DOCSLIB.ORG

Water Scarcity, Security and Democracy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Water Scarcity, Security and Democracy Water Scarcity, Security and democracy: a mediterranean moSaic © 2014 by Global Water Partnership Mediterranean, Cornell University and the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future. All rights reserved. Published 2014. Printed in Athens, Greece, and Ithaca, NY. ISBN 978-1-4951-1550-9 The opinions expressed in the articles in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Global Water Partnership Mediterranean or Cornell University’s David R. Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future. Layout and cover design: Ghazal Lababidi Water Scarcity, Security and democracy: a mediterranean moSaic EditEd by FrancEsca dE châtEl, Gail holst-WarhaFt and tammo stEEnhuis TABLE OF CONTENTS foreWord 6 introduction 8 i. tHe neW culture of Water 16 1. Glimpses of a New Water Civilization 18 2. Water Archives, a History of Sources: The Example of the Hérault in France’s Langueoc-Roussillon Region 32 3. Meander(ing) Multiplicity 36 4. A Spanish Water Scenario 46 5. Transboundary Management of the Hebron/Besor Watershed in Israel and the Palestinian Authority 52 6. The Drin Coordinated Action Towards an Integrated Transboundary Water Resources Management 62 7. The Times They Are A-Changin’: Water Activism and Changing Public Policy 72 8. Water Preservation Perspectives as Primary Biopolicy Targets 82 ii. coping WitH SCARCITY 84 9. Leaving the Land: The Impact of Long-term Water Mismanagement in Syria 86 10. Desert Aquifers and the Mediterranean Sea: Water Scarcity, Security, and Migration 98 11. The Preservation of Foggaras in Algeria’s Adrar Province 108 12. The Need for a Paradigm Change: Agriculture in the Water-Scarce MENA Region 114 13. Integrated Development of Wadi Systems in Lebanon 124 14. Turning Off the Palestinian Taps: Israel’s Predominance over the Allocation and Management of Palestinian Water Resources 132 15. Changes in Climate and Landscape in the Blue Nile Basin: What it Means Downstream 144 16. Coming Changes in Global Water Policy 150 iii. crete: tHe moSaic approach 152 Introduction 154 17. Tourism and Agriculture in Crete: Competing Claims on Water Resources and Potential Solutions 155 18. A Law Student’s Year in Mediterranean Waters 166 19. The Restoration of Ancient Water Cisterns 171 20. Water, Life, and Civilization in Crete and the Mediterranean 174 foreword The Mediterranean and its Water: The Mosaic We Live In It is often said that the Mediterranean is a melting pot. The process of melting different raw materials results in the creation of a homogeneous fluid. This is not the case in our region. The Mediterranean is a fine mosaic of solid pieces of immense durability: a mosaic of peoples with deep roots, various ethnic and historical backgrounds, and memories imprinted in their DNA; a mosaic of civilizations, religions, ideologies, and philosophies. As in all mosaics, some pieces are damaged or lost and others are replaced by new ones but, despite changes, the centuries-old outline patterns still remain surprisingly visible. To some extent, this can be explained by the impact of the unique Mediterranean landscape and natural environment on societies and individuals. Water is, perhaps, the most vital of all natural resources in the region, shaping landscapes and, to a large extent, determining the level of development. The Mediterranean is among the most arid regions in the world. Hosting more than 50 percent of the world’s ‘water poor’ population, or around 180 million of the region’s 460 million inhabitants, the Mediterranean holds only 3 percent of the world’s freshwater resources. To meet water scarcity problems, Mediterranean peoples have throughout history transformed this challenge into a driver for innovation and social organization. Hopefully their capacity for adaptation and their creative imagination will allow them to address the growing challenges, also in the future. The Mediterranean is endowed with natural beauty, rich biodiversity, and fertility. It hosts a fast-growing and young (on the southern and eastern shores) population, which has over recent decades adopted unsustainable consumption patterns. The region experiences high anthropogenic pressures from rapid urbanization, tourism, industrial and agricultural development among others, while climate variability and change, in addition to desertification, pollution and loss of biodiversity, form growing threats. Furthermore, the Mediterranean region as a whole currently faces a deep socio-political and economic crisis. Mediterranean societies strive to ensure sustained economic growth, human security and political stability. In order for this to succeed, the integrated management of water, energy, food and environment has to become a priority issue for governments, societies and business. Around 90 percent of the water resources in the Balkans are transboundary in nature, while in the Middle East and North Africa more than 70 percent of water resources lie in shared basins. This adds to the complexity of the situation. The evolution of political realities shapes the way these vital resources are managed. In the Balkans, where the Cold War and armed conflict sparked tensions over water sharing in the twentieth century, transboundary cooperation has vastly improved in the past 15 years as exemplified in the Sava Basin (shared between Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbia, and Montenegro) and, increasingly, in the Drin Basin (shared between Greece, Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo, and Montenegro). In North Africa, where the majority of shared water resources are underground, countries are searching for more steady modes of cooperation over the North Western Sahara Aquifer and the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer. In the Eastern Mediterranean, milestone political agreements have resulted in joint efforts to improve water management, though problems in their subsequent implementation now threaten livelihoods and economic activity. Given the importance of the coastal area for developmental activities in the region, a joint approach to coastal and river basin management from ridge to reef is a defined and urgent need. Yet the scale of today’s water security challenge is often underestimated until a crisis hits. The region offers plenty of such examples related to droughts, floods, pollution, waterborne disease, armed conflict and resulting migration... Though the scale and complexity of this multidimensional challenge are huge, solutions are within reach. Good governance is essential in order to facilitate coordinated efforts and initiatives. Effective participatory policy design, implementation, and monitoring can shape a better future for the region. Accessible information, affordable technologies and innovation, socially sensitive investments, tailor- made and pro-poor fiscal instruments and enforced capacities are just some of the tools needed to make real the shift from policy to action. Sustainable solutions to current water challenges will be achieved only by understanding the cultural and practical significance of water in our everyday life, including its emotional, intellectual and moral aspects. This book is a mosaic on its own. It tells stories, shares ideas, poses questions, and offers answers. It travels through the region and explores its interrelated themes, makes deep-dive stops, connecting the shores, the water and the people. Hopefully, it will become a source of reference and inspiration to better understand some of the makes and breaks of water-related sociopolitical balances that extend beyond water technicalities, but have a sound scientific background. Sincere thanks and appreciation to Prof. Gail (Electra) Holst-Warhaft and Prof. Tammo Steenhuis of Cornell University and Dr. Francesca de Châtel for their cooperation, trust, and initiative. Sustainable solutions to current water challenges will be achieved only by understanding the cultural and practical significance of water in our everyday life, including its emotional, intellectual and moral aspects. Education, formal and informal, plays an important role in creating the new water culture and enabling the move from simple everyday use to strategic developmental decisions that will allow us to wisely use the most valuable gift of life. prof. michael Scoullos Chairman, Global Water Partnership-Mediterranean INTRODUCTION 11 Introduction Gail Holst-Warhaft Professor, Cornell University, Ithaca, U.S.A. Take water with you; The future holds a lot of drought. Mihalis Katsaros figure 1 One of the few surviving olive groves on the island of Aegina, Greece, after farmers there replaced their ancient olive and almond trees with higer-revenue but water-thirsty pistachio trees. This has resulted in rapid groundwater depletion and salinization. Photo: Francesca de Châtel, 2013. It is easy to despair about water. The impetus for this volume is a common concern about the water crisis facing countries around the Mediterranean, the Middle East and beyond. We recognize there are serious problems of scarcity and pollution, especially in the south and east of the region. We also know that increasing population and global climate change suggest that the problem will steadily increase unless something is done. The environmental dimension is often ignored in discussions of the current political and social crises in the region. In fact the environmental and political crises are intimately linked, as the chapters in this volume on Syria and the Sahel make plain (Ch. 9 and 10). In technically advanced or oil-rich countries like Israel and Saudi
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 20131217 Mli Reference Map.Pdf
    Mali: Reference map (as of 29 Nov. 2013) AdrarP! !In Salah Zaouiet Kounta ! Aoulef ! ! Reggane ALGERIA National capital Regional capital Town International boundary ! Regional boundary Major road Perennial river Perennial lake Intermittent lake Bordj Mokhtar ! !Timiaouine ! Tin Zaouaten Tessalit ! MAURITANIA TOMBOUCTOU KIDAL Abeïbara ! Tidjikdja ! Kidal Ti-n-Essako P! ! Tombouctou Bourem ! Ayoun El Atrous ! Kiffa ! Néma P! ! ! Goundam Gourma- ! Gao GAO !Diré Rharous P! Ménaka Niafounké ! ! ! Youwarou Ansongo ! Sélibaby ! ! ! Nioro ! MOPTI Nara Niger ! Sénégal Yélimané SEGOU Mopti Douentza !Diéma Tenenkou ! P! NIGER SENEGAL P! Bandiagara KAYES ! Kayes ! Koro KOULIKORO Niono Djenné ! ! ! ! BURKINA !Bafoulabé Ké-Macina Bankass NIAMEY KolokaniBanamba ! ! P!Ségou ! FASO \! Bani! Tominian Kita ! Ouahigouya Dosso ! Barouéli! San ! Keniéba ! ! Baoulé Kati P! Nakanbé (White Volta) ! Koulikoro Bla ! \! Birnin Kebbi Kédougou BAMAKO ! KoutialaYorosso Fada Niger ! Dioila ! ! \! Ngourma Sokoto Kangaba ! ! SIKASSO OUAGADOUGOU Bafing Bougouni Gambia ! Sikasso ! P! Bobo-Dioulasso Kandi ! ! Mouhoun (Black Volta) Labé Kolondieba! ! GUINEA Yanfolila Oti Kadiolo ! ! ! Dapango Baoulé Natitingou ! Mamou ! Banfora ! ! Kankan Wa !Faranah Gaoua ! Bagoé Niger ! Tamale Rokel ! OuéméParakou ! ! SIERRA Odienné Korhogo Sokodé ! LEONE CÔTE GHANA BENIN NIGERIA Voinjama ! TOGO Ilorin ! Kailahun! D’IVOIRE Seguela Bondoukou Savalou ! Komoé ! ! Nzérékoré ! Bouaké Ogun Kenema ! ! Atakpamé Man ! ! Sunyani ! ! Bandama ! Abomey ! St. PaulSanniquellie YAMOUSSOKRO Ibadan Kumasi !\ ! Ho Ikeja ! LIBERIA Guiglo ! ! Bomi ! Volta !\! \! Gagnoa Koforidua Buchanan Sassandra ! ! \! Cotonou PORTO NOVO MONROVIA ! LOMÉ Cess ABIDJAN \! 100 Fish Town ACCRA ! !\ Km ! The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Creation date: 29 Nov. 2013 Sources: UNCS, Natural Earth, ESRI, NGA, OCHA. Feedback: [email protected] www.unocha.org www.reliefweb.int.
    [Show full text]
  • Algeria–Mali Trade: the Normality of Informality
    101137 DEMOCRACY Public Disclosure Authorized AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ERF 21st ANNUAL CONFERENCE March 20-22, 2015 | Gammarth, Tunisia 2015 Public Disclosure Authorized Algeria–Mali Trade: The Normality of Informality Sami Bensassi, Anne Brockmeyer, Public Disclosure Authorized Matthieu Pellerin and Gael Raballand Public Disclosure Authorized Algeria–Mali Trade: The Normality of Informality Sami Bensassi Anne Brockmeyer Mathieu Pellerin Gaël Raballand1 Abstract This paper estimates the volume of informal trade between Algeria and Mali and analyzes its determinants and mechanisms, using a multi-pronged methodology. First, we discuss how subsidy policies and the legal framework create incentives for informal trade across the Sahara. Second, we provide evidence of the importance of informal trade, drawing on satellite images and surveys with informal traders in Mali and Algeria. We estimate that the weekly turnover of informal trade fell from approximately US$ 2 million in 2011 to US$ 0.74 million in 2014, but continues to play a crucial role in the economies of northern Mali and southern Algeria. Profit margins of 20-30% on informal trade contribute to explaining the relative prosperity of northern Mali. We also show that official trade statistics are meaningless in this context, as they capture less than 3% of total trade. Finally, we provide qualitative evidence on informal trade actors and mechanisms for the most frequently traded products. JEL classification codes: F14, H26, J46. Keywords: informal trade, Algeria, Mali, fuel, customs. 1 The authors would like to thank Mehdi Benyagoub for his help on this study, Laurent Layrol for his work on satellite images, Nancy Benjamin and Olivier Walther for their comments and Sabra Ledent for editing.
    [Show full text]
  • Ships!), Maps, Lighthouses
    Price £2.00 (free to regular customers) 03.03.21 List up-dated Winter 2020 S H I P S V E S S E L S A N D M A R I N E A R C H I T E C T U R E 03.03.20 Update PHILATELIC SUPPLIES (M.B.O'Neill) 359 Norton Way South Letchworth Garden City HERTS ENGLAND SG6 1SZ (Telephone; 01462-684191 during my office hours 9.15-3.15pm Mon.-Fri.) Web-site: www.philatelicsupplies.co.uk email: [email protected] TERMS OF BUSINESS: & Notes on these lists: (Please read before ordering). 1). All stamps are unmounted mint unless specified otherwise. Prices in Sterling Pounds we aim to be HALF-CATALOGUE PRICE OR UNDER 2). Lists are updated about every 12-14 weeks to include most recent stock movements and New Issues; they are therefore reasonably accurate stockwise 100% pricewise. This reduces the need for "credit notes" and refunds. Alternatives may be listed in case some items are out of stock. However, these popular lists are still best used as soon as possible. Next listings will be printed in 4, 8 & 12 months time so please indicate when next we should send a list on your order form. 3). New Issues Services can be provided if you wish to keep your collection up to date on a Standing Order basis. Details & forms on request. Regret we do not run an on approval service. 4). All orders on our order forms are attended to by return of post. We will keep a photocopy it and return your annotated original.
    [Show full text]
  • Memoire Le Diplôme De Master Professionnel
    N° d’ordre : 06/DSTU/2016 MEMOIRE Présenté à L’UNIVERSITE ABOU BEKR BELKAID-TLEMCEN FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LA NATURE ET DE LA VIE ET SCIENCES DE LA TERRE ET DE L’UNIVERS DEPARTEMENT DES SCIENCES DE LA TERRE ET DE L’UNIVERS Pour obtenir LE DIPLÔME DE MASTER PROFESSIONNEL Spécialité Géo-Ressources par Meriem FETHI APPORT DE LA GEOLOGIE DAND L’EXPLOITATION DES GISEMENT DE GRANULATS (CAS D’UNE CARRIERE DANS LA REGION D’ADRAR) Soutenu le 30 juin 2016 devant les membres du jury : Mustapha Kamel TALEB, MA (A), Univ. Tlemcen Président Hassina LOUHA, MA (A), Univ. Tlemcen Encadreur Souhila GAOUAR, MA (A), Univ. Tlemcen Examinateur Fatiha HADJI, MA (A), Univ. Tlemcen Examinateur TABLE DES MATIERES Dédicace Remerciement Résumé Abstract BUT ET ORGANISATION DE TRAVAIL A. But de travail ........................................................................................................ 1 B. Méthodologie ....................................................................................................... 1 Chapitre I INTRODUCTION GENERAL I. SITUATION GEOGRAPHIQUE DE LA WILAYA D’ADRAR ........... 2 II. GEOMORPHOLOGIE, HYDROGRAPHIE, CLIMAT ET VEGETATION :.. ........................................................................................ 3 II.1. Géomorphologie : ........................................................................................ 3 II.2. Ressource hydrogéologiques : ..................................................................... 4 II.3. Climatologie et végétation : ........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A FREE CULTURAL GUIDE Iseag 185 Mìle • 10 Island a Iles • S • 1 S • 2 M 0 Ei Rrie 85 Lea 2 Fe 1 Nan N • • Area 6 Causeways • 6 Cabhsi WELCOME
    A FREE CULTURAL GUIDE 185 Miles • 185 Mìl e • 1 0 I slan ds • 10 E ile an an WWW.HEBRIDEANWAY.CO.UK• 6 C au sew ays • 6 C abhsiarean • 2 Ferries • 2 Aiseag WELCOME A journey to the Outer Hebrides archipelago, will take you to some of the most beautiful scenery in the world. Stunning shell sand beaches fringed with machair, vast expanses of moorland, rugged hills, dramatic cliffs and surrounding seas all contain a rich biodiversity of flora, fauna and marine life. Together with a thriving Gaelic culture, this provides an inspiring island environment to live, study and work in, and a culturally rich place to explore as a visitor. The islands are privileged to be home to several award-winning contemporary Art Centres and Festivals, plus a creative trail of many smaller artist/maker run spaces. This publication aims to guide you to the galleries, shops and websites, where Art and Craft made in the Outer Hebrides can be enjoyed. En-route there are numerous sculptures, landmarks, historical and archaeological sites to visit. The guide documents some (but by no means all) of these contemplative places, which interact with the surrounding landscape, interpreting elements of island history and relationships with the natural environment. The Comhairle’s Heritage and Library Services are comprehensively detailed. Museum nan Eilean at Lews Castle in Stornoway, by special loan from the British Museum, is home to several of the Lewis Chessmen, one of the most significant archaeological finds in the UK. Throughout the islands a network of local historical societies, run by dedicated volunteers, hold a treasure trove of information, including photographs, oral histories, genealogies, croft histories and artefacts specific to their locality.
    [Show full text]
  • Mémoire De Master En Sciences Économiques Spécialité : Management Territoriale Et Ingénierie De Projet Option : Économie Sociale Et Solidaire
    REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE Université Mouloud Mammeri Tizi Ouzou Faculté des sciences économiques commerciales et des sciences de gestion Département des sciences économiques Laboratoire REDYL Mémoire De master en sciences économiques Spécialité : management territoriale et ingénierie de projet Option : économie sociale et solidaire Caractérisation de la gestion de l’eau en tant que bien communs dans l’espace saharien Algérien mode de gouvernance du système traditionnel des foggaras Présenté par : Sous-direction : GHAOUI Nawal Pr. AHMED ZAID Malika HADJALI Sara Année universitaire : 2016/2017 Caractérisation de la gestion de l’eau en tant que bien communs dans l’espace saharien Algérien mode de gouvernance du système traditionnel des foggaras Résumé du mémoire : Depuis quelques années, la ressource en eau n’est plus seulement appréhendée en termes de disponibilité et d’usage mais aussi comme un bien commun à transmettre aux générations futures .Ces deux conceptions de l’eau demeurent grandement contradictoire malgré les efforts déployés pour concilier viabilité économique et participation sociale. Dans ce contexte, au Sahara algérien le système traditionnel d’irrigation « foggara » constitue un élément majeur pour comprendre la complexité de la relation entre les ressources en eau disponibles, la gestion et la gouvernance de la ressource, son usage et la prise de décision. Mots clés : bien commun, gouvernance, ressource en eau, foggara. Dédicaces Je dédie ce modeste travail à : A mes très chers parents .Aucun hommage ne pourrait être à la hauteur de l’amour dont ils ne cessent de me combler. Que dieu leur procure bonne santé et longue vie.
    [Show full text]
  • Bilge Keel Design for the Traditional Fishing Boats of Indonesia's East Java
    International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering 11 (2019) 380e395 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering journal homepage: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/ international-journal-of-naval-architecture-and-ocean-engineering/ Bilge keel design for the traditional fishing boats of Indonesia's East Java * Wendi Liu a, , Yigit Kemal Demirel a, Eko Budi Djatmiko b, Setyo Nugroho b, Tahsin Tezdogan a, Rafet Emek Kurt a, Heri Supomo b, Imam Baihaqi b, Zhiming Yuan a, Atilla Incecik a a Department of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Marine Engineering University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK b Department of Naval Architecture and Shipbuilding, Marine Technology Faculty, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya, Indonesia article info abstract Article history: Seakeeping, especially for the roll motions, is of critical importance to the safe operation of fishing boats Received 23 February 2018 in Indonesia. In this study, a traditional East Java Fishing Boat (EJFB) has been analysed in terms of its Received in revised form seakeeping performance. Furthermore, a bilge keel was designed to reduce the roll motions of the EJFB 17 July 2018 using multiple stages approach. After installing the designed bilge keels, it was shown that up to 11.78% Accepted 17 July 2018 and 4.87% reduction in the roll response of irregular seaways and the total resistance under the design Available online 9 August 2018 speed, respectively. It was concluded that the roll-stabilized-EJFB will enhance the well-being of the fisherman and contribute to the boats' safe operation, especially in extreme weather conditions. Keywords: East Java Fishing Boat Moreover, the total resistance reduction of the EJFB due to the installation of the designed bilge keels also fi Bilge keel resulted in increased operational ef ciency and reduced fuel costs and fuel emissions for local Roll motion stakeholders.
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Construction of Traditional Fishing Boat in Jepara in the Context
    Article Komunitas: International Journal of Design and Construction of Indonesian Society and Culture 12(2) (2020): 209-215 DOI:10.15294/komunitas.v12i2.18937 Traditional Fishing Boat in © 2020 Semarang State University, Indonesia p-ISSN 2086 - 5465 | e-ISSN 2460-7320 Jepara in the Context of http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/komunitas Cultural Ecology: UNNES JOURNALS The Implication as Arts Learning Resources Eko Sugiarto¹, Triyanto², Mujiyono³ 1,2,3Department of Visual Art, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia Received: February 25th 2019; Accepted: March 01st 2020; Published: September 30th 2020 Abstract The existence of a traditional fisherman community in Jepara is proven based on the system of equipment or technology of fishing vessels. As part that is familiar with the life of the fishing community, this phenom- enon is very interesting as well as important to be studied more deeply in the context of the north coast Javanese sub-culture. Based on that, this study aims to explain: (1) the design of fishing boat construction as a representation of the technology system of traditional fishing communities in Jepara, (2) the ecological aspect of the north coast Javanese sub-culture includes the process of creating traditional fishing boat in Jepara communities, and (3) wisdom potential in traditional ship design as learning resources. This study uses a qualitative approach with case study design. The data is collected through interviews, observations and document reviews, and analyzed by using flow mode. The results of the study will provide an empirical explanation of the construction design and boat creation technology in the ecological perspective of the north coast Javanese sub-culture.
    [Show full text]
  • The Comparison of Characteristics Profile of the Traditional Fishing Boats in Lamongan, Probolinggo, and Pasuruan, Indonesia
    Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Pilsen, Czech Republic, July 23-26, 2019 The Comparison of Characteristics Profile of the Traditional Fishing Boats in Lamongan, Probolinggo, and Pasuruan, Indonesia Yugowati Praharsi, Mohammad Abu Jami’in, Gaguk Suhardjito Shipbuilding Institute of Polytechnic Surabaya (Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya) Jl. Teknik Kimia Kampus ITS, Sukolilo 60111, Surabaya, Indonesia [email protected], [email protected] Hui-Ming Wee Chung Yuan Christian University Chung Pei Road No. 200, Chung Li City 32023, Taiwan [email protected] Abstract In this study, we explored the characteristics profile of traditional fishing boats in the three regencies of East Java, Indonesia, namely: Lamongan, Probolinggo, and Pasuruan. We presented the characteristics profiles of traditional fishing boats by using indicators and dimensions of product quality. We found the differences of traditional boats among these three regencies such as the GT size and the hull construction shape. The results showed that the GT size in Lamongan is from 24 to 50 GT sizes on average, whereas in Probolinggo and Pasuruan is below 30 GT ones. The hull shape in Lamongan is uniform with U-shape. Meanwhile, the hull shape in Probolinggo and Pasuruan is varies with U-shape and V-shape. The similarities among these 3 regencies are in the type of fish catching tools, machinery, and equipment. The majority fishermen used trawl automatically for larger than 13 GT sizes and net for below 10 GT sizes. In machinery, inboard system is used by vessels for larger than 13 GT. Meanwhile, the equipment used is standard, such as: lamp, compass, and audio.
    [Show full text]
  • South Algerian EFL Learners' Errors Bachir Bouhania, University Of
    South Algerian EFL Learners’ Errors Bachir Bouhania, University of Adrar, Algeria European Conference on Language Learning 2014 Official Conference Proceedings Abstract In higher education, particularly in departments of English, EFL students write essays, and research papers in the target language. Arab learners of English, however, face several difficulties at the morphological, phonetic and phonological, stylistic and syntactic levels. This paper reports on the findings of a corpus study, which analyses the wrong use of the English verb to exist as *to be exist as *is exists, *are existed, *does not exist, and *existness. The corpus consists of more than two thousand exam copies of mid-term, make-up and remedial exams for the academic years ranging between 2003 and 2013.The exams papers concern the fields of Discourse Typology, Linguistics and Sociolinguistics, Phonetics and Phonology. The analysis of the results obtained from the data shows that, although the wrong verb is not used by the majority of students, it is nevertheless significantly found in a number of exam sheets (s=78). Keywords: Error Analysis, Algerian learners, EFL, errors, Intralingual interference, interlanguage, Interlingual interference, linguistic transfer. iafor The International Academic Forum www.iafor.org Introduction At university level, EFL students submit essays, research papers and final projects in English to show accuracy and performance in the target language. They need to master the language and the genres that characterise the various subjects such as civilisation, literature and linguistics. Yet, writing and speaking in English is a complex process for foreign language learners who, unavoidably, make a lot of errors. As part of the learning process (Hyland 2003, Ferris 2002), errors are regular and consistent (Reid, 1993) even if students learn the rules of English grammar (Lalande 1982) Arab EFL learners, on the other side, find difficulties at the phonetic/phonological, morphological and syntactic levels.
    [Show full text]
  • The Baby Boat Programme
    Transactions on the Built Environment vol 65, © 2003 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3509 The experience of the boat - the Baby Boat Programme V.Salamon Faculty of Graphic Arts, University of Zagreb, Croatia Abstract The paper presents the showlworkshop "Experience of the Boat" which was established by the NGO Ars Halieutica to be performed for and with the active participation of the local children. The show and the workshops are performed both on the shore and on the water. The show "Ala Falka!" is presented in order to inspire the children to express their new experience of the boat in a painting, a sculpture, a poem etc., in the subsequent art workshops. The idea of the ship and the boat is presented through the story of the two traditional Adriatic boats - the simple trupa from the river Neretva delta and the - more complex fishing boat gajeta falkusa the vessels small enough to present the archetypal essence of the boat in a simple and intimate way. Although structurally elementary but including all the basic features of the boat and the ship, both the trupa and the gajeta are the boats of fascinating functional complexness. According to the Ars Halieutica "Do Touch" principle, the polytechnic heritage and the experience of living with the sea is presented through animation of all senses of the children and other participants of the programme. Taking active part in the events, the children are offered to: touch while building the paper or wooden kit ship and boat models, buildinglassembling the actual trupa and the gajeta falkusa, paddling and rowing and sailing the gajeta and the trupa etc., watch the actual building of the trupa and the gajeta, documentary films on life with the sea, on the sailing of the gajeta falkusa etc., listen to the poetry in native dialect, to the songs and music about the sea, about the boat and the man etc., taste and scent the traditional national food and beverages, aromatic Mediterranean island herbs etc.
    [Show full text]
  • SMUGGLING of MIGRANTS from WEST AFRICA to EUROPE What Is the Nature of the Market?
    4.2. From Africa to Europe: Flow map BM 01.03.09 SPAIN ITALY TURKEY Mediterranean Atlantic Sea Ocean Lampedusa GREECE (ITALY) MALTA CANARY TUNISIA ISLANDS MOROCCO (SPAIN) ALGERIA Western Sahara LIBYA EGYPT MAURITANIA Red Sea MALI SENEGAL SUDAN CHAD THE GAMBIA NIGER GUINEA-BISSAU GUINEA BURKINA FASO BENIN SIERRA Flows of irregular migrants TOGO LEONE CÔTE discussed in this chapter D’IVOIRE LIBERIA GHANA NIGERIA 1,000 km SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS FROM Figure 19: Region of origin of irregular WEST AFRICA TO EUROPE migrants detected in Europe Evolution of measured apprehensions at several European countries' borders, 1999-2008 (vertical scales are differents) Migrant smuggling occurs most frequently along the fault 300,000 lines between twoMigrants regions appr ehendedof vastly in Spain different levels of Migrantsdevel- apprehended250,000 in Italy 26,140 Migrants apprehended in Malta at sea border (thousands) (thousands) 23,390and Africans apprehended in Greece opment, such as West Europe and West Africa. Though the (thousands) 20,465 30 Sahara Desert and theStrait Mediterranean of Gibraltar/ Sea pose formidable50 200,000 3 Alborean Sea Canary Islands 20 Malta 17,665 obstacles, thousands of people cross them each year in40 order 2.5 Rest of Italy150,000 10 2 to migrate irregularly. Almost all of those who choose30 to do Sicily* Egyptians 244,495 230,555 in Greece so require assistance, and the act of rendering this assistance 100,000 1.5 212,680 20 Somali 171,235 for gain constitutes the crime of migrant smuggling.40 1 in Greece 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 10 Sardinia 50,000 0.5 In recent years, about 9% of irregular migrants detected in 0 Europe came from West Africa.
    [Show full text]