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Emission Inventory and Distribution Characteristics of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Coking Industry City in Northern China

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Emission Inventory and Distribution Characteristics of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Coking Industry City in Northern China Geochemical Journal, Vol. 51, pp. 485 to 494, 2017 doi:10.2343/geochemj.2.0480 Emission inventory and distribution characteristics of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a coking industry city in Northern China WEI LIU,1,2 ZHONGHUAN XIA1,2,3,4* and HAO YANG2,3,4 1Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China 2Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China 3Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China 4State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, China (Received August 25, 2016; Accepted April 5, 2017) The sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Linfen, a coking industry city in Northern China, were studied. The overall emission amount for these 16 PAHs in 2013 in Linfen was 825.12 t, with 149.22 t identified as carcinogenic PAHs. The emission intensity of PAHs in 2013 was about 40.7 kg/km2 in Linfen, which was much higher than the average intensity found in China in 2013. Most of the PAHs were generated from the combustion of domestic, industrial, and coke-production coal, accounting for 78.6% of the total emission amount. Among the emissions of these 16 PAHs, two- and three-ring PAHs made up the majority (68.15%). In the different areas (17 in total) of Linfen, the PAH emissions ranged from 143.35 t in Hongdong County to 2.64 t in Daning County. There was a positive correlation between the rural population and total PAH emissions (R2 = 0.794). The estimated 16 PAH emissions in Linfen from 1995 to 2013 based on historical energy consumption data showed that the amount of PAH emissions has been gradually increasing. Keywords: PAHs, emission inventory, Linfen, source apportionment, uncertainty analysis tion was the most important source globally, whereas the INTRODUCTION domination of PAH emissions from residential biomass As a group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), burning led to relatively high percentages of high mo- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of great lecular weight PAHs in developing countries. Berdowski concern because of their widespread occurrence and toxic et al. (1997) estimated that the total emissions of six kinds effects on ecosystems and human health (Laflamme and of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 23 countries and Hites, 1978; Perera, 1997). PAHs are formed mainly by regions in Europe equaled 12500 t, and indicated that these anthropogenic processes, including biomass burning, coal PAHs could mainly be traced to non-industrial emission and petroleum combustion, and coke and metal produc- sources (45.2%). Wild and Jones (1995) estimated that tion (Baek et al., 1991). Natural processes such as forest the annual PAH emissions in the UK were approximately fires and volcanic eruptions also produce PAHs. 1000 t, with 95% of these attributed to domestic coal burn- The establishment of a PAH emission inventory is very ing, motor vehicles, and conflagrations. Jiang et al. (2013) important for assessing their health impact (Zhang et al., estimated that the annual PAH emissions in Taiyuan, 2009) and reducing PAH emissions. PAH emission inven- China in 2010 were 332.10 t, with domestic and coking tories have been developed for several countries (includ- coal burning being the main PAH emission sources. The ing developed and developing countries) and regions, in- spatial distribution of emissions was closely related to cluding the former USSR (EMEP, 2011), Europe (Van der the regional population and economic development of Gon et al., 2007) and North America (Galarneau et al., Taiyuan. 2007). Shen et al. (2013) estimated the annual total PAH As a coking industry city, Linfen is one of the most emissions of the entire world, developing countries, and polluted cities in China because of the high concentra- developed countries in 2007, indicating that transporta- tion of pollutant emissions and adverse weather condi- tions (Zhang et al., 2009). Thus, obtaining the present emission inventory and distribution characteristics of *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) PAHs in Linfen and analyzing its historical change is es- Copyright © 2017 by The Geochemical Society of Japan. sential for effective environmental management. How- 485 Table 1. Emission factors for different sources (mg/kg) Component Indoor biomass Outdoor Coal Oil Natural gas burning biomass burning Straw Firewood Wheat Corn Domestic Industrial Coking Transport Industrial Petrol Diesel Nap 14.63 50.30 44.00 1.50 10.90 0.52 4.90 3.63 1.26 0.51 5.20E+04 Acy 3.17 24.88 0.33 0.63 25.60 0.02 0.75 6.86 7.82 0.00 4.01E+03 Ace 2.69 8.94 0.70 0.50 10.00 0.10 0.13 1.62 0.43 0.00 7.24E+04 Flo 0.38 3.77 0.25 0.06 16.10 0.02 0.44 4.67 2.39 0.00 2.25E+02 Phe 6.91 15.03 4.80 1.80 44.20 0.04 1.47 4.00 16.97 0.01 6.39E+02 Ant 1.12 3.67 1.50 0.27 10.50 0.01 0.13 1.00 1.46 0.00 1.96E+01 Fla 3.15 6.58 6.70 0.76 14.10 0.14 0.70 1.74 2.57 0.01 3.90E+02 Pyr 3.00 4.29 3.30 0.79 10.60 0.01 0.54 2.16 2.69 0.00 1.54E+03 BaA 0.60 1.53 2.30 0.08 9.61 0.00 0.17 0.16 0.45 0.01 6.26E+02 Chr 0.88 1.21 2.30 0.15 14.00 0.00 0.13 0.20 0.47 0.00 2.28E+01 BbF 0.16 0.78 0.99 0.03 18.40 0.01 0.13 0.11 0.29 0.00 2.11E+02 BkF 0.74 0.62 0.53 0.18 11.70 0.01 0.07 0.14 0.36 0.00 5.23E+02 BaP 0.11 0.83 0.28 0.02 7.98 0.00 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.00 1.44E+02 DahA 0.00 0.34 0.67 0.00 6.21 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.09 0.00 3.77E+01 IcdP 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 9.04 0.00 0.08 0.14 0.14 0.00 1.11E+02 BghiP 0.00 0.35 1.00 0.00 11.50 0.02 0.11 0.27 0.21 0.00 1.59E+02 Note: Natural gas: g/108 m3. Table 2. Energy Consumption Data of Linfen (104 t) in 2013 Counties Indoor biomass Outdoor straw Coal Oil Natural gas burning (104 m3) Crop Firewood Wheat Corn Domestic Industrial Coking Traffic Industrial Petrol Diesel Total 23.93 120.26 8.15 21.53 150.60 811.60 2937.80 11.43 22.16 12.59 27396.00 Yaodu District 3.35 16.81 1.21 1.97 21.09 113.68 411.50 2.40 4.65 2.64 5988.80 Quwo County 1.57 7.87 0.70 1.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.91 1.76 1.00 1505.89 Yicheng County 2.10 10.54 0.90 1.51 13.28 71.58 259.11 0.82 1.60 0.91 1974.00 Xiangfen County 2.90 14.59 1.72 3.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.15 2.24 1.27 2813.40 Hongdong County 4.65 23.38 1.76 3.24 25.47 137.25 496.82 1.59 3.08 1.75 4651.78 Gu County 0.59 2.97 0.16 0.61 17.55 94.58 342.37 0.50 0.98 0.55 583.87 Anze County 0.53 2.66 0.03 1.58 20.13 108.46 392.59 0.46 0.89 0.50 520.61 Fushan County 0.85 4.29 0.35 0.96 0.57 3.06 11.06 0.44 0.85 0.49 809.56 Ji County 0.75 3.76 0.07 0.52 5.44 29.29 106.02 0.13 0.25 0.14 676.23 Xiangning County 1.61 8.10 0.34 0.67 28.84 155.44 562.64 0.85 1.65 0.93 1482.08 Daning County 0.39 1.96 0.00 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.03 410.11 Xi County 0.63 3.17 0.00 1.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.16 0.09 658.05 Yonghe County 0.40 2.03 0.01 0.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.07 0.04 404.01 Pu County 0.63 3.17 0.00 0.87 18.23 98.26 355.69 0.51 0.99 0.56 682.60 Fenxi County 0.88 4.43 0.17 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.32 0.18 918.54 Houma County 0.94 4.72 0.33 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.82 1.59 0.90 1522.10 Huozhou County 1.16 5.81 0.39 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.53 1.04 0.59 1794.35 ever, no such information is currently available, leaving anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHR), benzo(b)fluoranthene a large information gap.
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