DESIGN FOR PRODUCTION AND OPERATION FOR TRADITIONAL FISHING BOAT BASED ON LOCAL WISDOM (Case Study: Gresik & Banyuwangi)

Supomo H.1, Baihaqi I.1, Zubaydi A.1, Wuruk Pribadi T.1, Imam Wahidi S.1

1 Naval Architecture Department, Faculty of Marine Technology Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya 60111, Indonesia *Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries program on the grant of 3500 fishing boats which began in 2016 still faces many obstacles. Most of the groups of fishermen who were given of fishing ship grants refuse to operate. One of the main causes of this rejection is the mismatch of the grant fishing vessels with local wisdom. This constraint must be given a solution so that the government budget for the increase of fishing fleet is not redundant. One solution to this problem is to do a design optimization method so that obtained DFPO (Design for Production and Operation). The fishing boat grant comprises almost 70% of the size under 5GT, thus this research takes the object of a fishing boat with a capacity of about 2GT. From the optimization results of ship design size of 1.5GT, for the Banyuwangi region obtained the size of fishing boats (Lpp: 11m, B:1.9m, T:0.35, H: 0.75, Cb:0.435) and for the area of Gresik (Lpp: 10m, B:1.8m, T:0.35, H: 0.8, Cb:0.535). Through socialization and education, it can be concluded that fisherman communities in Banyuwangi and Gresik accept the optimization result of design. Besides that, the local wisdom about the shape of the ship above water line (especially the stem and stern) and some accessories must be in accordance with the local culture.

Keywords: Optimization design, Design for Production and Operation (DFPO), local wisdom, fishing boat

INTRODUCTION

In general, the number of fishing boats in Indonesia has decreased slightly. This decrease is caused by factors such as the availability of solid wood as a material for shipbuilding. It can be globally noticed on the fact that by 2014, the number of fishing vessels decreased by 2.2%. In addition, the number of fishing vessels <5GT increased on average by 1.02% from 2010 to 2014. This is due to the government's program through KKP to provide fish ship grant (INKAMINA). Based on the propulsion system, the number of motor fishing boats increased by an average of 8.06% per annum (199,000 fishing vessels). Overall, this amount is attributable to the existence of a fishing vessel granted by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries). [Supomo, 2013; KKP, 2015]

To obtain an accurate data on the growth of number of fishing vessels in East Java, it is necessary to record the number of Joint Business Groups (JBG) that are legally acceptable. The number of JBG in 2014 in East Java province is 254. Based on the number of JBG illustrates that East Java Province has a considerable role on the catch of fish. The average production of catch fish in East Java reaches a range of 500,000 tons per year, equivalent to 8.7% of Indonesian fish catches. [Purwaningsih, 2011]

II - 166

Within the government's program through the fishing vessel grant of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, fish catching production in Indonesia in general and specifically in East Java will increase significantly. Fishing boats in East Java are mostly made of wood. However, with the increasing scarcity of timber resources, some fishing ships are turning to Fiber Glass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) materials. FRP fishing boat is actually still less attractive by the fishermen, but it must be implemented [Supomo, 2016]

Some government programs for fishing vessels, also use FRP as the main construction material of fishing boats. The main objective is to increase the fleet of fishing boats so that fish catches increase and the life of the fishermen is more prosperous. Thus the distribution of this grant program must reach all over Indonesia. In the implementation of the fishing vessel grant program, many obstacles are faced in reality. Most of the grant ships from the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries were rejected by fishermen and left on the beach. The reason for the rejection is because of the shape, size, accessories, materials, ships that are incompatible with local wisdom. [Supomo, 2015]

One example of local wisdom in East Java, there are differences in shape between the southern waters area with the northern island of Java. The shape of fish boats in the north of Java island typically is more plump, while in the southern region is slightly less slender. This is one of the elements of local wisdom that is sustainably preserved by local fishermen. Moreover, there are still other local wisdom that must remain fulfilled in building a new ship. [ FAO, 2007)]

Based on this fact, design optimization needs to be done to accommodate simultaneously between the principles of Naval Architecture and local wisdom. Local wisdom means a component that should only be changed with little tolerance so it is still accepted by the local fishing community. [McGrail, 2004]

EXISTING DATA OF FISHING BOAT

Several vessels with a capacity of <3 GT in Gresik waters (northern sea) and Banyuwangi (southern sea), were surveyed and measured. From the size obtained then drawn as a body plan and identified some aspects of local wisdom that must be maintained. [Smylie, 2009]

1. Banyuwangi

The capacity of fish vessels with large population in Banyuwangi area is <3 GT, so in this paper the samples of 1.5GT fish boat are taken. This fish ship has displacement 3.18 m3 and boat shape in Banyuwangi area tend to be slimmer. The main size of many fishing vessels in Banyuwangi is (Lpp = 11.43m; B = 1.6m; T = 0.4m; H = 0.7m). However, the slenderness of the Banyuwangi fishing boat (L/Δ1/3 = 7.77) is designed to anticipate the wave conditions that occur. However, the parametric should be analyzed to obtain the size of a fishing boat that is convenient for the operator.

II - 167

Figure 1. Body Plan of fishing boats in Banyuwangi

Local wisdom that is maintained by the fishermen community in Banyuwangi include: Displacement (for payload of fixed fishing boats), Length of ship (Lpp is one of the cultural level factors), Cb (to anticipate deep sea waves), paint colors that tend to be conspicuous, the accessories are so numerous that the fishing boats seem to be assertive from a distance.

2. Gresik

Figure 2. Body Plan fish ship in Gresik

To compare between the fishing vessels studied, Gresik is also looking for samples with similar capacity <3GB with displacement of 3.37 m3. Fishing boats in Gresik waters tend to be fatter. The main fishing boat size is Lpp = 9.36m; B = 2.02m; T = 0.33m; H = 0.65m. The slenderness of fishing boats in Gresik waters is (L/Δ1/3 = 6.24). This fact according to some fishermen is to maintain stability when fishing boats operate. However, the parametric size of the vessel should be analyzed in order to obtain a near-naval architecture comparison.

The local wisdom that the fishermen community maintains in Gresik encompasses several aspects such as the width of the ship (Bmld). In addition, displacement is also a quantity of fish vessels that must be maintained. Another element of local wisdom that needs to be compromised with fishermen between is the slenderness that tends to be fat (Cb: 0.535). while other factors have less significant effect.

II - 168

DESIGN METHOD

1. Desain for Production and Operation (DFPO) The DFPO is a design that in the process involves designers, manufacturers and ship operators / owners. The main purpose of this method is to obtain a ship design that can be accepted by the operator and even the ship owner. So by applying this method, the fishing vessel grants program of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries can be accepted and operated by fishermen. The design procedure used is with Optimized Parametric Design. This design method is done by making power optimization and displacement so as to obtain the main size of the ship that is closer to the form of local wisdom. [Supomo, 2016].

The parametric design for fishing vessel is based on the provisions that have been studied in various research institutions. The reference parameter of the main size of the fishing boat is based on [Papanikolaou, 2014]. Some of the main sizes ratio parameter approaches include: Cb (0.43-0.56); L/B (5.1-6.1); B/T (2.3-2.6); L/H (8.2-9.0); L/Δ1/3 (5.0-5.4).

2. Optimization Parametric Design Output  BANYUWANGI a. Body Plan and Main Dimension Rasios

Figure 3. Optimized body Plan fish ship in Banyuwangi

Table 1. Hull form Coefficient and Main Dimension ratios

L B T H Cb L/B B/T L/H Δ L/Δ1/3

(m) (m) (m) (m) (m3) Data Ori ginal 11.432 1.59 0.40 0.70 0.436 7.167 3.988 16.331 3.180 7.774

Optimized 11 1.9 0.35 0.75 0.435 5.789 5.429 14.667 3.182 7.479

According to Figure 3 and Table 1, the parametric optimization results of the fishing boat design in Banyuwangi area can be concluded that there are not many changes such as Cb (0.436 to 0.435). In addition, the unchanged magnitude is displacement (3,180 m3 to 3,182 m3). While other design parameters change (L, B, T, H, L/B, B/T, L/H, L/Δ1/3).

II - 169

b. Power and resistance Referring to optimized parametric design results obtained resistance amount of 2.1 KN. With this resistance required 28.4 HP power or increased by 10.7%, to reach the speed of 7 Knots. This is because there is additional displacement of 0.063%. So as a thorough calculation, this change has no significant effect. This explanation of fishing boat power and resistance can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2. Optimized Power and Resistance

Added Displacement Resistance (kN) Power (HP) Change of Power

Data Original 1.9 25.658 0%

Optimized 0.063% 2.1 28.412 10.73%

 GRESIK a. Body Plan and Main Dimension Ratios

Figure 4. Optimized body Plan fish ship in Gresik

Table 3 Hull form Coefficient and Main Dimension ratios

L B T H Cb L/B B/T L/H Δ L/Δ1/3

(m) (m) (m) (m) (m3) Data Ori ginal 9.357 2.019 0.332 0.650 0.538 4.634 6.081 14.395 3.374 6.238 Optimized 10 1.8 0.35 0.8 0.535 5.556 5.143 12.500 3.371 6.670

As can be seen in Figure 4 and Table 3, the parametric optimization design outcomes the fishing boat in Gresik area can be concluded that there are not many changes in terms of ratios main dimension, such as Cb (0.538 to 0.535). In addition, the unchanged magnitude is displacement (3,374 m3 to 3,371 m3). While other design parameters are slightly changed (L, B, T, H, L/B, B/T, L/H, L/Δ1/3).

II - 170

b. Power and resistance

Table 4 Optimized Power and Resistance Added Resistance Power Change of Displacement (kN) (HP) Power Data Original 3.7 50.387 0% Optimized -0.115% 3.1 43.139 -14.38%

Referring to optimized parametric design obtained the resistance amount of 3.1 KN from 3.7 KN. With this resistance required power of 43.139 HP, in another word the power needed is decreased by 14.38%, within service speed of 7 Knots. This is because there is displacement reduction of 0.115%. So as a thorough calculation, this change has significant effect. This explanation of fishing boat power and resistance can be seen in Table 4.

RESULTS

1. Design Factors o Main Dimension Having compared, the size of the fishing boat there is a little change. However this is just a slight effect on the resistance and horsepower of the required motor. o Hull form Coefficient and Main Dimension ratios Hull form coefficient and main dimension ratios adapted to the naval architecture design parameters. With this adjustment is expected to ship fish performance will be better in operation. o Displacement In performing optimization parametric design is attempted to keep the displacement unchanged. This is so that the output of design is still accepted by fishermen. o Resistance Main dimension changes will cause a change in the resistance value of the fishing vessel even though some samples indicate have no effect and increasingly have a positive impact. o Power The motor power used for the Gresik area fishing boats decreased, while in Banyuwangi slightly increased. It is because of the parametric size changes.

2. Local Wisdom Local wisdom fishing boats for the Gresik region include displacements are relatively fixed, the shape of the bow and bow titan tend to be low / blunt, paint colors tend not to contrast, decoration and accessories not too much. As for the area of Banyuwangi is the opposite. Fish boat shapes tend to be slimmer; stem / stern tend to be taper and high, paint contrast colors, many accessories on board.

3. Fisherman Community Response DFPO results with Optimized Parametric Design method then disseminated to the fishing community. The response of the fishermen determines whether the design is acceptable or not. From quick response, for Gresik waters area obtained result that from 50 respondents, about 96.5% receive fully, while 3.5% still need fulfillment of

II - 171

accessories. For Banyuwangi area 98.7% accept design and the remaining 1.3% only need accessories and paint colors.

CONCLUSION

 DFPO using optimized parametric design will slightly change the main size of the fishing vessel  Parametric design has not changed the displacement value  Power fishing vessel in Gresik area decreased while for Banyuwangi area slightly increased  Based on observations using questioners, it can be said that almost all fishermen can receive optimized parametric design results.

REFERENCES

KKP, Kementrian Kelautan dan Perikanan Dalam Angka 2015, KKP -Jakarta Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia Kapal Kayu.( 2013). Buku Peraturan Klasifikasi dan Konstruksi Kapal Laut. Jakarta: Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia (BKI) FAO (2007) The status of the fishing fleet State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. ISBN 978-92- 5-105568-7 McGrail S., (2004). Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to Medieval Times. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-927186-0. Papanikolaou A., [2014],Ship Design-Methodologis of Prelimanary Design, Springer, Netherlands, Purwaningsih, R. (2011). Pengembangan Model Klaster Industri Perikanan Berkelanjutan, Disertasi, PPSTK, ITS, Surabaya Smylie M., (2009) Traditional Fishing Boats of Britain & Ireland: Design, History and Evolution. Adlard Coles Nautical. ISBN 978-1-84037-035-5 Supomo H., Pribadi, S. R. W.,dan Arief M. S., (2013), Studi Penggunaan Bambu Sebagai Material alternatif Pengganti kayu untuk material bangunan Atas kapal dengan Metode Planking pada Kapal Kayu 30GT, Seminar Nasional SENTA, Kampus ITS Surabaya Supomo H., Manfaat D, dan Zubaydi A. (2015), Flexure Srength Analysis of Laminated bamboo Slats (Bambusa Arundinacea) for Constructing Small Boat Fishing Shell, Transaction RINA, Vol 157, Part B1, International Journal of Small Craft Technology, Jan-Jun 2015, DOI No. 10.3940/rina.ijsct.bl.167 Supomo H., Pribadi, S. R. W.,and Baihaqi I., (2015), Fabrication Equipment Prototype to Produce Laminated Bamboo Frame of 5GT Fishing Boat, Seminar Nasional SENTA, Kampus ITS Surabaya Supomo H., (2016), Studi Penggunaan Bambu Sebagai Material Alternatif Untuk Bahan Pembuatan Kapal Ikan Dengan Metode Cold Press Planking System, PhD Thesis, PPSTK-FTK, ITS, Surabaya

II - 172