u w Wood Research Institute Yungang complex, Shanxi Prov., unfired clay, use of, 39, 40 Wahuanggong cliff, Mount (now Research Institute Northern Wei dynasty. ll, urna (third eye), 126n2,14l Zhonghuang, 78 for Sustainable 58; Avalokiteshvara with ushnisha (cranial protuberance), Wang Bi (scholar), 152 Humanosphere), 216 crossed ankles, cave 25. 6, 8~ 12, 48~ 52, 60,130, 164 Wang family, 57 Wu (emperor), 126 sandstone (cat. no. 3a), Ushni.shavijaya. Qing dynasty, WangXuance (diplomat), 90 Wu Zetian (empress),l6 53-56,54, 210; bodhisattva gilt brass (cat. no. 44),41, Wanbui (monk), 126, 1.28,128 Wuji Wenshu. See Manjushri head, sandstone (no. Al), 45n43, 164-65,165, 20'7 Warring States period, 7, 28, ll9 Wuyuekingdo~l10 34, 169; bodhisattva with Uygurs, 106-8 Water-MoonAvalokiteshvara crossed ankles, sandstone (bodhisattva), Liao dynasty, X (cat. no. 3b), 34, 53-56,55, v wood (cat no. 24), 37, 43, X-rayfluorescence (XRF) analysis, 210; colossal Buddhas, caves Vairocana (Buddha): Henan Prov., 45n30, 45n43, 106, 116-19, 208, 210, 211 16-20, n, 11, 58; Dipankara
Longmen complex, cave 117-19, 143,221; Ming Xa ray microdifl"raction (XRD), 208 jataka. cave 10, 62, 62; 1280,limestone. ca. 675,16~ dynasty, Shanxi or Hebei X-ray spectrometry. 28, 100n3; dramatic and inorganic 16-17; Kasluniri, gilded Prov., wood (cat. no. 36), 37, 205nn~9;206,208 rendering of drapery at. 57; brass, ca. 725-50, 96, 96; 45n43,146~ 146-48,147; Xi'an (formerly Chang'an), Buddha guardian figure holding Liao dynasty, gilt bronze 2ll, 212, 213. 221; painting fro~ Sixteen Kingdoms trident, cave 10, 85n6; (cat. no. 26), 122,122~ 12.\ by Zhou Fang, 8th c., 118; period, gilt bronze, a~ 9; clay interest in Chinese 207; shrine with four TangdynasiyorFive tablets foWld at, 90 Buddhism and early work Buddhas, Northern Qi Dynasties period painting. Xianbei or TuobaXianbei, 10-11. at, 24; Kashm.iri Buddhism dynasty, limestone (cat. no. Dunhuang complex.ll8,118 53. 60. 66,191 and, 96; Kizil as prototype 11), 84; Shakyamuni aru!, 96; wavelength dispersive X-ray Xiantangshan. See Northern for, 56; seated bodhisattvas in Tang Buddhism, 15-16; spectrometry, 208 Xiangtangshan; Southern in situ, cave 25, sa. 53~ 56; Tang dynasty, gilt arsenical Weichi Yiseng (painter), 197nl6 XUmgtangshan standing Buddha, cave 5, leaded bronze (cat. no. 16), weinas, 73, 146 Xianwen (emperor), 58 60, 60; technical analysis 31, 31, 32. 42, 45n43, Wen Chang (patron of literature), Xia.owen (emperor): panel of of sandstone sculptures 96-98, 97, 98;o 207, 209; 160 Emperor Xiaowen and hi<~ from,34 TOdai-ji complex, central Wenc.heng (emperor), 53, 58 court, Northern Wei Yunnanese Ava1okiteshvaras,136.., icon, Nara, dated 757, 96; in Wenming (Feng; grand dowager dynasty, Longmen complex. 136-38,137 triad with Manjushri and empress), 57-58 cave 3 (Central Binyang Samantabhadra,.l33nl; Wen.shu. See Manjushri cave), limestone (cat. no. 6), z in Vajrayana (Esoteric) Wenxuan (Gao Yang; emperor), 44n24. 63-64. 65; Zanning (historian), 126 tradition, 154 78.79 Wemning and, 58 Zen (Chan) Buddhism, 12, 18, 162 Vaishravana as Kubera. Mongolia Wenih.au (dowager empress), 64 Xin Zho:ngwen (weina), 146 Zhang Dangui and others, stele or China, brass, 19th c. Western Han dynasty, 28 Xiude~si, altarpieces with paired commissioned by, Northern (no. A70), 41, 45n43, 186, Western Jin dynasty, 8 bodhisattws from, 95n4 Qi dynasty, Henan Prov., 207,209 Western Wei dynasty, 12. 76 Xiuding-si pagoda, Tang dynasty, limestone, 12-13,13 vajra,l41.143,164 White Jambhala. See under Henan Prov.: altarpieces Zhang Shengwen, handscroll of Vajrabodhi (monk), 15. 96, 1.20 Jambhala with paired bodhisattvas Buddhist images by, 134, Vajrasattva (Buddha) and white-robed form, Avalokiteshvaxa from, 95n4; exterior,195; 135n6, 186.136, 141 Samantabharlra.132 in. Ming dynasty, wood with :flying celestial apsaras, Zhao family, 62 Vajrayana. (Esoteric) Buddhism, lacquer (no. A64), 36, 48. earthenware (nos. A22, Zhao Gong Ming. See Daoist 19-20, 21, 24, 92n1, ll9, 45n43.185, 217.225 A23}, 40, 174~ 214; Trubner divinity 120, 122, 132, 134, 141, 148, white sandalwood ()Iantalum stele compared to, 194, Zhengguang era, 50
150, 154, 156,164 album), 38, 2180 225 195, 197n16 Zhlban (monk), 128 varada mudra,I2, 76, 136 willow (f;alix. spp.), 25n31, 37, Xixia or Tangut X:ixia kingdom, Zhongzhong emperor, 126, 128 vermilion, 215n3 38-39, 42, 45n34, 86, 124, 19,106-8 Zhou dynasty. 48 vidyaroja (wisdom king), Dali 128,129,140, 216,218.219, Xuanwu (emperor), 63, 64 Zhou Fang (painter),ll8 kingdom, Yunnan Prov., 22l# 2.23.. 2243 225 Xuanzang, 22 Zhu Di (emperor), 150 gilt bronze, 141.141 wisdom, bodhisattva of. See Xuanzang (cleric). 90 Zhuangzi (Daoist immortal), 7 Vimalakirti, discourse of, 15, Manjushri Xun (general), and wife, Tang zhuwei, 92, 95nl 64,189,190, 194,195, wisdom fist, 122 dynasty stele erected by, 99 zinc and zinc alloys, 32-33, 43 197nn4.5 wisdom king (vidyaroja), Dali Zun Shengfo mu. See virtuous action, bodhisattva of. kingdom. Yunnan Prov., y Ushnishavijaya See Samantabhadra gilt bronze, 141.141 Yamanaka and Company, 202 vita:rlw. mudra, 136 wishagrantingjewel (cintamani), Yang (emperor), 76 volumetric emphasis,l3, 75. '79, 90,154,166 Yanshan-si, Shanxi Prov.,130,130 148 Womb World Mandala, 120,122 Yao Langz:i (donor), 70 votive tablet with Buddhist triad, wood: gilding on, 211, 212, 213; YU!:ian, Hebei Prov., ll5-16 Tang dynasty, prob. Sha.anxi photomicrographs of yizi, 73 Pmv., earthenware (no, A21), samples of, 216, 220--25; Yoashi. See Bhaishajyaguru 40, 43) 174, 214 polychromy on, 36, 211-13, Yongle emperor and Yongle period, 2ll-13; ritual deposits of, 21,22,151 218, 219; species, technical Yuan dyn.asty, UB, 20, 39, 150, analysi..<~ of, 216-19; use of, 154,164 1.8, 25n31, 35-39, 43, 106, 108n2, H9,124 ($ee also specific types ofwood)
247