordement. Ainsi, dans les jeunes plantations (moins de 4 à 6 ans), seul le fauchage des parcelles est réalisé et possible ; dans les plantations âgées de plus de 4 à 6 ans, des feux précoces peuvent être pratiqués, 78
éventuellement dans les premiers stades, associés à un fauchage. Le désherbage est mis en andain avant d’être brûlé. Lorsque les plantations sont plus âgées, le feu précoce est pratiqué directement. Végétation dans une jeune Sous bois éliminé suite au Sous étage dans une plantation plantation de 1 an, faite avec la traitement par feu précoce plus âgée (14 ans) méthode Taungya d’une plantation d’Eucalyptus de 4 ans environ en région de Kara
Ces travaux sont réalisés avec le concours des populations riveraines. La surveillance et la lutte contre les feux de brousse Une surveillance des plantations est réalisée en collaboration avec la population riveraine. De la même façon que pour la gestion du combustible, la surveillance est variable tout au long de la durée de la plantation. En général, dans les stades de la plantation où des feux précoces ne sont pas possibles, des gardiens sont employés pendant la période de feu ; ils couvrent 30 à 50 ha (forêt d’Eto) et sont rémunérés comme des tâcherons. Par ailleurs, un contrat de protection peut être passé avec la population riveraine pour la surveillance et la lutte. Le 0 présente un exemple de contrat de protection de plantations dans un périmètre de reboisement. La population riveraine reçoit une prime à l’hectare dont le montant varie en fonction des dégâts constatés. L’ODEF équipe un minimum la population mais la laisse maître de son organisation.
L’analyse des feux dans les plantations gérées par l’ODEF Les analyses suivantes ont été réalisées grâce aux informations remontées de l’ensemble des directions régionales de l’ODEF sur les plantations réalisées par l’ODEF. L’intérêt de cette analyse est qu’elle se base sur des feux relativement bien renseignés ; l’inconvénient est que ces statistiques ne sont pas forcément représentatives de l’ensemble des feux qui touchent les espaces naturels togolais. Les figures suivantes présentes les principales statistiques tirées de cette base de données ; les régions indiquées sont les subdivisions de l’ODEF, correspondant aux régions administratives. Figure 3 : saisonnalité des feux, selon les surfaces brûlées
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Secteur/sous-secteur (Tous) Région ODEF Savanes Kara Centrale Plateaux Maritime
Somme de Superficie (ha) 1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0 Nov Déc Jan Fév Mar Mai
Mois de l'incendie Figure 4 : historique des feux, selon le nombre de feux
Secteur/sous-secteur (Tous) Région ODEF Savanes Kara Centrale Plateaux Maritime
Nombre de Région ODEF 35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 Saison 2005-2006 Saison 2006-2007 Saison 2007-2008 Saison 2008-2009 Saison 2009-2010
Saison
Figure 5 : nature présumée des causes de feux
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Secteur/sous-secteur (Tous) Région ODEF Kara Centrale Plateaux Maritime
Nombre de feux 25
20
15
10
5
0 carbonisation chasse Feux précoces fumeurs Grillade mauvaise nettoyement renouvellement d'anarcade intention / litiges parcelle pour paturage agriculture
Nature présumée Figure 6 : connaissance des causes de feux
Secteur/sous-secteur (Tous) Région ODEF Savanes Kara Centrale Plateaux Maritime
Nombre de feux 60,00%
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
10,00%
0,00% accidentelle inconnue volontaire
Connaissance des causes Ces données permettent de consolider la typologie de feux réalisée dans le cadre de la mission nationale du Pr. Kokou. Les feux se consacrent donc sur les trois mois de décembre à février. L’historique constitué sur cette base de données montre une augmentation du nombre de feux sur les 3 dernières années, dans les forêts gérées par l’ODEF. Concernant les causes, la majorité d’entre elles reste non élucidée même si deux principales sources de feux apparaissent : la chasse et les litiges. Sur ce dernier point, le fait d’être sur du foncier de l’État peut entraîner un biais.
Figure 7 : dégâts aux plantations
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Secteur/sous-secteur (Tous) Région ODEF Kara Centrale Plateaux Maritime
Somme de Superficie (ha) 1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0 Déstruction totale des plants Plants non affectés Récupération partielle possible
Niveau de dégat Les dégâts constatés sur les plants sont globalement faibles puisque les superficies entièrement détruites représentent moins de 7 % des surfaces parcourues. Enfin, ramenées aux surfaces reboisées, les surfaces détruites totalisent sur les régions centrale et plateaux près de 75 % des superficies brûlées, comme l’illustre la Figure 8 suivant. Ce point peut être le centre de divergence entre la stratégie nationale et celle qui devrait guider l’ODEF ; en effet, les régions du nord sont celles qui brûlent le plus ; inversement, elles concentrent une proportion des reboisements de l’ODEF la plus faible (vraisemblablement lié à cette difficulté de maintenir les reboisements), expliquant cet écart. Figure 8 : pourcentage de plantations brûlées entre 2006 et 2010
Pourcentage de la surface brûlée des plantations (feux depuis 2006)
45,0%
39,8% 40,0%
34,3% 35,0%
30,0%
25,0%
20,0% 17,3%
15,0%
10,0% 5,4% 4,9% 5,0%
0,0% Savanes Kara Centrale Plateaux Maritime
Synthèse de l’état des lieux Les entretiens ont montré toute la transversalité de la problématique : les causes sont liées à l’activité humaine : les pratiques agricoles, d’élevage ou les activités cynégétiques ; 82
les feux de brousse ont des impacts environnementaux (sols, paysage, biodiversité, faune) et peuvent entraîner des dégâts matériels et humains, en plus de la destruction du capital forestier des forêts de production. Toutefois, l’importance de la problématique ne ressort pas de la même façon, entre les acteurs. Il peut être fait état d’attentes et de réactions différentes entre : les propriétaires de forêts privés et l’ODEF qui tentent d’enrayer les conséquences des feux sur leurs plantations ; l’État qui réglemente et suit cette problématique ; les collectivités locales et les autres utilisateurs des espaces naturels ayant une attitude plus passive dans la lutte contre le phénomène. Avec son PNIERN, le gouvernement togolais s’attaque à la problématique directement et indirectement. Compte tenu de l’ampleur du phénomène, sa résorption ne sera que progressive et surement liée aux modifications des causes de feux : la chasse, les litiges et l’agriculture… donc à la convergence des intérêts de ceux qui ont recours à l’utilisation du feu (à l’exception des feux dirigés) avec ceux des propriétaires de bois et forêts, vers le maintien des espaces forestiers. La rencontre de l’ensemble des acteurs fait enfin ressortir qu’aucun outil de connaissance et de suivi n’existe sur cette problématique : aucune base de données ne recense les feux, ni les dommages occasionnés par ces feux, les acteurs et les procédures judiciaires en cours. Aucune information n’est rendue publique sur les bilans de feux.
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Les actions prioritaires pour réduire les feux de forêts pour le Togo Les actions à mettre en place pour diminuer les feux de forêt pour le Togo, pour être efficace, doivent avoir un effet sur les points suivants : la réduction du nombre de départs de feux la réduction des surfaces brûlées la baisse de la vulnérabilité des enjeux Toutefois, la problématique étant l’expression de problèmes systémiques comme cela a été expliqué plus haut, l’efficacité de ces actions peut être difficilement appréciable. Cela incite donc à travailler sur les différents axes à la fois. Ces actions sont détaillées plus bas. Enfin, le cadre de la mission vise la participation des populations riveraines donc exclut par principe les actions d’équipement et d’infrastructure lourde. En effet, ces dernières nécessitent des moyens souvent très élevés et les retombées pour les populations sont faibles. Par ailleurs, compte tenu de la dynamique de plantation actuelle et du fait que seules les 5 à 10 premières années de plantations sont sensibles, le retour sur ces investissements serait a priori très faible. Enfin, compte tenu de l’ampleur du phénomène, l’équipement en matériel et infrastructure devrait couvrir l’ensemble du territoire, ce qui en investissement et fonctionnement ne semble pas réaliste.
Les actions prioritaires et leur justification Ces actions ont été identifiées en respectant le cadre de la mission et l’ensemble des éléments d’audits et de littérature récoltés. Elles visent à favoriser au maximum l’utilisation des ressources humaines existantes, leur organisation et leur savoir faire et l’implication des populations locales.
Mieux connaître et suivre la problématique des feux de forêts Il est en effet indispensable de mieux connaître contre quoi les actions sont mises en place et de suivre leurs effets ; pour cela, il convient de : Approfondir la connaissance des causes de feux pour les mieux les comprendre, notamment en recherchant les causes de feux ; Constituer une base de données de suivi et faire un reporting annuel de la saison de feu, 5. du nombre de feux et de leur surface ; 6. des dégâts occasionnés sur les bâtiments et sur les biens ; Enrichir la connaissance scientifique sur le comportement des espèces forestières au feu, des techniques et associations culturales (agroforesterie).
Poursuivre la politique de pare-feu, feux précoces, surveillance et lutte La stratégie actuelle de protection des reboisements par des pare-feux et des feux précoces tend à démontrer son efficacité. Elle implique déjà les populations locales. Cette implication pourrait être plus poussée en responsabilisant davantage les populations dans la réussite des plantations sur le moyen terme à l’instar de ce qui est fait, par exemple, dans un projet visant à la création de pépinières gérées par la population.
Encourager l’implication de la population dans la réussite des plantations et le développement d’une foresterie rurale C’est parce que les plantations de l’État sont isolées et soumises à la pression agricole que leur développement est problématique. Le territoire du Togo est en proie à la dualité agriculture – forêt, dualité qui penche ici lourdement en faveur de l’agriculture. En plus d’essayer de diminuer les conséquences des feux, il convient aussi de viser à diminuer le nombre de feux en mélangeant les intérêts du monde paysan avec ceux du forestier. Cette sous-action devra viser l’intéressement de la population à la réussite de ses propres plantations forestières et de celle de l’État, en mettant en œuvre des projets conjoints État-collectivités ou des plantations privées contigües aux plantations de l’État. Cette politique pourrait se matérialiser par :
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o un subventionnement (appui technique et/ou financier) de reboisements communautaires, proche des forêts classées ; o une contractualisation des reboisements jusqu’à leur sixième année, conférant au monde paysan, pendant 6 ans, la responsabilité de la surveillance et de la lutte contre les feux. L’instauration d’une « culture forestière » dans l’esprit du togolais est un travail de longue halène mais la constitution d’un capital forestier privé ou collectif est un moyen d’y arriver. Enfin, la diversification des associations culturales et la diversification des produits bois doit favoriser la mise en place d’une agriculture pérenne et fixe. Des intercultures, la méthode Taungya et la production de bois énergie doivent être réalisés prioritairement notamment dans les enclaves agricoles au milieu des forêts classées.
Améliorer les actions de prévention et de répression Le feu est un outil du monde agricole ; le monde agricole le perçoit et l’utilise pour sa fonction purificatrice. L’image du feu ennemi doit regagner sa juste place. Si la sensibilisation fait beaucoup, il convient de lui associer pour les cas les plus graves une politique de répression qui puisse être exemplaire et dissuasive. Ainsi les sous actions viseront à : poursuivre la sensibilisation des agriculteurs sur l’importance de la mise en place des pare-feux avant de brûler, le respect des périodes de feux, les jours à risque où il ne faut pas brûler ; poursuivre et diversifier la sensibilisation de la population à travers les CVD et les programmes scolaires : panneaux, bande dessinée… favoriser la sensibilisation dans les comités de transhumance ; Par ailleurs, pour ce qui concerne la répression, elles viseront à : poursuivre les actions de conciliation notamment en travaux d’intérêt général de reboisement ; mener au bout les actions judiciaires sur les cas problématiques (chasseurs, litiges) et assurer la publicité dissuasive de ces actions. Figure 9 : panneau d’information sur les feux de brousse
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Synthèse des actions Comme cela a été dit plus haut, les feux de brousse au Togo ne sont que la conséquence de pratiques attachées aux domaines non forestiers. Pour supprimer un feu de végétation, deux solutions sont possibles : supprimer la végétation (départ de feu) ou supprimer l’étincelle qui génère le feu, c’est à dire la cause de feu. Les acteurs du milieu forestier au Togo se sont déjà investis sur l’action la plus judicieuse : réduire la vulnérabilité des forêts. Les pare-feu et feux précoces remplissent ce rôle en supprimant la végétation graminéenne à proximité des espaces à protéger. Le plus dur reste à faire : diminuer le nombre de feux. Pour ce faire, il faut faire prendre conscience à la population des conséquences des imprudences qu’elle commet et trouver un système qui la lierait à la survie des forêts ; ainsi, quand la forêt est menacée, la société rurale doit penser que c’est son capital qui est menacé : o la sensibilisation devrait apporter une partie des réponses pour infléchir les mentalités, notamment au niveau des plus jeunes togolais et des agriculteurs, pour que le feu ne soit pas, dans l’imaginaire collectif, seulement un jeu ou un outil mais également cette puissance potentiellement non contrôlée et destructrice. o la contractualisation de la mise en place et du suivi du développement d’un espace boisé peut être un deuxième volet. Elle permettrait de faire converger les intérêts des populations qui pratiquent l’utilisation du feu et ceux des forestiers qui subissent la pression incendiaire sur les forêts. Même si ce dernier point n’aborde pas la question de la gestion des feux de front, il représente un levier d’action qui pourrait diminuer le phénomène, évitant d’avoir à se préoccuper de ses conséquences. Les autres actions prioritaires peuvent être menées par l’ODEF et le gouvernement togolais, et ne nécessitent pas la contribution des populations locales. C’est la raison pour laquelle le cadre du projet précisé ci-dessous se focalisera sur ces deux actions. Photo 1 : quelques images illustrant la problématique et les solutions utilisées
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feu précoce dans une plantation de 2004, repousse herbacée quelques jours après secteur Blitta, décembre 2010 (au centre du l’incinération, décembre 2010 pays)
dégâts occasionnés sur des Acajou par un feu eucalyptus plantés en Taungya (ici en de brousse, région des Savanes, décembre association avec du gombo) en région des 2010 Savanes, décembre 2010
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Projet pour la mise en œuvre de deux actions prioritaires de la stratégie de gestion des feux de forêts à l’échelle nationale L’objectif du projet dont les principes et la justification sont précisés ci-dessous, est de mettre en place à travers un processus participatif, une stratégie durable nationale de gestion des feux de forêts.
La gestion des feux de forêt La diminution des feux de forêt peut passer par plusieurs aspects : diminution du nombre de feux ; l’action centrale qui permet d’atteindre cet objectif est la sensibilisation (information – répression, communication) auprès des auteurs des feux ; ce volet est proposé dans le cadre du présent projet ; diminution des surfaces brûlées ; cette stratégie repose sur deux fondements : l’attaque des feux naissants et le cloisonnement des massifs par un réseau de coupure de combustible. L’organisation actuelle du Togo et le réseau d’infrastructures ne semblent pas propice à la déclinaison d’une telle stratégie. Cependant, des améliorations en matière d’alerte et d’intervention de brigades locales légères peuvent être faites ; elles devront être développées dans un projet. Le réseau d’infrastructure et l’équipement en matériel lourd ne seront pas développés. réduction de la vulnérabilité des enjeux ; cette action est déjà bien développée dans les plantations togolaises ; elles doivent être poursuivies mais ne feront pas l’objet d’un projet.
Le contexte institutionnel Une stratégie nationale a été récemment débattue et certains de ces éléments ont été intégrés dans le programme d’investissement pour la gestion des ressources naturelles au Togo. Par ailleurs, la réglementation des feux de végétation s’appuie sur des outils (feux précoces, pare-feux) qui diminuent la vulnérabilité des enjeux à protéger et devrait limiter l’ampleur du phénomène. La réglementation nationale est peu appliquée ; son application n’est pas réellement contrôlée et les entorses à cette réglementation ne font que très rarement l’objet de poursuites.
Le contexte économique, social et environnemental Le Togo est soumis à une forte pression des feux de végétation sur les espaces boisés ; environ 50 % du territoire brûle annuellement. Les espaces forestiers sont donc constamment menacés et la régénération naturelle se fait difficilement. Les feux sont quasi exclusivement liés aux activités humaines traditionnelles telle que la chasse, le renouvellement des pâturages, nettoyage des parcelles… et parfois contextuelles, soit volontaire (règlement de compte, jalousie, inconscience des impacts), soit involontaires (accidents, jet d’objets incandescents…). La majorité de la population togolaise est encore très rurale et pauvre ; elle est contrainte de répondre à ses besoins à court terme : trouver des terrains pour pratiquer une agriculture nourricière extensive. Cette population paysanne ne possède pas de culture « forestière », bien que celle-ci soit impliquée dans certaines étapes des boisements (préparation, plantation, gardiennage…). Les boisements privés ou communautaires sont limités. Les services forestiers sont limités en moyens humains et financiers ; ce sont pourtant les seuls garants, aux côtés de quelques grands propriétaires forestiers, du maintien du couvert forestier et de la reconquête forestière. Les « forêts classées » sont mitées par les cultures ; le feu menace les forêts classées de l’intérieur et de l’extérieur. Les reboisements entrepris par les privés et l’État sont principalement tournés vers la production de bois d’œuvre. Même si quelques produits en sont tirés dans les premières années, leur principale exploitation commerciale ne se fait qu’au bout plusieurs dizaines d’années. Les plantations sont très vulnérables par rapport au feu dans les 5 premières années ; passé 10 ans, les conséquences des feux sur les plantations sont amoindries. La prévention mise en place utilise des outils pertinents (pare-feu, feux précoces) pour limiter la vulnérabilité des plantations mais rien n’est fait pour régler le problème à la source.
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La justification du projet Fort de ces contextes, le projet se base sur les principes de constats / solutions présentés dans le Tableau 1. Tableau 1 : constats - solutions Constats Solutions Le monde paysan est à l’origine du problème La participation du monde paysan au projet doit être centrale La population sacrifie le long terme (patrimoine Le monde paysan doit pouvoir profiter de forestier) pour des besoins à courts terme retombées à court terme du projet Le monde paysan, bien que partenaire sur Les retombées consacrées au monde paysan certains travaux de plantation, est sollicité en doivent être liées à la réussite du reboisement tant que simple prestataire, et peu intéressé dans la réussite finale de la plantation La question des feux de végétation est Le projet doit pouvoir couvrir l’ensemble du généralisée sur le territoire Togolais territoire Les forêts classées constituent des noyaux La constitution d’entités homogènes forestières, forestiers, bien que menacés de l’intérieur par sans mitage, facilite leur défense les cultures les mitant et de l’extérieur par les feux de végétation Le pays manque d’infrastructures en qualité et Équiper des brigades locales en matériels léger en densité pour intervenir en tout point du permet d’améliorer les conditions de lutte territoire fait perdre de sa pertinence à des opérationnelles équipements en matériels lourds
Les principes du projet Le projet proposé reposera sur 3 volets : sensibilisation, implication et lutte contre les feux.
La sensibilisation Elle doit être faite de manière ciblée auprès de deux types de public : o les scolaires ; ils sont généralement très perméables à ces informations dans la mesure où elles sont réalisées de manière pédagogique à l’instar des nombreuses actions qui se font en matière de santé. Les supports de communication devront donc être adaptés à ce jeune public : bande dessinée, animations, spectacle, panneaux etc. Les impliquer dans l’élaboration des contenus pédagogiques peut permettre de réaliser une opération plus ciblées sur un territoire. o les adultes ; ils représentent plusieurs types de public, en fonction de ce que l’on cible les éleveurs de bœuf, les cultivateurs, les chasseurs. Sans stigmatiser tel ou tel type de public, le rappel de la réglementation et des conséquences de ses actes doivent faire l’objet d’une information adaptée à l’auditoire.
Système d’alerte et lutte opérationnelle et de suivi La lutte opérationnelle est indissociable d’un système d’alerte rapide. Plus le feu est combattu rapidement, moins il est susceptible de faire des dégâts. On entend souvent la phrase suivante : pour éteindre un feu naissant, il suffit d’un verre d'eau durant la première minute, un seau d'eau au cours de la deuxième minute, une citerne d'eau au bout de la troisième minute. Pour apprécier son impact et le suivre dans le temps, il est important que, parallèlement au système de lutte et d’alerte, un système de suivi soit également mis en place, reprenant et améliorant par exemple la base de données construite lors de la mission. L’alerte et l’intervention rapide sont donc deux éléments stratégiques pour diminuer les surfaces brûlées. Toutefois, alerte et intervention doivent se développer en phase avec les moyens humains et matériels existants. Des moyens simples comme le gardiennage couplé à des systèmes de radio- télécommunication doivent d’abord être mis en place. Enfin, l’équipement en matériel léger (battes à feu, seau pompes à bâton, voire motopompes…) est une façon d’aborder la lutte active (par opposition à la lutte passive des pare-feux), de manière pérenne dans le temps en ciblant les investissements sur des équipements facilement manipulables, abordables et généralisables. 89
Ce matériel a également l’avantage de pouvoir être facilement déplacé et utilisé d’une région à l’autre en fonction de la sensibilité et l’état de sècheresse d’un secteur à l’autre. Cependant, certains de ces équipements nécessitent un minimum d’équipements (points d’eau, routes) qui doivent être mis préalable à leur acquisition.
L’implication de la population dans la constitution des plantations Ce point étant central, une partie la détaille ci-dessous. Elle passera par un « contrat de foresterie durable », dispositif réfléchi et conçu pour la présente mission. Ce principe peut paraître un peu écarté de la finalité « gestion des feux de brousse ». Et pourtant il tente de traiter le problème en amont et donc avec un effet de levier plus important.
Les contrats de foresterie durable
Principes généraux La mise en place de ces contrats répond aux deux points suivants : o impliquer le paysan dans toutes les étapes d’un reboisement et jusqu’à sa réussite ; o apporter aux paysans des retombées économiques dès la première année. Les politiques, dont s’inspire cette solution, ont porté et portent leurs fruits, dans d’autres contextes : Contrat d’Agriculture Durable en Europe, Fonds Forestier National en France dans les années 60… La mise en œuvre pourrait être faite dans les forêts classées, sur du foncier propice au reboisement, afin de créer des entités forestières cohérentes, et diminuer la menace interne qui pèse sur les plantations ; le fonctionnement est également possible sur du foncier privé, par des propriétaires publics ou privés. A proximité des ilots forestiers existants, ils permettraient d’augmenter la « tâche » forestière. Les principes sont les suivants : o Contractualiser la constitution d’une plantation, dans tous ses aspects, à l’instar de ce qui est déjà fait de manière segmentée (Taungya et constitution du boisement + entretiens + surveillance) ; il consiste donc à élargir les contrats actuels, transformant le tâcheron en ouvrier – gardien – gestionnaire. o Rémunérer la prestation sur le constat que les objectifs annuels ont été atteints (possibilité de réception partielle, voir échelonné sur l’année) o Intéresser les parties prenantes aux retombées économiques à court terme et à long terme o constituer un « bail » pour la plantation, le foncier n’étant pas transféré au paysan o L’usufruit peut être partagé sur une base proche de celle utilisée (15 % redistribués à la population en cas d’exploitation) ou plus avantageuse, anticipée ou pas, dans le temps Pour assurer l’intéressement du paysan tout au long de la vie de la plantation, il convient de mettre en place une sylviculture permettant des associations culturales (agroforesterie) et des mélanges d’espèces forestières (du type Teck + Acacias). Un appui technique doit également exister pour pouvoir assister le paysan en cas de difficultés techniques ou matérielles.
Exemple de simulation chiffrée, pour 1 ha de plantation Une première simulation a été faite pour 1 ha de plantation, sur la base d’informations communiquées par l’ODEF. Aujourd’hui, produire un hectare de plantation de Teck en stump, dans les 5 premières années coûte environ 400 000 FCFA. Le coût est essentiellement lié à de la main d’œuvre… réalisée par le monde paysan.
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Figure 10 : coûts comparés ODEF – subventions aux paysans dans les 6 premières années
300 000
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Coût ODEF 150 000
Subvention paysan Coûts
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Coût ODEF 274 100 50 508 29 608 29 608 16 100 53 050 Subvention paysan 60 000 70 000 80 000 90 000 100 000 40 000 Années
La redistribution doit être croissante pour inciter le paysan à préserver le bien constitué, dans la continuité, jusqu’à l’amener vers un âge où ce dernier sera moins sensible aux feux. Cependant, la redistribution peut suivre des évolutions différentes, en fonction des attentes des paysans, comme par exemple être très élevée la première année pour faire face aux différents travaux. Une association culturale doit permettre de diversifier les produits et étaler dans le temps l’utilisation des produits forestiers (idéalement bois de feu et bois de chauffe), renforçant avant la coupe commerciale finale les retombées
500 000
400 000
300 000
Coûts 200 000
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Coût cumulé ODEF 274 100 324 608 354 217 383 825 399 925 452 975 Subvention cumulée 60 000 130 000 210 000 300 000 400 000 440 000 paysan Années
Coût cumulé ODEF Subvention cumulée paysan
Synthèse du contrat de foresterie durable Le paysan est payé de manière progressive, pour un résultat à terme et non plus pour une tâche. Ses revenus sont liés au succès de la plantation : il devrait mettre en œuvre tous les moyens pour avoir cette rémunération et donc assurer l’essor de la plantation. Il doit pouvoir par ailleurs exploiter pour son compte des produits (bois de feu) tout au long de la vie de la plantation, et être intéressé au résultat final lié à l’exploitation de la plantation, soit de manière anticipée, sans en désignant une ou des personnes bénéficiaires. Il est responsabilisé et gère lui-même ses contraintes pratiques et calendaires. Les intérêts du monde paysan et des services forestiers convergent vers le même point : l’essor de la plantation et sa survie face aux incendies.
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Conclusion sur le projet Le projet mis en place se base sur 3 volets très complémentaires. La culture forestière n’étant plus dans les esprits togolais, un travail de fond doit être entrepris (sensibilisation) et mieux expliquer la place de la forêt dans l’environnement, ainsi que le feu qui la menace. Les besoins de retombées à court et moyen termes doivent également être une composante forte, pour améliorer les conditions de vie de cette population rurale et pauvre. Le paysan togolais ne doit plus être considéré comme un simple tâcheron, exécutant ou destructeur, mais comme un partenaire qui apportera sa contribution à la protection des forêts. Enfin, la mise en place d’un système d’alerte couplé à l’acquisition de matériel léger permettrait aux services forestiers d’intervenir lorsque les phénomènes sont devenus incontrôlables et menaçant directement des enjeux forestiers très vulnérables.
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Annexes Les régions administratives du Togo
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Les feux au Togo et Ghana, 11 janvier 2009, Nasa
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Documents consultés
Texte de loi, ordonnances, décrets, directives, circulaires NBRE N° TITRE AUTEUR ANNEE PAGE Décret du 5 février 1938 portant organisation du régime Présidence de la 1 1938 33 forestier du territoire du Togo République française Décret n° 74-160 du 17 octobre 1974 complétant les Présidence de la 2 modalités d'organisation de lutte contre les feux de 1974 4 République du Togo brousse et instituant les feux précoces Décret n° 84-61 du 23 mars 1984 portant règlementation des dispositions prévues aux articles 2 et 7 de Présidence de la 3 1974 2 l'ordonnance n° 6 du 15 mars 1973 et l'article 1er de République du Togo l'ordonnance 84-06 Ordonnance n° 6 du 15 mars 1973 portant règlementation Présidence de la 4 1973 2 des feux de brousse République du Togo Présidence de la 5 Loi n° 2008-009 du 13 juin 2008 portant code forestier 2008 52 République du Togo Directive pour la gestion des feux précoces, 6 ODEF 2009 4 n°00506/2009/ODEF/DT
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NBRE N° TITRE AUTEUR ANNEE PAGE Décret n° 2009-092/PR portant organisation et Présidence de la 7 fonctionnement du fonds national de développement 2009 4 République du Togo forestier Décret n° 2009-090/PR portant attributions, organisation Présidence de la 8 et fonctionnement de l'agence nationale de gestion de 2009 8 République du Togo l'environnement (ANGE) Décret n° 2009-302/PR règlementant les feux utilitaires et Présidence de la 9 2009 3 les feux précoces République du Togo Loi n° 2008-005 du 30 mai 2008 portant loi-cadre sur Présidence de la 10 2008 41 l’environnement République du Togo
Rapport d’études, programmes, projets et autre bibliographie NBRE N° TITRE AUTEUR ANNEE PAGE Mission d’appui au gouvernement du Togo en vue 11 d’atteindre l’objectif 2000 de l’OIBT dans le cadre de la OIBT 2008 105 gestion durable des forets Deuxième rapport du Togo sur la gestion durable des 12 MERF/OIBT 2010 79 forêts période 2005-2009 Les causes profondes de la déforestation et de la JVE/envi- 13 2009 38 dégradation des forêts au Togo développement Rapport technique / Gestion des feux de forêts en Côte 14 SODEFOR/OIBT 2006 78 d’Ivoire à titre expérimental PD 51/98 Rev. 1 (F) Études des effets des feux de brousse sur les savanes AKPAGANA K., 15 soudaniennes du nord Togo, installation d’un périmètre KOKOU K., TENGUE 1993 35 d’essai à Natchitikpi K., GBADOE E. Approche programmatique de Gestion de 16 TerrAfrica 2010 - l’Environnement et des Ressources Naturelles au Togo Observations du 38ème panel des experts de l’OIBT sur le 17 projet PD556/09 « mise en place d’un système de OIBT 2009 1 prévention et de lutte contre les feux de forêts au Togo » Plan national de mise en œuvre de la convention de 18 Stockholm sur les polluants organiques persistants au FEM/ONUDI 2006 185 Togo 19 Programme d’Action Forestier National MDR/ET 1994 57 Programme National d’Investissements pour 20 MERF 2010 157 l’Environnement et les Ressources Naturelles au Togo Programme national de reboisement et de gestion 21 MERF 2009 36 durable des forêts 2009-2029 Projet « Mise en place d’un système de prévention et de 22 ODEF 2009 43 lutte contre les feux de forêts au Togo » 23 Exemple d’autorisation de chasse coutumière MERF 2010 3 Identification d’une stratégie de gestion des feux de forêts 24 et plan de mise en œuvre avec la participation des ODEF/OIBT 2010 7 communautés riveraines au Togo 25 Communiqué (relatif au calendrier de chasse) MERF 2010 1 26 Déclaration de politique forestière (DRAFT) MERF 2010 16 Contrat de protection de plantations dans le périmètre de 27 ODEF 2010 4 reboisement 28 Stratégie nationale de gestion des feux de végétation MERF/PNUD 2009 81 Document complet de stratégie de réduction de la 29 République togolaise 2009 104 pauvreté 2009-2011 Programme national d’investissement agricole et de 30 MAEP 2009 40 sécurité alimentaire au Togo, plan d’opération
Identification des acteurs et collecte d’informations La rencontre avec certains acteurs a permis d’avoir un entretien dont les informations sont ci-dessous résumées. Plusieurs acteurs ont été identifiés ; cette première phase a 96
permis d’en toucher la majorité. D’autres seront abordés vue la poursuite de la collecte d’informations.
Directions régionales du MERF Direction régionale du MERF maritime Les superficies brûlées sont toujours maîtrisées dans les aires protégées, mais dans les zones non protégées, il est difficile de relever une donnée sur la superficie brûlée. Déjà entre octobre et novembre, un programme de sensibilisation est élaboré à l’endroit des populations. Chaque Directeur préfectoral effectue des visites auprès de ses populations pour les sensibiliser sur les feux et leur prévention. En cas d’incendie, y a-t-il une recherche de responsabilité ? Non, pas toujours, il arrive parfois de rechercher et d’interpeler le fauteur, après un constat de feu criminel. Direction régionale du MERF Plateaux Lorsque la note relative aux feux précoces est signée, les chefs canton sont convoqués par le préfet en vue d’une pré-sensibilisation avant l’élaboration d’un calendrier de sensibilisation à l’endroit des populations. Les radios rurales prennent le relais du communiqué ainsi que les comités de gestion de l’environnement formés au niveau des villages. Mais aujourd’hui, faute de moyens, ces comités ont disparu.
Ministère de la sécurité et de la protection civile Gendarmerie Nationale : cas du poste de Bodjé L’entretien avec l’Adjudant, chef de ladite gendarmerie de Bodjé lors de la visite des plantations de GAD, a nécessairement tourné autour des feux notamment la procédure entamée en cas d’incendie. Il est à noter qu’après le constat d’un feu, une enquête est ouverte pour déceler l’auteur. Le dossier est alors transféré au procureur de Kpalimé. Mais la plupart de ces enquêtes n’aboutissent pas. Un seul exemple de cas de déféré a été signalé en 2002 car l’acte était prémédité.
Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Élevage et de la Pêche Direction Régionale maritime de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et de la pêche Comme partout en Afrique, il n’y a pas d’agriculture au Togo sans feux de brousse. Le feu permet le nettoyage des parcelles. La Région maritime est l’une des plus peuplée du Togo (11% de la population). Le sud- est de la région est le plus affecté à cause de l’agriculture sur brûlis. La région ne dispose que de reliques de forêts ce qui a entraîne une mutation de l’agriculture. Dans le Yoto-Vo-Lacs, sud de Zio et de l’Avé sud, il n’ya plus de grande friche, donc pas de feu. On y assiste à l’utilisation de Mucuna pour restaurer la fertilité du sol. Cette option, avec l’utilisation d’engrais, réduit l’usage des feux. Par contre, dans le Yoto nord, les défriches se poursuivent, d’où l’usage continuel des feux. Il existe par endroit des mises en valeur par l’agroforesterie avec l’usage des espèces comme le Teck, Acacia, Cassia siamea, Albizia etc. Quant à l’élevage, il faut noter que la région n’est pas éleveuse de gros bétail, c’est la transhumance qui amène les bêtes dans cette région. Le nombre de têtes de bovins ne dépasse pas 100000. On pourrait aussi, à l’instar du Burkina Faso, créer des parkings à bêtes et des pâturages aménagés pour canaliser les troupeaux qui passent par la région.
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Ministère de l’Administration territoriale, de la décentralisation et des collectivités locales Direction des collectivités locales L’initiative d’identifier une stratégie participative de lutte contre les feux est la bienvenue, car l’agriculture étant un secteur prioritaire, et employant la majorité des populations, impliquer celles-ci dans cette initiative devient très utile. Parmi les causes de feux de brousse, on peut citer : renouvellement de la paille, chasse aux gibiers, défrichement agricole, plaisir de l’art, accidentel, criminel etc. Les collectivités locales sont structurées de la manière suivante : quartier/village/canton/sous-préfecture/préfecture/région. L’organisation des cantons en communes est en projet au niveau du PNUD. En tant que propriétaires de fonds, les collectivités peuvent jouer un rôle dans la stratégie de prévention des incendies. La préfecture est le meilleur maillon pour mettre en œuvre la politique de gestion des feux de forêt.
Ministère de l’action sociale et de la solidarité nationale Direction de la coordination et de la gestion des catastrophes La catastrophe concerne l’incendie, tornade, inondation, feux de brousse. La direction reçoit les rapports des directions régionales et les transmets au ministère. En effet, lorsqu’il y a incendie ou feu de brousse avec dommages de biens, le service des affaires sociales élabore un rapport accompagné du procès verbal de la police qui parvient à la direction des catastrophes. Cette dernière à son tour décortique les rapports pour évaluer le degré de dégât qu’il transmet au ministère des finances chargé de dédommager les victimes. Ces victimes viennent à Lomé pour percevoir leur dû mais, un projet de décentralisation est en cours pour que les victimes ne soient pas obligées de se déplacer jusqu’à Lomé. Seuls les cas dont le rapport est accompagné de PV de la police sont traités. Les cas d’incendie ne sont pas distingués, il y a des incendies d’infrastructures et des incendies de brousse. Entre mars et décembre 2009, il y a eu 245 cas d’incendie. La seule difficulté que nous éprouvons actuellement, est le besoin d’un équipement informatisé pour compiler facilement les cas enregistrés.
Exemple de contrat de protection de plantations dans le périmètre de reboisement CONTRAT DE PROTECTION DE PLANTATIONS DANS LE PERIMETRE DE REBOISEMENT POPULATION DE…………………..…………………… PREFECTURE DE ZIO PARCELLES …………………………………………… Entre L’Office de Développement et d’Exploitation des Forêts (ODEF) représenté son Directeur Général ………………………………………………………………………………………………. d’une part, Et La population de………………représentée par Monsieur /Madame…………………………………, cultivateur (trice) demeurant et domicilié (e) à ………………… majeur (e) non interdit (e) et jouissant de ses droits civils et moraux, désigné (e) ci-après par………………………………... d’autre part, Il est convenu et arrêté ce qui suit : Article 1er : Objet du Contrat
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L’ODEF confie à la population de………………qui accepte la protection d’un bloc de………….ha de superficie contre les feux, les coupes frauduleuses et la divagation du gros bétail dans son périmètre de reboisement dans la forêt classée d’Eto. (Voir carte en annexe) Article 2 : Prestations La population de……………organise un comité anti-feu et antivol par le recrutement de surveillants et de patrouilleurs. Le comité anti-feu et antivol a pour missions : - de faire les rondes du bloc de jour et de nuit et de patrouiller à l’intérieur du bloc afin de prévenir tout foyer de feu et/ou tout acte de vol de produits forestiers; - de rappeler à l’ordre toute personne posant un acte de nature à faire courir un danger aux parcelles (carbonisation à l’intérieur du bloc, chasse aux petits gibiers, allumage de feu de cuisine à l’intérieur du bloc, intrusion de bœufs,……..); - de donner l’alerte immédiate en cas d’incendie; - d’organiser la lutte avec les comités environnants et avec les agents de l’ODEF. Le comité de……………………………doit être constamment en contact avec les comités voisins (…………………………….) avec qui il doit entretenir de bonnes relations pour des actions concertées. Article 3 : Obligations de l’ODEF L’ODEF équipe le comité anti-feu et antivol de………………… de : - ………………torche (s); - ...... paquets de piles; - ……………..machettes; - ……………..battes-feu; - ………………sifflets; - ………………vélo (s). Sur demande de la population de…………………….., l’ODEF peut fournir d’autres matériels de protection contre le feu dont la valeur est déductible du montant du contrat. Article 4 : Délai d’exécution Les travaux décrits à l’article 2 débutent le ……………………. et se poursuivent jusqu’à l’installation de la saison des pluies. Article 5 : Rémunération Pour l’exécution des travaux prévus au présent contrat, la population de……………………percevra une rétribution mensuelle de………………… soit ………FCFA par hectare multiplié par ……………. Il est entendu que cette valeur couvre tous les frais de main-d’œuvre des surveillants et encadreurs et autres indemnités diverses. Article 6 : Modalités de règlement Les sommes dues à la population de …………… au titre du présent contrat seront payées en espèces en francs CFA sur présentation des factures établies mensuellement. Article 7 : Mesures incitatives (ristournes) A la fin de la campagne, une prime de ……………… par hectare sera payée au village de …………… dans les conditions ci-après : - Protection sans aucun sinistre : prime à 100%, soit ………………FCFA. - Sinistre mineur (10% de superficie brûlée) : prime à 50%, soit …………………FCFA. - Sinistre important (plus de 10% de superficie brûlée) : aucune prime. La prime est utilisée pour la réalisation d’œuvres communautaires au profit du village concerné. Article 8 : Pénalités La rémunération mensuelle n’est versée à 100% qu’en cas d’absence de sinistre. En cas de sinistre mineur imputable à la mauvaise prestation du comité (surveillants ivres, nonchalance dans l’intervention, manque de collaboration avec les autres comités……), la rémunération mensuelle est réduite de moitié. En cas de sinistre supérieur à 10%, le comité n’a droit à aucune rémunération. En cas de coupes frauduleuses, les auteurs identifiés sont punis conformément à la loi en vigueur. Au cas où les auteurs des forfaits ne sont pas identifiés, le village est chargé de rembourser la valeur de produits coupés. Article 9 : Résiliation Le présent contrat pourra être résilié par la partie qui le désire, sous réserve d’en informer l’autre partie par lettre énonçant les difficultés rencontrées, les griefs ou les motifs. Dès réception de la lettre, la partie dispose d’un délai de ………………jours francs pour répondre ou pour remédier aux défaillances relevées. Passé ce délai et faute d’accord, la résiliation sera prononcée de plein droit. Article10 : Règlement des litiges
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Tout litige ou différend auquel peuvent donner lieu l’interprétation et/ou l’exécution du présent contrat et qui n’aurait pas trouvé de solution amiable sera porté devant le Comité de Gestion du Complexe Forestier Eto-Lilicopé ou le Ministre de tutelle ou le cas échéant devant les juridictions compétentes. Article 11 : Le présent contrat prend effet pour compter de sa date de signature par les parties intéressées. Fait à …………….., le…………………………. Le (la) Président (e) du CVD Le (la) Directeur (trice) Général (e) de l’ODEF Mr/Mme ……………………………… Mr/Mme ………………………………
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Résumé du document du projet OIBT de mise en oeuvre
Titre du projet Mise en place d’un système participatif de prévention et de gestion des feux de végétation au Togo Résumé Le présent projet est le résultat de l’étude intitulée « identification d’un projet de mise en œuvre des actions prioritaires de la stratégie nationale de gestion des feux de végétation », laquelle étude a été menée avec le soutien financier de l’OIBT d’août 2010 à janvier 2011. Il vise avec la participation des populations locales, la mise en place d’un système tant matériel qu’humain pouvant permettre de prévenir et de lutter contre les feux de végétation dans les forêts et périmètres reboisés de l’Etat au Togo. Il prévoit notamment la sensibilisation de 300 établissements scolaires et des populations riveraines des forêts dans au moins 22 préfectures et sous-préfectures du pays, sur les effets néfastes de ces feux ; l’implication de façon active de ces populations à la gestion des feux à travers la promotion de contrats de foresterie durable avec les populations pour le reboisement et la protection intégrale de 800 ha de nouvelles plantations (à titre pilote). Il est aussi prévu la mise en place d’un dispositif de lutte, après la formation d’au moins 30 brigades dans les forêts classées et périmètres de reboisement et la protection de 14000 ha de plantations et forêts (étatiques et privées) les plus vulnérables du pays. Produits et activités Produit 1 : La sensibilisation de la population de 22 préfectures et sous-préfectures aux impacts des feux de végétation est développée
Activité 1.1 : Sensibiliser les jeunes de 300 établissements scolaires aux impacts des feux de végétations en créant des supports adaptés pour les diffuser
Activité 1.2 : Sensibiliser les populations adultes sur la réglementation en vigueur en matière des feux de végétation par des supports adaptés
Produit 2 : Le partenariat avec la population pour la promotion de la foresterie durable dans les zones les plus sensibles est établi
Activité 2.1 : Identifier les zones regroupant : une zone sensible aux feux, une population intéressée et des terres disponibles et propices au reboisement
Activité 2.2 : Contractualiser avec le monde paysan depuis la constitution des boisements jusqu’à la protection pluriannuelle contre les feux : projet pilote
Produit 3 : Un dispositif de lutte étendu est mis en place et est opérationnel
Activité 3.1 : Créer, former et redynamiser les brigades locales de lutte contre les feux de végétation
Activité 3.2 : Mettre en place et équiper un système opérationnel d’alerte et de suivi des feux
Financement: Sources Contribution en US$ OIBT 894 021,53 Togo 326 141,77 TOTAL 1 220 163,30
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Perte de la désertificat biodiversit Conflits Pauvreté ion é
Diminution du couvert Mise en danger des personnes et CONSEQ destruction des biens forestier UENCE/ S
Les feux de KEY forêts sont PROBLE difficiles à M prévenir et Les Les populations se Le phénomène touche CAUSE/ raisons sentent peu une grande partie du territoire et la lutte est inexistante S des mises concernées à par les dégâts Les scolaires ne La Les zones Le monde Les Le sont pas sensibilisés aux population sensibles qui paysan brigades système conséquences néglige les satisfont n’est pas de lutte d’alerte est des feux de végétation conséquen disponibilité impliqué existantes désuet, ces des des terres, durableme sont mal Figure1 : Arbre à Problème
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Reconstitution et cohésion Condition de boisements maintien de la sociale vie améliorée biodiversité
Sécurité assurée des Augmentation du personnes et couvert végétal préservation des biens
Mettre en place un système participatif et durable de Objectif prévention et de lutte contre les feux dans les zones les plus sensibles du Togo spécifique
La sensibilisation de la Le partenariat avec la population pour la Un dispositif de lutte population aux impacts des feux de promotion de la foresterie durable dans les zones étendu est mis en place végétation est développée les plus sensibles est établi et est opérationnel
Sensibiliser Sensibiliser Identifier les Contractualis Créer, Mettre en place et les scolaires les zones er avec le former, équiper un système aux impacts populations regroupant : monde redynamiser opérationnel d’alerte et de suivi des feux des feux de sur la zone sensible paysan les brigades végétationsFigure 2 réglementatio: Arbre à objectifsaux feux, depuis la locales de
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Tableau 1 : Matrice du cadre logique ELEMENTS DE PROGRAMMES INDICATEURS MOYENS DE VÉRIFICATION HYPOTHÈSES Objectif de développement : 1) Réduire le pourcentage moyen de superficie brûlée dans les plantations 1) Base de données des feux de Stabilité socio politique et Aménagement et gestion durable des forêts de 27% à 5% d’ici 2030 plantations de l’ODEF volonté politique togolaises par la protection intégrale contre les 2) Diminuer la proportion de surface brûlée annuellement de plus de 50% 2) imageries satellitaires d’intervention dans le feux à moins de 20% d’ici 2030 domaine forestier Objectif spécifique: 1) A la fin du projet, la proportion de surface de plantation brûlée est 1) Base de données des feux de Adhésion et collaboration Mettre en place un système participatif et inférieure à 25% plantations de l’ODEF des acteurs durable de prévention et de lutte contre les 2) la superficie du territoire national brûlée est inférieure à 45% 2) imageries satellitaires Stabilité sociopolitique feux dans les zones les plus sensibles du Togo
Produit 1: 200 établissements primaires et 100 établissements secondaires riverains Supports pédagogiques produits La population est La sensibilisation de la population aux impacts de 22 préfectures sont sensibilisés sur les impacts des feux à la fin du Rapport d’avancement du projet réceptive au message des feux de végétation est développée projet ; diffusé 50% des populations togolaise issues des 22 préfectures sont sensibilisées à la règlementation en vigueur Produit 2: A la fin du projet, 800 ha sont reboisés sous contrat de foresterie durable Contrats établis La population trouve son Le partenariat avec la population pour la et n’ont pas subi le passage d’un feu Rapports d’activités de l’ODEF compte dans la promotion de la foresterie durable dans les Rapport d’avancement du projet contractualisation zones les plus sensibles est établi proposée Produit 3: Au moins 30 brigades de luttes sont créées, équipées et opérationnelles à Enquêtes sur le terrain Toutes les parties Un dispositif de lutte étendu est mis en place la fin du projet Rapport d’avancement du projet prenantes collaborent et est opérationnel 9000 ha de plantations étatiques et 5000 ha de plantations privées et Base de données constituées forêts naturelles vulnérables sont intégralement protégées contre les feux
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Tableau 2 : Chronogramme des activités ANNEE 1 ANNEE 2 ANNEE 3 ANNEE 4 Produits et activités Partenaire responsable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 Produit 1:La sensibilisation de la population aux impacts des feux de végétation est développée
1.1. Sensibiliser les scolaires aux impacts des feux de végétation en créant des ONG en communication supports adaptés pour les diffuser
1.2. Sensibiliser les populations sur la réglementation en vigueur en matière des ONG en communication feux de végétation par la diffusuion des supports adaptés Produit 2: Le partenariat avec la population pour la promotion de la foresterie durable dans les zones plus sensibles est établi
2.1. Identifier les zones regroupant : zone Consultant National en sensible aux feux, population intéressée et Ecologie + Expert en terres disponibles et propices au Gestion des Feux reboisement
2.2. Contractualiser avec le monde paysan Coordonnateur National depuis la constitution des boisements jusqu’à la protection pluriannuelle contre les feux Produit 3:Un dispositif de lutte étendu est mis en place et est opérationnel dans les forêts classées
3.1. Créer, former et redynamiser les Consultant International + brigades locales de lutte contre les feux de Coordonnateur National brousse 3.2. Mettre en place et équiper un système Consultant International + opérationnel d’alerte et de suivi des feux Coordonnateur National
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Liste des personnes physiques rencontrées pendant la mission
NOMS FONCTION Coordonnées 1 ADADJI Directeur de la planification 902 04 11 2 ADJAMANI Kokou Directeur de la gestion des catastrophes/MASSN 220 36 18 3 AFELU Bareremna Directeur préfectoral Golfe MERF 9224318 4 AFFO Directeur régional MERF maritime Tsévié 5 AGAMA Membre de brigade anti-feu FC Lili Lilicopé 6 AGBLEWONOU Kodjo Chef d'équipe à Dono Gblainvié 7 ASSI Hémou Directeur Technique ODEF 903 51 02 8 ATI-DJOBO Difézi Directeur Commercial ODEF 914 49 40 9 ATUTONOU Amah Agent de la direction de la faune et chasse 221 40 29 10 BAHETENORA Téroa Chef secteur Dono (Forêt classée d'Eto) 330 40 05 11 DAKU Komla Secrétaire Général du MERF 9077350 12 EDJEOU Tchaa Chef secteur Haho-baloé 098 13 59 13 EKA Kodjo Chef du village Dévé FC Lili Dévé 14 GBADOE Edjidomélé Directeur Général de l'ODEF 905 40 62 15 GBLOMATSI Kodjo Directeur préfectoral MERF Haho Notsè 16 GLIGBE Koudjo Directeur régional del'agric, élevage et pêche 900 97 99 17 GNANDI Gbandi Directeur Administratif et financier ODEF 251 42 17 18 GOUTHON-JOHNSON Mireille Directrice de la sociéte GAD 221 97 91 19 HOUESSOU Chef secteur Avédjé (forêt classée d'Eto) 330 40 05 20 HOUNKALI Chef Div. planification, format & statist. Agr. DRAEP 221 33 59 21 KOKOU Kouami Enseignant-chercheur à l'université de Lomé 9020411 22 KOMBATE Yendouhame Direction de la planification MERF 9252950 23 KONDO Kao Ahihui Directeur régional ODEF maritime 900 23 78 24 LAPTCHARA Chef secteur Lili (Forêt classée de Lili) 908 37 90 25 M'BOMA Komlanvi Directeur des collectivités locales/MATDCL 222 13 81 26 NADJO Ladon Biologiste environnementaliste 927 87 45 27 OURO-DJERI Essowè Directeur de cabinet du MERF 9031738 28 SAMA Boundjouw Directeur des eaux et Forêts 902 68 08 29 SANVI Komlan Directeur régional ODEF plateaux 911 50 80 30 TENGUE Kokou Directeur de la faune et chasses 903 87 94 31 YELENAKE CB Gendarmerie Nationale Bodjé
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Procès verbal de validation du projet et du rapport final
MINISTERE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT REPUBLIQUE TOGOLAISE ET DES RESSOURCES FORESTIERES Travail-Liberté-Partie
DIRECTION GENERALE DE L’ODEF B.P. 334 Tél 251 42 17 Fax 251 42 14 Lomé-Togo
COMMISSION D’ELABORATION DES PROPOSITIONS DE PROJETS
Procès verbal de la réunion de validation du projet et du rapport de mission sur la gestion des feux de végétation au Togo
L’an deux mil onze et le 09 au 10 Juin, a eu lieu à la salle de conférence de la Direction Générale de l’ODEF, une réunion de la commission d’élaboration de proposition de projets (CEPP). Etaient présents MM : ASSI Hèmou : Président ALI Salissou : 1er rapporteur KOMBATE Arifou : 2ème rapporteur ATI DJOBO Difèzi : Membre KUATEWO Atsu : Membre DETSE Komla : Membre GNANDI Gbandi : Personne ressource
Etait absent Monsieur BAKABIMA D. Bakén’na pour des raisons de service.
La réunion a été présidée par Monsieur ASSI Hémou, Directeur Technique et président de la CEPP. A l’ordre du jour était inscrit l’examen du projet intitulé « Mise en place d’un système participatif de prévention et de gestion des feux de végétation au Togo» et du rapport de mission « Identification d’un projet de mise en œuvre des actions prioritaires de la stratégie nationale de gestion des feux de végétation avec la participation des communautés riveraines au Togo».
Ces deux documents ont été élaborés suite à une mission de six (06) mois (août 2010 à janvier 2011) par le consultant international de l’Agence MTDA (D’AVEZAC Hubert) accompagné d’un expert local de l’ODEF (ALI Salissou).
Après un bref rappel de l’historique de la problématique des feux depuis la mission diagnostic de l’OIBT de 2008, M. ALI Salissou a présenté tour à tour le projet et le rapport de mission. Les observations d’ordre général ont ensuite été respectivement apportées par les membres de la commission. Ces observations ont concerné aussi bien le fond que la forme tels que l’assurance de la prise en compte des recommandations du 38ème panel des experts de l’OIBT (pour le projet) et des termes de référence du plan de travail détaillé de la mission (pour le rapport).
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Après, chacun de ces documents a été examiné page par page. Les observations des uns et des autres ont été prises en compte de façon sélective d’une part après des débats entre membres de la commission et d’autre part après partage et discussion en ligne de l’expert local avec le consultant international. Parmi les questions débattues, on note la durée du projet, l’achat de certains matériels et les zones de couverture de certaines activités du projet.
L’examen de ces documents s’est poursuivi et a pris fin le 10 juin 2011 à 18h 30.
Fait à Lomé, le 10 Juin 2011
Le rapporteur
Arifou KOMBATE
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ANNEX 6: RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE 53RD EXPERT PANEL AND RESULTING AMENDMENTS
PD 888/18 (F): Enhancement of the Participatory Bushfire Prevention and Management System in Togo
Assessment by the fifty-third Panel
A) Overall assessment
The Panel recognized the relevance of the project aiming to contribute to the enhancement of the participatory bushfire prevention and management system in Togo. This project proposal was approved by ITTO during the 48th Session of the International Tropical Timber Council (Decision 1) in 2012 under the ITTO reference number PD 609/11 Rev.3 (F). The project was thereafter declared sunset due to the absence of funding. The project proposal, which was updated by Togo for new submission in the ITTO regular project cycle, was prepared within the framework of the ITTO Forest Fire Management Programme.
Most of the sections and sub-sections of the project proposal were well written and following the structure or format required in the ITTO manual for project formulation. However, the Panel noted that there was a need for improvement in the following non-critical sections and sub-sections: (1) the environmental aspects not taking into account the potential environmental impacts of the construction of water reservoirs; (2) the section dealing with the institutional set-up and organizational issues not clarifying which institution could be in charge of forest fire management in Togo, as well as not clarifying the different roles of other government agencies or institutions; (3) the section on the project implementation approaches and methods not taking into account the elements regarding the sustainability, assumptions and risks which could have significant impact on the project implementation, while considering the importance of having an environmental education expert as part of sub-contractors to be selected for the project implementation; (4) the section on sustainability not taking into account some relevant elements regarding lessons to be learnt from the project implementation, as well as how to ensure the sustainable use of capital goods to be purchased by the project; (5) error in the calculation for the budget component 23 (contract with fire-control brigades).
Amendments resulting from the general observations
The environmental aspects of the proposal have been improved in paragraph 1.3.2.4. ‘’Environmental aspects’’. Paragraph ‘’2.1.1. Institutional framework and organisational aspects” has been improved by specifying which institution is responsible for fire management in Togo and by providing information about the roles of other state institutions. The section about the procedure and method of implementation (paragraph 3.2.) has been reviewed and improved to reflect the content of paragraphs 3.5.1. and 3.5.2. Section 3.5.2 has been improved to take into consideration the lessons to be learnt from implementing the project, listed in paragraph 4.3.2, and measures have been added to ensure the sustainable use of capital equipment and other items. The terms of reference for the NGO or communications consultancy firm have been reviewed to take into account expertise allowing the environmental study to be taken into account in its mandate (Annex 1). The error has been rectified in component 23, and the amount for the communications NGO has been reviewed to take into account the task relating to environmental education.
B) Specific recommendations and respective amendments
Changes have also been made to the project document to reflect specific observations. The following table summarises the inputs relating to specific observations: 109
N° RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE EXPERT PANEL RESPECTIVE AMENDMENTS Further improve the environmental aspects by adding The environmental aspects of the proposal have been elements regarding the potential environmental impacts improved in paragraph 1.3.2.4. ‘’Environmental 1 of the construction of water reservoirs; aspects” Add in the Section 2.1.1 (institutional set-up and Paragraph ‘’2.1.1. Institutional framework and organizational issues) relevant information allowing to organisational aspects” has been improved by 2 clarify which institution is in charge of forest fire specifying the institution responsible for fire management in Togo, and also to clarify the different management in Togo and by providing information roles of other government agencies or institutions; about the roles of other state institutions Revise the section on the project implementation approaches and methods with relevant information The section about the procedure and method of taking into account some elements stated in 3.5.1 implementation (paragraph 3.2.) has been reviewed 3 (assumptions and risks) and in section 3.5.2 (project and improved to reflect the content of paragraphs 3.5.1. sustainability) which could have significant impact on and 3.5.2. the project implementation; Amend the section 3.5.2 (project sustainability) by adding relevant information taking into account some elements regarding lessons to be learnt from the Section 3.5.2 has been improved to take into account project implementation (stated in section 4.3.2), as well the lessons to be learnt from implementing the project 4 as a description on how to ensure the sustainable use as listed in paragraph 4.3.2, and measures have been of capital goods through, among others, appropriate added to ensure the sustainable use of capital equipment inventory, equipment maintenance and equipment and other items. management, etc.;
Revise the terms of reference of one of the sub- The terms of reference for the NGO or communications contractors, to be selected for project implementation, consultancy firm have been reviewed to take into 5 in order to get an environmental education expert be account expertise allowing the environmental study to part on that sub-contractor; be taken into account in its mandate (annexe 1).
Amend the ITTO budget in line with the above overall The error has been rectified in component 23, and the assessment and specific recommendations and also by amount for the communications NGO has been reviewed 6 correcting the calculation error on the budget to take into account the task relating to environmental component 23 (contract with fire-control brigades); and education.
Include an annex that shows the recommendations of the 53rd Expert Panel and the respective modifications in 7 tabular form. Modifications should also be highlighted This Annex 6 is the response to this recommendation. (bold and underline) in the text.
C) Conclusion
Category 1: The Panel concluded that the proposal could be commended to the Committee with incorporation of amendments.
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