r' jI . Oepartment to require ships that trade with Cuba to apply for special licenses to enter U.S. ports. The Administration said the move is intended to limit ships STUPY PREOIcrS U.S. TRAPE WIIH CUBA CQULO that trade with Cuba from docking in U. S. ports in the REAOi $2 BILUON hopes that fewer vessels will choose to conduct April 20, 1992 ~- A study to be published this week by commerce with the island. It is also intended to curb Johns Hopkins University says that, given the recent the movement of Cuban-made goods to the United changes in the world, U.S. corporations could seU States through third countries. Bush continued to between $1.3 billion and $2 billion worth of goods to express his opposition, however, to provisions within Cuba in the first year after the embargo is lifted. This the Cuban Oemocracy Act, introduced by Rep. Robert figure would likely increase in subsequent years. G. Torricelli (O-ND and the proposal by Sen. Connie The 87-page report, "New Opportunities for Mack (R-Fla), also ineluded in the Tórricelli bID, U.S. - Cuban Trade" is the result of 10 months of prohibiting U.S. subsidiarles from trading with Cuba. research in the United States and Cuba. It contains (See artiele below.) newly declassified information from the U.S. Treasury Bush also instructed the Treasury Oepartment Oepartment and up-to-date data from Cuba. The to begin issuing licenses for direct shipment of malled report also presents detailed information about the packages from Miami to Havana. That move is aimed current state of U.S. subsidiary trade with Cuba. For at limiting Cuba's access to hard currency, sincemail is example, between 1988 and 1990, the total trade currently shipped through Mexico and costs $27 a turnover between U.S. subsidiarles and Cuba almost pound, some of which goes to the Cuban government. tripled from $246 million to $705 million, whne license By sending mail directly from the United States, the applications increased by 50 percent. Foodstuffs now cost would be reduced to $5 a pound. However, it is account for almost three quarters of all Cuban imports not clear whether the Cuban government will accept from U.S. subsidiaries, up three-f!;lld since 1988. direct mail shipments. They rejected a 1988 offer by The authors, Oonna Rich Kaplowitz and the U.S. Postal Service to establish direct mall service Michael Kaplowitz also present a sector-by-sector because there are no direct flights between the two analysis of the Cuban economy, information on debt­ countries, and themail would have to travel on, what for~equity swaps, export diversification, and new they considered to be, unreliable charter flights. flexible trade arrangements. (WP, 4119192, p.A23) "New Opportunities for U.S .• Cuban Trade· can be purchased for $15.00 from the Cuban Studies U,S, BROAOCASTS TV MARTI OURING DA Y¡ Program, Johns Hopkins University, 1740 CUBA RETALlA TES Massachusetts Ave. N.W., Washington, O.e. 20036. April 16, 1992 -- The controversial TV Marti -- U.S. (NYT, 4119/92, p.F5) television broadcasts of news, entertainment and music to Cuba -- has been attempting to send its signal to BUSH TIGHTENS THE EMBARGO Cuba during afternoon hours since April1. It is widely April 19, 1992 -- President Bush directed the Treasury believed that the decision to broadcast during the CubalNFO, Vol. 4, No.S daytime was precipitated by a December Presidential government and the FCC have asked the Cubans to Task Force report stating that 1V Marti should be stop the lnterference. broadcast during prime-time hours or shut down Third, intemational broadcasting agreements altogether. (See CubaINFO Vol. 4, No. 1) clearly prohibit harmful interference with another Since 1V Marti's inception on March 27, 1990, nations' airwaves. Thus, during the week of April it has been broadcasting from 3:45 to 6 in the morning 13th, the Cuban' s began broadeasting a test pattern on so as not to interfere with Cuban transmissions. When Channel 13 during daytime hours, thereby forcing the the Cubans began cutting back on television broadcasts U.S. tochoose between internationallaw and 1VMarti. during the day to save energy, 1V Marti saw an "As long as we know by any means that they have an opportunity to use those time slots. Since April 1, 1V inteUigible signa! up, we're restricted [from Marti has attempted to broadcast on Channel 13 transmitting] by a mandate from the president," to approximately between the hours of 1:30 and 4 p.m. abide by those international restrictions, said Tony The topies planned for the daytime programming Navarro, director of the Offiee of Cuban Broadcasting. include human rights violations in Cuba and the The U.S. govemment has, therefore, not been sending collapse of world communism. the signal since April14. The Cubans claim they had The Cuban Foreign Ministry accused the U .$. of been broadcasting a test pattern on Channel 13 even deliberately increasing 1V Marti' s broadcasting at a before the aftemoon broadcasts began and that 1V time when Cuba's economy is suffering from the Marti I S transmissions since the beginning of April have collapse of traditional ties with eastem Europe and the interfered with that pattem. former Soviet Union. "With this act of adventurism, The Cuban government contended even before the U.5. government ls creating a crisis with the aim of these afternoon broadcasts that 1V Marti was illegal psychologically harassing the Cuban people," the because it uses a frequency designated for Cuban ministry said. They contend that the United States is domestic use. 1V Marti has claimed that its broadcasts trying to force them to waste scarce energy resources do not cause harmful interference to Cuban stations. on electronic jamming. An artiele in Granma, the It is estimated that by the end of 1992 the eost offl.cial newspaper of the Cuban Communist Party of beaming 1V Marti to Cuba will have reached $47 stated, however, that "devices have been developed million. "We always have the faith that someone -­ that are effective without consuming large amounts of someone -- ls able to see uso Even if it's just one energy. " President Castro condemned the broadcasts as person, that's compensation enough," said GUberto •cynieal and shameful," and the Cuban govemment Rosal, chief of 1V Marti in Miami. Officials note that filed official complaints with the U.S. govemment, the Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty broadcasts in U.S. Federal Communications Commission and the Eastem Europe were jammed at first, as well. Intemational Frequency and Registration Board. Opponents of 1V Marti have a different view. "It's Several problems have arisen with the daytime totally ineffective," said publlsher Ramon Cemuda. broadcasts. First, the Cubans have continued to "Nobody sees 1V Marti except the state security successfully block the signal within a few seconds. pollee." (MH, 4/16/92, p.2lA; WP, 4/16/92, p.1; MH, They claim to have blocked the first broadcast within 29 4/15/92, p~ 13A¡ Reuter Library Report, 4/13/92, BC seconds. U.S. monitors said it took 55 seconds. The cyde; NH, 4/11/92, p.4A; Granma, 4/3/92; MH, 4/3/92, usual predawn broadcasts have continued, as well, p.9A¡ Reuter Library Report, 4/3/92, BC cycle; Reuter and, the Cubans have also continued to jam those Library Report, 4/2192, BC cyele¡) signals. Second, during the week of April5, the Cubans TQRRICELU BILL STms CONTROVERSY began retaliating against the daytime signa!s by IN CONGRESS broadcasting their short wave, English-Ianguage radio April14, 1992 -- The Cuban Democracy Act (H.R. 4168), program called Radio Havana, into the United States. introduced by Robert G. Torricelli (D-N}) (See High powered signals are being sent from 8 p.m. to CubaINFO, Vol. 4, No. 2 and No. 4 for more midnight. Broadcasters from as far away as Iowa have information), continues to stir debate among members eomplained to the Federal Communications of Congress and the Administration. The bill uses a Commission (FCq that stron.g Cuban signals are "earrot and stick" approach and proposes to tighten the interfering with their AM programs. The U.S. eeonomic embargo against Cuba through prohibitions 2 CubaINFO, Vol. 4, No.S on U.S. subsidiary trade with Cuba, providing civil would place a chilling effect on citizens' First penalties of $100,000 for violating the Trading With the Amendment Rights. Woods said citizens would not Enemy Act and barring cargo ships from entering U .5. travel to Cuba for fear of being unjustly fined. She ports for six months after trading with Cuba. At the testified that by providing Treasury with the ability to same time, the bill proposes to open communications levy civil fmes, the bill shifted the burden of proof from between the two countries by authorizing direct mail the government agency to the citizen. and telecommunications and promises substantial Pamela Falk, former associate professor at assistance to a "democratic" Cuba. It has been referred Columbia University, and Heriberto Lopez Alberola, of to six committees in the House. Thus far, only the the Cuban American Union of Student Advocates, House Foreign Affairs Committee (the Committee on unequivocally supported the bill. which Torricelli is a member) has held hearings. (See Representatives from the Bush Administration CubaINFO, Vol. 4, No.4 for information on the March testified at the last hearing on March 8. Robert S. 18 and March 25 hearings.) Gelbard, principal deputy to the assistant secretary of Controversy over the bill continued at recent the Inter-American Affairs Bureau at the Department oí hearings on April 2 and April 8.