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Home , Fifth force

Academy of Social Science Journals Received 9 Apr 2020 | Accepted 17 Apr 2020 | Published Online 21 Apr 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15520/assj.v5i4.2593 − ASSJ 05 (04), 1666 1673 (2020) ISSN : 2456-2394

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Anisotropy of the late

Stanislav Konstantinov 1Department of Physical Abstract Electronics, Herzen State The standard cosmological model ΛCDM (Λ- Cold ), on Pedagogical University, Saint Petersburg RSC''Energy'', Russia the basis of Einstein’s general theory of relativity with its postulate that the Universe was “isotropic,” turned out to be erroneous. The article presents the latest research, indicating that the expansion rate of the Universe varies from region to region on a large spatial scale. Moreover, the anisotropy of non-stationary processes in the solar system relative to fixed microwave is due to the action of three mutually orthogonal directed respectively to the center of the Galaxy, to the top of the sun and the axis of rotation of the sun. The first two movements of the Sun are caused by the forces of and inertia, which form the orbit of the Sun when it rotates around the center of the galaxy. The third direction is associated with the rotation of the Sun around its own axis and the translational motion due to a new type of interaction — the fifth . Keywords: background radiation, apex, anisotropy, fifth force, , dark matter, quantum vacuum, superfluid 3He-B, gravitation, antigravitation

1 INTRODUCTION out, since the Observations of the cosmic microwave background – ”leftover relic radiation from the Big he isotropy of the late Universe is an as- Bang” – show that it appears to be isotropic, ”cos- sumption greatly used in astronomy. How- mologists extrapolate this property of the very early Tever, many studies have recently reported universe to our current epoch, nearly 14 billion years deviations from isotropy with a definitive conclu- later.” And this statement is a mistake. It appears that sion yet to be made. New, independent methods the expansion rate of our universe may vary from to robustly test the cosmic isotropy are of crucial place to place, which may force scientists to reassess importance. According to the media outlet, study some of their assumptions regarding the universe’s lead Konstantinos Migkas, of the University of Bonn nature, space.com reports citing a new study that noted that equations based on Einstein’s general was conducted using data from NASA’s Chandra X- theory of relativity suggest that the universe, which ray Observatory and ESA’s XMM-Newton. Migkas has been expanding continuously for more than 13.8 and his colleagues have examined some 842 galaxy billion years, was growing at roughly the same pace clusters during the course of their study, and estab- ”on large spatial scales”. As the researcher pointed lished that the expansion rate of our universe ap-

ASSJ 05 (04), 1666−1673 ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 1666 STANISLAV KONSTANTINOV ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE peared to differ from region to region. ”We managed Yu.G. Sobolev, F. Meneguzzo presented a new inter- to pinpoint a region that seems to expand slower pretation of the global anisotropy of physical space than the rest of the universe, and one that seems to of the Universe. [ 2 ]. It is radically different from that expand faster!”, Migkas noted. ”Interestingly, our in the standard cosmological model ΛCDM (Λ- Cold results agree with several previous studies that used Dark Matter), the inflationary theory of anisotropy. other methods, with the difference that we identified Yu.Baurov expose the space anisotropy cosmologi- this ’anisotropy’ in the sky with a much higher cal vector potential - a new force of nature,generated confidence and using objects covering the whole sky by the interaction of elementary particles of matter, more uniformly.” In article ”Probing cosmic isotropy which he called ”byuonami.”. Among experiments with a new X-ray galaxy cluster sample through the confirming the anisotropy of physical space, known LX−T scaling relation” K. Migkas, G. Schellen- experiment posed by nature. This is the work of berger, T. H. Reiprich, F. Pacaud, M. E. Ramos-Ceja, NASA, carried out in 1989 - 1992 years. using space- L. Lovisari (Submitted on 7 Apr 2020) authors write: craft Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) to detect “In this work, we investigate the directional behavior the anisotropy of the thermal background radiation, of the X-ray luminosity-temperature (LX−T) rela- discovered in 1965. A. Penzias and Robert Wilson [ tion of galaxy clusters. A tight correlation exists be- 3 ]. tween the luminosity and temperature of the X-ray- emitting intracluster medium. While the measured luminosity depends on the underlying , 2 EXPERIMENTS CONFIRMING THE the temperature can be determined without any cos- ANISOTROPY OF PHYSICAL SPACE IN THE mological assumptions. By exploiting this property one can effectively test the isotropy of cosmologi- SOLAR SYSTEM cal parameters over the full extragalactic sky. Here, The anisotropy of the background radiation (called we used 313 homogeneously selected X-ray galaxy relict background radiation) arises from the motion clusters from the MCXC catalog and obtained core- of the solar system with respect to this radiation, excised temperatures for all of them. We find that which refutes the cosmological principle that the the behavior of the LX−T relation heavily depends universe is in generally homogeneous and isotropic. on the direction of the sky. Strong anisotropies are The consequent movement of the anisotropy of the detected at a ∼4σ level toward (l,b)∼(280◦,−20◦). background radiation in the microwave range 10 Several X-ray and cluster-related effects that could GHz - 33Ggts characterized by a temperature differ- potentially explain these anisotropies were exam- ence in two diametrically opposite directions: ined, but none did so. Interestingly, two other avail- able cluster samples appear to have a similar be- ∆T ≈ To [1 + (v/c) cos Θ] (1) havior throughout the sky, while being fully inde- where Θ - the angle between the line of sight and pendent of each other and our sample. Perform- the velocity vector of the observer relative to the ing a joint analysis of the three samples, the fi- background radiation of the universe. [ 4 ] ∼ nal anisotropy is further intensified ( 5σ), toward On , this kind of anisotropy is manifested in the ∼ ◦ − ◦ (l,b) (303 , 27 ), which is in good agreement with form of the dipole component of the 24-hour, while other cosmological probes. This result demonstrates the speed of the ”absolute” motion of the earth is ~ that X-ray galaxy cluster studies that assume perfect isotropy can produce strongly biased results whether Supplementary information The online version of the underlying reason is cosmological or related to this article (https://doi.org/xx.xxx/xxx.xx) contains X-rays. The identification of the exact nature of supplementary material, which is available to autho- these anisotropies is therefore crucial” [ 1 ]. In an rized users. earlier the article ”Fundamental experiments on the detection of the anisotropy of physical space and 196211, St Petersburg, Kosmonavtov Ale., Hause19- their possible interpretation” 2015 Yu.A. Baurov, 2 apartment 46, Phone: +7 (911) 715 91 76

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10−3 speed of light. various phenomena in Solar System. It turns out According to experiments conducted in 1976. aboard that many transient phenomena (earthquakes, solar NASA’s flying laboratory B.Kori, D.Uilkinsonom, flares, etc.) occur with a certain asymmetry, which D.Smit and other results are as follows: speed of is given a definite direction in space. A.A. Efimov the Earth relative to the background radiation of in coll. ”Development of methods of astronomi- the universe is V = 320 - 390 km / s., and the cal research,” Series ”Problems of Research of the velocity vector is in the direction of the galactic Universe” could offer a method of identifying the coordinate system with coordinates: : L ≈ 194º, B direction of maximum anisotropy for a large number ≈ +65º. Later measurements of the anisotropy of the of short-term non-stationary processes in the solar system at any fixed spherical coordinate system, background radiation in relation to the solar system if the spherical coordinates of these processes are were made in 1977 a group of researchers from known. [ 5 ] Berkeley (D.Smit, M.Gorenstein and R.Myuller). In the experiments, NASA, held in 1989-1992, Using Processing coordinate non-stationary processes (so- spacecraft Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) lar flares various points, the total number of flares anisotropy of the background radiation was finally ≥ 2 earthquakes with M ≥ 7) as described in A.A. established not only in relation to the solar system, Efimov has shown that these processes, despite the but also in relation to our galaxy and throughout the different nature, its distribution is given in the ”sta- universe. [ 3 ] tionary” space a certain direction. Moreover, the processing in the same manner perihelion origin Currently, the most reliable results are the following. of comets with parabolic orbit also indicates the For the solar system: presence of ”stationary” solar space preferred direc- V☼ = 390  60km / s tion, in good agreement with the directionreceived by solar flares and earthquakes. It should be noted The galactic coordinate system heliocentric velocity that the obtained results after machining completely vector is directed to the point with coordinates: reliable. For example for 3324 outbreaks statistical   L☼ = 247º 23º, B☼ = + 56º 13º evaluation of the significance of the result is 8σ, (The ecliptic: λ≈164º, ϕ≈ - 1º) where σ - standard random variable. The anisotropy The point with these coordinates is called the ab- in the direction of the apex to the sun reflected in solute apex of the solar system, or just the apex of the symmetry breaking flare activity with respect to the sun. This Apex according to the materials of the a plane perpendicular to the direction of Apex. Due symposium ”Cosmology: Theory and observations”, to the relative motion of the background material of Moscow, 1978. located in the constellation Leo. the universe there is some anisotropy in the structure of our galaxy and other galaxies in the structures of For our Galaxy: flying at speeds of several hundred kilometers per Vg≈ 600 km / s second relative to its apex background radiation. The vector speed of our galaxy relative to the back- In the 21st century, analyzing the anisotropy of the ground of the universe is directed to the point with thermal background radiation of the universe, it was coordinates: found that in addition to the forces of gravity and in- Lg ≈ 260º, Bg ≈ + 32º ertia in the cosmos operates more longitudinal force causes the movement of our solar system to the point This point can be called APEX Galaxy (located in of ”Apex of the Sun”, located in the constellation the constellation Hercules). of Leo [ 4 ] or Hercules [ 2 ]. Availability scalar Article A.A. Efimov, and A.A. Shpitalnaya ”Note on magnetic field generates force on the charge in the the Solar System motion in relation to microwave direction of its velocity which is greatly differs from radiation of the Universe” [ 4 ] indicates that the the known Lorentz force [ 6 ]. Based on the fact of Solar System motion in reference to the microwave the real existence of bias currents (jb) in the physical radiation can be detected through an analysis of environment around a moving charge jb = 1/4π ∂E

ASSJ 05 (04), 1666−1673 (2020) ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 1668 STANISLAV KONSTANTINOV ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE / ∂t, employee of Tomsk Politechnical University in the model as analogous to two phases in 3He-B: Gennady Nikolaev established a functional relation- the superconducting α-phase and the spontaneously ship of these currents and induced them magnetic ferromagnetic β-phase [ 7 ]. The fundamental dif- field: ference between them is that dark matter attracts, H⊥ = 1/c 2jb|| / ro = 1/c ev/r2 sinφ, possesses gravity, while dark energy is in a certain sense inherent in antigravity. I suggest in the theory H∥ = 1/c 2jb⊥ / xo = 1/c ev/r2 cosφ, (2) ∫ of local expansion and contraction of the Universe on where: jb|| = s jb|| dS, ∫ 0 the basis of dark energy, dark matter and of baryonic jb⊥ = sσ jb⊥ dS, (3) matter abandoning the theory a cyclic universe with (jb = j || + jb⊥) a time-variable Hubble parameter. The dark matter is born in contact with the vortexes of dark energy in The surface S0 restrict axial flow of the bias current the strong magnetic and gravitational fields[ 7 ]. Also || jb . On its outer surface is determined by the in- it found that in the case of superfluid 3He-B has an ⊥ tensity of the magnetic field vector H . Surface Sσ effect of Einstein - de Haas: this rotation liquid vol- ⊥ restricts radial flux bias current jb . On its outer sur- ume during magnetization. Since atom magnetiza- face is defined by the inner strength of the magnetic tion 3He means and their spin polarization, the effect ∥ field H [ 6 ]. Considering that on the surface of the of Einstein - de Haas - a volume of liquid during the ≈ • 2◦ Sun is concentrated electric charge Q 1,7 10 Kl. rotation dS / dt, where S is the total spin fluid volume and the outer sphere flowing currents, creating a selected. A similar effect should be observed, and ≈ ≈ 5 magnetic field H 80α / m (stained H 10 α / m), in contact with the dipole vortex of dark energy in you can imagine the magnitude of the longitudinal the magnetic field of the galaxy. Emerging large forces, forces to move the sun along with the planets domains have sufficient weight to gravitation and of the solar system to its apex at a speed of 330km are the building blocks that make up dark matter. In / s. [ 2 ]. The result of the new longitudinal force is intergalactic space, where the disturbing factor of the a collision of galaxies. This process is accompanied masses of large space structures is absent, and there by the absorption of smaller galaxies, large galaxies is no dark matter. RZG is the radius of zero gravity and the formation of powerful gravitational waves. (outer space, where the force of gravity and repulsion Instead of fading gravitational waves left in the uni- are equal). When R RZG - repulsion. The paper A.Chernin [8] found quite noticeable gravitational waves, born in calculated the value of the radius around the local the collision of galaxies and black holes. group RZG - gravitationally bound quasi-stationary system with a total mass M = (2 - 3) x 1012 Mθ. This mass constitute the ”normal” (baryonic) matter 3 DARK MATTER IS ANISOTROPIC of stars and interstellar medium, and dark matter, GALACTIC MEDIUM which is about five times more. The value RZG = 1,3-1,4Mpk. [ 8 ]. In the space defined by the radius Dark energy and dark matter form an anisotropic RZG, the physical cause of formation of structures galactic and intergalactic medium, which account for of dark matter (gravitating medium) may be similar 95% of the average density of matter in the Uni- to the one that causes the formation of stars from verse and, being distributed extremely unevenly in interstellar substances - Jeans gravitational instabil- the Universe, together with baryonic matter provides ity. J. Jeans (1902) first showed that the initially processes of local expansion and contraction of the homogeneous gravitating medium with the density Universe [ 7 ]. Such information may be suggested ρ0, is unstable with respect to small perturbations of by a new cosmological model in which dark energy density. If the environment has arisen condensation, and dark matter are presented as two phases of a the gravitational force will seek to increase it, and superfluid non-barion medium. Phase states charac- the elastic force will seek to expand the impact and terizing dark energy and dark matter are considered return it to its original state. Under the influence of

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these opposing forces, the medium will either vi- to the energy-momentum tensor Tµν and the New- brated or will undergo repetitive motion. The nature tonian G, due to the spatial of the motion depends on the relationship between inhomogeneity of the Universe as a whole relate to the wavelength of the disturbance and some critical its individual parts. From the analysis of this equa- scale, called the Jeans scale: tion given by Friedman, a completely natural conse- 1 quence will emerge that the behavior of individual LJ = cs [π /(Gρ0)] (4) 2 areas of the Universe will differ depending on their This value depends on environmental parameters: density: in areas with a substance density higher than velocity of acoustic vibrations in a medium (the the critical one, it will shrink until collapse, and in ρ speed of the longitudinal wave) cs and density 0. areas with low density - expand, which corresponds It defines the minimum scale perturbations, from to observational astronomy data. Consequently, it which the elastic force of the medium are not able to is not the stationarity of the Universe as a whole withstand the forces of gravity, and that it leads to the that should be understood not as the expansion or gravitational instability of the medium [ 9 ]. In this contraction of its borders (which does not exist), but small-size random packing medium grow in time if as the inconstancy of parameters in its local areas. they cover an area of linear size L> LJ. Perturbations In this case, the claims of the “Big Bang” theory with scales smaller than the Jeans length L

ASSJ 05 (04), 1666−1673 (2020) ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 1670 STANISLAV KONSTANTINOV ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE dark energy is one of the most urgent tasks of mod- ern observational cosmology. Astronomical obser- vations made by a group of researchers using the Hubble Space Telescope-HST in 1998 made it pos- sible to establish accelerated cosmological runaway of galaxies (expansion of the Universe). In 2011, American scientists won the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the acceleration of the expansion of the universe. However, the question arises: if the Universe expands, then where does the energy come from to maintain a constant the cosmological density of energy? Academician V.Rubakov writes about FIGURE 1: The beauful galaxy of Andromeda this: “There is no law of conservation of energy in cosmology. The universe expands, but energy thick- dark matter, we mean particles that move with non- ness is constant. Volume increases and the energy relativistic velocities. Physicists have several such in that volume increases, too. Where does it come candidate particles at their disposal. It can be an from? From nowhere, there is no law of conservation axion - a particle with an extremely small mass and of energy” [ 10 ]. Here is an inexhaustible source of very or more exotic variants. For energy a quantum vacuum. Antigravitation cosmo- example, if there is a compact additional space, then logical theory of Einstein described its vibrations will be perceived by us as some very by a linear force versus distance: massive particles (Figure 2). Hot dark matter - these F￿ = (c2 / 3) ΛR, (5) are particles that move at speeds close to the speed where Λ - the cosmological constant. of light. Their mass is so small that they remain The interpretation of the cosmological constant in a relativistic even at a low temperature of the Universe, spirit of understanding of the antigravitating environ- starting with several hundred degrees Kelvin. As ment with a constant density was the basis for the calculations show, the mass of such particles should standard cosmological model ΛCDM (Λ- Cold Dark be less than 100 eV. This means that they are at Matter). least 5,000 times lighter than an electron. A suitable candidate for this role is neutrinos. The model ΛCDM dark energy is taken as an invis- ible space environment, physical nature and micro- scopic structure of which is unknown. However, it is assumed that the dark energy as a macroscopic 4 DARK ENERGY IS AN INTERGALACTIC medium has a number of special, peculiar only to her ENVIRONMENT THAT PROVIDES LOCAL properties: EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE. 1) its density is positive and negative pressure and the energy density is equal in absolute value; Dark energy in cosmology is a hypothetical form of energy introduced into the mathematical model 2) it does not create the attraction and antigravitation of the Universe in order to explain its accelerated [ 8 ]. expansion. In the standard cosmological model, dark Presumably, as a result of these special properties energy is a cosmological constant - a constant energy of dark energy in the observable universe repulsive density that uniformly fills the space of the Universe force exceeds the force of gravity. This conclusion (in other words, non-zero energy and vacuum pres- was made on the basis of astronomical observa- sure are postulated). The rate of expansion of the tions carried out by a team of researchers from the universe is described by the cosmological equation Habble Space Telescope (HST). They established of state. The resolution of the equation of state for an accelerated cosmological recession of galaxies.

ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE ASSJ 05 (04), 1666−1673 (2020) 1671 ANISOTROPY OF THE LATE UNIVERSE ∫ Unfortunately, being in the framework of the stan- Fp = - s’ Pn ds, (6) dard cosmological model ΛCDM, it is impossible where n - external normal to the surface S ’ ds - an to approach physically to explain the accelerated infinitesimal element of the surface has the effect expansion of the Universe. Brian Schmidt winner of of anti-gravitation and may cause the accelerated the Nobel Prize 2011 admit what “the cosmological acceleration remains as mysterious as in 1998. Fu- expansion of the universe[ 13 ]. In addition, the ture experiments will test more accurately consent instability of the quantum vacuum (dark energy and flat ΛCDM - models with observational data. It is dark matter) in external fields is a purely quantum possible that there is disagreement, rejecting the phenomenon. In quantum electrodynamics (QED), cosmological constant, as the cause of accelerated this phenomenon is characterized by the production expansion, and theoretically it will be necessary to of electron - positron pairs in a physical vacuum explain this fundamental result. It will be necessary (dark energy and dark matter) with a nonzero rest to wait for the theoretical insights that interpret anew mass [ 14 ]. This allows us to consider the density the standard cosmological model, possibly with the of the dark energy as positive. Thus, the model help of information obtained from a completely un- proposed above (analogous the superconducting α- expected source”. [ 11 ]. In this paper, based on the 3 development of the theory of superfluid media are phase He-B) corresponds to the properties of dark invited to expand the scope of the energy as a macroscopic medium [ 8 ] : and give a physical explanation of the cosmological 1) its density is positive, and the pressure is negative acceleration, based on the structural features and the and equal to the energy density in absolute value; elastic properties of the space environment. Phase state characterizing dark energy, are considered in 2) it does not create gravitation, but anti-gravity, the model as analogous the superconducting α-phase since its effective gravitating density is negative. 3He-B. Consider the antigravity mechanism inherent in the dark energy. Similarly to the interaction of vortices in superfluid 3He-B, vortices in the environ- 5 CONCLUSION ment of dark energy should also interact. In 3He-B, magnetization of vortex cores takes place along the The Universe is a dynamic system that continuously axis of the vortex, that is, there is a spin polarization generates baryonic masses of matter and dark matter of the superfluid liquid. Thus, the space environment and regulates their density by expanding its bound- in the turbulent region can be characterized by the state of “all-round stretching”[ 12 ]. In the framework aries. This circumstance leads to new, more general of the hydrodynamic model, the effect of a super- conservation laws inherent in the physics of open fluid fluid on the vortex core can be mathematically systems. Cosmologists extrapolate isotropic property described by the introduction of pressure P at the of the very early universe to our current epoch, nearly boundary of the vortex core. The sign of pressure 14 billion years later and this statement is a mistake. depends on the nature of the internal stresses in the The isotropy of the late Universe is an assumption medium. If these the internal stresses in the dark greatly used in astronomy. However, many studies energy have the character of “all-round stretching”, have recently reported deviations from isotropy [ 1, then the pressure will be negative. That is all the 2, 3 ]. New, independent methods to robustly test dynamic characteristics will have a sign opposite the cosmic isotropy are of crucial importance. It to that which they would have had for the usual ideal incompressible fluid with the same kinematic appears that the expansion rate of our universe may properties [ 13 ]. This behavior of the system is vary from place to place,depending on the density similar to the presence of a negative mass. Strength of dark energy and dark matter in various areas of Fp - a repulsive force acting in the space environment the Universe and the presence of a new fundamental (dark energy): interaction (fifth force).

ASSJ 05 (04), 1666−1673 (2020) ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 1672 STANISLAV KONSTANTINOV ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 6 REFERENCES , Volume 19 Issue 9 Version 1.0, pp 1-10 (2019) 8. Chernin A.D. “Dark energy in the nearby Uni- 1. K. Migkas, G. Schellenberger, T. H. Reiprich, F. verse: HST data, nonlinear theory and computer Pacaud, M. E. Ramos-Ceja, L. Lovisari. “Probing simulation”,- Physics – Uspekhi, Vol.56, No.7, cosmic isotropy with a new X-ray galaxy clus- (2013). ter sample through the LX−T scaling relation” Journal reference: A&A 636, A15 (April 2020) 9. Jeans, J. H. The Stability of a Spherical Neb- (44 pages with Appendix, 34 figures), Press ula, - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal So- releases from NASA/Chandra, ESA, Uni. of Bonn. ciety A. 199: 1–53. Bibcode:1902RSPTA.199....1J. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201936602. Cite as: doi:10.1098/rsta.1902.0012. JSTOR 90845 (1902) arXiv:2004.03305 [astro-ph.CO] 10. Rubakov V.A. Energy is as clear as mud. journal 2. Yu.A. Baurov; Yu.G. Sobolev; F. Meneguzzo, “In the world of science” (Russian version “Scien- “Fundamental Experiments for Revealing Physical tific American”) 2014, 4, pp.20-27 Space Anisotropy and Their Possible Interpreta- 11. Schmidt B.P. “The path to measuring an acceler- tion”. Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: ating Universe” - Physics – Uspekhi, Vol.56, No.10, Physics, (2015), Vol.79, No.7, pp.935-939 DOI: (2013). 10.3103/S1062873815040048 12. Konstantinov S.I., The cosmological constant 3. Smoot G F et al. Astrophys. J. Lett. 396 LI. (1992) and dark energy: theory, experiments and computer 4. A.A. Efimov, and A.A. Shpitalnaya “Note on simulations,- Global Journals Inc. (US) GJSFR-A, the Solar System motion in relation to microwave Volume 16, Issue 5, (2016). radiation of the Universe”, Challenges in Exploring 13. Sedov L.I. “Continuum mechanics”,- Moscow: the Universe, issue 9, (1980) Science, (1994) 5. A.A. Efimov in coll. ”Development of methods 14. Stanislav Konstantinov “Polarization of Vac- of astronomical research,” Series ”Problems of Re- uum” - Open Access Journal of Physics, Volume 2, search of the Universe issue 8, (1979) Issue 3, (2018), PP 15-24 6. G.V.Nicolaev, “Modern electrodynamics and reasons for its paradoxical nature. Prospects to How to cite this article: S.K. Anisotropy make consistent electrodynamics. Theory, experi- of the late Universe. Academy of Social Sci- ments, paradoxes.”, Tomsk: Politechnical Univer- ence Journals. 2020;1666−1673. https://doi.org/ sity, (2003) 10.15520/assj.v5i4.2593 7. Konstantinov S.I. “Dark Matter is an Extreme State of Dark Energy (Fifth Interaction).” GJSFR-A

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